Global Politics Semester 1

Name 6 methods of challenging power

Revolution Coup Strike Online Activism Street Protest Boycott

Economic Development to promote national interest

Economic development underpins military capacity -more trade partners

Inducement

Encouraging someone to do something through the provision of an advantage or benefit.

What is the role of State EXTERNALLY?

Externally, its role is to promote the state's key national interest objectives: • National, regional and global security • Economic growth and development • Territorial integrity • Preservation of the nation's culture

Where is informal power exercised?

Families Sport School Grounds Religious organisations Workplaces

What is state sovereignty?

Where a state is able to exercise effective control of its own territory, administer its own government and is not dependent upon, or subject to, another power

Non-state actor

an individual or organization that has significant political influence but is not allied to any particular country or state. (NSA) are entities that participate or act in international relations. They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state.

What are the Peace of Westphalia principles?

• the world is divided into sovereign territorial states with no superior authority - all states are regarded as equal • the processes of law‐making, the settlement of disputes and law enforcement are in the hands of the state • no state should intervene in the affairs of another state • the goal of international law is to promote co‐existence

Military Strength to promote national interest

-protect it's territory and people from external aggression -pursue its interest abroad using conquest and expansion

Population to promote national interest

-sizeable workforce and army -Economic development requires mass literacy and education levels -benefits economically

What is a states national interest?

.is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural

In what ways can a state promote their national interests?

A country can use Military Strength, Population, Economic development and geography to promote their national interest.

What is a coup and how is it effective?

A coup is considered to be an overthrow (or attempted) of a government by a smaller group who lack 'popular support'

What is a boycott and how is it effective?

A form of protest through abstaining from purchasing goods and services to punish an organisation/individual and serves a political or ideological agenda

What is a state? Examples

A governance of a specific geographic area and the individuals within it. Usually have a monopoly of the use of force and may be externally recognized by other states. Examples: Australia, China

What is a nation-state?

A nation‐state is a political social grouping in which people within territorial boundaries, with recognized sovereignty, (i.e. within a state) have common bonds based on culture, language and history. eg. Japan and Iceland A group of people who share a similar identity, language, culture or history and live within a specific territory governed by a state

What is a revolution and how is it effective?

A revolution is a collective mass of people attempting to overthrow a government, in favour of a news system, due to their discontent with the current political system.

Policy

A specific plan or course of action that is determined by a government, political party or business, which is intended to achieve specific outcomes.

What is a Strike and how is it effective?

A strike is a form of protest whereby a group of people, typically workers, coordinate a refusal to work in order to achieve an admission that coincides with their agenda.

Geography to promote national interest

Access to sea for military purposes arable land natural resources

Political Party

An organisation that seeks parliamentary representation in order to promote or represent a particular group of people or set of ideas.

What is a street protest and how is it effective?

An organised group who goes out of their way to protest a matter by marching in public, usually whilst holding signs and chanting and have a common goal to influence political matters, such as policy change. These groups are generally peaceful but can turn violent, therefore the protests use force and social power to project their views.

What is the connection between Authority and Legitimacy?

Authority is the 'legitimate' use of power. If someone uses power legitimately, they are using with implied permission or consent.

What is Authority?

Authority is the right to exercise power -The possession of a legitimate use of power

Military Power and how is it measured?

Coercive capability based on armed forces and weaponry, generally used externally to a state's borders. It is measured through: -Number of Troops -Defence spending as a % of GDP -Number/location of International Bases -Technological capacity -Nuclear weapons

Economic Power and how is it measured?

Control through the use of money or financial inducements. Economic Power is measured through: -GDP per capita -Share of world trade -Global Competitiveness index

Persuasion

Convincing someone to do or believe something by appealing to reason or understanding.

What did they do to create a nation-state?

Creating a common national identity e.g. common language, common customs and traditions - Create loyalty so they would pay taxes and fight in the army

What are the characteristics of a state?

Defined territorial borders A permanent population An effective government with functioning institutions Legally recognized control of citizens within this territory

Fake News

Deliberately false misinformation, designed to resemble credible journalism and to attract maximum attention. Can be motivated by both political / ideological and financial goals.

Authority

Formally, a person or organisation able to exercise political or administrative power and control through rights that are designated by the state or an institution. More generally, a person has authority when they are recognised by others as having the right to exercise their power. There is an implied consent to the exercise of that power. Authority is therefore the legitimate use of power.

What is the difference of hard power and soft power in international relations?

Hard power implies the use of military threats, coercion and force to achieve a goal. In international relations countries such as Russia --

What 2 states do not have a UN membership?

Holy See and Palestine do not have FULL UN membership

Name some non-state actors that can challenge the state and how: SPECIFIC EXAMPLES

Intergovernmental organisations e.g. the UN • Regional organisations e.g. the EU, ASEAN • Non‐governmental organisations e.g. Amnesty, Greenpeace • Transnational corporations e.g. Microsoft, Nike • Other non‐state actors e.g. ISIS The EU is a non-state actor with a large amount of influence. The EU has the power of trade deals and decide how the market runs.

What is the role of state INTERNALLY?

Internally, the role of the state is to meet the needs of its citizens (e.g. security, freedom, order, justice and welfare).

How is population power measured?

It is measured through: Size HDI (human development index) Education Levels (eg. literacy rates)

What are some key functions of political parties within Australia's parliamentary system?

Key Functions are: -Parties connect people with similar ideologies and philosophies -They provide organisational support -They develop policies -They debate important issues that arise and discuss ideas -Act as an avenue for community groups to influence government decisions

Sovereignty

Legally recognised control over citizens within its territory by a state, alongside the authority to represent their territorial entity within the international community

What is a nation and its characteristics? examples

Nations are groups of people who share cultural characteristics such as language, culture and historical identity. Nation examples: Cherokee, Tibet and Wales

Coercion

Obtaining compliance through the use of force or threats.

Power

The ability or capacity to achieve your goals, to direct or influence the behaviour of others or control a course of events

How were nation-states first created?

Peace of Westphalia (1648) Rulers decided that the creation of self‐contained states, based on the principles of sovereignty and territoriality, was the best way to bring an end to the religious conflict and war

Formal Power

Power that is vested in structural institutions and the authority that is associated with these (e.g. employment relationships, government). Power vested within a structural or institutional setting

Hard Power

The ability to compel others to comply through the threat or use of force, or payment. It refers to coercive tactics - the threat or use of armed forces, economic pressure or sanctions, or other forms of intimidation. Hard power is exercised through coercion or threatened acts of coercion primarily to influence the actions of other global actors. It is most commonly exercised by military forms of power, but it can also be exercised by economic, political and diplomatic forms, through coercion and rewards.

Soft Power

The ability to influence and promote shared goals through dialogue and exchange. It is the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce.

Psychological Power

The control of others through manipulation of fears, emotions and insecurities.

Informal Power

The degree of influence and ability to persuade, based on relationships and levels of personal respect. Power that is based on social relationships, influence and the ability to persuade rather than a structural or institutional

What is sovereignty?

The exclusive right to exercise supreme authority over a geographic region, group of people or oneself. Sovereignty over a nation is generally vested in a government or other political agency

Cultural Power

The impact of values, traditions and lifestyles that may influence attitudes and behaviours.

Force

The physical application of violence or constraint.

Territorial Power and how is it measured?

The possession of land and natural resources that provides economic and strategic advantages. It is measured through: -Size -Natural Resources -Geo-strategic Location

Media Concentration

The process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organisations control increasing shares of the mass media

Citizen Journalism

The recording, reporting and online distribution of news events by non-professional members of the public.

Politics

The study of how power is gained and exercised to achieve defined goals. While politics does involve analysis of policy and the law-making processes of governments, more broadly it focusses on how individuals, groups, organisations and governments obtain power, how they use it and for what purposes, and how this power is challenged.

What is online activism and how is it effective?

The use of different forms of technological communication such as social media and podcasts as a platform to influence political matters and promote change in an efficient way by creating public movements and development.

Political Power and how is it measured?

The use of laws by governments to regulate society. It is upheld by authority, where a government is considered legitimate and by the coercive apparatus of the state (police, judicial system) It is measured through: -Voting power in international organisations (UN Bodies) -Political Stability -World Bank Good Governance index -EIU Democracy Index

Manipulation

To cleverly or unscrupulously (shrewdly, deviously) influence behaviour or belief by exploiting a person's emotions, feelings or vulnerabilities.

How does a state become legal?

UN membership is usually an indication of international legal recognition. There are currently 193 UN member‐states