Geology Test #4

If solar radiance and Albedo are not the MAIN drivers of the planetary temperature differences (at least for planets in close proximity to each other like Earth, Venus and The Moon), then..... It must be internal heat from the planet that warms the surface, like planet Mustafar in Star Wars (where Obi-Wan fought and defeated Anakin Skywalker, before Skywalker becomes Darth Vader). Venus has large volcanoes so its surface is warmer than Earth The composition of the atmosphere must play a role in retaining heat on the surface through the "greenhouse effect". It must be the way the planet orbits and wobbles around the sun. Atmosphere cannot have such a large effect on temperature None of the above statements is correct.

The composition of the atmosphere must play a role in retaining heat on the surface through the "greenhouse effect".

Complete the sentence: Greenhouse gases absorb radiation...... in the wavelengths emitted by the sun in the same wavelenghts as each other in the wavelengths emitted by the Earth In wavelengths depending on the color spectrum

in the wavelengths emitted by the Earth

"Based on the NASA Institute for Space Studies Climate model, observed temperature increases are best represented when it includes the influences of " orbital changes solar changes anthropogenic aerosols increases in greenhouse gases

increases in greenhouse gases

The following would be an example of an adaptation to climate change more fuel efficient vehicles converting buildings to solar heating installing drainage systems to address flooding capturing CO2 and storing it over long periods of time

installing drainage systems to address flooding

Carbon capture and storage removes 100% of the CO2 that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere does not require additional energy to carry out is best deployed close to locations that produce a lot of CO2

is best deployed close to locations that produce a lot of CO2

Name one approach for assessing what percentage of the scientific community agrees that global warming is happening official position of worldwide scientific organizations television debates between two scientists holding different opinions reading online opnion statements

official position of worldwide scientific organizations

Which of the following is NOT a factor in determing Milankovitc cycles? precession (wobble) of the Earth's axis. eccentricity of the Earth's orbit position of the continents tilt of the Earth's axis

position of the continents

The Moon has a much lower albedo, 0.12, than the Earth, 0.3. The moon rotates around the earth so on average it has the same distance from the sun as earth, so it receives the same amount of sunlight as the earth. The temperature on the Moon is far colder than the temperature of the Earth. Which statement below best describes how the surface temperature of the planet is being controlled? Lower Albedo = Higher Temperature, so something other than albedo must control the temperature of the Moon. Since the incoming radiation from the sun is the same for Earth and the Moon, and the Moon has lower albedo, the Moon should be warmer than Earth, but it is not. So something else other than distance and albedo must control the temperature of the Moon, and Earth. The Earth has a lot of volcanoes that warm the planet relative to the Moon. None of these statements is correct.

Since the incoming radiation from the sun is the same for Earth and the Moon, and the Moon has lower albedo, the Moon should be warmer than Earth, but it is not. So something else other than distance and albedo must control the temperature of the Moon, and Earth.

All of the following are global and regional impacts of climate change EXCEPT large-scale singular events such as thawing permafrost extreme weather events such as more powerful hurricanes threats to unique ecosystems such as coral reefs lower global sea levels

lower global sea levels

"Over the past 400,000 years, global temperatures" ...have stayed very constant, not changing more than 1C" ...have decreased simultaneously with lower CO2 abundances ...have been completely indpendent of Milankovich cycles ...have only chaged very slowly, over more than 100,000 years"

...have decreased simultaneously with lower CO2 abundances

The graph below compares global surface temperature changes (red line) and the Sun's energy received by the Earth (yellow line) in watts (units of energy) per square meter since 1880. The lighter/thinner lines show the yearly levels while the heavier/thicker lines show the 11-year average trends. Eleven-year averages are used to reduce the year-to-year natural noise in the data, making the underlying trends more obvious. The amount of solar energy received by the Earth has followed the Sun's natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs. Based on this figure and focusing at the recent temperature increase on the surface of earth from 1950 to 2020 select the answer that best explains this figure. Answers: A: The recent Temperature increase on Earth is driven by increase in solar radiance. B: Solar radiance has increased over time together with surface temperature C: Changes in solar radiation do not result in the recent observed Temperature increase on Earth; D: Solar radiance keep decreasing since 1880

C: Changes in solar radiation do not result in the recent observed Temperature increase on Earth;

During the last glacial maximum approximately 18,000 years ago,...... ice covered the continetns all the way to the equator global temperatures were higher than they are now CO2 levels were lower than they are now major cities in Florida were under water

CO2 levels were lower than they are now

Answer the following: Who is Dora's cousin? Donald Diego Armando Julio

Diego

Based on the above information.... Therefore we should be thinking about sulfur dioxide injection to the Stratosphere, which will allow us to keep burning fossil fuels Therefore we should think about increasing the albedo of the planet in a safer way, so that we can keep burning fossil fuels Therefore we should be thinking about cutting Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, and instead on spending money on Albedo reduction, spend money to improve existing clean energy sources.

Therefore we should be thinking about cutting Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, and instead on spending money on Albedo reduction, spend money to improve existing clean energy sources.

The country / region that is producing the highest amount of CO2 per person is.... India the European Union USA China

USA

. If SO2 cools the atmosphere then.... We should inject a bunch of SO2 in the atmosphere and we will solve our global warming. While SO2 can cool us down, we need to be injecting SO2 to the atmosphere all the time because it decays away over a couple of years

While SO2 can cool us down, we need to be injecting SO2 to the atmosphere all the time because it decays away over a couple of years

By drilling long cores of ice, scientists can determine everything EXCEPT: ancient atmospheric abundances of CO2 ancient locations for human populations ancient temperatures ancient atmospheric abundances of methane

ancient locations for human populations

"In South Carolina, commercial carbon capture and storage companies" convert CO2 into a mineral that is stored in cement store CO2 in underground geological locations do not yet exist

convert CO2 into a mineral that is stored in cement

"If the amount of ice on Earth's surface were to suddenly double, as a result of albedo global temepratures would:... increase decrease remain the same Depends on CO2 because CO2 controls albedo

decrease

In terms of temperature over the year 2019, Charleston, SC ..... experienced average temperatures that were approximately the same as normal had 17 daily recorded highs had no record lows had no King Tides.

had 17 daily recorded highs

"In the western United States, the frequency of large fires over the past 27 years" have increased in most regions have decreased in most regions have stayed approximately the same

have increased in most regions

One reason higher CO2 levels are predicted to cause larger hurricanes is because cooler air holds more moisture higher sea levels would cause stronger storm surges higher atmospheric CO2 abundances cause stronger winds

higher sea levels would cause stronger storm surges

All of the following are ways to determine what temperatures were prior to the year 1700 EXCEPT: fossils of plants and animals that lived in specific temperature conditions tree rings isotopes of water human records of measured temperatures

human records of measured temperatures

Most climate scientists agree that golobal warming is occuring and caused by humans true false

true

The greenhouse gas that makes the largest contribution to global warming is.... water vapor carbon dioxide methane Sulfur dioxide

water vapor

All else being the same, if Planet A has a higher albedo than Planet B .... Planet A will have lower average temperatures Planet B will have lower average temperatures the temperatures on the planets will be equal Planet A wil have more dark areas on average

Planet A will have lower average temperatures

Injecting SO2 in the atmosphere.... is a smart idea, It happens in nature, will not have any side effects may be a smart idea, we need to check for possible sideffects It is a dumb idea because SO2 falls back to earth as sulfuric acid which is caustic and causes acid rain

It is a dumb idea because SO2 falls back to earth as sulfuric acid which is caustic and causes acid rain

Milankovitch cycles influence global temperatures by:.... changing the amount of CO2 that is present in the atmosphere changing how much solar input is delivered to Earth's surface controlling how much sunlight is reflected back to space influencing how much solar input is absourbed by the ground

changing how much solar input is delivered to Earth's surface

Planet Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon. One of the reasons for this is that Venus has very high Albedo, 0.7, meaning It reflects 70% of the sunlight that hits the planet. Earth on the other hand has an Albedo of 0.3, meaning that only 30% of the sunlight is being reflected out, and the rest is being absorbed. The Temperature on Venus is very high, in order of 400 C, compared to Earth that is around 17 C(on average). Based on the above, What do you conclude ? Higher Albedo = Higher temperature, so this is consistent with all the class information, Higher Albedo = Lower Temperatures, so something else other than Albedo must be responsible for the high temperature on Venus. Venus is closer to the sun so it receives more sunlight, that's why it is warmer. The Albedo has nothing to do with it. None of these statements is correct.

WRONG: Venus is closer to the sun so it receives more sunlight, that's why it is warmer. The Albedo has nothing to do with it.

If Atmosphere controls the surface temperature of planetary bodies close to each other, then with Venus being so hot....... Venus must have thin atmosphere Venus must have thick atmosphere Venus must have high concentration of Greenhouse gases (CO2, water) in its atmosphere None of these are correct statements.

WRONG: Venus must have thin atmosphere

The European Union has instituted a Cap and Trade system to reduce CO2 emissions. It works by: limiting the amount of CO2 an individual can emit strictly limiting the amount of CO2 that industries can emit; companies cannot go over set caps capping emission levels for certain installations and allowing companies to buy and sell permits to meet those caps allowing companies to trade coal and oil between them

capping emission levels for certain installations and allowing companies to buy and sell permits to meet those caps

"Based on surveys of Earth Scientists and reviews of peer-reviewed literature, the percentage of climate scientists who agree global warming is happening is" approximately 25% approximately 50% approximately 75% approximately 95%

approximately 95%

"Compared to the past 800,000 years, CO2 levels are currently" approximately twice as high approximately three times as high about the same lower

approximately twice as high

The personal behavioral change that would have the biggest impact on CO2 emissions is.. eating regional and seasonal food switching off standby modes on electronic devices becoming vegetarian switching to reusable bags switching to the Mediterranean diet

becoming vegetarian

This figure shows the combined impact of "natural" sources (changes in orbit, changes in solar radiance, emissions from volcanoes) on the planet's temperature, as well as that of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4). Based on the data shown in this figure and the information from the lecture, which of the following is likely correct: Answers: A: If there were no anthropogenic emissions, the temperature on the planet would most likely have stayed constant. B: The effect of volcanic emissions is to cool the planet in the short term. C: Increase in Surface Temperature best correlates with Greenhouse emissions. D: In the last 125 years the effect of orbital forcing on the surface temperature is negligible E: All of the above are correct F: Not all of the above can be correct at the same time

E: All of the above are correct

Which of the following has the LEAST influence on the Earth's temperature? The distance of the Earth from the sun Greenhouse gas concentrations Radiating heat from the Earth's interior (mantle and core) The amount of Snow and ice on the Earths surface The Eccentricity, obliquity and precession of Earth's orbit

Radiating heat from the Earth's interior (mantle and core)

"Compared to the Gen X generation, the following generation is more likely to think that global warming is personally important" silent generation boomer generation millenial generation

millenial generation

Most of the CO2 that humans put into the atmosphere.... stays in the atmosphere is pumped underground for long term storage is taken up by land plants and the ocean is due to land use changes

is taken up by land plants and the ocean