Geology - Sedimentary Outline ?s

Minerals form patterns of interlocked crystals in which group of sedimentary rocks?

chemical/organic

What stage of coal formation does accumulation of plant remains happen

1.

What stage of coal formation is peat and lignite formed?

2.

In what stage of coal formation are bituminous coal formed?

3.

What stage of coal formation is anthracite coal formed?

4.

What type of sediments are only transported a short distance?

Angular sediments

Sedimentary rocks are products of what 2 types of weathering?

Chemical and mechanical weathering

Dolostone belongs to which category of sedimentary rocks?

Chemical sedimentary rocks

What are the 3 categories of sedimentary rocks?

Clastic Chemical Organic

What is limestone composed of?

Conquina: cemented fragments of shell mateirla

Recrystallization of more stable minerals from less stables ones (aragonite to calcite) is an example of what?

Diagenesis (formation of coal)

How doe sediments turn into sedimentary rocks?

Diagenesis and Lithification

What is chalk composed of?

Limestone/chalk: the hard parts of microscopic marine organisms

Weathering

Mechanical or chemical decomposition or disintegration of any rock type

Mudstone and siltstone are clastic sedimentary rocks what is the difference between the two?

Mudstone: will break into chunks or blocks Siltstone: lack fissility but is often grouped w/ shale

What category of sedimentary rocks does coal belong in?

Organic sedimentary rocks

What is the most abundant mineral in sandstone?

Quartz

when sand is deposition on a beach and mud is being deposited offshore, this is an example of what?

Sedimentary facies: different sediments often accumulate in adjacent environments

Beaches, tidal flats, spits, bars, and barrier islands and lagoons are an example of which sedimentary envioronemtn?

Transitional environments

What is travertine and where is it found?

a type of limestone found in caves

What is compaction?

as sediments are burried, the weight of the overlying material compresses the deeper sediemnts

What separates strata?

bedding planes

What are basins of sedimentary rocks made of?

carbonates, sandstones, and shales

Limestone, chert, rock salt belong in which category of sedimentary rocks?

chemical sedimentary rocks

What category of sedimentary rocks does chert and limestone belong in?

chemical sedimentary rocks

Which category of rocks are formed by precipitated material that was once in a solution?

chemical sedimentary rocks

Which group of sedimentary rocks has nonclastic / crystalline texture?

chemical/organic

What is diagnenesis?

chemicals, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited upper few kilometers of Earth's crust

What are the two major groups of sedimentary rocks?

clastic and chemical/organic

What category of sedimentary rocks do sandstone and shale belong in?

clastic sedimentary rocks

What category of sedimentary rocks presents important information about the environment of deposition?

clastic sedimentary rocks

Which group of sedimentary rocks has broken fragments that are lithified together?

clastic sedimentary rocks

Conglomerate and Breccia belong to which category of sedimentary rocks?

clastic sedimentary rocks breccia = angular conglomerate = rounded both are poorly sorted

What mainly makes up clastic rocks?

clay minerals, quarta, feldspars, and micas

Lithification

compaction and cementation of sediment

What are the 3 categories of sedimentary environemnts?

continental marine transitional

Which sedimentary environment is dominated by stream erosion and deposition and wind?

continental environments

What is the difference between dolostone and limestone?

dolostone contains magnesium

How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?

formed from soluble material produced largely by chemical weathering through precipitation from a solution

How does coal form and where?

forms from the carbon-rich remains of organisms or plant structures / wood - swamps/bogs

How do clastic sedimentary rocks form?

from accumulations of rocks weathered by mechanical and chemical processes

How do organic sedimentary rocks form?

from carbon-rich remains of organisms

What is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rocks?

limestone

Transport

movement of sediment, typically by wind, water or ice

Coal belongs to whcih category of sedimentary rocks?

organic sedimentary rocks

How do we distinguish between the various clastic rock types?

particle size

What are 2 common evaporates?

rock salt and gypsum

What type of sediments have been transported great distances?

rounded sediments

What is the second most abundant sedimentary rock?

sandstone

Deposition

settling of sedimentary particles

Sediments form in think layers that are called lamminae

shale

What is the most abundant sedimentary rock?

shale

What are the common clastic sedimentary rocks?

shale, sandstone, conglomerate and breccia

What are ripple marks?

small waves that are lithified in the sedimentary rocks

What helps to decipher the depositional environment of rocks?

sorting

What are layers in sedimentary rocks called?

strata or beds

What is the single most common characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?

strata or beds

What can alter mineral composition?

substantial weathering and long transport

What are Steno's Principles?

superposition original horizontality lateral continuity

What information can we gather if we single layer of a sedimentary rock is traced laterally?

the changes in past environments

What is cementation?

the crystallization of minerals among the individual sediment grains

What is sorting?

the degree of similarity in particle size in rocks (sandstone)

Shale has facility, what does this mean?

the rock can be split into thin layers

How are sedimentary rocks classified?

the types and texture of material

What is lithification?

unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks

What are the 4 processes sedimentary rocks are formed by?

weathering transport deposition lithification

If all grains (particles) are of similar size, the rock is said to be __________sorted.

well

How is inorganic limestone formed?

when chemical changes increase calcium carbonate content of water until it precipitates

How do evaporates form? (chemical sedimentary)

when restricted seaways become over-saturated and salt deposition starts