Geology - Sedimentary Outline ?s
Minerals form patterns of interlocked crystals in which group of sedimentary rocks?
chemical/organic
What stage of coal formation does accumulation of plant remains happen
1.
What stage of coal formation is peat and lignite formed?
2.
In what stage of coal formation are bituminous coal formed?
3.
What stage of coal formation is anthracite coal formed?
4.
What type of sediments are only transported a short distance?
Angular sediments
Sedimentary rocks are products of what 2 types of weathering?
Chemical and mechanical weathering
Dolostone belongs to which category of sedimentary rocks?
Chemical sedimentary rocks
What are the 3 categories of sedimentary rocks?
Clastic Chemical Organic
What is limestone composed of?
Conquina: cemented fragments of shell mateirla
Recrystallization of more stable minerals from less stables ones (aragonite to calcite) is an example of what?
Diagenesis (formation of coal)
How doe sediments turn into sedimentary rocks?
Diagenesis and Lithification
What is chalk composed of?
Limestone/chalk: the hard parts of microscopic marine organisms
Weathering
Mechanical or chemical decomposition or disintegration of any rock type
Mudstone and siltstone are clastic sedimentary rocks what is the difference between the two?
Mudstone: will break into chunks or blocks Siltstone: lack fissility but is often grouped w/ shale
What category of sedimentary rocks does coal belong in?
Organic sedimentary rocks
What is the most abundant mineral in sandstone?
Quartz
when sand is deposition on a beach and mud is being deposited offshore, this is an example of what?
Sedimentary facies: different sediments often accumulate in adjacent environments
Beaches, tidal flats, spits, bars, and barrier islands and lagoons are an example of which sedimentary envioronemtn?
Transitional environments
What is travertine and where is it found?
a type of limestone found in caves
What is compaction?
as sediments are burried, the weight of the overlying material compresses the deeper sediemnts
What separates strata?
bedding planes
What are basins of sedimentary rocks made of?
carbonates, sandstones, and shales
Limestone, chert, rock salt belong in which category of sedimentary rocks?
chemical sedimentary rocks
What category of sedimentary rocks does chert and limestone belong in?
chemical sedimentary rocks
Which category of rocks are formed by precipitated material that was once in a solution?
chemical sedimentary rocks
Which group of sedimentary rocks has nonclastic / crystalline texture?
chemical/organic
What is diagnenesis?
chemicals, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited upper few kilometers of Earth's crust
What are the two major groups of sedimentary rocks?
clastic and chemical/organic
What category of sedimentary rocks do sandstone and shale belong in?
clastic sedimentary rocks
What category of sedimentary rocks presents important information about the environment of deposition?
clastic sedimentary rocks
Which group of sedimentary rocks has broken fragments that are lithified together?
clastic sedimentary rocks
Conglomerate and Breccia belong to which category of sedimentary rocks?
clastic sedimentary rocks breccia = angular conglomerate = rounded both are poorly sorted
What mainly makes up clastic rocks?
clay minerals, quarta, feldspars, and micas
Lithification
compaction and cementation of sediment
What are the 3 categories of sedimentary environemnts?
continental marine transitional
Which sedimentary environment is dominated by stream erosion and deposition and wind?
continental environments
What is the difference between dolostone and limestone?
dolostone contains magnesium
How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?
formed from soluble material produced largely by chemical weathering through precipitation from a solution
How does coal form and where?
forms from the carbon-rich remains of organisms or plant structures / wood - swamps/bogs
How do clastic sedimentary rocks form?
from accumulations of rocks weathered by mechanical and chemical processes
How do organic sedimentary rocks form?
from carbon-rich remains of organisms
What is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rocks?
limestone
Transport
movement of sediment, typically by wind, water or ice
Coal belongs to whcih category of sedimentary rocks?
organic sedimentary rocks
How do we distinguish between the various clastic rock types?
particle size
What are 2 common evaporates?
rock salt and gypsum
What type of sediments have been transported great distances?
rounded sediments
What is the second most abundant sedimentary rock?
sandstone
Deposition
settling of sedimentary particles
Sediments form in think layers that are called lamminae
shale
What is the most abundant sedimentary rock?
shale
What are the common clastic sedimentary rocks?
shale, sandstone, conglomerate and breccia
What are ripple marks?
small waves that are lithified in the sedimentary rocks
What helps to decipher the depositional environment of rocks?
sorting
What are layers in sedimentary rocks called?
strata or beds
What is the single most common characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?
strata or beds
What can alter mineral composition?
substantial weathering and long transport
What are Steno's Principles?
superposition original horizontality lateral continuity
What information can we gather if we single layer of a sedimentary rock is traced laterally?
the changes in past environments
What is cementation?
the crystallization of minerals among the individual sediment grains
What is sorting?
the degree of similarity in particle size in rocks (sandstone)
Shale has facility, what does this mean?
the rock can be split into thin layers
How are sedimentary rocks classified?
the types and texture of material
What is lithification?
unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks
What are the 4 processes sedimentary rocks are formed by?
weathering transport deposition lithification
If all grains (particles) are of similar size, the rock is said to be __________sorted.
well
How is inorganic limestone formed?
when chemical changes increase calcium carbonate content of water until it precipitates
How do evaporates form? (chemical sedimentary)
when restricted seaways become over-saturated and salt deposition starts