GHS Exam 2: Southern Cone

Pacific Alliance

Free trade bloc between pacific oriented nations in South America. Stock exchanges from Lima, Bogota and Santiago formed integrated exchange (Mila)

Conquest of the Wilderness

1879. Wanted to get rid of all indigenous in Argentina. Ethnic cleansing in the Pampas. Wanted to settle area, also got rid of gauchos.

Golden Age of Argentina

1880-1905. 7.5x economic growth. everything was clicking, wanted to be just like France. Wanted to be the "greatest" country.

Neo-Liberalism of the 20th century

Economic freedom, open-markets, low tariffs, no quotas, no protection. low taxes, open foreign investment and capital flows. property rights protected. labor and business freedom, seek economic growth above social/financial equality. promote competition. anti big govt, anti labor union. pro immigration, pro globalization.

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses (1915-2006) President and dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990; he planned and carried out a coup of Salvador Allende's government in Chile. Allende's most trusted general. Strikes ended with his coup. Protected democracy. Abolished political parties. Abolished community and intellectual life. Used fear surgically. Life hard but predictable. Dictator 1973-1990.

Pablo Neruda

Chilean poet that wrote about everyday objects such as rain tomatoes and socks that won the Nobel Prize WROTE Twenty Love Poems and Songs of Despair. Diplomat that represented Chile in Mexico, Spain, and France.

Gauchos

Cowboys of the pampas of Argentina. horse-centered ranchworker. late 1800s. nomadic, lazy, parasite, not religious or family-oriented. Symbol of stability, independent, free, romantic. Wanted to regain nationalism. Freedom fighter

liberal economics

supply and demand, free trade, and laissez faire government, Adam Smith. Formulated in the late eighteenth century. ultimate goal is industrialization. labor can help stimulate an economy.

Diego Portales

1793-1837. Chilean president for the people. The caudillo in Chile who brought economic growth. took over when there was a political crisis in 1830; made a new constitution with a centralized political system (sistema politico centralizado) Chilean politician and for seven years virtual dictator who was instrumental in establishing political order and instituting economic progress in Chile. Disliked by some Chileans during his lifetime, he became a symbol of Chilean unity after his death.

Jorge Videla

Dictator in charge of the Dirty War where thousands of Argentina's citizens were tortured and killed. Took over in 1976. Kidnappings and corruption brought an end to Videla.

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. Argentina's leader who, like Vargas, nationalized key industries and led through a combination of charisma and intimidation. Lived 1895 to 1974. In the late 1930s, he began to learn from Mussolini, Hitler, Franco, etc. During his presidency: women's suffrage, rewrote Sarmiento's constitution, more public education w/o church, legalized divorce, nationalizes stuff, develops electrical system, health care system improvements, etc. LOVED by poor, workers (urban) class, females Disliked by elite, US, Britain, roman catholic church

Salvador Allende

President of Chile from 1970 to 1973, a member of the Socialist Party, he attempted to institute a number of democratic reforms in Chilean politics. He was overthrown and assassinated in 1973 during a military coup lead by General Augusto Pinochet. First democratically elected socialist in the world. Nationalized foreign/Chilean companies, helped out poor/no tuition/ free healthcare. Nationalized economy Increased wages, froze prices

Mercosur

The largest latin american trade agreement; includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay

Juan Rosas

first clear president of Argentina. Military man with gauchos on his side. Became a dictator. 1835-1852 was his reign. He assassinated and exiled opponents, gained support of the church

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. kidnappings, hijacked civilian aircrafts, etc. up to 30K disappeared. 50K killed during Dirty War

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. Ideal argentine woman, glorified especially after death. 1919-1952

Tango

emotional dance coming out of Argentina. Refer to worksheets. very story-inclined. 1890s, became really popular. emerges from the golden age. Carlos Gardel is a symbol of the Tango in the early 1900s. Singer/dancer. Failure/rejection is a key component of the Tango. Cultural components: fear of failure, passion/emotion, symbol of golden age, masculinity/femininity ideologies, love of the country celebrates urban working class

caudillos

independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america. 19th century

Domingo Sarmiento

liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation. Overthrow of Rosas led to this guy. Total opposite of Rosas and was an intellectual and was a Democrat. Writer, globally oriented. 1852-1860s universal free public education opened up trade set up a commercial/civil code began to modernize

Peronism

political movement that was authoritarian, anti-communist and socially progressive Argentine political movement; derived from the thoughts of Juan Peron and his wife Evita; authoritarian ideology; based of the Peronist populist gov' populism-- for the people