GGY final exam

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Approximately ________ people worldwide lack safe drinking water.

1 billion

Barrier beaches and islands occur, worldwide lying offshore of nearly ________%of earths coast lines

10

Evapotranspiration from the Earth's land surface represents ________ percent of water entering the atmosphere.

14%

A 50-year flood has an annual exceedance probability of

2%

The worldwide average salinity of seawater is

35%

Approximately what percentage of the United States' population lives in coastal areas?

53%

An estimated ________ percent of precipitation over land infiltrates the subsurface, of which ________ percent returns to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration.

76; 85

What percentage of precipitation occurs over oceans?

78%

Earth's oceans possess

97 percent of Earth's waters.

A major difference between a barrier island in a barrier split is

A berry split is connected to the main land. Where is a barrier island is not

Within the deep cold zone, average temperature and salinity

Remain fairly constant with depth

A_____ is created when the backwash of water produced by breakers flows to the ocean from the beach in a concentrated column

Rip current

On average , ocean water is

Slightly basic (pH around 8)

Regular patterns of smooth , rounded waves are called

Swells

Why are corals more prevalent on the East Coast of continents?

The water is warmer

A _________is deposited sediment that connects the shoreline with an offshore island

Tombolo

Wave action words to straighten the coast is wave energy focuses around headlands, intends to dispersed, energy, and coves in bays in a process called

Wave refraction

Which of the following is not true of wetlands?

Wetlands exacerbate flooding due to saturated soil conditions.

As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens?

Width, depth, and/or velocity increase.

base level refers to

a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley.

What fluvial process erodes the streambed by grinding it with sediment and rock fragments?

abrasion

If the load exceeds a stream's capacity, sediment accumulates in the bed in a process called

aggradation.

The maximum incline at which sediments on a slope can remain at rest before pulled downward by gravity is known as the

angle of repose

Which of the following human activities can contribute to mass movement?

any human disturbance of a slope, including road cuts, surface mining, and development

A water-bearing rock stratum is called a(n)

aquifer

Salt-crystal growth (salt weathering) is prevalent in which climate type?

arid

Which of the following is not necessary for well-developed karst to develop?

arid conditions

If groundwater mining of the High Plains aquifer were to immediately cease, how long do scientists estimate recovery would take?

at least 1,000 years

The portion of streamflow that consists of groundwater is known as

base flow

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of

both friction and inertial resistance

Bed load is moved by

both saltation and traction, but not suspension.

Which of the following weathering processes is most likely to produce karst topography?

carbonation

The process whereby streams deepen their channel is known as

channel incision.

Water table lowering around wells caused by pumping rates exceeding recharge rates can create a(n)

cone of depression

An aquifer bound above and below by impermeable layers of rock or unconsolidated materials is called a(n)

conified aquifer

Which of the following was caused by accelerated chemical weathering as the result of increased air pollution and acid rain?

corrosion of the Grand Buddha at Leshan, China

Which of the following is used to measure streamflow?

current meter

A ________ is a mixture of water and loosely consolidated sediment, such as gravels, boulders, and coarse rock fragments, moving downslope.

debris flow

When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and a (n) ________ is formed.

delta

This tree-like drainage pattern efficiently moves water and sediment through its system due to minimization of the total length of each branch.

dendritic

A stream's volume of flow per unit of time is its

discharge

Channels running through a delta divide into smaller courses that do not reconnect to the main channel. These are known as

distributaries.

In most river basins in humid regions, discharge is highest

downstream

Watersheds are defined by

drainage divides

Natural leeves are created by

floods

Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of

flow through a faulted and jointed landscape.

Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed

fluvial.

The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

frost wedging

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

head aloft in the stream flow

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

higher rainfall and temperatures

The downward trend in water consumption in the U.S. has been attributed to

increased water prices

A ________ is a type of debris flow associated with volcanic activity.

lahar

The type of mass movement in which material moves in a unit along a zone of weakness is

slides

The mass movement process responsible of the curved growing pattern in the trees and the downslope leaning of the utility posts and fences is

soil creep

In polar and alpine regions, thawing and saturation of the upper layer of soil, resulting in a slow downslope movement called

solifluction.

The scientific study of caves is known as

speleology.

These rounded granite outcrops are the result of which weathering process?

spheroidal weathering

What speleothem forms from groundwater emerging at a cavern roof, drips to the floor, evaporates, and leaving the dissolved materials it contained to accumulate as a deposit attached to the floor of the cavern?

stalagmite

In which of the following region would you expect to have the highest levels of seawater salinity?

subtropical oceans

Material deposited in along ridge extending out from the coast is called a

Barrier split

When the height of a wave exceeds it's vertical stability , the wave is called a

Breaker

Soil moisture that plants are capable of accessing and using is called

Capillary water

Which country is the world's leading hydropower producer?

China

And a tall is approximately ______ in shape, because it forms ______

Circular, around submerged volcanic islands

Of the following, which soil type has the highest field capacity?

Clay loam

Areas in which the land is typically rising in relation to sea level are called

Emergent coastlines

These features hear from Lake Michigan disrupt sediment movement along the coast

Groins

________ streams flow year-round, fed by snowmelt, rainfall, groundwater, or a combination thereof.

Perennial

Which of the following rivers is characterized by internal drainage?

Humboldt River

A drought defined based on decreases in streamflow, lowering of reservoir levels, and declines in snowpack is a(n) ________ drought.

Hydrological

Mean, sea level

Is based on average tidal levels recorded, hourly at a given site over a period of many years

Which of the following is correct of the longitudinal profile of most rivers?

It is concave in shape.

The height of a tsunami gross as it approaches, a coastline primarily because

Its wavelength shortens

The largest fresh water lake in the world by volume is

Lake Baikal.

The largest reservoir in the world by volume is

Lake Kariba.

Actual evapotranspiration for Phoenix, Arizona is highest during

March

When the sun, moon and earth are in alignment

Maxximum tidal ranges occur

Which of the following is not responsible for changes in sea level

Melting sea ice

Which of the following is true regarding freshwater on Earth?

Most of it is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

Which of the following is true of the earth coastlines

Most of the earths coast lines are relatively young and undergoing continuous change

Increasing ocean, acidification has been attributed to

Ocean absorption of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide

In a given section of channel, the greatest flow velocities are usually

near the surface ,near the center

Which of the following is not a denudation process?

orogeny

The downslope, unchannelized flow of water across the surface is known as

overland flow

Exfoliation occurs because

overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture.

Rust, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water, is an example of

oxidation

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

point bar - area of substantial erosion

A stony coral is a type of ________ that secretes ________ to form an organic rock home.

polyp; calcium carbonate

When the upper surface of consolidated rock undergoes constant weathering, it creates broken-up rock called

regolith

The presence of talus slopes indicates the occurrence of

rock fall

Which of the following can lead to the slope failure that causes mass movement?

saturation, oversteepening of slopes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

Undercutting action of the sea results in

sea cliffs

stream transport involves all of the following except

sheetfllow

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

sinkholes

Which of the following will favor stream terrace formation?

tectonic uplift of the headwaters

Potential evapotranspiration refers to

the amount of evapotranspiration that would occur if available water was not limited.

Which of the following is true of evapotranspiration in North America?

the lowest amounts occur in northern Canada

How are mass movements classified?

their speed and moisture content

The movement of water into the atmosphere from plants is

transpiration

The water balance for Kingsport, Tennessee exhibits

water deficits in the summer months.


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