GLY2010C, mos 9-12 (FINAL EXAM).
If a 50-year flood occurs on the Mississippi River this year, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in the following year?
2%
Which value below corresponds to the recent rate of global (eustatic) sea level rise observed over the past decade
3.3 mm/year
The hydrograph curves in the figure are from the same flood event at three different locations on a river. Which of the hydrograph curves in the figure is from the recording station that was farthest downstream?
A
Which situation most favors the formation of cover-subsidence sinkholes
A 50-foot-thick layer of clay-rich sediments overlying cavernous limestone
Which situation most favors the formation of cover-subsidence sinkholes?
A 50-foot-thick layer of sand-rich sediments overlying cavernous limestone
How does the rate at which a body of rock is deformed affect its behavior?
A rock deformed quickly is likely to exhibit brittle behavior
What is a sea arch
A sea cave that has eroded all the way through a headland
The figure below shows two hypothetical streams that have identical cross-sectional areas but different channel shapes. Assuming all other factors are equal, stream _____ will have the fastest flow because of the difference in ______.
A; wetted perimeter
What would be the impact to a stream profile that might result from a warming of climate (assume sea level remains unchanged)?
Adjust down
What are the effects of deforestation for agriculture on a stream profile?
Adjust up
What is appropriate definition of an anticline?
An arch-shaped fold where the rocks are oldest in the center
What is the appropriate definition of an anticline?
An arch-shaped fold where the rocks are oldest in the center.
For a well to function properly, it must be drilled below the water table and into a(n) ______.
Aquifer
In the figure below, which letters represent the wave height and wavelength
B and E
Why is understanding the hydrologic cycle important to understanding how landscapes form?
Because water is the main erosional depositional agent on Earth
Predict the directions of the longshore current and beach drift in the figure shown
Both to the right (red)
In the figure below, which letters represent the crest and trough
C and D
Which of the following is NOT true? A 100-year flood ______.
Cannot occur in successive years
Which of the following geologic materials makes the best aquitard
Clay
Which two North American River systems drain to the Pacific Ocean?
Colorado and Columbia
Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed, in part, by ________ in the crust.
Compression
The formation of the basin and range province, a fault-blocked mountain range in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, is associated with which of the following processes?
Continental rifting
In what plate tectonic environment do you predict that reverse and thrust faulting is the most dominant kind of geologic structure?
Convergent boundary
What kind of deformation occurs during continental rifting?
Crustal stretching and thinning
Which two geologic processes listed below can lead to isostatic uplift?
Crustal thickening and erosion
Which two geologic processes listed below can lead to isostatic subsidence?
Crustal thinning and deposition
which fault below could result from both strike-slip and dip-slip stresses?
D
Normal, reverse, and thrust are all examples of ____________ faults.
Dip-slip
Channel area multiplied by stream flow velocity is the formula used to define a stream's
Discharge
Normal faulting is most often associated with mountain building along ___________ boundaries, whereas reverse faulting is generally observed at ___________ boundaries.
Divergent; convergent
A coastline characterized by steep-sided cliffs and associated with an active margin is likely to be __________.
Emergent
Which progression best describes how water goes from the ocean to a river?
Evaporation - precipitation - runoff
Saltwater intrusion is a problem that occurs when?
Excessive groundwater withdrawal in coastal regions lowers the water table
On Earth today, every coast is experiencing a rise in sea-level
False
Plastic/ductile deformation structures such as folds occur in the shallow crust (no deeper than 10km).
False
Sinkhole activity is evenly distributed throughout Florida
False
which is the distinction between faults and joints?
Faults are fractures with displacement and joints are fractures without displacement
Which image shows the fluvial landscape that is in the most mature stage of development?
Fluvial landscape b
What kind of sedimentary basin forms at the edge of a mountain belt as a result of loading of the crust by the weight of the mountains?
Foreland basin
What is the predominant direction of longshore transport along the east coast of the US
From north to south parallel to the shore
What conditions might result in a braided river channel?
High sediment load, variable discharge
Under which of these conditions would a body of rock be more likely to exhibit plastic behavior
High temperature
Which of these tectonic features is most likely to be associated with a fold and thrust belt?
Himalayas
The central portion of high curvature on a fold is termed the fold ______.
Hinge
On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a series of parallel lines, with the youngest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a _______.
Horizontal syncline
Which of NOT one of the 4 largest river systems/drainage basins in the US?
Hudson
the stream gradient of most rivers ______.
Is greater near the source than near the mouth
________ is the balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle.
Isostasy
Which of the following is true of beach nourishment as a solution to coastal erosion?
It is costly and may only provide a temporary solution
The majority of caves are formed by the dissolution of bedrock
Just below the water table
Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed a
Karst landscape
Which situation most favors the formation of solution (aka subsidence) sinkholes
Limestone exposed at or very near the surface
Barrier islands are constantly moving in the direction of
Longshore drift
What conditions might result in an anastomosing river channel?
Low gradient, vegetated banks
if a material is porous, it _____
May be permeable or impermeable
the elevation of the water table ______.
May rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts
The earth's oldest rocks are found
Near the centers of the continents
In a ________ fault, the fault plane is non-vertical and the hanging-wall block moves downward to the footwall block.
Normal
Where in Florida are springs found in greatest abundance
North Central Florida
Where in Florida are springs found in greatest abundance
North central florida
Where in the US would one find an emergent coast?
Northern california coast
An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ______.
Orogeny
A meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel but which retains water is a(n) _______.
Oxbow lake
along a uniform and steep slope of relatively weak substrate, a ______ drainage network is expected.
Parallel
The figure below shows an example of a ______ drainage network.
Parallel (5 parallel lines)
Which the correct description of the type of breaking wave that is more common on a beach during the winter months
Plunging waves that erode the beach are most common in winter
The inner edge of a meaner, where sediment is deposited, is a(n) ______.
Point bar
which point on the graph below indicates properties that would make the most productive aquifer?
Point c
which has been the most important factor in driving florida's water resource issues?
Population growth
What kind of stress formed the fault shown in the diagram?
Right lateral shear (right side has moved under left)
Which of the following features is characteristic of a rocky coast
Sea stacks
Which of the following is the BEST example of an organic coast
Shallow coral reef
What are jetties and what is their purpose?
Shore perpendicular hard engineering structures designed to stabilize an inlet
A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo ______.
Shortening
Where is the intermediate aquifer used for the public water supply
Southwest florida
Which the correct description of the type of breaking wave that is more common on a beach during the summer months
Spilling waves that deposit sediment on the beach are most common in summer
Which the correct description of the type of breaking wave that is more common on a beach with a gentle offshore slope?
Spilling waves that deposit sediment on the beach most common
How is stress different from strain?
Strain is the change in shape of a rock due to applied stress.
as stream discharge increases
Stream velocity, channel width and channel depth all increase
How is stress different from force?
Stress is the force applied per unit area.
A body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo ______.
Stretching
Which type of coastline would most likely contain estuaries or fjords
Submergent
What kind of stress formed the fault shown in the diagram at right? Assume rocks are horizontal sedimentary strata
Tensional
Which of the following statements is true of the Appalachian mountains?
The Appalachian Mountains include remnants of structures and rocks that formed during three distinct collision orogenies.
Which is Florida's largest (most drawn upon) aquifer providing 60+ percent of the domestic supply
The Floridan
You have a choice to drill your water well into a shallower unconfined aquifer or a deeper confined aquifer. Drilling deeper will cost more money; however, you choose to drill into the confined aquifer. Why?
The aquifer will most likely have higher water quality
Where is the backshore zone on a beach?
The area between the dune system and the high tide mark.
Which of the following is MOST likely to result in stream rejuvenation?
The base level of a stream drops
What can one unambiguously determine about the geometry of the fold shown in the picture from the pattern of rock layers shown?
The fold hinge is plunging
Which is an appropriate definition for stream competence?
The largest size sediment the stream flow can transport
which is an anticipated consequence of pumping from a well?
The potentiometric surface will be depressed in a cone shape around the well
Which aquifer is used as a major water supply in westernmost panhandle of Florida (Pensacola, for example).
The sand and gravel aquifer
How would a stream profile be expected to respond to a rise in sea level?
The stream profile would adjust up via deposition
What is the basis by which the boundaries of Florida's Water management districts were drawn
They were drawn based on surface flow patterns and watersheds
Identify the feature indicated by the arrow in the image shown. (arrow pointing at sandy bar connecting sea stack to shore)
Tombolo
What is the direction of longshore transport in the photo shown
Toward the top of the photo
In a region characterized by a parallel series of ridges and valleys, a ______ drainage network is expected.
Trellis
The figure below shows an example of a _____ drainage network.
Trellis
Which of the trends show (below-right) illustrates how the grain size of the bed load varies along the course of a stream?
Trend 1 (red)
Seasonally, beaches tend to get narrower and steeper in the winter as higher energy waves store beach sand in offshore sandbars.
True
all other things being equal a river channel with a coarser grainsize bed load will experience more frictional resistance and turbulence than a river channel with a finer grain-size bedload.
True
The primary stream fed by tributaries within a dendritic drainage network is termed a ____ stream.
Trunk
A(n) ________ aquifer is more likely to be contaminated than a(n) ________ aquifer
Unconfined; confined
Predict how wave energy will be distributed along this coastline figure as a consequence of wave refraction
Wave energy will be concentrated at point A and deflected away from point B.
What happens to the wave height and velocity as a wave approaches the shore and transitions from a deep-water wave to a shallow water wave
Wave height increases and velocity decreases
Which kind of damage corresponds to a level-2 storm impact on a barrier island
Waves erode the front of the dune system.
Which kind of damage corresponds to a level-2 storm impact on a barrier island?
Waves erode the front of the dune system.
Which kind of damage corresponds to a level-3 storm impact on a barrier island
Waves over top the dune system and push it landward
what is the definition of isostatic equilibrium in the context of the lithosphere and asthenosphere?
When the lithosphere has displaced a mass of asthenosphere equal to the mass of the lithosphere
Structures—like jetties, groins, and breakwaters—that are designed to prevent beach erosion
are a temporary solution that decreases the rate of beach erosion
Regions of continents that have NOT been subjected to orogeny during the past 1 billion years are termed
cratons
Which of these is NOT one of the components of
dissolution
When the sea level rises, an ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)
estuary
Cover collapse sinkholes are the most common type of sinkhole found in gulf coastal lowlands
false
Longshore currents ________ the shoreline
flow parallel to
As a rule, groundwater always flows from areas of
greater hydraulic head to those of lesser hydraulic head
Because of wave refraction, erosion along an irregular coastline is ________.
greatest along headlands
What is a correct statement regarding the differences between groins and jetties
groins are intended to renourish beaches, while jetties are intended keep inlets open
The majority of liquid freshwater within the Earth exists in ________.
groundwater
A cone of depression surrounding a well that is pumping water leads to what effect
groundwater begins to flow toward the well more rapidly
Along beaches, groins have _______.
increased erosion rates immediately down-current from the groin
If a material is highly permeable, it ________.
must either have substantial porosity or be fractured
Waves ________.
refract so as to impact the shore in a nearly parallel manner
The dissolution of rock produces
secondary porosity
Regions where Precambrian metamorphic rocks are exposed at the surface are termed
shields
The term for a change in shape induced by stress is
strain
At what water depth do waves begin to interact with the sea floor?
when the water depth is equal to one-half the wavelength
If a material is porous, it
will be impermeable