GLY2010C, mos 9-12 (FINAL EXAM).

If a 50-year flood occurs on the Mississippi River this year, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in the following year?

2%

Which value below corresponds to the recent rate of global (eustatic) sea level rise observed over the past decade

3.3 mm/year

The hydrograph curves in the figure are from the same flood event at three different locations on a river. Which of the hydrograph curves in the figure is from the recording station that was farthest downstream?

A

Which situation most favors the formation of cover-subsidence sinkholes

A 50-foot-thick layer of clay-rich sediments overlying cavernous limestone

Which situation most favors the formation of cover-subsidence sinkholes?

A 50-foot-thick layer of sand-rich sediments overlying cavernous limestone

How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?

A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior

What is a sea arch

A sea cave that has eroded all the way through a headland

The figure below shows two hypothetical streams that have identical cross-sectional areas but different channel shapes. Assuming all other factors are equal, stream _____ will have the fastest flow because of the difference in ______.

A; wetted perimeter

What would be the impact to a stream profile that might result from a warming of climate (assume sea level remains unchanged)?

Adjust down

What are the effects of deforestation for agriculture on a stream profile?

Adjust up

What is appropriate definition of an anticline?

An arch-shaped fold where the rocks are oldest in the center

What is the appropriate definition of an anticline?

An arch-shaped fold where the rocks are oldest in the center.

For a well to function properly, it must be drilled below the water table and into a(n) ______.

Aquifer

In the figure below, which letters represent the wave height and wavelength

B and E

Why is understanding the hydrologic cycle important to understanding how landscapes form?

Because water is the main erosional depositional agent on Earth

Predict the directions of the longshore current and beach drift in the figure shown

Both to the right (red)

In the figure below, which letters represent the crest and trough

C and D

Which of the following is NOT true? A 100-year flood ______.

Cannot occur in successive years

Which of the following geologic materials makes the best aquitard

Clay

Which two North American River systems drain to the Pacific Ocean?

Colorado and Columbia

Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed, in part, by ________ in the crust.

Compression

The formation of the basin and range province, a fault-blocked mountain range in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, is associated with which of the following processes?

Continental rifting

In what plate tectonic environment do you predict that reverse and thrust faulting is the most dominant kind of geologic structure?

Convergent boundary

What kind of deformation occurs during continental rifting?

Crustal stretching and thinning

Which two geologic processes listed below can lead to isostatic uplift?

Crustal thickening and erosion

Which two geologic processes listed below can lead to isostatic subsidence?

Crustal thinning and deposition

which fault below could result from both strike-slip and dip-slip stresses?

D

Normal, reverse, and thrust are all examples of ____________ faults.

Dip-slip

Channel area multiplied by stream flow velocity is the formula used to define a stream's

Discharge

Normal faulting is most often associated with mountain building along ___________ boundaries, whereas reverse faulting is generally observed at ___________ boundaries.

Divergent; convergent

A coastline characterized by steep-sided cliffs and associated with an active margin is likely to be __________.

Emergent

Which progression best describes how water goes from the ocean to a river?

Evaporation - precipitation - runoff

Saltwater intrusion is a problem that occurs when?

Excessive groundwater withdrawal in coastal regions lowers the water table

On Earth today, every coast is experiencing a rise in sea-level

False

Plastic/ductile deformation structures such as folds occur in the shallow crust (no deeper than 10km).

False

Sinkhole activity is evenly distributed throughout Florida

False

which is the distinction between faults and joints?

Faults are fractures with displacement and joints are fractures without displacement

Which image shows the fluvial landscape that is in the most mature stage of development?

Fluvial landscape b

What kind of sedimentary basin forms at the edge of a mountain belt as a result of loading of the crust by the weight of the mountains?

Foreland basin

What is the predominant direction of longshore transport along the east coast of the US

From north to south parallel to the shore

What conditions might result in a braided river channel?

High sediment load, variable discharge

Under which of these conditions would a body of rock be more likely to exhibit plastic behavior

High temperature

Which of these tectonic features is most likely to be associated with a fold and thrust belt?

Himalayas

The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold ______.

Hinge

On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, with the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a _______.

Horizontal syncline

Which of NOT one of the 4 largest river systems/drainage basins in the US?

Hudson

the stream gradient of most rivers ______.

Is greater near the source than near the mouth

________ is the balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle.

Isostasy

Which of the following is true of beach nourishment as a solution to coastal erosion?

It is costly and may only provide a temporary solution

The majority of caves are formed by the dissolution of bedrock

Just below the water table

Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed a

Karst landscape

Which situation most favors the formation of solution (aka subsidence) sinkholes

Limestone exposed at or very near the surface

Barrier islands are constantly moving in the direction of

Longshore drift

What conditions might result in an anastomosing river channel?

Low gradient, vegetated banks

if a material is porous, it _____

May be permeable or impermeable

the elevation of the water table ______.

May rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts

The earth's oldest rocks are found

Near the centers of the continents

In a ________ fault, the fault plane is non-vertical and the hanging-wall block moves downward to the footwall block.

Normal

Where in Florida are springs found in greatest abundance

North Central Florida

Where in Florida are springs found in greatest abundance

North central florida

Where in the US would one find an emergent coast?

Northern california coast

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ______.

Orogeny

A meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel but which retains water is a(n) _______.

Oxbow lake

along a uniform and steep slope of relatively weak substrate, a ______ drainage network is expected.

Parallel

The figure below shows an example of a ______ drainage network.

Parallel (5 parallel lines)

Which the correct description of the type of breaking wave that is more common on a beach during the winter months

Plunging waves that erode the beach are most common in winter

The inner edge of a meaner, where sediment is deposited, is a(n) ______.

Point bar

which point on the graph below indicates properties that would make the most productive aquifer?

Point c

which has been the most important factor in driving florida's water resource issues?

Population growth

What kind of stress formed the fault shown in the diagram?

Right lateral shear (right side has moved under left)

Which of the following features is characteristic of a rocky coast

Sea stacks

Which of the following is the BEST example of an organic coast

Shallow coral reef

What are jetties and what is their purpose?

Shore perpendicular hard engineering structures designed to stabilize an inlet

A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo ______.

Shortening

Where is the intermediate aquifer used for the public water supply

Southwest florida

Which the correct description of the type of breaking wave that is more common on a beach during the summer months

Spilling waves that deposit sediment on the beach are most common in summer

Which the correct description of the type of breaking wave that is more common on a beach with a gentle offshore slope?

Spilling waves that deposit sediment on the beach most common

How is stress different from strain?

Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress.

as stream discharge increases

Stream velocity, channel width and channel depth all increase

How is stress different from force?

Stress is the force applied per unit area.

A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ______.

Stretching

Which type of coastline would most likely contain estuaries or fjords

Submergent

What kind of stress formed the fault shown in the diagram at right? Assume rocks are horizontal sedimentary strata

Tensional

Which of the following statements is true of the Appalachian mountains?

The Appalachian Mountains include remnants of structures and rocks that formed during three distinct collision orogenies.

Which is Florida's largest (most drawn upon) aquifer providing 60+ percent of the domestic supply

The Floridan

You have a choice to drill your water well into a shallower unconfined aquifer or a deeper confined aquifer. Drilling deeper will cost more money; however, you choose to drill into the confined aquifer. Why?

The aquifer will most likely have higher water quality

Where is the backshore zone on a beach?

The area between the dune system and the high tide mark.

Which of the following is MOST likely to result in stream rejuvenation?

The base level of a stream drops

What can one unambiguously determine about the geometry of the fold shown in the picture from the pattern of rock layers shown?

The fold hinge is plunging

Which is an appropriate definition for stream competence?

The largest size sediment the stream flow can transport

which is an anticipated consequence of pumping from a well?

The potentiometric surface will be depressed in a cone shape around the well

Which aquifer is used as a major water supply in westernmost panhandle of Florida (Pensacola, for example).

The sand and gravel aquifer

How would a stream profile be expected to respond to a rise in sea level?

The stream profile would adjust up via deposition

What is the basis by which the boundaries of Florida's Water management districts were drawn

They were drawn based on surface flow patterns and watersheds

Identify the feature indicated by the arrow in the image shown. (arrow pointing at sandy bar connecting sea stack to shore)

Tombolo

What is the direction of longshore transport in the photo shown

Toward the top of the photo

In a region characterized by a parallel series of ridges and valleys, a ______ drainage network is expected.

Trellis

The figure below shows an example of a _____ drainage network.

Trellis

Which of the trends show (below-right) illustrates how the grain size of the bed load varies along the course of a stream?

Trend 1 (red)

Seasonally, beaches tend to get narrower and steeper in the winter as higher energy waves store beach sand in offshore sandbars.

True

all other things being equal a river channel with a coarser grainsize bed load will experience more frictional resistance and turbulence than a river channel with a finer grain-size bedload.

True

The primary stream fed by tributaries within a dendritic drainage network is termed a ____ stream.

Trunk

A(n) ________ aquifer is more likely to be contaminated than a(n) ________ aquifer

Unconfined; confined

Predict how wave energy will be distributed along this coastline figure as a consequence of wave refraction

Wave energy will be concentrated at point A and deflected away from point B.

What happens to the wave height and velocity as a wave approaches the shore and transitions from a deep-water wave to a shallow water wave

Wave height increases and velocity decreases

Which kind of damage corresponds to a level-2 storm impact on a barrier island

Waves erode the front of the dune system.

Which kind of damage corresponds to a level-2 storm impact on a barrier island?

Waves erode the front of the dune system.

Which kind of damage corresponds to a level-3 storm impact on a barrier island

Waves over top the dune system and push it landward

what is the definition of isostatic equilibrium in the context of the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

When the lithosphere has displaced a mass of asthenosphere equal to the mass of the lithosphere

Structures—like jetties, groins, and breakwaters—that are designed to prevent beach erosion

are a temporary solution that decreases the rate of beach erosion

Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed

cratons

Which of these is NOT one of the components of

dissolution

When the sea level rises, an ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)

estuary

Cover collapse sinkholes are the most common type of sinkhole found in gulf coastal lowlands

false

Longshore currents ________ the shoreline

flow parallel to

As a rule, groundwater always flows from areas of

greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head

Because of wave refraction, erosion along an irregular coastline is ________.

greatest along headlands

What is a correct statement regarding the differences between groins and jetties

groins are intended to renourish beaches, while jetties are intended keep inlets open

The majority of liquid freshwater within the Earth exists in ________.

groundwater

A cone of depression surrounding a well that is pumping water leads to what effect

groundwater begins to flow toward the well more rapidly

Along beaches, groins have _______.

increased erosion rates immediately down-current from the groin

If a material is highly permeable, it ________.

must either have substantial porosity or be fractured

Waves ________.

refract so as to impact the shore in a nearly parallel manner

The dissolution of rock produces

secondary porosity

Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed

shields

The term for a change in shape induced by stress is

strain

At what water depth do waves begin to interact with the sea floor?

when the water depth is equal to one-half the wavelength

If a material is porous, it

will be impermeable