Give Me Liberty Chapter 15: What is Freedom? Reconstruction 1865-1877
41. True or False? The country was plunged into an economic depression in 1873 and support among Republicans for further reforms in the South weakened.
True
16. In President Andrew Johnson's view, African-Americans ought to play what part in Reconstruction? A. None B. Take up leadership positions in the deep south C. Take up leadership positions in the border states D. Take up leadership positions in the federal government, but not in individual state governments
A. None
46. Upon Lincoln's assassination, ____________ became president. A. Ulysses S. Grant B. John Adams C. Andrew Jackson D. Andrew Johnson
D. Andrew Johnson
36. The House of Representatives approved articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson for violation of what law? A. The Reconstruction Act B. The Fourteenth Amendment C. The Civil Rights Act D. The Tenure of Office Act
D. The Tenure of Office Act
12. True or False? During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African-Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the United States House of Representatives and two U.S. senators.
True
2. A "carpetbagger" is ____. A. A northerner who settled in the South after the war. B. The name given to gypsies who traveled in and out of the border states after the Civil War. C. A traveling salesman of goods to the war-ravaged South. D. A Southerner who had been sympathetic to the Union during the Civil War.
A. A northerner who settled in the South after the war.
23. One of the main purposes of the Freedmen's Bureau was to ____. A. Induce former slaves to work for free, at least until they had proved their usefulness to potential employers. B. Ensure a fair and viable system of labor relations between former slaves and former slaveholders. C. Encourage whites to work for blacks, as a way to deepen interracial understanding. D. Encourage freed people to move out west, where they could make a new start.
B. Ensure a fair and viable system of labor relations between former slaves and former slaveholders.
18. In consequence of the "Bargain of 1877," President Rutherford B. Hayes ____. A. Ordered all military uniforms be purchased at bargain or discount prices. B. Ordered federal troops to stop guarding the state houses in Louisiana and South Carolina. C. Ordered federal troops to encourage a system of bartering as a means of trade until new money was minted. D. Ordered that future bargains, such as those promoted by the corrupt politicians involved in the whiskey ring, be made illegal.
B. Ordered federal troops to stop guarding the state houses in Louisiana and South Carolina.
40. The agency that was established by Congress in 1865 and charged with establishing a working free labor system in the South was called the ____. A. Black Codes. B. Civil Rights Act of 1875. C. Freedmen's Bureau. D. Reconstruction Act.
C. Freedmen's Bureau.
14. Following the Civil War, white and black farmers in the South ____. A. Experienced extremely high prices for cotton. B. Experienced rapidly rising prices. C. Saw the price of cotton fall steadily. D. Saw a leveling off of the price of cotton to prewar levels.
C. Saw the price of cotton fall steadily.
47. Which was not a principal task of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870)? A. Establish schools B. Secure former slaves equal treatment before the courts C. Support black churches and businesses D. Provide aid to the poor and aged
C. Support black churches and businesses
31. True or False? The Black Codes were laws passed by southern Republicans to promote black rights.
False
34. True or False? The Fifteenth Amendment granted the vote to white women but not black women.
False
37. True or False? The Ku Klux Klan sought to uphold the American ideal of equality and justice for all.
False
4. True or False? All of the victims of the Ku Klux Klan were black.
False
8. True or False? The Bargain of 1877 decided the election of 1876 in favor of the Republicans, while the Republicans promised to recognize Democratic control of the South, essentially ending Reconstruction.
True The close outcome of the popular vote in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana left the election's outcome in doubt. Congress appointed an Electoral Commission to decide the outcome, and the group, made up of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, decided in favor of Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.
39. The Reconstruction Act of March 1867 ____. A. Allowed the Redeemers to reconstruct the South after a lengthy, two-year wait. B. Divided the South into five military districts and called for creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote. C. Voided the Supreme Court's decision in Ex parte Milligan. D. Barred the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without consent of the Senate.
B. Divided the South into five military districts and called for creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote.
25. True or False? Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) was a success.
False
2. True or False? Former slaves believed that their political freedom should include the right to vote.
True Frederick Douglass commented in 1865, "Slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot."
1. True or False? The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race.
True The protection of the right to vote established in the Fifteenth Amendment not only established black voting rights in the South but also forced northern states to extend the right to vote as well.
18. The competing visions of Reconstruction between President Johnson and the Radical Republicans brought forth the nation's first impeachment charges. Place the following events in chronological order. A. Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. B. Congress authorized the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867. C. The House of Representatives initiated impeachment charges.
1. B. Congress authorized the Tenure of Office Act in March 1867: This act prohibited the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members, without the Senate's approval. 2. A. Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. 3. C. The House of Representatives initiated impeachment charges: Johnson's impeachment trial represented the first time in American history that a president was put on trial. While many politicians considered Johnson's presidency a failure, not enough of them voted to convict him, as they believed that convicting Johnson would damage constitutional authority.
17. In a society that had made political participation a core element of freedom, this became central to the former slaves' desire for empowerment and equality. A. The ability to marry whomever they wished B. The right to vote C. The ability to learn a new trade apart from their prior slave work D. Literacy
B. The right to vote
6. Before the Civil War, American citizenship had been closely linked to ____. A. Class. B. Monetary wealth. C. Religion. D. Race.
D. Race
10. True or False? During Radical Reconstruction, following ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, the vast majority of eligible African-Americans registered to vote.
True
10. List the following events of Reconstruction in chronological order. A. Ku Klux Klan established B. Enforcement Acts C. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 D. Thirteenth Amendment E. Fourteenth Amendment ratified
1. Thirteenth Amendment 2. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 3. Ku Klux Klan Established 4. Fourteenth Amendment Ratified 5. Enforcement Acts: Passed in 1870 and 1871, Congress sought to outlaw terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, and allowed the president to use the military to suppress them. The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments ushered in an era of civil rights, bringing emancipation and citizenship to four million freedmen. In reaction to these civil rights initiatives, however, white southerners sought to solidify their place in the Reconstructed South.
22. In the speech, "Who Is An American?" by Fredrick Douglass in Boston in 1869, he presented his vision for America. Select the specific excerpts below where Douglass argues for equal rights for people of all races and national origins.
A. "Would you have them naturalized, and have them invested with all the rights of American citizenship? I would. Would you allow them to hold office? I would." In this excerpt, Douglass states that he is in favor of bestowing the full rights of American citizenship upon the "new race ... making its appearance within [America's] borders," namely the Chinese. B. "all shall here bow to the same law, speak the same language, support the same government, enjoy the same liberty." Douglass clearly and unequivocally states his belief that certain "universal" and "indestructible" human rights belong to all.
27. Sharecropping ____. A. Allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year. B. Meant that black families shared their crops with each other, especially in times of hardship or drought. C. Was a method of harvesting crops such that the soil was left intact for next year's planting. D. Was a government-led economic initiative that sought to have people share the wealth in rural towns and in the a: Countryside.
A. Allowed a black family to rent part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year
28. Which areas cast their electoral votes for Republican candidate Ulysses S. Grant in the election of 1868?
A. California B. Alabama C. Ohio The election of 1868 illustrated how divided the nation remained, even three years after the Civil War. Grant won the election, but only by 300,000 votes of nearly 6 million cast.
11. More than 2,000 African-American men held public office during Reconstruction. They were elected into positions at all levels of government, including the ____, the U.S. Senate, and the state Supreme Court of ____. This represented a fundamental shift in power in the ____.
A. House of Representatives B. South Carolina C. South
31. Match the correct label to each map to explain what the two maps of the Barrow plantation in Georgia reveal about the effects of emancipation on rural life in the South. A. In 1860, freed slaves and their former master operated a commercial distillery together. B. In 1860, slaves lived in communal quarters near the owner's house. C. In 1881, former slaves working as sharecroppers lived allover the plantation. D. In 1881, white sharecroppers took over the plantation work previously performed by slaves.
A. Incorrect B. 1860 Map: The "Master's House" is the square structure to the east of the "Slave Quarters" buildings. C. 1861 Map: The former slaves had their own church and school, as shown. D. Incorrect
32. How did the new state constitutions drafted during Radical Reconstruction expand public responsibilities and provide for equal rights? A. They prohibited states from electing black officeholders. B. They required states to offer free college education. C. They created state-run and state-funded institutions like orphanages, prisons, and homes for the insane. D. They established a state-funded free public education system.
A. Incorrect B. Incorrect C. Correct: The new state governments established a wide range of new state responsibilities designed to care for people. D. Correct: The new state governments established a wide range of new state responsibilities designed to eliminate many discriminatory laws and practice
26. In 1876, Winslow Homer painted this imaginary scene between a former slave and a slaveowner. What does he suggest about the relationship among freedmen and former slaveowners in his painting? A. After emancipation, freed blacks refused to interact with and work for their former owners. B. Freed blacks no longer had to show reverence to their former owners. C. Former slaveholders had no regard for their former slaves, as they were able to hire other workers to take over their jobs. D. Freed blacks and former slaveowners still interacted frequently after emancipation.
A. Incorrect: Conversely, the relationship between freed blacks and their former owners was still one of mutual dependence, where slaves farmed the plantation land, and plantation owners needed to maintain a labor force. B. Correct: The former slaves in this image confidently stand their ground and look their former owners in the eyes, revealing the complexity of the relationship between freed blacks and their former owners. C. Incorrect: Former slaveowners were dependent on their slaves as a continual source of labor after emancipation. This image shows their relationship, hinting at the complexity of the situation post-Civil War D. Correct: As tenant farmers, freed blacks still interacted with their former owners. Their stance and gaze suggest the tensions arising from the birth of a new social order.
17. Identify the provisions of the Radical plan for Reconstruction. A. State guarantees of women's right to vote as citizens B. Creation of new state governments C. Temporary division of the South into military districts D. State guarantees of black men's right to vote E. The Fourteenth Amendment
A. Incorrect: The Radical plan for Reconstruction did not guarantee women the right to vote. B. Correct C. Correct D. Correct E. Correct: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Reconstruction Act provided the basis of radical Reconstruction and aimed to force southern states to recognize and protect black citizenship rights, including the right to vote
21. Read the excerpt from A Sharecropping Contract (1866). In what ways does the contract limit the freedom of the laborers? A. The freedmen are not allowed to sell the land for profit. B. The freedmen are required to compensate the landowner if they miss work for a day. C. The freedmen are contractually obligated to "obey" the landowner. D. The landowner is allowed to deduct expenses from the profits of the freedmen without explanation.
A. Incorrect: This contract stipulates the leasing of land to the freedmen. It does not say anything about the sale of land. B. Correct: In addition to having split their profits with the landowner, the freedmen were required to make up for lost hours should they miss work. C. Correct: In this sense, sharecropping in many ways echoed the institution of slavery from which they were emancipated. D. Incorrect: While the landowner was able to charge the freedmen for any additional expenses incurred, this excerpt does not state that they were allowed to do so without explanation.
21. In the five years following the end of the Civil War, former slaves were guaranteed the following in three amendments to the United States Constitution. A. Forty acres and a mule; education; and equality B. The right to marry anyone of their choosing; freedom of assembly; and land C. Freedom from slavery; recognition as citizens; and, for adult men, the right to vote C. Forty acres; education; and equal justice under law
C. Freedom from slavery; recognition as citizens; and, for adult men, the right to vote
42. The phrase "forty acres and a mule" derived from ____. A. Lincoln's "10 percent Plan." B. The Wade-Davis Bill. C. Sherman's Field Order 15. D. The Emancipation Proclamation.
C. Sherman's Field Order 15.
48. Which was not true of Liberal Republicans in the post-Civil War era? A. They nominated Horace Greeley for president. B. They formed their own political party. C. They believed the growth of federal power needed to be expanded. D. They were less committed to equal rights for blacks than the Radical Republicans had been.
C. They believed the growth of federal power needed to be expanded.
7. Black Americans who refused to sign labor contracts to work for whites during Reconstruction ____. A. Were often put on trains and sent out West. B. Were often put on trains and sent to northern cities. C. Were often convicted of vagrancy and fined; sometimes they were then auctioned off to work for the person who paid the fine. D. Were convicted and sentenced to execution.
C. Were often convicted of vagrancy and fined; sometimes they were then auctioned off to work for the person who paid the fine.
22. In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson ordered nearly all land in federal hands ____. A. Be given to freed blacks. B. Be given to poor blacks and whites. C. Be given to the railroads. D. Be returned to its former owners.
D. Be returned to its former owners.
9. Why did Congress bring articles of impeachment against Andrew Johnson? A. He attempted to prevent Congress from meeting. B. He was convicted of committing felony murder. C. He vetoed Republican legislation. D. He violated the Tenure of Office Act.
D. He violated the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson saw the Tenure of Office Act as a violation of his constitutional powers, so he removed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton without Senate approval. This provided an excuse for Radical Republicans to demonstrate to Johnson their power and stop his attacks on Radical Reconstruction.
19. True or False? In consequence of the Reconstruction governments across the South, the region became a vibrant and successful hub of dynamic and expansive economic growth, allowing many African-Americans to escape from poverty.
False
28. True or False? Some 900 blacks sat in state legislatures during Reconstruction, yet few held local offices.
False
43. True or False? The victorious Republicans, the "Redeemers," claimed to have redeemed the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control.
False
44. True or False? Under Radical Reconstruction, blacks held most of the South's top elected positions.
False
45. True or False? Under the Black Codes enacted by southern legislatures immediately after the Civil War, blacks convicted of "vagrancy" were fined and, if unable to pay, were publicly hanged.
False
50. True or False? While Reconstruction brought profound changes, the postwar South remained comprised of people with the same social classes.
False
14. True or False? The new state governments under the control of Republicans failed to improve life in the South during Reconstruction
False The new state governments successfully established free public education, passed civil rights legislation that prohibited racial discrimination, helped to protect the growing population of sharecroppers, and promoted economic recovery.
1. True or False? "Scalawags" was a derogatory term used to describe southern white Republicans.
True
11. True or False? During Reconstruction, a number of state governments initiated civil rights legislation that made it illegal for railroads, hotels, and other institutions to discriminate on the basis of race.
True
15. True or False? In 1866, the Civil Rights Bill became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.
True
20. True or False? In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment had not altered traditional federalism.
True
24. True or False? Opposition to Reconstruction resulted from the distaste many southerners had for tax increases that were needed to fund public schools and other improvements, and from many white southerners inability to accept black Americans voting, holding office, and enjoying equality before the law.
True
3. True or False? After emancipation, many freedwomen elected to withdraw from work in the fields and focus their energies at home.
True
32. True or False? The Civil Rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the "Second Reconstruction."
True
38. True or False? The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866 as a Tennessee secret society and served, in effect, as a military arm of the Democratic Party.
True
5. True or False? Among the important accomplishments of Reconstruction state governments was the establishment of the South's first state-supported public schools.
True
8. True or False? Black Codes denied black Americans the right to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias, and vote.
True
9. True or False? Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens argued that disloyal planters' land should be confiscated and redistributed among former slaves.
True
5. True or False? The Liberal Republican Party began to side with Democrats in believing that the federal government's power had grown too much during the war and needed to be curtailed.
True The Liberal Republican Party believed that much of the corruption in the Grant administration was due to an expansion of federal power and the manipulation of voting. They soon began to apply these beliefs to Reconstruction as well.
19. Identify the statements that describe the objectives of the Freedmen's Bureau. A. Secure equal treatment for blacks before the courts B. Reorganize abandoned and confiscated land in the South into forty-acre plots to allocate to former slaves C. Provide aid to the poor and aged D. Settle disputes between blacks and whites E. Establish schools for blacks
A. Correct B. Correct: Land reform drove much of the postwar debates and became one of Reconstruction's biggest failures. In the summer of 1865, President Johnson ordered all land controlled by the federal government to be returned to its former owners. C. Correct D. Correct: General William T. Sherman recognized the difficult tasks before the Freedmen's Bureau when stating, "It is not ... in your power to fulfill one-tenth of the expectations of those who framed the Bureau." E. Correct: While the Bureau did not establish schools itself, it coordinated and helped to finance the activities of northern societies committed to black education. By 1869, nearly 3,000 schools, serving more than 150,000 pupils in the South, reported to the Bureau.
16. Identify the factors that contributed to the weakening of northern support for Reconstruction. A. The economic depression of the early 1870s B. Northern journalists' depictions of the failure of southern black leadership C. The growth of Democratic power in Congress D. The Supreme Court's failure to fully uphold the rights of blacks D. President Grant's public denouncement of Reconstruction
A. Correct: As economic problems loomed, Republicans lost interest in improving the condition of former slaves. B. Correct: While once depicting former slaves as courageous Union soldiers, some journalists now portrayed former slaves as childish and hapless. C. Correct: As Republicans lost power in Congress, northern racism reasserted itself. D. The Supreme Court's failure to uphold legislation protecting black rights signaled the public's growing disinterest and tolerance for Reconstruction. E. President Grant did not denounce Reconstruction.
15. Identify some of the ways in which blacks demonstrated their freedom following the end of the Civil War. A. By purchasing land B. By locating and reuniting with loved ones from whom they had been separated under slavery C. By attending school D. By attending religious services
A. Correct: Blacks openly held these events free of white supervision. B. Correct: The family was central to the postemancipation black community. C. Correct: Blacks of all ages flocked to the schools established by northern missionary societies, the Freedmen's Bureau, and groups of ex-slaves. D. Incorrect: While former slaves desired to become landowners, the postwar conditions did not make this a possibility for most blacks.
30. What does this map reveal about the realities of emancipation? A. Former slaves no longer lived in communal housing, but had their own quarters. B. Former slaves were not allowed to live on the land that they farmed. C. Former slaves occupied and farmed their own plots of land. D. Former slaves built their own churches and schools on the plantation.
A. Correct: Each of the boxes represents the home of a former slave and the plot of land they farmed. B. Incorrect: Former slaves had their own quarters on the land they farmed. They no longer lived in communal housing, but spread out across the plantation. C. Correct: The map shows how the former slaves now farm their own plots of land scattered across the Barrow Plantation. D. Correct: The church and school are located next to the main road running through the Barrow Plantation.
12. Which of the following are valid statements about the election of 1876? A. The disputed electoral votes were in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. B. Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate, was the only candidate to gain nationwide appeal. C. Samuel Tilden, the Democratic candidate, won the popular vote. D. The Republicans gained considerable support in the South because of freedmen's votes.
A. Correct: Events in these three states, ones still under Republican control, directly affected the outcome of the election. The Bargain of 1877 resulted in critical electoral votes going to Hayes. B. Incorrect: The Republican candidate gained support in the Northeast and also the West, but failed to gain support in the South. By the mid-1870s, the Democrats had regained control of the state governments and the white voting majority "redeemed" the South. C. Correct: Tilden polled approximately 4.3 million popular votes, while Hayes polled approximately 4.0 million popular votes. Hayes, however, won the electoral college and thus the election of 1876. D. Incorrect: Although the Fifteenth Amendment granted the right to vote to male former slaves, freedmen were, in practice, disenfranchised by white southerners, who intimidated them from voting. These tactics allowed white southern Democrats to establish firm political control. The election of 1876 ended Reconstruction, but the impact of the Civil War lingered for generations. Questions of political enfranchisement, citizenship, and freedom continued to dominate the national conversation for the next century.
20. Identify the components of Andrew Johnson's plan for Presidential Reconstruction. A. Abolition of slavery B. Requirement that black voters be protected C. Pardon nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Union D. Requirement that blacks be included in the state conventions E. Appointment of provisional governors F. Repudiation of secession G. State conventions to establish new, loyal state governments H. Refusal to pay Confederate debts
A. Correct: Johnson believed this outcome of the Civil War inevitable, but otherwise allowed southern states considerable flexibility in managing their own affairs. B. Incorrect: Johnson failed to provide protection to black voters and consequently white southerners began to limit black enfranchisement. C. Correct: Johnson excluded Confederate leaders, like Jefferson Davis, as well as planters whose prewar property wealth exceeded $20,000. D. Incorrect E. Correct F. Correct G. Correct H. Correct At first, most northerners thought Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction policies deserved a chance to succeed, but the conduct of the southern governments elected under his program turned most of the North against him.
24. Why did southern planters and merchants oppose Reconstruction and the new state governments? A. Southern whites could not accept the idea of blacks' equality. B. Poor southern whites did not experience the improvement to their economic situation as they had hoped. C. Whites began to abandon the South in search of opportunities in the West. D. Reconstruction governments were corrupt.
A. Correct: Most southern whites could not accept having blacks as voters, officeholders, free laborers, and equality under the law. They believed that white supremacy was needed to restore order in the South. B. Correct: While state governments did make improvements, much of the cost of these came in the form of taxes that meant poor whites did not see economic improvement during Reconstruction. C. Incorrect: Whites did not abandon the South D. Correct: There was corruption in Reconstruction governments due to the new public aid programs that created an atmosphere where bribery and corruption could flourish.
27. Identify the statements that describe the Civil Rights Bill of 1866. A. Ensured all citizens enjoyed a set of basic rights B. Established different versions of legal equality based on race C. Protected the rights of freed blacks to vote D. Defined all persons born in the United States as citizens
A. Correct: President Johnson vetoed the bill and argued that blacks did not deserve the rights of citizenship. B. Incorrect: The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 sought to establish equality under the law regardless of race, and it provided equal protection for person and property. C. Incorrect: The Civil Rights Bill of 1866 did not specify the right to vote as a right of citizenship. D. Correct: Equality under the law was critical to the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 and was intended to prevent southern states from discriminating on the basis of race
3. Why did northern Republican support for Reconstruction diminish in the 1870s? A. Many believed that the federal government had created the conditions of freedom, and success was now up to blacks. B. Many northerners thought Reconstruction plans didn't go far enough toward promoting equality for freed blacks, and so they proposed alternative legislation. C. Many northerners believed that the South should be able to solve its own problems.
A. Correct: Reconstruction revealed some of the tensions inherent in nineteenth-century discussions of freedom. The policy of granting black men the vote while denying them benefits of landownership strengthened the idea that free citizens could be poor, dependent laborers. Reconstruction placed on the national agenda a problem that would dominate political discussion for the next half-century—how, in a modern society, to define the economic essence of freedom. B. Incorrect: Conversely, even many Republicans thought it went too far. C. Correct: In the 1870s, the Republican Party was increasingly filled with politicians less committed to the Reconstruction plan.
7. Identify the statements that describe sharecropping. A. A compromise between blacks' desire for landownership and whites' desire to discipline their labor force B. Preferred by former slaves because it allowed them to work without white supervision C. Guaranteed planters a stable labor force D. Provided a path to landownership for blacks E. Required farmers to divide the crop with the landowner at the end of the year
A. Correct: Sharecropping became popular in the Cotton Belt and in the Tobacco Belt of Virginia and North Carolina. B. Correct C. Correct D. Incorrect: Sharecropping had limited economic opportunities because of declining prices for farm products in the worldwide economy. Most sharecroppers, black and white, found themselves going into debt because of a crop lien, where they borrowed against the coming crop. E. Correct Black families were allowed to rent a part of a plantation and work it by themselves but were required to pay the landowner a share of the crop at the end of each year.
23. How did the Black Codes attempt to regulate the lives of former slaves? A. They prohibited blacks from serving on juries. B. They required blacks to serve in the state militia for a period of time. C. They denied blacks the right to serve in state militias. D. They did not allow blacks to vote. E. They denied blacks the right to testify in court against whites. F. They did not allow black laborers to sign contracts.
A. Correct: The Black Codes attempted to restrict the legal rights of former slaves. B. Incorrect: Conversely, they denied blacks the right to serve in state militias. C. Correct: The Black Codes attempted to control the conditions of black labor. D. Correct: In this regard, the death of slavery did not automatically mean the birth of freedom. E. Correct: The Black Codes attempted to restrict the legal rights of former slaves F. Incorrect: Conversely, they required black laborers to sign annual contracts.
6. Read and analyze the "Voices of Freedom" document from the chapter titled "Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson" (1865). What arguments did the black petitioners make when urging President Johnson to allocate land to them? A. The freedmen had worked the lands and therefore deserved ownership. B. Land ownership was a vital element of citizenship. C. The federal government had no obligation to maintaining the status of freedmen. D. The rights of southern secessionists, as white citizens, should take priority over those of freedmen.
A. Correct: The freedmen argued that because they had once worked the land as slaves and were treated like "dumb driven cattle," they were entitled to land ownership. B. Correct: The freedmen believed that land ownership was critical to their standing, arguing that without land their position was no more improved than it was as slaves. C. Incorrect: The freedmen believed that the federal government held a duty to protect them and assure their rights, including that of landownership. D. Incorrect: In fact, in the petition, the freedmen argued the opposite, believing that their rights should take priority over those individuals who rebelled against the federal government The freedmen of South Carolina and Georgia presented this petition to President Andrew Johnson, who ignored their plea. Consequently, landownership became a contentious aspect of Reconstruction, forcing many freedmen to turn to sharecropping contracts.
4. According to the video, why was Frederick Douglass's perspective on the question, "Who is an American?" considered radical for the time? A. He believed people of all races and national origins could become good Americans. B. His views foreshadowed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. C. He believed only those born in the United States should be afforded the rights of American citizenship. D. He supported the deliberate exclusion of Chinese immigrants from American society
A. Correct: his was a radical vision during the late 19th century and in some respects remains controversial today. B. Incorrect: Frederick Douglass's views were in direct opposition to this eventual law that temporarily banned Chinese immigration to the United States. C. Incorrect: Frederick Douglass offered a wholly inclusive definition of who can be considered American. D. Incorrect: Even some of the most principled egalitarians during this period were very hostile toward the Chinese. This does not, however, describe Frederick Douglass.
33. The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 ____. A. Defined crimes that deprived citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses. Under these laws president grant sent federal marshals to arrest hundreds of accused klansmen. B. Asserted south carolina's right to nullify any federal law it deemed improper or unjust, and to enforce that decision. C. Sought to sue for peace with britain and spain in the wake of the resurgence of international tensions surrounding imperialist filibustering. D. Enforced the rights of landowners to act against encroaching settlers in the west.
A. Defined crimes that deprived citizens of their civil and political rights as federal offenses. Under these laws president grant sent federal marshals to arrest hundreds of accused Klansmen.
13. Douglass believed that the United States was a nation of ____ races. He believed that ____ and the right to hold office both were essential to freedom and citizenship. In this speech, in particular, Douglass argued for the rights and liberties of ____ in America.
A. Innumerable: Douglass says, "In races we range all the way from black to white, with intermediate shades which ... no man can name a number ... ." B. Migration: Douglass says, "There are such things in the world as human rights. ... Among these, is the right of locomotion; the right of migration ... . C. The Chinese: Douglass says, "Would you have them naturalized, and have them invested with all the rights of American citizenship? I would." In this speech, Douglass challenged Americans to accept Chinese immigrants as citizens. In the midst of increasing American animosity against Chinese immigrants, Douglass articulated a controversial viewpoint. Douglass compared the United States to a composite, which is the sum of all its parts, in this case, of races.
35. The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ____. A. Prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the vote because of race. B. Guaranteed women the right to vote. C. Ended slavery and indentured servitude. D. Made the income tax constitutional.
A. Prohibited federal and state governments from denying any citizen the vote because of race.
25. Identify the following descriptions as applying to either scalawags or carpet baggers. A. These were wartime Unionists who cooperated with the Republicans to prevent "rebels" from returning to power. B. Their name suggests they packed all of their belongings in a suitcase and left their homes eager to take advantage of opportunities in the South. C. Southern whites supported the Republican Party and were believed to be traitors to their race by many southern whites. D. Northern whites relocated to the South after the Civil War. Southern whites believed they had come simply for economic gain.Sc
A. Scalawags: Some scalawags hoped Reconstruction governments would help them recover from wartime economic loses. B. Carpet baggers: Some were investors in land and railroads who saw the postwar South as an opportunity to combine personal economic advancement with a role in helping to substitute "the civilization of freedom for that of freedom." C. Scalawags: Many southern whites who supported the Republicans were non-slaveholding whites who had not supported secession or the Confederacy. D. Carpet baggers: Some carpetbaggers did indeed relocate to the South for economic gain, but the large majority of carpetbaggers were former Union soldiers who decided to remain in the South when the war ended, before there was any prospect of going into politics.
26. Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction era shared the view that ____. A. The Union victory created a golden opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race. B. The government should minimize its involvement in the economy and allow laissez-faire to flourish. C. Sought the repatriation of expatriate fugitives. D. Allied themselves with the president in an effort to bring about "freedom and justice for all."
A. The Union victory created a golden opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race.
29. Andrew Johnson ____ the Civil Rights Bill because he ____ in black equality. Ultimately, Johnson believed that political power rested with _____.
A. Vetoed B. Did not believe C. States The debates between President Johnson and Congress resulted in one of the most significant political battles in American history. This conflict culminated in Congress asserting its authority in Reconstruction and bringing impeachment charges against Johnson.
29. Struggles over land and labor were a common part of the post-emancipation experience in many countries, yet this one aspect made the United States unique. A. Within two years after the end of slavery, black males were given the right to vote. B. With Reconstruction came full citizenship and voting rights for all men and women born in the U.S. C. Shortly after slavery ended, white women performed all of the field work. D. Identification cards were printed and distributed to all freed slaves to more easily connect them with lost relatives.
A. Within two years after the end of slavery, black males were given the right to vote.
13. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because ____. A. It was not worded strongly enough to encapsulate the issue. B. It did not enfranchise women. C. It still did not allow all races to vote. D. There was no way to enforce the amendment.
B. It did not enfranchise women.
30. The Black Codes were ____. A. Codes of honor by which newly freed black Americans lived. B. Laws that sought to regulate the lives of former slaves. C. Secret codes used by freed blacks in regions where the Ku Klux Klan was strongest. D. A secret code combining elements of Creole and pidgin English.
B. Laws that sought to regulate the lives of former slaves
49. Which were central elements in the lives of post-emancipation blacks in the twenty years following the end of the Civil War? A. The family, corporations, the university B. The family, the church, the school C. The boss, the cabin, the library D. The boss, the library, the farm
B. The family, the church, the school
