gov 1- final MC
rejected mechanical point systems for university admissions but upheld highly individualized affirmative action policies that were designed to promote diversity.
In the University of Michigan affirmative action cases, the Supreme Court justices rejected mechanical point systems for university admissions but upheld highly individualized affirmative action policies that were designed to promote diversity. upheld mechanical point systems for university admissions but rejected highly individualized affirmative action policies. rejected all affirmative action policies that address university admissions. declared that affirmative action policies would no longer be subject to strict scrutiny. asserted for the first time that affirmative action policies would be subject to strict scrutiny.
voter approval in a special election
Judges in California may be impeached by the state Assembly and convicted by an executive order signed by the governor. a writ issued by the chief justice of the California Supreme Court. voter approval in a special election. a two-thirds majority of the state Senate.
de jure
Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination. de facto de jure stare decisis suspect intermediate
the only way to overturn the Supreme Court's ruling that flag burning is protected speech is through a constitutional amendment.
Members of Congress have frequently proposed a constitutional amendment to make flag burning a crime because state laws that make flag burning a crime are too lenient. state laws that make flag burning a crime are too harsh. the only way to overturn the Supreme Court's ruling that flag burning is protected speech is through a constitutional amendment. the Supreme Court has ruled that flag burning is a crime and that the Constitution should be updated to reflect this reality. the Constitution must be made consistent with all of the state laws that also make flag burning a crime.
a constitutional right to privacy.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) and Roe v. Wade (1973) have been extremely important in the development of a constitutional right to privacy. American due process. New Federalism. a test that can be used to determine what is protected speech. the rights of individuals accused of crimes.
provides for medical use of marijuana.
In California, Proposition 215 mandates that all instructions in K-12 classrooms be conducted in English. bans educational, social, and medical services for people that are not legal residents. provides for medical use of marijuana. banned same-sex marriage.
more than 500,000
In California, approximately how many signatures are required for statutory initiatives to be on the ballot? more than 250,000 more than 300,000 more than 400,000 more than 500,000
proposition 209
In California, what proposition eliminated affirmative action programs? Proposition 8 Proposition 13 Proposition 187 Proposition 209
a blanket primary
In June 2010, voters passed Proposition 14, the "Open Primary" initiative. This primary system essentially is a closed primary. a blanket primary. an absentee primary. a nonpartisan primary.
with higher levels of income and education.
Members of interest groups in the United States are typically people with higher levels of income and education. from the lower socioeconomic levels. who do not participate in politics. who work in manual labor and unskilled occupations. who identify as Democrats.
recall election
One method of removing judges in the state of California is removal by the governor. censure by the state legislature. agreement between the speaker of the assembly and the attorney general. a recall election.
line item veto
One of the most important powers the governor has in terms of the budget process is the appointment power. role of commander-in-chief. line-item veto. day-to-day management of state agencies.
television
Which of the following is regulated by the federal government? newspapers television magazines the Internet satellite radio
the right of rebuttal
The Supreme Court case Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. FCC (1969) upheld ________. the Fairness Doctrine the right of rebuttal the equal time rule framing the agenda-setting provision
the right to privacy
The current prohibition on states to criminalize abortion is based on the right to due process of law. equal protection against sexual discrimination. the right to privacy. the right against cruel and unusual punishment. the free exercise clause.
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth
"Due process of law" in the United States is generally defined by the ________ amendments. First, Second, Third, and Fourth First, Second, Ninth, and Tenth Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth
Roe v. Wade (1973)
A woman's constitutional right to an abortion was established in ________. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Roe v. Wade (1973)
are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party.
527 committees are an important part of the American political system because they operate the caucuses of each of the two main political parties. work closely with political parties to coordinate election campaign strategies and fund-raising efforts. are placed in charge of enforcing the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. are able to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as they do not coordinate their activities with a political party. write the platforms of political parties and help organize each party's national convention.
5000
A PAC can contribute ________ to any candidate for federal office, provided it contributes to at least five different federal candidates each year. $500 $5,000 $50,000 $500,000 $5,000,000
staff organization
A ________ exists when paid staff conduct most of the daily business of a group. staff organization free-rider group lobbyist firm political action committee 527 committee
newsletter
A ________ is the best example of an informational benefit provided by many interest groups. consciousness-raising workshop free T-shirt newsletter health insurance program travel discount
collective good
A benefit that is sought by an interest group and that once achieved cannot be denied to nonmembers is called a ________. free rider collective good right solidary benefit purposive benefit
institutional advertising
A full-page, fully paid spread in the New York Times publicizing a major oil company is best described as ________. going public lobbying institutional advertising an iron triangle an issue network
when an interest group mobilizes its members and their families throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group's position.
A grassroots lobbying campaign occurs when an interest group mobilizes its members and their families throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group's position. when a spontaneous show of political support for a particular position manifests itself. when interest groups organize to support a dark-horse presidential candidate. before a session of Congress formally begins. when an interest group buys advertisements in newspapers around the country in order to publicize an issue.
issue network
A loose, informal relationship of public officials, interest groups, and activists who are all concerned with the same policies is called ________. an iron triangle a membership association the New Politics movement an issue network a 527 committee
that tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office.
A political party is an organization that influences the government through fund-raising. established by the Constitution to nominate candidates. that tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office. that was considered seditious until the twentieth century. that collects fees from its members in order to pay the salaries of government officials.
niche
A website devoted entirely to reporting on climate change and other environmental issues is an example of ________ journalism. protest adversarial niche nonprofit public
a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency.
An iron triangle is made up of an alliance between a legislative committee, an executive agency, and the federal courts. the federal courts, the state courts, and interest groups. a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency. an interest group, an executive agency, and the media. the media, a legislative committee, and the federal courts.
petitioning
Another name for lobbying is ________. stalking mobilizing petitioning litigating soliciting
having a great deal of dramatic or entertainment value.
Besides their ideological biases, journalists also exhibit selection biases in favor of news stories they view as favorable to leaders and issues they support. having a great deal of dramatic or entertainment value. important for the purpose of public awareness. sympathetic to the government as a whole. critical of leaders and issues they oppose.
5500
By 2012, there were approximately ________ PACs in the United States. 150 1,500 5,500 15,000 25,000
meaning of the establishment clause
Conflicts over whether public schools should be allowed to assign reading from the Bible and lead nondenominational prayers are examples of disagreements about the meaning of selective incorporation. meaning of the establishment clause. applicability of prior restraint. applicability of the exclusionary rule. meaning of eminent domain.
digital citizens
Daily Internet users who participate in society and politics through online activities are called ________. 2.0 participators online activists Internet junkies digital citizens web entrepreneurs
segregation in the North was generally de facto, the product of both segregated housing and acts of private discrimination that were hard to prove.
Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because very few minorities lived in the North. segregation in the North was generally de facto, the product of both segregated housing and acts of private discrimination that were hard to prove. discrimination in the South was so visible and pervasive that little attention had been given to other parts of the country. there was less hostility toward segregation in the North. there was less tax revenue to fund integration efforts in the North than in the South.
television
Despite its widespread availability,________typically provide(s) the least depth of news coverage. radio television the Internet newspapers magazines
severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.
During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was used as a strong tool for engineering racial equality. severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court. ruled to be unconstitutional. more strongly defended by individual states than by the federal government. not implemented because of a lack of tax revenue.
primary election
Elections by which a political party nominates candidates to represent it in the general election are called nonpartisan elections. recall elections. run off elections. primary elections.
potential interest groups
Grandparents, tall people, and undergraduates are all examples of ________. political parties pluralist interest groups political action committees potential interest groups public interest groups
free and open debate is an essential mechanism for determining the quality and validity of competing ideas.
Freedom of speech and of the press have a special place in American democracy because free and open debate is an essential mechanism for determining the quality and validity of competing ideas. they are the only liberties explicitly mentioned in the Bill of Rights. they were the last provisions in the Bill of Rights to be incorporated through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. they have never been restricted by any law in the history of the United States. they were the only liberties explicitly mentioned in Article I of the Constitution.
right to counsel in felony cases.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to counsel in felony cases. against self-incrimination. to be informed of constitutional rights at the time of arrest. against suspicion-less searches and seizures. to an open trial before a judge.
filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group
How can interest groups use litigation as a strategy of influence? filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group directly lobbying judges, using direct-mail solicitations, and making campaign contributions to members of Congress engaging in institutional advertising, activating issue networks, and directly lobbying judges breaking apart iron triangles, directly lobbying judges, and starting political action committees working with 527 committees, directly lobbying judges, and engaging in institutional advertising
right of rebuttal
If a radio station aired a personal attack against a candidate but refused to allow the same candidate the opportunity to respond to that attack on its station, the station would be violating the ________. Telecommunications Act of 1996 Fairness Doctrine equal time rule right of rebuttal Communications Decency Act
equal time rule
If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be violating the ______. Telecommunications Act of 1996 Fairness Doctrine equal time rule right of rebuttal Communications Decency Act
purposive benefits
If citizens were motivated to join an environmental organization because they strongly believed in protecting the environment and supported the goals of the group, then we can conclude that they were motivated by ________. pluralism solidary benefits purposive benefits informational benefits material benefits
free rider
If one enjoys the benefits of a group's collective efforts but did NOT contribute to those efforts, one is called a ________. citizen subject free rider lobbyist political activist
fairness doctrine
In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations. Fairness Doctrine right of rebuttal equal time rule Children's Programming Act of 1966 Communications Decency Act
laws criminalizing gay sexual behavior are a violation of the right to privacy.
In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court justices ruled that there was no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide. laws criminalizing gay sexual behavior are a violation of the right to privacy. states may compel a 48-hour waiting period before permitting a woman to have an abortion. mandatory locker searches in public schools did not violate the Fourth Amendment. states may require background checks for all individuals purchasing firearms.
1963
In ________, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. 1942 1948 1954 1963 1976
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
In a case of workplace discrimination, which government institution would most likely handle the complaint? the Supreme Court Congress the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission the Department of Commerce the Executive Office of the President
grassroots mobilization
In recent years, the religious right has had a great effect on American politics through ________. grassroots mobilization gaining access litigation campaign financing iron triangles
requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation.
In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress vastly expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by mandating that the southern states racially gerrymander their legislative districts to ensure that more African Americans were elected to Congress. creating the strict scrutiny test. creating a Department of Civil Rights. requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation. ordering the desegregation of the military.
quickly desegregate their schools.
In their response to Brown v. Board of Education (1954), southern officials did all of the following EXCEPT pass laws requiring schools to remain segregated. centralize school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court. protest the constitutionality of the Court's decision. enact "pupil placement" laws that placed the burden of transferring to all-white schools on nonwhite children and their parents. quickly desegregate their schools.
1911
In what year did California voters pass the initiative, referendum, and recall? 1879 1911 1978 2008
1925
In what year was freedom of speech extended to protect against the acts of state governments? 1833 1865 1868 ***1925 1964
typically raise three times the money for their political campaigns than challengers.
Incumbents in Congress typically are outspent in campaigns by their challengers. rarely get re-elected due to the dismal approval rating of Congress as an institution. typically raise three times the money for their political campaigns than challengers. are typically challenged by strong opponents in their own party in the primary and by the opposition party in the general election. are highly likely to be challenged by women.
super pacs
Individuals and organizations can give an unlimited amount to ________. U.S. House candidates U.S. Senate candidates U.S. presidential candidates political parties Super PACs
policies; personnel
Interest groups are concerned with the ________ of government, while political parties are concerned with the ________ of government. values; goals membership; authority policies; personnel lawfulness; political feasibility legitimacy; power
do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate's own campaign organization.
Interest groups are permitted to spend as much money as they want on issue advocacy during a campaign season as long as they do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate's own campaign organization. are not also actively lobbying the federal government on behalf of the position taken in the issue ad. are willing to publicize their membership lists. present both sides of the issue in their issue advocacy ads. do not employ any person who has formerly worked on a political campaign.
the upper classes
Interest groups most effectively serve ________. the working classes the powerless the upper classes government bureaucrats racial and ethnic minorities
burger
It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ________ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law. Taft Warren Burger Rehnquist Marshall
faction
James Madison called an interest group a ________. mob faction plutocracy corporation social movement
an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through advertisements and media coverage, on members of Congress or a state legislature.
Lobbying is an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through advertisements and media coverage, on members of Congress or a state legislature. an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature. an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting indirect pressure, through phone calls or e-mails, on members of Congress or a state legislature. the act of working on a re-election campaign. making illegal campaign contributions to government officials.
all of the above
Lobbyists have substantial influence in setting the political agenda. help to craft specific legislation. build coalitions around specific policy issues. build coalitions in Washington, D.C., in particular. all of the above
a political entrepreneur with a strong commitment to a particular set of goals believes a group will promote his or her goals and enhance his or her political influence.
Many interest groups are initially organized because most state-level government agencies will only negotiate policy implementation with organized groups. funding opportunities provided by the federal bureaucracy encourage collective action. a political entrepreneur with a strong commitment to a particular set of goals believes a group will promote his or her goals and enhance his or her political influence. activists realize that it is easier to form an interest group than it is to engage in other forms of political participation. a politician has lost an election and wants to challenge the results.
by the police before questioning an arrested criminal suspect.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) was important because it produced rules that must be used to determine if separation between church and state has been violated. to judge whether printed materials are pornographic. to determine if some element of the Bill of Rights should be applied to the states. to determine whether a warrant should be issued for a police search. by the police before questioning an arrested criminal suspect.
interest groups seeking to circumvent legislative opposition to their goals.
Most initiative campaigns today are sponsored by candidates for political office who see it as a way to engage in money swapping. issue networks that want to change government policies without attracting attention from the public. citizens who care deeply about a given issue. interest groups seeking to circumvent legislative opposition to their goals. political parties seeking to raise public awareness about a particular issue.
wire services
Most local newspapers get their national news from ________. local reporters wire services the Internet government reports, press briefings, and announcements interviews with politicians
the Associated Press
Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________. UPI the Associated Press Fox News CNN National Public Radio
news reporting targeted for a demographic of readers based on content or ideological presentation.
Niche journalism refers to news reporting targeted for a demographic of readers based on content or ideological presentation. journalism that is uncritical of government officials and the status quo. journalism that is highly critical of government officials and the status quo. any political reporting that can only be found online. any political reporting that can only be found offline.
spoilers
One theory is that third parties in California act as lobbyists. ****spoilers. a drain on public funding of campaigns. issue "killers."
selective
One way that AARP has been effective at overcoming the free-rider problem is by providing ________ benefits to its members. selective elective free-rider pluralism public good
they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests.
Public interest groups differ from other types of interest groups in that they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests. they were the first political associations to use the strategy of direct mailing. they were the first group to abandon lobbying and take up only grassroots activism. unlike other interest groups, their status is like that of a charity, not a political organization. unlike other interest groups, they have no membership requirements and allow any member of the public to join.
excluding third parties from holding seats in the state legislature.
Since California elections are winner-take-all elections, it has the impact of excluding minorities from public office. excluding third parties from holding seats in the state legislature. reducing the cost of running for office. increasing the number of women office holders.
reducing the number of third-party and independent candidates who can run for office.
State ballot access laws, such as registration fees and petition requirements, have the effect of increasing the number of people who are willing to vote for third-party candidates. reducing the number of people who are willing to vote for third-party candidates. reducing the number of third-party and independent candidates who can run for office. increasing the number of third-party and independent candidates who can run for office. decreasing the importance of soft money in election campaigns.
bureaucratized
Successful interest groups quickly become ________. bureaucratized corrupted outdated rich legally prohibited
more women being elected to the legislature.
Term limits had at least one positive effect on the state legislature. Term limits have resulted in reduced reliance on money in running campaigns. less influence in legislative affairs by interest groups. more women being elected to the legislature. greater control by third parties.
to control excessive spending by the state board of equalization.
The California governor can use the line-item veto for state appropriation measures. for federal appropriation measures. for pardons that involve nonviolent crime. to control excessive spending by the state board of equalization.
proposition 20
The Citizens Redistricting Commission is responsible for redrawing the boundaries of the Senate and Assembly. What proposition expanded the Commission's power to determine congressional districts as well? Proposition 14 Proposition 198 Proposition 55 Proposition 20
First Amendment's right to freedom of speech.
The Communications Decency Act was struck down by the Supreme Court because it violated the First Amendment's right to freedom of speech. FCC's equal time rule. FCC's right of rebuttal. FCC's Fairness Doctrine. Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.
broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.
The Fairness Doctrine required that all network news reports be balanced and fair-minded or they would be labeled editorials. broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints. all regulated newspapers establish a section of the editorial page for letters from readers. all radio stations present at least five minutes of news an hour. all broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office with equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.
public-sector interest group
The National Governor's Association is a good example of a ________. public-sector interest group professional association political party political action committee public interest group
Vietnam War and the issue of civil rights
The New Deal coalition was severely strained and ultimately broken apart by the ________. popularity of Dwight Eisenhower end of the Great Depression end of the Cold War political views of Ronald Reagan Vietnam War and the issue of civil rights
public interest
The New Politics movement gave rise to ________ groups. ideological partisan labor public interest professional association
a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.
The Pentagon Papers were released as a result of President Nixon's repudiation of the Johnson administration's strategy in Vietnam. investigations led by Washington Post reporters in 1972. a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer. an accident in which some of the papers were left on a Washington, D.C., subway. a Freedom of Information Act request by the American Civil Liberties Union.
such words are not part of the essential exposition of ideas.
The Supreme Court justices do NOT give full protection to fighting words because insults hurt people's feelings. such words are not part of the essential exposition of ideas. they are a form of sedition. they are a form of obscenity. they are necessarily slanderous.
access to birth control
The Supreme Court justices formally articulated the right to privacy in a case involving a law criminalizing abortion. access to birth control. the right to die. the right to grow drugs for personal use. sodomy laws.
an organized challenge to incumbents in the Republican Party by the most conservative wing of the Republican Party.
The Tea Party movement is an official third party that challenges both Democrats and Republicans in national elections. an organized challenge to incumbents in the Republican Party by the most conservative wing of the Republican Party. an organized challenge to incumbents in the Democratic Party by the most liberal wing of the Democratic Party. an offspring of the Green Party that runs for state and local office in many Midwestern states. the now-defunct party that gave way to the Republican Party at the end of the "Second Party System."
labor groups
The Teamsters and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations are examples of ________.
2000;1400
The United States has approximately ________ television stations and ________ daily newspapers. 100; 250 200; 300 150; 1,000 2,000; 1,400 3,400; 5,500
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The ________ forbade workplace discrimination based on race. Fourteenth Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Nineteenth Amendment Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education
equal time rule
The ________ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages. right of rebuttal equal time rule Fairness Doctrine diversity in media doctrine agenda-setting provision
Federal Communications Commission
The ________ regulates broadcast media. Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Communications Commission Public Broadcast System Voice of America Department of Commerce
interests should be free to compete with each other for governmental influence.
The best description of the ideal of pluralism is that the public good should always trump individual interests. interests should be free to compete with each other for governmental influence. interest groups are factions that endanger liberty. democracy is best served by legalizing and regulating the influence of interest groups. interest groups are factions that endanger political and economic equality.
there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and opinions.
The development of media giants with access to a variety of media holdings raises the question of whether local newspapers are no longer a viable source of news. the level of censorship and manipulation of news media by the federal government will increase. there is enough competition among the media to produce a diverse set of views and opinions. there is a large enough audience for all of the news media sources that have proliferated in the last decade. government has the authority to regulate corporations that are so large.
Liberty is often inconsistent with equality.
The fact that interest groups favor the wealthy and well educated can be understood as a reflection of what eternal dilemma in American politics? Liberty is often inconsistent with equality. Democracy has not been helpful in reducing the number of factions. There are no efficient means of organizing the working class in the United States. Organized associations and groups inhibit freedom. It is difficult to have majority rule and also protect minority rights.
framing
The fact that journalists referred to the Obama administration's health care initiative as "reform" instead of as "health care rationing" is an example of the media's power of ________. agenda setting framing sound bites news enclaves adversarial journalism
clear and present danger test
The first and most famous test for determining when the government could intervene to suppress political speech was called the ________. speech plus test clear and present danger test strict scrutiny test Lemon test imminent lawless action test
a reduction in the diversity of perspectives that can potentially be heard.
The following are all concerns raised by the growing popularity of online news EXCEPT a decline in investigative journalism. a reduction in the diversity of perspectives that can potentially be heard. a negative impact on political knowledge. a decrease in political tolerance. uneven quality in news content.
becomes increasingly problematic in very large groups
The free-rider phenomenon ***becomes increasingly problematic in very large groups. becomes increasingly problematic in very small groups. is not affected in any way by the size of the group in question. is not related to groups in any way because it is an individual-level problem. makes collective action considerably easier.
the benefits of a group's actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers.
The free-rider problem occurs because members of Congress are presented with many opportunities to amend a piece of legislation. the government subsidizes most forms of transportation in the United States. the benefits of a group's actions are available only to a specific segment of society. the benefits of a group's actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers. members of Congress listen only to organized interest groups and not to public-opinion polls.
corporations and corrupt politicians.
The goal of the Progressive movement was to reduce the power of local government. the California Supreme Court. presidential candidates. corporations and corrupt politicians.
is a response to an increase in the size and activity of government.
The increased number and importance of interest groups causes a subsequent expansion in government. is a response to an increase in the size and activity of government. is a response to a decrease in the size and activity of government. is a direct result of a more broadly defined First Amendment freedom of association. is due to the decline in the United States' multiparty system.
leadership, money, an agency or office, and members.
The major organizational factors shared by most interest groups are very close links with the national news media, direct ties to a member of Congress, a headquarters in Washington, D.C., and members. very close links with the national news media, connections with Hollywood, direct ties to the president of the United States, and members. leadership, money, an agency or office, and members. leadership, a rigid hierarchical structure, access to loans from the Federal Reserve, and members. direct ties to a member of Congress, a rigid hierarchical structure, very close links with the national news media, and members.
identifying an issue as a problem that must be solved.
The media can set the political agenda in the United States by identifying an issue as a problem that must be solved. endorsing a particular political candidate. accepting advertising only from businesses that are identified as being ideologically "correct." maintaining a strictly nonpartisan approach to news reporting. refusing to follow government regulations regarding the content of news broadcasts.
audience appeal of a story
The most important selection bias in news is the ________. ideology of the journalists audience appeal of a story newsworthiness of a story economic interests of the media's owners approval of government regulators
agenda setting
The power of the media to draw public attention to particular issues and problems is called ________. framing canvassing agenda setting polling the bandwagon effect
the first amendment
The practice of lobbying is protected by ________. the First Amendment state and federal laws dating from the 1930s internal rules of Congress the personal relationships between lobbyists and politicians a 1961 Supreme Court decision
logrolling
The process by which members of the legislature exchange or trade votes is called constituent service. oversight function. logrolling. filibustering.
encouraged polarization because many media outlets seek to position themselves within a discrete ideological or partisan niche rather than maintain a middle-of-the-road stance.
The proliferation of news sources in recent years has discouraged polarization because people can now access a wider array of viewpoints than before. encouraged polarization because many media outlets seek to position themselves within a discrete ideological or partisan niche rather than maintain a middle-of-the-road stance. discouraged polarization because it has eliminated selection bias by journalists. encouraged polarization because it has led to the death of adversarial journalism. had no effect whatsoever on polarization because most Americans are not influenced by media coverage.
Miranda
The requirement that a person under arrest be informed of his or her right to remain silent is known as the ________ rule. Mapp Gideon Miranda Escobedo Benton
fifth
The right to remain silent is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment. First Second Fifth Sixth Ninth
established the separate but equal rule.
The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the separate but equal rule. upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1875. declared that segregation by race was unconstitutional. ruled that the equal protection clause did not cover private acts of discrimination. ruled that the equal protection clause applied only to the federal government and not to state governments.
friendship and consciousness-raising
The solidary benefits of interest groups include ________. friendship and consciousness-raising special services and goods information and money identification with the purpose or ideology of the group representation before government
social and economic interests that are disregarded by the two major parties for certain reasons.
Third parties in the United States typically represent women's interests. extremist religious groups. recent immigrants. the political interests of America's allies who attempt to influence the American decision-making process because U.S. policies can affect their futures. social and economic interests that are disregarded by the two major parties for certain reasons.
the plurality system
Third-party candidates are better off under ________. the majority system the plurality system proportional representation the winner-take-all system the spoils system
attorney general
This member of the plural executive is a major political competitor for the governor and can set his or her own political agenda. secretary of state attorney general superintendent of public instruction lieutenant governor
conservatives
Which group has had great popularity on radio talk shows? conservatives liberals socialists communists racial and ethnic minorities
Lobbyists try to exert pressure directly on government officials themselves.
What distinguishes lobbying from other strategies of influence? Lobbying is the least expensive and most democratic strategy of influencing government. Lobbyists try to exert pressure directly on government officials themselves. Lobbyists attempt to influence government directly by running for elected office. Lobbying is the only form of influence that has explicit First Amendment protection from regulation. Lobbying involves advertising in order to create a positive image of an organization.
term limits, low media coverage, and the line-item veto
What factors make the California legislature weaker in comparison to Congress? the Speaker of the House, presidential recess appointments, and congressional staffers logrolling, the vice president of the United States, filibusters term limits, low media coverage, and the line-item veto oversight, gerrymandering, court decisions
the corporate consolidation of news media into a small number of conglomerates
What has helped accelerate the trend toward less variety in national news in the past decade? the rise of the Internet as a major source of news reporting the growing level of government censorship and restrictions on the media the corporate consolidation of news media into a small number of conglomerates the increasing popularity of AM radio talk shows the growing popularity of newspapers as a source of news
drawing up the state's budget
What is an example of the governor's formal powers? greeting foreign government officials making a public speech about the state's budget drawing up the state's budget persuading legislators
fundraising
What is one of the biggest obstacles that someone encounters when running for an elected position in the state legislature? giving speeches recruiting volunteers currying favor within a political party fundraising
What is the proper meaning of equal rights?
What is the key question behind civil rights protection? What limits are placed on the government's power over individuals? What is the proper meaning of equal rights? What is the appropriate role of state governments? How has the expansion of the bureaucracy affected democracy? Do the federal courts have the authority to interpret the scope of civil rights as spelled out in the Constitution?
information
What is the most important and beneficial resource that lobbyists provide government officials? legitimacy money information campaign workers legal assistance
to raise and distribute money to election campaigns
What is the primary function of a political action committee (PAC)? to raise grassroots support for a particular interest to organize and coordinate a strategy of litigation to build better networks between interest groups and political parties to raise and distribute money to election campaigns to produce and carry out an institutional advertising campaign
The government does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the government and the media in the United States today? The government controls most media content through regulations and tightly controlled press briefings. The government owns, but does not control, the major sources of media. The government does not own but regulates the content and ownership of broadcast media. Broadcast media are not regulated in the United States. The government heavily regulates print media but imposes no regulations on radio and television broadcasts.
Racially segregated schools can never be equal.
Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)? Racially segregated schools can never be equal. States that segregate must spend more money to make African American schools equal. States that segregate must spend less money on all-white schools in order to make them equal with African American schools. The federal judiciary, but not Congress, has the power to enforce civil rights. School segregation is unethical but does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.
the accuracy and objectivity of the information found online
Which of the following is NOT a reason that Americans prefer online news? the convenience of getting the news online the up-to-the-moment currency of the information available online the depth of the information available online the diversity of online viewpoints the accuracy and objectivity of the information found online
A free media is needed to ensure economic equality.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why a free media is necessary to democratic government? A free media is needed to investigate wrongdoing on the part of government officials. A free media is needed to publicize and explain governmental actions. A free media is needed to evaluate the performance of politicians. A free media is needed to shed light on matters that may otherwise be known only to a small number of government insiders with technical knowledge. A free media is needed to ensure economic equality.
Third parties help focus public attention on important political issues.
Which of the following is a positive aspect of third parties in California? Third parties rarely act as spoilers. Third parties do not draw votes away from the two major parties. Third parties help focus public attention on important political issues. Third parties reduce voter turnout in close elections.
using the public to make his case
Which of the following is an informal power of the governor? vetoing legislation granting clemency using the public to make his case drawing up the budget
The Bill of Rights limits the national government but not state governments.
Which of the following is the best description of the Supreme Court's first ruling on the issue of the nationalization of the Bill of Rights in 1833? The takings clause restricts national and state governments but not city governments. The Bill of Rights should not be used if a state's constitution already contains its own bill of rights. The takings clause does not cover accidents caused by government officials. The Bill of Rights limits the national government but not state governments. The Bill of Rights limits state governments but not the national government.
television
Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans? radio television the Internet newspapers magazines
an electoral realignment
Which of the following occurs when one party becomes dominant after replacing another party that has dominated national politics for a lengthy period of time? an electoral realignment proportional representation divided party government external mobilization internal mobilization
both A and C
Which of the following statements about freedom of speech is true? Free speech cannot be restricted by government officials. Free speech can be regulated by government officials. Free speech is an absolute right under the U.S. Constitution. both a and c Free speech is protected under the Second Amendment.
The newspaper industry has been more profitable in recent years than ever before.
Which of the following statements about newspapers is NOT accurate? Newspapers are no longer the primary source of news for most Americans. Newspaper reporters break most important news stories. Political, social, and economic elites rely most heavily on newspapers. The newspaper industry has been more profitable in recent years than ever before. Newspapers tend to provide more detailed and complete coverage of political events than other media.
Party identification varies significantly by income, race, and gender.
Which of the following statements about partisan identification in the United States is most accurate? Party identification does not vary significantly by ideology. Party identification varies significantly by gender but not by race. Party identification varies significantly by income but not by ideology. Party identification varies significantly by income, race, and gender. Party identification does not vary by income, race, and gender.
Voter identification laws in the states disproportionately affect minority citizens and the less affluent.
Which of the following statements about voter identification laws is most accurate? Voter identification laws in the states disproportionately affect minority citizens and the less affluent. Every state requires all voters to show ID before voting at the polls. The Supreme Court justices have ruled that voter identification laws cannot go in effect until after the 2016 elections. In every state with a voter identification law, a person must have a federal government-issued photo ID in order to cast a legal ballot. Every voter identification law was passed prior to 1958.
Many states have laws restricting the voting rights of persons convicted of felonies.
Which of the following statements about voting rights is correct? Many states have laws restricting the voting rights of persons convicted of felonies. Laws passed by Congress prevent the abridgement of a felon's voting rights. According to the Supreme Court, the Constitution prevents felons from having their right to vote limited due to their criminal status. According to the Supreme Court, the Constitution requires that felons have their right to vote limited due to their criminal status. Even though prison inmates cannot vote, federal law states that an ex-con's voting rights cannot be restricted.
There has been a recent trend toward homogenization of national news as conglomerates have come to own a larger and larger percentage of media outlets.
Which of the following statements best describes the changing ownership patterns in the American media? There has been a recent trend toward homogenization of national news as conglomerates have come to own a larger and larger percentage of media outlets. There has been a recent trend toward homogenization of national news, as the Telecommunications Act of 1996 has required print media outlets to follow the Fairness Doctrine. There has been a recent trend toward diversification of national news as conglomerates have come to own a smaller and smaller percentage of media outlets. There has been a recent trend toward diversification of national news, as the Telecommunications Act of 1996 has required print media outlets to follow the Fairness Doctrine. There have been no meaningful changes in media ownership patterns over the last 100 years of American history.
African Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than whites.
Which of the following statements is true about political participation? African Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than whites. African Americans and Latinos participate in politics at the same levels as whites. African Americans hardly participate in politics at all, while Latinos participate at extraordinarily high levels. Latinos barely participate in politics, while African Americans participate at extraordinarily high levels. Whites hardly participate in politics at all, while African Americans and Latinos participate at extraordinarily high levels.
Young people are far less likely to participate in politics than older people.
Which of the following statements is true about political participation? Young people are far less likely to participate in politics than older people. Older people are far less likely to participate in politics than younger people. Young people are just as likely to participate in politics as older people. Neither young people nor older people participate much in politics. Both old people and young people participate in politics at a very high level.
Individuals customize the political information they receive through their choices of news outlets.
Which of the following statements is true? Average levels of political knowledge in the United States have increased. People who consume political news tend to avoid voting. Individuals customize the political information they receive through their choices of news outlets. The news environment is less polarized today than in the past. Journalists are less diverse today than in the past.
Online sources for news are now just behind television.
Which of the following statements is true? The top news source for Americans is the radio. The top news source for Americans is the newspaper. Online sources for news are now just behind television. Blogs are more widely consumed than television. More Americans subscribe to newspapers today than 20 years ago.
political speech that stops short of inciting violence
Which of the following types of speech receives the greatest level of First Amendment protection? slander pornography obscenity libel political speech that stops short of inciting violence
The FCC was established in 1949 by President Harry Truman.
Which statement about the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is FALSE? The FCC was established in 1949 by President Harry Truman. The FCC licenses radio and television stations. The FCC bans explicit sexual and excretory references on airwaves during certain hours of the day. The FCC does not regulate newspapers. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 loosened many FCC restrictions on media ownership.
The act required broadcasters who aired programs on controversial issues to provide time for opposing views.
Which statement about the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is FALSE? The act loosened federal restrictions on media ownership. The act attempted to regulate the content of material transmitted over the Internet. The act allowed broadcasters, telephone companies, and cable companies to compete with one another for telecommunications services. Following passage of the act, several mergers between telephone and cable companies produced a greater concentration of media ownership. The act required broadcasters who aired programs on controversial issues to provide time for opposing views.
wikileaks
________ has released thousands of secret government documents. The New York Times The Washington Post WikiLeaks Common Cause Lewis "Scooter" Libby
politico
________ is the niche leader inside the Beltway. Congressional Quarterly Salon The Huffington Post Politico Real Clear Politics
voting
________ is the single most important political act for most Americans. Peaceful protest Writing a letter to the editor Contributing to political campaigns Voting Canvassing
divided government
________ occurs when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress. An electoral realignment Divided party government Seditious government Internal mobilization External mobilization
George Washington
________ warned Americans against the dangers of political parties in his farewell address. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe