Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco Test, my sets
C. 3500 B.C. Earliest historical record of the production of ______: the description of a brewery in __________ ___________
Alcohol, Egyptian papyrus
CNS Depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates; lead to physical dependence ; reduce anxiety, mood changes
What are the major types of commonly used drugs?
Alcohol, stimulants, majors and minors, nicotine, hallucinogens, LSD
Risk due to alcohol
Passing out vomiting while unconscious death by aspiration on vomit
Synergism
Drug interactions: effects of individual drugs are multiplied beyond what would be expected if taken alone
Types of Addictive
Drugs Article
Career Pattern of Addiction
Experimentation, Escalation, Maintenance, Dysfunction, Recovery, Ex addict
T/F: The sale of alcohol has always been legal in this country
FALSE
LSD
Hallucinogens: acid
PCP
Hallucinogens: dissosciative
Shrooms
Hallucinogens: psilocybin
Physical effects of alcohol
Loss of body heat dehydration increase in heart rate
What are some issues relating to drug information available on the internet?
Lots of information on the web but some can be misleading or misrepresenting
Identify four major benefits of quitting tobacco use.
Lowers blood pressure, heart rate returns to normal, circulation improves, risk of heart disease and stroke lessens, regain normal function gradually. Breathing becomes easier.
Lymphoma
Lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes); spreads everywhere
Withdrawal:
Persistent and nagging need to avoid withdrawal symptoms results in unsuccessful attempts to cut down on usage
Character or Personality Predisposition Model:
Personality disorder, problems with the personality of the addicted (needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual)
12. the body's chemical need for a drug
Physical Dependence
Intended responses
Reason for using the drug
What schedule is cocaine/crack?
Schedule II
What schedule are: Anabolic steroids, Ketamine
Schedule III
What schedule are: Benzodiazepines, some barbiturates
Schedule IV
What schedule are: Cough suppressants which contain codeine
Schedule V
MDMA
Stimulants: Ectasy, "Molly"
.Greek native .Wrote "Enquiry into Plants" and "On the Causes of Plants"
Theophrastus
Nicotine
_________ is a poison found in tobacco.
Toxicity
a drug's ability to disturb or nullify homeostasis
Catecholamines
a group of neurotransmitters that includes epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
Psilocybin
a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms in Central America
nicotine is
a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco stimulates brain very hard to overcome addiction
cigarettes contain carcinogens
a substance known to cause cancer
buprenorphine
a syntetic narcotic used to treat narcotic addiction
china white
a synthetic analgestic drug derived from fentanyl that mimics heroin but is considerably more potent
meperidine
a synthetic derivative of morphine
MPPP
a synthetic drug that is similar to meperidine
MDMA (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
a synthetic hallucinogen related to amphetamines; also called Ecstasy
fentanyl
a synthetic narcotic that is 1,000 times more potent than heroin
crank
a term for meth...
freebase
a variation of cocaine in which cocaine is separated from its hydrochloride salt by heating, using a volatile chemical such as ether.
NT frequently used by drugs
acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, GABA, endorphins, anandamide
COPD
achromatic obstruction pulmonary disease
2. An overdose of heroin can lead to what kind of toxicity?
acute physiological
Genetic and Biophysiological theories
addicition is based on genes, brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns
un drogué
addict
drogué
addicted to drugs
continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite knowing the conseqences
addiction
barbiturates
addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep
cocaine
addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant; most powerful natural stimulant known
The most money spent on a social drug goes to?
alcohol
Depressants
alcohol, valium, barbituates
Korsakoff's syndrome
alcohol-related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms
a duel disease both mental and physics components relating to alcohol
alcoholism
Alcohol dependence
alcoholism includes extensive problems, tolerance and withdrawal
problems associated with alcohol
alcoholism, cancer, depression & suicide heart and liver disease, STD's
factors that effect how one can handle alcohol
amount consumed gender weight height eaten age culture
benzedrine
an amhetamine used to treat nasal congestion and asthma
Tryptophan
an amino acid that affects serotonin levels, allowing one to fall asleep more easily.
Benzedrine
an amphetamine used to treat nasal congestion and asthma
venlafaxine (effexor xr)
an antidepressant drug that acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by neurons
wellbutrin
an antidepressant drug that is used to help people stop smoking
monoamine oxidase (mao)
an enzyme that deaminates monoamines oidatively and that functions in the nervous system by breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters
levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (laam)
an experimental drug tha prevents narcotic withdrawl symptoms for about three days
une anesthésie
anesthesia
What is the intended use for ketamine and PCP?
animal tranquilizer
un antibiotique
antibiotic
caffeine may cause
anxiety, irregular heartbeat, stomach lining irritation
alcohol
any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor
Drug
any chemical other than food to affect structure or function of body
Jamestown Weed (Jimsonweed)
any hallucinogen derived from the Datura plants; also known as "locoweed"
Narcotics
any of the opium-based central nervous system depressants used to relieve pain and diarrhea
pathogen
any organim that produces disease
Drug
any substance that alters one's ability to function emotionally, physically, intellectually, financially, or socially
drug:
any substance that alters the way cells and tissues function
Psychoactive Drug
any substance that has he capability of altering mood, perception, or behavior
Aphrodisiac
any substance that increases sexual desire and performance
cumulative effect
build-up of drug concentration in body, due to multiple doses taken in short intervals. increases danger
sedatives-depressants
calming behavior, produces drowsiness, reduces anxiety
What is a carcinogen?
cancer causing agents.
What is the active ingredient in marijuana?
cancer causing properties
Sarcoma
cancer in long bones and muscle; very painful
Designer Drugs
current illegal drugs and altering the chemistry of them, Ectasy and Demoral. K2 spice. Place is to circumvent the law, not actually illegal
1. According to a recent survey, marijuana use among teenagers is:
currently at about 20%
chewing tobacco contains naturally sharp ingredients which
cut holes into cheek and gums
Alcoholism
daily intake of large amounts, heavy drinking on weekends or during periods of stress
tolerance
decreased sensitivity to dose
un appareil dentaire
dental appliance
Amnesiac
effects can cause the loss of memory
un électrocardiogramme
electrocardiogram
detoxication
eliminating drugs from the body; usually the initial step in treatment of the effects of acohol and other drugs
le SAMU (Service d'aide médicale d'urgence)
emergency rescue
Limbic system
emotional activity, memory, and endocrine reward center and works with dopamine
the process where sugar turns into alcohol in a certain amount of time
fermentation
beer
fermenting grains, 4% alcohol
wine
fermenting grapes 12% alcohol
light beer
fewer calories, same alcohol content
un plombage
filling
summation
final cellular activity, many excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signals
Violations
fine
les premiers soins
first aid
Androstenedione
food supplement used for muscle development
acute drug response
immediate or short-term effects after a single drug dose
acute-drug response
immediate, short-term, single dosage
Neuronal Message
impulse moves from dendrite (receiving end) down the axon to axon terminal. NT are released as chemical messengers
Substance dependence
is true addiction, the essential feature of which is continued use despite significant substance-related problems known to user
Social signs of Drug Abuse
it affects your personality.
2nd hand smoke is a group a carcinogen meaning
it is a substance that causes cancer
Drug Paraphernalia
items that are aids to using drugs.
akathesia
jerky, uncontrollable constant motion, motor restlessness, occasional protruding tongue, and facial grimace
le mercurochrome
mercurochrome
NDA
new drug application, sufficient data to demonstrate drug safety and effectiveness, this form is submitted for request from FDA to market
minor drugs
nicotine and caffeine
une pilule
pill
hallucinogen
substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations; also called a psychedelic drug
4. Drugs, such as amphetamines, that activate the sympathetic branch to produce the "fight or flight" response are also referred to as
sympathomimetic drugs
indication of use
symptom which otc drug should be used
contraindication
symptom which otc shouldn't be used
Persistent cough, chest pain, bronchittis
symptoms of lung cancer; difficult to detect and treat
2. Psychological dependence is indicated by:
the amount of time an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior
Threshold Dose
the smallest amount of a drug required to produce an effect.
Synapse
the space between an axon and a dendrite.
Drug Misuse
the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs
tar
thick, sticky fluid that coats respiratory system. major cause of cancer
Psychoactive Drug
those that affect mood, thinking and behavior
radiographier
to x-ray
what is agricultural product process from the leaves of the Nicotiana
tobacco
2. The reduced effect of a drug after repeated use is known as:
tolerance
la dent
tooth
une greffe
transplant
le traitement
treatment
creatine monohydrate- increase energy in muscle and skeletal cells
true
t/f 1 in 6 people binge drink 4x a month
true
un vaccin
vaccine
Low-risk drug choices
values and attitudes to control alcohol or drugs, self-monitor your usage
The fastest way to get an effect for certain drugs
very specific presynaptic or postsynaptic process.
3. The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act broadened the definition of dietary supplements to include:
vitamins, minerals, proteins, herbs, and herbal extracts
If you drink too much alcohol your body will reject it and
vomit
Which of the following statements about secondhand smoke is NOT true?
- C .
Approximately, how many commericals promoting alcoholic beverages do teens see each year?
- D .
Adolescents whose parent approve of underage drinking and see it as a rite of passage are less likely to drink.
- False .
3. The pharmaceutical industry has grown into one of the most important sources of commerce in the world, with the U.S. market of over ...... representing over half the estimated total:
180 billion
Which constitutional amendment prevented the sale, contribution, and consumption of alcohol?
18th
History of marijuana
19/30 intense anti-marijuana campaign
Prohibition
1920 - 1933
Earliest medical use for amphetamine
1932
_______ ______ in the US is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume. Consequently, 100-proof whiskey obtains 50% alcohol by volume; 86-proof whiskey contains 43% alcohol
Alcohol proof
over the .08 limit
DWI
26. An inhalant is absorbed into the bloodstream through the
A. lungs.
17. Which of the following is NOT a stimulants
A. methamphetamine
31. Behaving like your family members or others you look up to, such as sports figures and actors, is called
A. modeling.
18. Which of the following is NOT a possible effect of Rohypnol?
A. sharp, clear memory
Alcohol lowers people's inhibitions, or restraints on doing certain behaviors, so that they make decisions that they probably would not have made if....
A. they hadn't been drinking
Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Color, Diameter
ABCDs
DXM
Abused OTC drugs: cough medicines contain the drug ___
Laxatives
Abused OTC drugs: dietpills/_________/diuretics
Opiods
Abused prescription drugs: ______ ; codeine and morphine; OxyContin and Percocet
The Sherley Amendment in 1912
Accuracy of manufacturers' therapeutic claims was not controlled by the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Sherley Amendment in 1912 was passed to strengthen existing laws and required that labels should not contain "any statement ... regarding the curative or therapeutic effect ... which is false and fraudulent."
What is acetylcholine? What does it do?
Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered found in the axon terminal of neurons that activate the skeletal muscles muscle contraction
List two risks of drinking alcohol.
Increases mood swings( which could cause crashes, robberies, fights) and it as decreases your ability to protect yourself from danger.
Which is a short-term effect of ethyl alcohol
Induces sleep
Drug Interaction
Influences central nervous system. Influences other people.
Eugenol
Ingredient in clove cigarettes that provides aroma and reduces coughing reflex
Brain
Inhalants depress CNS (except nitrates); decreases oxygen to _____; slurred speech, lack or coordination, and light-headedness
Concentrated, violent behavior, immediately
Inhalants: Dangerous fumes are ______ in a bag or on a cloth and inhaled. Causes headaches, hallucinations, nausea, disorientation, ______, confusion, and memory loss. Causes decreased heart and respiratory function, and damage to kidney, liver, bone marrow, and brain. _______ kills brain cells. Can cause death.
Serotonin Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse
Inhibitory Sleep, Relaxation, Sedation LSD
What steps must occur before a drug receives FDA approval and goes to market?
Initial synthesis and preclinical studies Phase 1 clinical trails: to est. safety, up to 50 normal volunteers Phase 2 clinical trials: controlled studies in patients with a target disease 50-200 patients Phase 3 clinical trails: controlled and open studies of 1,000 or more patients monitored for drug effectiveness; drug use for determining labeling requirements FDA review/approval Post-marketing testing
Anabolic steroids
Injectable solutions and pills that are artificial forms of testosterone and help with muscle building
14. Cancer (3)-
Is a disease in which damaged cells grow out of control and destroy healthy tissue. Lung Tumors, Mouth Tumors, Pancreatic Cancer
What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
Is a group of birth defects that affect an unborn baby that has been exposed to alcohol. May include mental retardation, organ abnormalities, learning problems and behavioral problems.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Is more common characterized by psychological discomfort seizures in sleep disturbance
What was the significance of the 1914 Harrison Act?
It strictly regulated, but did not prohibit, the legal supply of certain drugs esp. opiates marketing and prescribing these drugs required licensing
Explain how smokeless tobacco products harm the body.
It takes more time but it still ends up causing similar effects.
Alcohol and sex
Men have less desire and a decreased capability to perform women have increased subjective arousal but decreased ability to perform
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mental retardation birth defects
Methamphetamine-
Meth, Crystal, Crystal Meth, Speed, Ice, Chalk
What drug is intended to get people off of heroine. Called the steps program (gradually given smaller and smaller amounts of this drug)?
Methadone
.Street names: Angel dust .Schedule I .hallucinogenic .*horse tranquilizer, used on bigger animals
PCP
Natural drug synthesized in the body as a natural opiate that is linked with love and one's compatibility in relationships
PEA
What is alcohol's affect on the pancreas?
Pancreatitis
What is the scientific name for the opium poppy?
Papaver Somniferum
German Swiss refined opium and made morphine, codeine, and heroin
Paracelsis
Who was known as the "Father of toxicology"?
Paracelsus
father of Toxicology
Paracelsus
pharm parties-
Parties where people bring prescription drugs from home, mix them together and grab a handful.
Kefauver-Harris Amendments
Passed, in part, as a consequence of the thalidomide tragedy Drug manufacturers had to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of drugs The FDA was empowered to withdraw approval of a drug that was already being marketed The FDA was permitted to regulate and evaluate drug testing by pharmaceutical companies
Personality variable that is consistently associated with higher rates of substance dependence
People who are diagnosed with personality disorders such as conduct disorder or anti social disorder.
Do
People who use drugs for escape for coping and bored _______ continue
Don't
People who use drugs for excitement and experimentation ___ continue
Character or Personality Predisposition model
Personality disorder, problems with the personality of the addicted (needs, motives, and attitudes)
Differentiate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics-concerns the absorption, distribution, bio-transformation, and excretion of drugs Pharmacodynamics- cocerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
When someone quits smoking they will normally experience withdrawal symptoms known as what?
Quitter's flu
Improve
Quitting smoking will _______ your health.
Depressants
Substances that slow down body functions and reactions
Identify three health risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke.
Sudden heart attack, lung cancer, respiratory infections mostly in children.
C. 5000 B.C. The __________ used _________ suggested by the fact that they have an ideograms for it which has been translated as HUL meaning "joy" or "rejoicing"
Sumerians, opium
3. Drugs that are ________are absorbed into the bloodstream through blood vessels in the intestines.
Swallowed
Consider drug interactions. What is synergism (potentiation)? How else can drugs interact?
Synergism-two drugs are taken together/interact, the effect of taking them together are greater than the effects of taking either drug alone Antagonism-the diminished or reduced effect of a drug when another drug is present Qualitative-interaction effects that cannot be achieved by any of the drugs separately LSD& Benzodiazepines Quantitative-degree of effect of the drugs
20. The chemical found in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol, or _____for short.
THC
Mariguana
THC active ingredient Hashish; fat-soluble, stored in brain, and accumulates and slows brian function; gateway drug
T/F: Female alcoholic run a greater risk of developing liver disease at an earlier age than males
TRUE
T/F: Proof represents 2x the % of alcohol by volume
TRUE
T/F: The 21st Amendment repealed prohibition
TRUE
Name four ways you can resist internal pressures to drink.
Talk to Somebody, think through your feelings, identify the problems, write down your thoughts
Orphan Drug Law
Tax advantages for development of drugs to treat "rare diseases" since this can be otherwise unprofitable
The chemical in Marijuana that causes the user to feel "high" is
Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)
Where was the first Coca-Cola advertisement run?
The Atlanta Journal
Where do tobacco become a particularly important cash crop?
The Commonwealth of Virginia
The ___________ are classifications, with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each...
The Fives schedules
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
The sale and use of Elixir Sulfanilamide led to a tragic accident that killed over 100 people. Companies required to file applications with the government showing that new drugs were safe. Defined drugs to include products that affect bodily structure or function even in the absence of disease. Drug labels had to list all ingredients as well as provide instructions regarding correct use and warnings about its dangers
Legal recreational use
Using licit drugs like tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental state
Bromides
Very first drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness in the early 1800's. Very toxic. Replaced by Barbiturates
Smoking
Violators of local, state, and federal _______ laws are subject to penalties.
who is the first anti smoking advocate
Virgin Queen Elizabeth
Tobacco was an important cash crop of which state?
Virginia
__38. people with similar drug experiences, including trying to stay drug free
_Support Groups___
Tars, nicotine, carbon monoxide
Three of the most damaging chemicals in cigarettes are ________, ___________, and ___________.
7._________occurs when you take a drug for a long time and its effects become weaker.
_Tolerance_
20
__% of alcohol is absorbed directly across walls of empty stomach
2. Drugs that are __________________enter the bloodstream directly.
__Injection_
1
____% of alcohol leaves through breath (LUNGS)
What are the estimated economic costs of drug and alcohol use?
The estimated cost of alcohol abuse was about $235 billion, and the estimated cost of drug abuse was $193 billion. The total more than $428 billion.
How did they find recovery?
The family moved on to let Carrick hit bottom and seek treatment to get her recovery
Proof
The figure that is double the percent of alcohol
alcohol abuse
The following are warning signs of __________: drinking alone, repeated use, escalating consumption, drinking at unusual times
Threshold dose
The minimum amount of a drug necessary to have an effect
Tolerance
The need to continually increase the amount of the drug taken or experience diminished effects of the drug
What were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relationships between China under the Qing dynasty and the British Empire?
The opium wars
Margin of Safety
The range in dose between the amount of drug necessary to cause a therapeutic effect and a toxic effect.
1.) the potential of the drug to abuse (includes availability) 2.) Accepted medicinal use 3.) psychological or physical dependence
Three points of drug schedules
The only favorable influence known to increase oxidation of alcohol is ______
Time
Most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, China, and the US
Tobacco
What is mostly consumed in the forms of smoking, snuffing, chewing/dipping?
Tobacco
1/3
Tobacco accounts for ______ of deaths
Emphysema
Tobacco and the lungs: walls between air sacs in lungs lose elasticity
COPD
Tobacco and the lungs: wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is the leading cause of preventable death in the US?
Tobacco consumption
Prescription
Types of drugs: obtained through a recomendation from a licensed health practitioner
Basal, squamous, carcinomas, melanomas
Types of skin cancer
Withdrawal
Unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms that occur when an addict tries to stop using the substance to which they are addicted.
Drug testing methods
Urine, blood, or hair
Potency
a drug's ability to produce an effect relative to other drugs; the less that is needed to produce a response, the more potent the drug.
How are drug dose determined by pharmacologist?
a drug's dose is computed according to weight determine the desired dose (mg) , weight the person (kg)
Gas Chromatography
a drug-testing procedure that is more specific, sensitive, and expensive than the immunologic assay
Immunoassay
a drug-testing procedure that tests for metabolites of drugs
opioid
a family of drugs with charictaristics similar to those of opium
parkinsonism
a form of acute dyskinesia marked by tremors, weakness in the extremities, and muscle rigidity
psychoanalysis
a form of talk therapy based on Freudian principles
Hashishiyya
a group of men who, while under the influence of hashish, allegedly terrorized and killed people
MDA
a hallucinogen that is structurally similar to amphetamines
ibogaine
a hallucinogen that is used to treat cocaine dependence
Distillation
a heating process that increases alcohol content
Adrenaline
a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in the fight-flight-fright response; another name for epinephrine.
butyl nitrite
a inhalant no longer used for medcal purporses but found in products such as perfume and antifreeze
hypoxia
a lack of oxygen w/in body tissues. Hypoxia can lead to brain damage resulting from an inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain
neurosis
a long term disorder featuring the symptoms of anxiety and/or exaggerated behavior dedicated to avoiding anxious feelings
Barbiturate (Barbituric Acid)
a member of a class of drugs that have depressant effects
unipolar deppression
a mental disorder marked by alternating periods of depression and normalcy
propoxyphene hydrochloride
a mild narcotic that has the potential to cause dependence
Caffeine
a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, soda pop, and chocolate
ritalin
a mild stimulant used to treat ADHD
valium (diazepam)
a minor tranquilizer
Meprobamate
a minor tranquilizer marketed under the trade names of Miltown and Equanil; also used for treating psychosomatic conditions
meprobamate
a minor tranquilizer marketed under the trade names of Miltown and Equanil; also used for treating psychosomatic conditions
iproniazid
a monoamine oxidase inhibitor
mania
a mood disorder characterized by inappffropriate elation, an irrepressiable mood, and extreme cheerfulness
Methamphetamine
a more potent form of amphetamine
Soldier's Disease
a name given to morphine dependency during the Civil War
naltrexone
a narcotic antagonist that blocks the reinforcing effects of narcotics
Epinephrine
a natural chemical, also called adrenaline, involved in the fight-flight-fright syndrome.
adensine
a neurotransmitter for which caffeine acts as an antagonist
Acetylcholine (ACH)
a neurotransmitter synthesized from a molecule of choline and from acetyl CoA.
Dopamine
a neurotransmitter that affects emotional, mental, and motor functions.
Circumstantial-Situational Drug Use
short-term drug use to contend with immediate distress or pressure
une piqûre
shot
chewing tobacco
shredded tobacco leaves placed in between cheek and gum for absorption
pipe tobacco
shredded tobacco smoke in a pipe
patent medicines
signified that the ingredients were secret, not patented.
How might barbiturates be used medically?
sleep aid
Paraldehyde
a nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotic drug used with severely disturbed mental patients
chloral hydrate
a nonbarbiturate sedative; also called "Knockout drops" or Mickey Finns; induces sleep
Chloral Hydrate
a nonbarbiturate sedative; also called "knockout drops" or Mickey Finns; induces sleep
paraldehyde
a nonbarbiturate, sedative-hypnotic drug used with severely disturbed mental patients.
Kola Nut
a part of a plant originally used in Coca-Cola
Who was Benjamin Rush?
a physician who was the first to refer alcohol addiction as a disease.
tobacco is
a plant that contains nicotine
Heroin (Diacetylmorphine)
a potent drug that is a derivative of opium
heroin (diacetylmorphine)
a potent drug that is a derivative of opium
rohypnol
a powerful depressant; one of the date rape drugs
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
a powerful hallucinogen derived from a fungus
Biphetamine
a powerful stimulant
Reuptake
a process by which a chemical is reabsorbed into the cell from which it was discharged.
Whiskey Rebellion
a protest by farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania against a tax on whiskey
Mescaline
a psychoactive agent, or hallucinogen, derived from the peyote cactus
lithium
a psychotherapeutic drug used to treat symtoms associated w/ mania
PET
a radioactively labeled chemical is injected into the bloodstream and a computerized scanning device then maps out the relative amounts of the chemical in various brain regions.
barbital
a sedative hypnotic drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate
Thalidomide
a sedative that as found in the 1960s, which caused birth defects including missing or malformed limbs.
methaqualone
a sedative-hypnotic drug that relives tension and anxiety w/o barbiturate-like aftereffects
psychosis
a severe mental condition marked by loss of contact w/ reality
tardive dyskinesia
a side effect of antipsychotic drugs marked by involuntary repetitive facial movements of the trunk and limbs
rebound insomnia
a side effect of sleeping pills in which falling asleep becomes more difficult rather than less difficult
Thin-Layer Chromatography
a simple,inexpensive, urine-based drug test
Temperance Movement
a social trend that developed in the United States in the 1800s when groups sought to reduce alcohol use.
rapid eye movement (rem)
a stage during sleep that is needed for the sleep to be restful
addiction
a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society, which is characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means
speed
a stimulant drug; another name for methamphetamines
theobromine
a stimulant found in chocolate; chemically related to caffeine
theophylline
a stimulant found in tea; in the same chemica family as caffeine.
False Positive
a test that is positive for drugs even though no drugs are present in the urine
5. A dose-response curve is:
a tool to compare the size of the response to the amount of the drug
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
a type of drug test, highly sophisticated and sensitive, but time-consuming and expensive
dystonia
a type of dyskinesia marked by involuntary and inappropriate postures and muscles tones.
schizophrenia
a type of functional psychosis; literally, "split mind"
Benzodiazepines
a type of minor tranquilizer; examples are Librium and Valium
benzodiiazepines
a type of minor tranqulizer; examples are librium and valium
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (ghb)
a type of neurotransmitter that produces relaxation and sleepiness, also a date rape drug.
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
a type of neurotransmitter that produces relaxation and sleepiness.
xanthine
a type of stimilant; caffeine is an example
Behavioral Tolerance
adjustment or behaviors learned by an individual to compensate for the presence of drugs.
Pharmacological Tolerance
adjustment or compensation of the body to the presence of a given drug.
Pharmokinetic factors
administration absorption distribution activation Biotransformation and elimination
Transdermal Method
administration of drugs by applying them on the surface of the skin.
Physiological variables that modify drug effects
age, gender, and pregnancy
A person's physical set
age, sex, size, metabolic rate, heart rate, genetic predisposition
What age bracket is the most illicit drug use found?
ages 18-20.
Inoculation
aims to protect users by teaching responsibility and explaining effects of drugs on bodily and mental functioning
Demand Reduction
aims to reduce actual demand for drugs
2. A drug that is frequently cited as contributing to crime is:
alcohol
alcoholism
alcohol dependence increases odds of cancer
New Drug Amendment
all new drugs must be registered with and approved by FDA, change in Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
pharmacist
allied health professional who dispenses medication prescribed by certain licensed physician's
4. In conducting studies using neuroimaging techniques, it is important to:
also examine the behavior of interest.
Psychoactive drug
alter consciousness or experience (intoxication)
Primary conditions determining drug use are
amount of exposure to drug using peers extent of use age of first use frequency of drug use amongst peers
dosage
amount to be administered
Alkuhl
an Arabic word meaning "the essence," from which the word alcohol is derived
tyramine
an amino acid that interacts w/ monoamine oxidase inhibitors to cause very high levels of hypertension
morphine
an analgesic drug derived from opium. Used medically as a painkiller.
Morphine
an analgesic drug derived from opium; used medically as a painkiller
Elixir Sulfanilamide
an antibiotic that killed more than 100 people in the 1930s.
prozac (fluoxetine)
an antidepressant drug
desvenlafaxine (prstiq)
an antidepressant in a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (snris)
chlorpromazine
an antipsychotic drug
2. DAWN is:
an effort by the federal government to monitor drug toxicity
sympathomimetic effects
an increase of blood to the brain and muscle, allowing the body to flee or fight
nitrous oxide
an inhalant aka laughing gas
Nitrous Oxide
an inhalant also known as laughing gas
Ether
an inhalant dating back to the late 1700s
ether
an inhalant dating back to the late 1700s
amyl nitrate
an inhalant used to treat anagina pectoris and congestive heart failure
Serotonin
an inhibitory neurotransmitter located in the upper brain stem; plays a role in regulating sensory perception, eating, pain, sleep, and body temperature.
narcotic
an opium-based central nervous system depressant used to relieve pain and diarrhea
dextromenthorphan (delsym)
an over the counter nonnarcotic drug found in cough suppressants
A 10% increase in cigarette prices has been found to result in a _____ decrease of smokers.
- B .
Paula believes that drinking will help her relax and calm her nerves. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing her decision to drink alcohol?
- B .
What is the minimum age that individuals can purchase tobacco legally in most US states?
- B .
What percentage of adult deaths in attributed in part to smoking?
- B .
Which of the following BEST describes the consequences of driving under the influence?
- B .
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between alcohol and fermation?
- B .
Which of the following statements is NOT true about alcohol?
- B .
major tranquilizers
antipsychotic drugs
Gateway drugs
are types of commonly used drugs that are believed to lead to using other more powerful mind-altering and addictive drugs, such as hallucinogens, cocaine, crack, and heroin.
2. A survey of intravenous drug users in several U.S. cities found HIV infection at a rate:
as high as 30% constituting a serious public health risk
1. One good way to determine why a person is using a drug is to:
ask about where and when they use it
Men
begin drinking earlier in life
5. learning to function under the influence of a drug is an example of:
behavioral tolerance
The period between 1890 and 1920 in the U.S was characterized partly by
being a low point in race relations
veronal
brand name for barbital
quaalude
brand name for methaqualone
from smoking chemicals...
build up on lining of lungs and respiratory tract, making it difficult to breath.
electroconvulsive therapy (ect)
controlled admission of electric shock as a treatment for mental illness
Inhibitory synapse
diminishes likelihood of impulse, reduces activitiy
gambling disorder
disorder marked by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems
internet gaming disorder
disorder marked by persistent, recurrent, and excessive internet gaming; recommended for further study by the DSM-5 task force
Proprietary Drugs
drugs that can be purchased without a prescription; over-the-counter drugs.
tricyclic antidepressamts
drugs that effectively remove the symtoms of acute depression
Sympathomimetics
drugs that mimic actions of the sympathetic nervous system, which is involved with fight-flight-fright activity.
Parasympathomimetics
drugs that mimics actions of the parasympathetic system, which allows the body forest during states of emergency.
antagonists
drugs that occupy receptor sites and inhibit narcotic activity
Anxiolytic
drugs that relieve anxiety
analgesics
drugs that relieve pain
Social influence and SOs
drugs use is learned by our relationships
What are the "club" drug?
drugs used by young adults at night clubs or rave; sometimes others take advantage another by putting these drugs into drinks because they look plain i.e. ecstasy, meth, GHB, LSD, Ketamine
la came
drugs, stuff
38. What decisions are steps to recovery?
#1____Decide to stop drinking____ #2___Treatment/Counseling_____
All economic costs in the US for alcohol in 2006 have been estimated at what?
$223.5 billion
une couronne
(tooth) crown
Psycho-pharmacology
(under pharmacology) focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior
Identify four factors that may contribute to alcoholism.
*Try it *Genetic Factors *Family History *Feels that seem too strong to handle *Chronic Illness
The Harrison Act of 1914
first government Regulation and control production and importation of addictive substances
Drug testing
for detection of users utilizing breathalyzers, urine, blood, and hair specimens
Snuff
form of smokeless tobacco
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
formal distinction between prescription and OTC had drug classification categories
mood fisorders
forms of psychosis that affect the person's emotions; can be depression or mania
polydipsia
frequent and excessive consumption of water
polyuria
frequent urination
Synaptic Cleft
gap between neurons at synapse, do not touch
inhaling-
gas such as helium or nitrous oxide from a balloon or bag.
Inhalants and organic solvents
gasoline, model glue, paint thinner, food, herbs, and vitamins
marijuana
gateway drug, derived from cannabis plant, THC is an active ingredient, addicting
le coton
gauze
5. What is the main diferene between generic and brand name drugs
generic drugs are names ater the chemical, not a brand name.
Hypothalamus
gland situated near the base of the brain; maintains homeostasis; affects stress, aggressiveness, heart rate, hunger, thirst, consciousness, body temperature, blood pressure, and sexual behavior.
inhalants examples
glue, gas, nail polish remover, hair spray, spray paint
Inhalant street terms:
glue, kick, bang, sniff, huff, poppet, whippets, texas shoe shine, snappers, dusting, bagging, bold, rush, laughing gas.
Dose-response Curve
graphic representation of the effects of drugs at various levels
cigarettes
ground up, dry tobacco, rolled in paper
Benign tumor
group of cells enclosed in membrane that do not spread
steroids
group of drugs that made from hormones
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
hallucinogenic drug derived from ergot alkaloids
alter a persons perception through emotions and consciousness
hallucinogenics
le hasch
hash
le haschisch
hashish
Binge drinking
having 5 drinks for men in a row, having 4 drinks for women in a row within 2 hours
hangover effects
headaches, dehydration of brain cells, nausea, vomiting
DT, paranoia
health effects of alcoholism
What are the factors that affect variability and dependence/additcion?
hereditary drug craving
According to c. Everett Koop, nicotine addiction is just as difficult to overcome, as the addiction to ________ would be
heroin
bayer company marketed what
heroin
l'héroïne
heroin
Drugs that are linked to crimes and violence.
heroin, marijuana, amphetamine, cocaine, hallucinogen pcp, and alcohol
malt alcohol
high alcohol contented beer
Hispanic men
high rates drunk driving, cirrhosis
cocaine
highly addictive stimulant
morphine
highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain
Recognize the process of maintaining our internal environment
homeostasis
4. The tendency of living systems to maintain body environment and functions such as temperature, water balance, and blood pressure within a narrow range is known as:
homeostasis.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone that enhances cardiovascular endurance by increasing red blood cell production
Human Growth Hormones (HGH)
hormones that stimulate protein synthesis; used by athletes to enhance performance
Inhalants
household products, (solvents, anesthetics) inhaled through nose or mouth
biological, genetic and pharmacological factors of drug use
how do ingredients interact with user's body and N/S
Cultural factors of drug abuse
how does society view drug use, media, and social acceptance. acceptability and viewpoint of substance
effects of alcohol vary from person to person:
how much you drink, how often you drink, age, health status, family history
Illicit drugs
illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and LSD
illicit drug
illegal drugs, black market
1. A drug that is illegal to use or possess is defined in your text as a(n):
illicit drug
hallucinogen
illicit drugs that cause major change in sensory perception. flushing skin increase in heart rate and temperature imagining sights, sounds, feelings
Withdrawal
illness that follows after you stop taking a drug or limiting the dosage i.e. anxiety, depression, craving for the drugs (syndromes)
What are costs that drug use contributes to society?
illness, shortened lifespan, broken home, FAS, criminal behavior, drugs in workplace, cost of assistance programs
synergistic effect
in pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time
acute dysinesias
inappropriate motor movements as a side effects of a antipsychotic drugs.
Cerebral Cortex
part of the brain involved in intellectual functioning; affects speech, motor movement, sensory perception, hearing, vision, sensory discrimination, memory, language, reasoning, abstract reasoning, and personality.
Midbrain
part of the brain stem that connects the larger structures of the brain to the spinal cord.
Cerebrum
part of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex.
Periventricular System
part of the central nervous system implicated with punishment or avoidance behavior.
Limbic System
part of the central nervous system that plays a key role in memory and emotion.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
part of the central nervous system; affects sleep, attention, and arousal.
Somatic Nervous System
part of the nervous system that controls movement of the skeletal muscles.
While pot, grass, chronic and Mary Jane are slang terms for marijuana, the term for loose marijuana rolled into a cigarette is
joint
Synapse
junction between neurons
Blood brain barriers and what it does
keeps certain classes of compounds in the blood and away from brain cells.
Caffeine is derived from
kola nut
Shirley Amendment 1912
labels need to contain statements regarding curative or therapeutic effects that is false or fraudulent
Where is ecstasy usually manufactured (or made)?
labs
2. The U.S. attitude towards drug regulation prior to the 20th century has been described as:
laissez-faire
drinkers tend to eat less
leads to osteoporosis- bones weak and brittle from low calcium
Licit drugs
legal drugs, tobacco, caffeine
Legal recreational use
licit drugs that you can take legally to achieve a certain mental state
Hispanic women
likely to abstain
American Indians/Alaskans
likely to abuse alcohol, severe health problems
GHB street terms:
liquid ecstacy, liguid X, Grievous Bodily Harm, Georgia Home Boy, adam, bean, G, roll, soap.
what does LSD stand for?
lisergic acid
Aqua Vitae
literally means "water of life"; another expression for alcohol
chronic drug response
long-term effects after a single dosage
chronic drug response
long-term effects after a single dose
addictive behavior symptoms
loss of control broken promises compulsive behaviors denial
Drinking while pregnant can lead to
low-birth weight born addicted to alcohol - go through withdrawal
Asian Americans
lower than average rates of use
structural influence theories
macroscopic explanations, explanation of drug use and assumption that the organizational structure of society has a major impact on individual drug usage
beer
made from fermenting grains 4% alcohol
wine
made from fermenting grapes 10% alcohol
anabolic and androgenic steroids
made from testosterone lowers voice, hair growth, increase muscle size
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
main active ingredients of cannabis substances
thorazine
major tranquilizer used to treat psychosis
Substance abuse
maladaptive, leads to adverse consequences, leads to impairment
Gender and drug usage
males more likely than females, with pregnant women less likely.
5. Why have most drugs been derived from plant products?
many of the chemicals produced by plants as a natural defense have effects on muscles or brain chemistry
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
part of the peripheral nervous system that is automatic and involuntary.
Dendrites
parts of the neuron that allow nerve impulses to be transmitted to the nerve's cell body.
Axons
parts of the neuron that send nerve impulses away from the the nerve's cell body.
Direct to Consumer Advertising
patient seeing an advertisement of a prescription drug
substance use disorder
pattern of long-term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of substance
blackouts are dangerous because
people can take advantage of you
speed freaks
people who use methamphetamines over a period of time
Withdrawal
persistent and nagging need to avoid withdrawal symptoms results in unsuccessful attempts to cut down usage
Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
philosophy that advocates that the mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug-free.
does not produce physical dependence but a believe that the person needs the drug or high
physcological addiction
Alcoholism
physical and psychological dependence on the drug ethanol; DISEASE
isobutyl
one type of nitrite that is used to treat angina pain; also causes vasodilation, flushing and warmth
une opération
operation
dried latex obtained from the opium poppy
ophir
3. The 1914 Harrison Act served to regulate:
opioids and cocaine
opioid
opium or any of the drugs derived from the sap of the opium poppy
Narcotics/opiates
opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin
Snuff dipping is a practice that would most likely lead to:
oral cancer
Forms and Methods for taking drugs
oral ingestion, inhalation, injection, topical application
une greffe d'organe
organ transplant
Structural influence theories
organization of society or subculture is responsible for usage amongst its members
une overdose (une surdose)
overdose
Hallucinogens
overload the brain with sensory information, causing a distorted sense of reality. Examples= Marijuana, LSD, Mushrooms, PCP.
alcoholics tend to be
overweight because alcohol = calories
un pacemaker
pacemaker
un stimulateur cardiaque
pacemaker
inflamed pancreas from drinking
pancreatitis
4. The branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state is the ______ branch.
parasympathetic
Withdrawal Symptoms
physical signs that appear when drug use is stopped
contextual factors of drug abuse
physical surroundings,
when the body adjust to the substance and into its normal function, this state creates tolerance and withdrawls
physiological depdence
un comprimé
pill, tablet
residential treatment center
place where people formerly addicted to drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment; also called a therapeutic community
shooting galleries
places to buy and inject drugs
29. Doctors, health professionals, and cessation counselors can help people do the ,necessary to quit smoking for good.
planning
Positive Reinforcement
pleasurable sensations associated with behavior, motivating one to repeat the behavior
Moral model
poor morals and lifestyle, a choice
24. Immediately after a person quits smoking changes occur in his or her body.
positive
other factors contributing to drug use patterns
positive and negative effects of a drug peer pressure home, school, work mental state
What type of Reinforcers are drugs
positive reinforcement, enhance pleasure centers, dopamine
What could cause according to federal law 10,000, loss of student privileges and come from a conviction of what
possession of marijuana or any controlled substance.
top three drugs by volume
pot, cocaine, heroin
3. Controlled substances are assigned to different schedules based mainly on their relative:
potential for abuse
Form of drug:
powder, capsule, injection
methamphetamine
powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems
Amphetamines
powerful central nervous system stimulants
crack
powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine
Rank the following substances in degree of ionization at pH 7 with 1 being the most ionized
1. Penicillin G (pKa 2.8) 2. Aspirin (pKa 3.5) 3. Warfarin (pKa 5.1) 4. Phenytoin (pKa 8.3)
Name 3 ways drugs are removed from the body:
1. Sweat 2. Exhalation 3. Urine
Erich Goode
1. legal instrumental use 2. legal recreational use 3. illegal instrumental use 4. illegal recreational use
Whether or not a person will develop a level of tolerance to a given drug will depend on 3 factors, give two:
1. set and setting 2. personality 3. how frequently the drug is used; quantity of drug used
Neurotransmitters: 1. Dopamine 2. Serotonin 3. Glutamate
1."feel good"--depletion of dopamine accounts for binges, tolerance, cravings, and obsessive behavior 2. Involved in sleep and sensory experiences, governs sense of well-being. Decreased levels associated with intoxication, depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior, aggressiveness 3. Stores all of the relevant details and sense experiences in connection with the use. Acts like a flash flood, knocking over everything else in its path. Hypermemory--reminds you long term. Can you leave you prone to relapse
Top three drugs by volume in the world today:
1.) Cannabis/marijuana 2.) Cocaine 3.) Heroin
Top 4 tobacco producers:
1.) China 2.) Brazil (3 times less than China) 3.) India 4.) US
Top three countries in terms of alcohol consumption per capita:
1.) Moldova 2.) Czech Republic 3.) Hungary
Top three dugs by sale in the US:
1.) Nexium 2.) Lipitor 3.) Plavix
2. The number of arrests per year for drug-law violations currently stands at:
1.5 million
What drugs were targeted by the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act?
2012-bans synthetic compounds commonly found in synthetic marijuana, synthetic stimulants (bath salts) adds to the Schedule 1 of Controlled Substances Act addresses the loophole in the Analogue Enforcement Act which synthetic producers just label their drugs as "not for human consumption" and it would be legal
Non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke at home or work increase their lung cancer risk by what percent?
20-30%
American drinking system is based out o0f
200
The ____ century war became particularly important to the spreading of the tobacco addiction
20th
The 18th ammendment to the US Constiturtion which prohibited the sale, use, and transportation of alcohol lasted most of what decade?
20th decade
Non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease rate by what percent?
25-30%
anyone under -- must show ID to purchase tobacco products
27
Prostate
2nd cause of death, risks are age, diet, lifestyle, and genes
Cancer
2nd leading cause of death (<65 years)
____ out of every 4 smokers will attempt to quit
3
How many deaths per year has second hand smoke been estimated to contribute to?
38,000
Drug addiction in the English-speaking world was rare at the beginning of the 19th century but common at the end of it, at least in the US. By conservative estimate the US had ______________ addicts in 1900, with most of the increase occurring in the late 1800s.
400,000
The estimate of deaths per year due to cigarette smoking.
400,000
smoking kills ---
400,000/year
There are ____ known or suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke, and _______ chemicals in total
45, 4,800
how many chemicals in one stick
4800
1 in ____ deaths in the US are due to smoking
5
What is binge drinking?
5+ drinks at one time
how much is a line of Coke cost
50-100
In terms of alcohol consumption per capita, the US ranks _____
57th
what percentage of the population consume half of the alcohol
6
______ of the population in the US consumes half the alcohol
6%
what percentage of AA patients dropout and relapse
64
AA's data states that _____ drop out their first year, but it's program is credited with many alcoholics maintaining and achieving sobriety
64%
. After you consider your strong beliefs, you should consider the possible result of each decision, also known as....
A. consequences.
Depressants
slow body functions by decreasing heart and breathing rates and lowering blood pressure. Examples= alcohol, heroine, morphine, codeine, prescription painkillers( barbiturates and CNS depressants)
narcotics
slows down central nervous system and relieves pain - slows down breathing and heart rate - opium -morphine - codeine - heroin
Heroin street terms-
smack, horse, mud, brown sugar, junk, black tar, big H, dope, skag, skunk, antifreeze, ballot, H, big bag, cheese, capital H, chip, crank, dirt, dead on arrival, ska.
The major site of alcohol absorption in the human body is the ________
small intestine
sidestream smoke
smoke from a lit cigarette
exhaled smoke
smoke that is exhaled from smokers nose and mouth
How is drug administered?
smoking, ingestion, blood stream is quickest distribution
bagging-
sniffing or inhaling fumes that have been sprayed inside a paper or plastic bag.
finely ground tobacco and put in hand and sniff
snuff
caffeine intended effect
social drug that increases alertness
une drogue douce
soft drug
morphine addiction was known as
soliders disease
Output of PNS
somatic by controlling voluntary muscles autonomic control of unconscious functions
une échographie
sonogram, ultrasound
formation of stomach ulcers
sore on lining of stomach (pain & inflammation)
stimulants
speed up activity of central nervous system increases heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate - coke - crack -meth -ephedrine -caffeine
stimulants
speed up the activities of the central nervous system
Metastasis
spreading cancer cells from 1 part to another
Nicotine is used as a(n)______
stimulant
methamphetamine
stimulant causes effects similar to cocaine - ice: common form that is smoked - meth, crystal meth, crack
amphetamine
stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory
methylphenidate
stimulant such as Ritalin, stimulates specific portion of the brain to help a person attend to a situation
speed up the central nervous system, increase alertness and awareness
stimulants
amphetamines
stimulants such as diet pills speed
Reinforcers
stimuli or events that lead to certain behaviors being repeated
Primary Reinforcers
stimuli that reduce physiological needs or are inherently pleasurable
Secondary Reinforcers
stimuli that signal the increased probability of obtaining primary reinforcers
potency
strength, amount of drug necessary to cause effect
3. Federal drug control amendments in 1988 included a provision that convicted drug users could lose access to:
student loans
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens
substances found in Datura and Amanita muscaria mushrooms; interfere with the action of acetylcholine to produce hallucinations.
Schedule 1
substances have high abuse potential and no currently approved medicinal uses, cannot be described
Schedule 2
substances have high abuse potential but approved for medical use and can be prescribed
Peptides
substances linking amino acids; include endorphins, which are naturally occurring chemicals with opiate-like properties.
agonists
substances or drugs that activate receptors
antagonists
substances or drugs that attach to receptors and prevent them from being activated
Schedule 2-5
substances reflect the likelihood of abuse or clinical usefulness
Look-alike Drugs
substances that appear similar to illegal or pharmaceutical drugs
gateway drugs
substances that are used before the use of more dangerous drugs, alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and inhalants are considered gateway drugs
Sound-alike Drugs
substances with names that sound similar to those of illegal or prescription drugs
Additive effects
sum of effects of drugs taken together
withdrawal
symptoms that may appear when one discontinues the use of a drug
What is the blood-brain barrier?
system that "filters" the blood before it can enter the brain; the brain is protected from toxic compounds that might enter the bloodstream i.e. l-dopa penetrates the blood brain barrier; once it reaches the brain it converts into dopamine
detoxification
systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug
Illegal recreational usage
take illicit drugs for fun or pleasure
Illegal instrumental use
take non-prescriptions to achieve a task or goal
1. Example of drug use is:
taking an aspirin to treat a headache, taking a dose of cough medicine, smoking marijuana
Alcohol Poisoning or Overdose
taking an excessive amount of alcohol or a drug that leads to a coma or death
Social-Recreational Drug Use
taking drugs in a social environment to share pleasurable experiences among friends
Intensified Drug Use
taking drugs on a steady, long-term basis to relieve a persistent problem or stressful situation
tobacco contains
tar & carbon monoxide
freebase
technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled with a pipe
what is total abstinence from alcohlic
temperance
________ is an agent/factor that causes physical defects in developing embryo
teratogen; teratogenic
3. The most important change to the Kefauver-Harris amendments was one requiring:
that every new drug be demonstrated to be effective for the illness mentioned on the label
Pituitary Gland
the "master gland"; responsible for controlling many bodily functions by secretion of hormones.
Lethal Dose (LD)
the amount of a drug required to result in death.
Standard Drink
the amount of beverage that typically contains about .6 oz of alcohol (Beer 12 oz, Hard 1 1/2 oz, Wine 5 oz)
therapeutic window
the amount of drug needed for theraputic purposes
Effective Dose (ED)
the amount of drug required to produce a specific response.
5. Potency is measured by:
the amount of the drug required to produce and effect
1. The quality of a drug's effect depends upon
the amount the individual has taken
Central Nervous System (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord.
Abuse
the consistent use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases problems.
Margin of Safety
the difference between a beneficial level and a harmful level of a drug
5. The single most important type of drug interaction for psychoactive drugs is
the effect on respiration rate
neuroleptics
the european term for antipsycotic drugs
equanil
the first modern drug developed to relieve anxiety
Chronic Drug Use
the habitual use of drugs
toxicity
the harmful effect that drugs posses
Drug Abuse
the intentional and inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual, or social consequences for the user
emasam
the levorotatory form of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor deprenyl
3. Federal support for drug screening began with:
the military
Drug Tolerance
the more you take the drug, the higher dosage you need to take to get high
caffeine
the most commonly used stimulant
Ethyl Alcohol
the only type of alcohol that can be consumed
Setting
the physical and social environment in which drugs are used.
la pilule
the pill
opium
the plant from which narcotics are derived
medical model
the premise that a pathogen is responsible for a person's illness or disease.
2. Physical dependence is defined by:
the presence of withdrawal symptoms
Action Potential
the procedure by which the nerve impulse is sent down the axon.
Pharmacology
the professional discipline that studies the relationships and interactions between living organisms and substances within them.
toluene
the psychoactive agent in glue
Set
the psychological state, personality, and expectations of an individual while using drugs.
Decriminalization
the reduction or elimination of penalties for illegal activities.
What is double blind?
the researchers and the participants doesn't' know whether the drug or placebo is administered
5. the time course of a drugs effect is influenced by:
the route of administration protein binding in the blood rate of elmination
addiction
the rug controls the individual
5. The difference between and effective dose and a lethal dose is known as
the safety margin
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior
Pharmacology
the scientific study of drugs especially affects of it on living systems
Threshold dose
the smallest amount of a drug required to produce an effect
How is a drugs generics name used?
they are the legal name listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia. Generic names refer to a specific chemical and are in the public domain meaning that they can not be trademarked.
être dépendant
to be addicted
être accro
to be hooked
se camer
to be on drugs, to get stoned
input of PNS
to brain and spinal cord, conveys sensory info of pain, pressure, and temperature.
subir une opération
to have an operation
faire un diagnostic
to make a diagnosis
opérer
to operate
prescrire
to prescribe
arracher
to pull out
sauver
to save
se piquer
to shoot up
se shooter
to shoot up
prendre un médicament
to take a medication
consommer de la drogue
to take drugs
se droguer
to take drugs
prendre le pouls
to take the pulse
5. What is the role of a placebo in a drug study?
to test for non-specific effects of drug administration
soigner
to treat
traiter
to treat
vacciner
to vaccinate
2. Which of the following was not considered a major concern in the movement towards restrictive regulations for some drugs?
tolerance
cross-tolerance
tolerance for a substance one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it
Adaptive processes
tolerance, dependence, withdrawal
cause of liver disease
too much alcohol poisons liver
creatine in large doses acts as
toxin puts stress on kidneys and livers
Cross-tolerance
transference of tolerance to a drug to chemically similar drugs.
Metastasizing
traveling/seeings process of cancerous cells
methadone maintenance program
treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone-- a heroin substitute-- to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder
aversion therapy
treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug
SERMS
treatment that posses a 98& chance surviving if detected early
27. To avoid relapse, it is important for someone who is quitting tobacco to avoid activities and places which are
triggers
3 million people older than 60 abuse alcohol T/F
true
T/F alcohol is a drug
true
T/F alcohol is a poison that depresses the brain and nervous system and can lead to coma and death
true
T/F alcohol is one of the most prevalent chemical substances used today
true
T/F alcohol is poison
true
T/F all drugs have intended & side effects
true
T/F almost 40% of all college students drink daily
true
T/F excessive alcohol intake can cause cancer to parts of digestive system
true
T/F most alcohol-impaired drivers binge drink
true
T/F smoking increases rate of fat build up on arteries
true
T/f alcohol related crashes is 1 of the leading causes of death among young people
true
t/f alcohol depresses the brain and nervous system
true
t/f when consumed in large quantities alcohol can depress the nervous system into a coma of death
true
Substance dependence
true addiction
liver process alcohol and
turns it into waste
proof
twice the amount of alcohol in the beverage
Roid Rage
uncontrollable violence associated with use of anabolic steroids
Based on employment, which social group is most likely to use
unemployed
Immediate Health Risks with Alcohol
unintentional injuries violence risky sexual behaviors miscarriages alcohol poisoning
Drug Misuse
unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over the counter drugs taking more than prescribed mix with something else self-medicate old medicines to treat new ones discontinue prescriptions early: antibiotics
Autoreceptors
units that alter the synthesis of neurotransmitters after they are released by the nerve cells.
un C.H.U (centre hospitalier universitaire)
university hospital
withdrawal
unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
African Americans
use less alcohol, high levels of birth defects, cirrhosis, cancer, hypertension
corticosteroids
used medically & to treat allergies and arthritis
alcohol use can lead to
violence inappropriate behaviors inhibit senses hinders ability to function well in school
effects of binge drinking
wake up still drunk
Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy:
weigh less
Dependence
when the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears to be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
What household product contains nitrousoxide?
whipped cream containers
liquors
whiskey, rum, vodka, brandy, gin, tequila 40% alcohol
liquor
whiskey, rum, vodka, gin, tequila, brandy 40% alcohol
Drug abuse
willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs: recreation, perceived necessity or convenience, more intense misuse
Physical dependence
withdrawal and rebound
le manque
withdrawal symptoms
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system together
work in an antagonistic manner, control unconscious and visceral functions, such as breathing and cardiovascular activity.
Over the counter drugs
you can buy in story without a prescription
studies suggest if you don't smoke by 18...
you probably never will
which of the following statement is NOT accurate of blood alcohol content(BAC)?
- A .
prescription content
- patients name - name of drug - form of drug - dosage -directions -physician's name, address, phone, signature
Psychological Dependence
-When you have a mental or emotional need for a drug
Alcohol ; Using Alcohol
...
Name the 2 types of synapse:
1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory
What are the 5 methods of taking drugs?
1. Oral 2. Implantation 3. Inhalation 3. Injection 4. Absorption
what ratio of East Asian men smoke
2/3
How many second hand smoke deaths per year are death as from lung cancer in non-smokers?
3,400
Intoxicated
A person who has lost control over mental and physical abilities.
32. GHB is
A. a colorless liquid that looks similar to water.
Cardiovascular
Alcohol affects _________: Moderate can reduce heart disease, higher doses elevates BP, weaken heart muscle
Digestive System
Alcohol affects _________: alters liver function, pancreas inflammation
Brain
Alcohol affects _________: cognitive impairment, memory loss, dementia
Cancer
Alcohol affects _________: mouth, throat, liver, breast, stomach, pancreas
The single most important legislation that had shaped the federal governments approach to control substances.
Alcohol prohibition
What is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing?
Alcoholism
Select all that apply. Examples of non-electrolytes include:
Alcohols Ketones Aldehydes Sugars Esters
15. Respiratory problems (2)
Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema
________ first brought tobacco to America
Columbus
10. needing a drug in order to function properly
Dependence
DUII stand for....
Driving Under the Influence of Intoxicants
DUI
Driving under influence of alcohol
What does DEA stand for?
Drug Enforcement Administration
Drug Addiction-
Inability to control one's use of a drug
Nicotine has been used as an ________ and is carcinogenic.
Insecticide
.Schedule I .hallucinogenic .*man-made .*lysergic acid diethylamide
LSD
le LSD
LSD
What does instrumental mean?
Medicine
Highest drinking country
Moldova
Designer Drugs /Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids
New categories of hybrid drugs like Ecstasy and demoral.These relatively recent types of drugs are created as structural analogs of substances already classified under the Controlled Substances Act.
What drug decreases the amount of acid produced in the stomach?
Nexium
la Croix-Rouge
Red Cross
Stages of drug dependence
Relief Increased use Preoccupation Dependency Withdrawl
Incontinence
Removal of prostate gland of prostate
Fatigue, headache, seizures
Symptoms of brain cancer
Illegal recreational use
Taking illicit drugs for fun or pleasure
Illegal instrumental use
Taking nonprescribed drugs to achieve a task or goal
Legal instrumental use
Taking prescribed drugs or OTC drugs to relieve or treat mental or physical symptoms
Lung, cancer-causing
Tars damage delicate _______ tissue and are considered the main _______________ agent in cigarette smoke.
1. One of the key drug use-related surveys conducted by the federal government is:
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Where was the caffeine in Coca Cola derived from?
The kola nut
Alcohol can damage every organ in your body. However the organs in the "firing zone" of alcohol the most are:
The liver, the brain, and the pancreas
Plateau effect
The maximum effect a drug can have regardless of the dose
Dependence
The physiological and psychological changes or adaptations that occur in response to the frequent administration of a drug
Tolerance-
The process of the body getting used to a drug
Steroids
What category does this drug fall into? Synthetic HGH
une radio(graphie)
X-ray
Militown
brand name for meprobamate
le soin
care
hypothalamus
controls endocrine and basic body functions
un diagnostic
diagnosis
Enkaphalins
endorphins found within the brain.
China, black tar, smack,dope are nicknames for what drug
herion
un joint, un pétard
joint
Bromides
nonbarbiturate sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions
injected or smoked cocaine
reaches brain even quicker
snorting cocaine
reaches brain quickly
Q. How can I say no to alcohol? I'm afraid I won't fit in. -
¨No thanks, I don't drink, I am not interested, I do not feel like drinking¨
The civil war is often blamed for drug addiction. After the war it is said morphine addiction was widely known as "_______ ________ ______" or "_______ ________ ______"
"The soldier's disease" "The army disease"
3. How much does the United States spend annually on drug-control efforts?
$15 billion
Q. Isn't smoking sexy?
-No
35. List three different ways you can refuse drugs if someone offers them to you.
-Say ¨no¨, Walk Away, say¨ I´ḿ supposed to babysit my sister tonight¨, suggest another activity, Say¨no, thank you¨
Most states have a ______ BAC limit for driving (boating too)
0.08%
What are the steps of the drug experience?
1. a drug of a specified chemical structure is present 2. a certain quantity of this drug is measured 3. this quantity of the drug is administered in numerous ways 4. the drug is absorbed into the blood and distributed to site of action 5. some pharmacological effect happens 6. the effects depends on the characteristics of the person i.e. genetics, gender, age, personality, and drug tolerance 7. the setting or context of drug use can modify the pharmacological effects
Any addiction is likely to have: __________, ___________, and __________.
1. biological 2. psychological 3. social components
Name two biological barriers regarding drug use:
1. blood-brain barrier 2. placenta
AA is a how many step program
12
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has how many steps?
12
The body can metabolize______________ ounces of alcohol per hour.
12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, 10 oz wine cooler, and 1.5 oz liquor.
one cigarette contains --- harmful chemicals
4000
how many known chemical carcinogen in a cigarette
45
How are drugs absorbed? Define bioavailability .
Absorption is the rate and extent to which a drug leaves its site of administration and plays a major role in the drug experience. Influences bioavailability. Bioavailability- the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or fluid in the body that gives the drug access to site of action; tells us about the drug effects
Sleep
Abused OTC drugs: _____ aids; ambien, lunesta
Most common drug used to treat ADHD
Adderall
11. the uncontrollable use of a drug
Addiction
The continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite (knowing) the adverse consequences is...
Addiction
Experimenters
Begin using drugs largely because of peer pressure and curiosity, and they confine their use to recreational settings
1. Which of the following is an example of a protective factor for drug use?
Being committed to school
Explain the disease model:
Biological/Hereditary disease OR psychological disease (like schizophrenia). As early as the time of Benjamin Rush (drunkenness a disease)
0.02
Blood alcohol concentration: 1 drink, BAC = _.__ - 0.03
What is a pharmacopeia?
Book of medicines
When chemicals from smoke enter the blood they decrease the amount of oxygen that can enter the blood. How does this affect the heart?
C. It tries to pump faster.
34. Which of the following is NOT a health danger caused by using drugs?
C. losing control of the way you act
Nicotine enters your blood, travels to the brain, and attaches to
C. receptors.
16. Any drug produced in a laboratory is called a
C. synthetic.
18. Alcohol not only lowers inhibitions, but also causes people to lose control of their emotions so that they may become.............
C. violent.
2 major divisions of N/S
CNS and PNS
PNS Reticular Activating system and what is it used for?
CNS receiving info from PNS, evals info and regulates organ and muscle activity in this system controls sleep vs wake cycle input from sensory systems
Cocaine's effect in the brain
CNS stimulation
Acute physical effects of marijuana
Cardiac inconsistency and redness in the eyes
Alcohol affects the brain
Cerebral cortex and other neurotransmitters
What is liver cancer?
Cirrhosis
31. Which of the following is a danger is a danger of using ketamine?
D. all of the above
30. Ecstasy is a mind-altering drug, which means the chemicals can cause
D. all of the above.
drinking and driving under the limit but impact driving or under age
DUII
______37. the process of ridding the body of harmful chemicals
Detoxification
Ovarian
Difficult to detect/diagnose, history and genetic factors are risks
The AA and the AMA both consider alcoholism a ________
Disease
Miscellaneous hallucinogens
Do not have any chemical resemblance to serotonin example ketamine
The term "wet" is often applied to Americans who...
Drink alcohol
Ecstacy street terms:
E, X, XTC, hug, hug drug, MDMA.
What has become the key factor when considering legislation that ban smoking in public places?
ETS
2/3 of _______ ________ men smoke, which is the highest % score by ethnicity
East Asian
Who was the word's first anti-smoker? Saying: "I do not like that vile weed!"
Elizabeth I
An endogenous morphine (opiate-like) produced by the human body is called:
Endorphins
where was coffee first discoverd
Ethipoia
1964 surgeon generals report
First official report on the effects of smoking and adverse health
Floaters or "chippers":
Focus more on using other people's drugs without maintaining as much of a personal supply
Drug of choice
Heroin
What does drug does "on the nod"/"nodding" associate with?
Heroin
Opiods (narcotics)
Heroin, morphine; short term: relief anxiety/pain, euphoria
Alcohol
High blood pressure, irregular breathing, and cirrhosis of the liver are long term effects of drinking _______
Dosage
How much one takes
What category does these "drugs of choice", for example drugs obtained without a prescription such as a wide variety of pain killer known by their trade names, go into?
Illegal instrumental drugs
What category of drugs includes heroine, cocaine, meth, etc.?
Illegal recreational drugs
Acute drug response
Immediate or short-term effects after a single drug dose
What is alcohol's affect on the sex organs?
Impotence, FAS
Based on the film and class discussion, how is addiction define?
In reader, discussion: ...behavior pattern of compulsive substance abuse, relationships or other...behaviors characterized by over involvement with the relationship. As a Disease: stress induced defect, with genetic basis, symptoms that will eventually lead to death without treatment or recovery.
Cervical
Infection by HPV-transmitted of unprotected sex; womens 20s/30s
What is pancreatitis?
Inflamed pancreas
Genetic Explanations
Inherited traits can predispose some individuals to drug addiction.
Endorphins Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse
Inhibitory Mild Euphoria, and Block pain Narcotics
Gaba Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse
Inhibitory Cognition, Sedation, Relaxation, Drowsiness, Depression Alcohol, Valium-type, barbituates
Anandamide Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse
Inhibitory Relaxation, Increase sense of well-being Tetrahydrocannabinol-marijuana like
______36. people close to a person who uses drugs take action to help the person get help
Intervention
Filtered
It is not safe to smoke ___________ cigarettes.
Mental/Emotional signs of Drug Abuse
It makes your brain impaired, emotional, state, tricks your mind.
LSD advocate to get high
Ken Kesey
After the civil war many new addicts were women, especially ______ _____ ______. Morphine was easy to obtain (drug stores) and it was even easier to become addicted to. Reliable numbers of the number of female addicts are hard to find)
Middle Class Women
MIP
Misdemeanor 3 months imprisonment, $500 fine or both.
Faster
More muscle, the ______ alcohol is metabolized
l'RMN
NMR
Abstinence Syndrome
No identifiable withdrawal syndrome from the drug
Q. Isn't smokeless tobacco safer to use than cigarettes? -
No, no safe tobacco products.
What neurotransmitter is released when smoking nicotine & what does it do?
Norepinephrine; stimulates; helps regulate appetite and fatigue
What schedule would Aspirin be?
Not scheduled
What schedule would something be if you can legally buy it/no prescription is needed?
Not scheduled
Colon/rectal
Old person's disease; directly linked to age, diet, genetic predisposition
20. How are physical and psychological dependence different from each other?
Physical dependence is when the body needs the drug and psychological dependence is when you think you need the drug. They are both parts of an addiction though.
Setting
Physical environment through which he drug taking is influenced
When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes ________ and _________ dependency
Physical, physiological
____________ occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the su branch into its "normal" functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal
Physiological dependence
Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive ___________ drug
Psychoactive
13. the body's emotional need for a drug
Psychological Dependence
__________ does not produce physical decadence but a belief that the person needs the drug, or the high. This is considered a "process addiction"
Psychological addiction
In April 1970 Congress passed what act banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio?
Public Health Cigarette smoking act
Caffeine consumption
Regular caffeine consumption can lead to withdrawal symptoms
What did the Harrison Act do?
Regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products. The act was proposed by Representative Francis Burton Harrison of New York and was approved on December 17, 1914.
What did the Harrison Act do? (True or False on exam)
Regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products. The act was proposed by Representative Francis Burton Harrison of New York and was approved on December 17, 1914.
Mastectomy
Removal of the breasts
Intended Effect
Response expected from taking the drug
Factors that are correlated with lower and higher correlations of drug use.
Risk factors are correlated with higher rates of drug use while protective factors are correlated with lower rates of drug use.
The highest profile incident in recent years involving someone high on PCP involved who?
Rodney King
Who brought PCP to the attention of American Public?
Rodney King
Rohypnol-
Roofies, Rope, R-2, Roach, Forget-me-pill
What is alcohol's affect on the skin?
Rosacea, "yellowy"
Inhalation
Routes of drug administration: absorbed by lungs
Transdermal
Routes of drug administration: absorbed through the skin
Quickly
Routes of drug administration: different routes can affect how _______ you feel the effects
Who was a scholar emperor who live around 2700 B.c. That compiled a pharmacopeia listing all the known drugs an the use that they have?
Shen Nung
who wrote a book listening all known drugs in Ancient China
Shen Nung
Negative effects steroids have on the body.
Shrink reproductive organs, stunt growth, sexual disorders, infertility.
Unintended responses
Side effects
became a cocaine addict and writes "On coca" and recommended cocaine as an antidepressant and cure for addiction
Sigmoid Freud
."On Coca" .recognizes that cocaine can be used as an anesthetic
Sigmund Freud
What physician studied cocaine?
Sigmund Freud
who traded with Indians for potatoes and tobacco and brought smoking to Britian
Sir Raleigh
Who became the first British smoker?
Sir Walter Raleigh
Depressants
Slow messages between body and brain; body can't sense or respond to danger quickly
Depressants
Slows the systems of the body. Reduces the activity of the central nervous system. Low dose reduces anxiety, but high dose can cause coma or death. An overdose can cause death.
Behavioral effects
Slurred speech uncoordinated movement blackouts aggressiveness
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Small head, abnormal face structures, heart defects, slowed growth, mentally impaired
Mainstream smoke
Smoke exhaled by a smoker
Doesn't
Smoke from a cigarette ___________ harm only the smoker.
Sidestream smoke
Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar
The major factor in smoking behavior that helps you "perk up" is:
Stimulation
A ______ effect may occur when a person takes more than one drug and the combined effect is greater than if the drugs were taken separately
Synergistic
Orphan Drug Law
Tax advantage for developing drugs to treat rare diseases since this can be otherwise unprofitable
What is the total abstinence from alcoholic liquor?
Temperance
Biotransformation
The process of changing the chemical or pharmacological properties of a drug by metabolism.
Twice
The proof is _____ the percentage of alcohol by volume (ex.) 100 proof = 50% ABV
LSD advocate for mind expansion
Timothy Leary
True
True or False: Abuse of alcohol can lead to addiction.
True
True or False: After an addict has successfully stopped using, he or she can never use alcohol or other drugs again.
True
True or False: Alcohol does the greatest damage to the liver, brain, and heart.
True
True or False: Unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms occur when an addict tries to stop using the substance to which they are addicted.
True
True or False: Use of alcohol and other drugs becomes the most important thing in a person's life once they are addicted.
True
True or False: When a person uses alcohol or other drugs for a long period of time, tolerance develops.
True
True or False: The brain and liver suffer the most damage when a person drinks heavily for many years.
Alcohol dependence
Uncontrolled alcohol intake unsuccessful at decreasing use life problems withdrawal symptoms
What was the issue with the whiskey rebellion?
Unpaid taxes
Pleasure
Unwoven
What is neurogenesis and how it it related to aggression?
Various types of stress can suppress production of new neurons i.e. reduce size of hippocampus in depressed individuals means less neurogenesis
Sir _________ _______ established a colony in North America, which he called _________ in order to flatter _______, England's virgin queen, but never set foot there himself
Walter Raleigh, Virginia, Elizabeth
In the 1950's Sir _________ _________ traded with the Indians for ________ and ____________
Walter Raleigh, potatoes, tobacco
Select the best answer with respect to weak acids and weak bases.
Weak acids and bases partially dissociate in an aqueous environment The solution is a mix of ionized and unionized entities in equilibrium with one another
Caffiene
Well tolerated in low doses; does induce dependence; withdrawal symptoms (headaches)
Ultrasonography, biopsy
What are some cancer treatments?
Surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
What are surgeries for ovarian cancer
Stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens, inhalants, steroids, club drugs
What are the seven drug categories?
Social Factors
What are the specific reasons why a drug is taken ( e.e., curing an illness, self-medicating, excape from reality, peer pressure, family upbringing, membership to drug abusing subcultures)
Stool tests, bleeding from rectum, colonscopy
What are ways to detect colorectal cancer
Sarcomas
What arise from tissues: muscle, bone, cartilage
Biological, Genetic, and Pharmacological Factors
What biological and genetic factors exist in the user, and how do the ingredients of the drug interact with the body and the nevrous system
Stimulants
What category do these drugs fall into? Cocaine, Crack, Amphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, Ritalin
Depressants
What category do these drugs fall into? Alcohol, Tranquilizers, Barbiturates
Repair
When a person quits smoking, the body begins to ________ itself (unless the damage was permanent).
Control Theories
When individuals do not have a bond to a social group: peers, family etc. They are more likely to be involved in deviant behaviors
What does the Henderson Hasselbach equation tell us about acid/conjugate base pairs?
When pH = pKa, the amount of acid is equal to the amount of its conjugate base in the system
Overdose
When the amount of the drug is too large for the body to handle
Physical Dependence-
When the body needs a drug to function normally
Stomach
Where is 20% of alcohol rapidly absorbed
George Washington led militia because of unpaid debts taxes is called
Whiskey Rebellion
President George Washington led 15K militia to western Pennsylvania to collect unpaid taxes. The ________ __________ demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws.
Whiskey Rebellion
Three main types of alcoholic beverages are
Wine spirit beer
Uterine/Endometrial
Women over the age of 55+, prolonged exposure to estrogen, late menopause. No preganicies, obesity, type 2 diabetes
smoking effects both
YOU & OTHERS
Are parents responsible for minors using alcohol in their home? What can/ cannot happen? What is specific about this law in Omaha?
Yes, criminal changes, fined up $500.
Q. Can people become addicted to marijuana?
Yes, research confirms
8. The government agency that controls the safety of food and drugs in the United States is ____________________.
_FDA Food and Drug Administration_
When drugs enter the body through a _____they are absorbed into the bloodstream through vessels in the skin.
_Patches
80
__% of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine
thiopental (pentothal)
a barbiturate that is used as a general anesthetic
Sympathetic Nervous System
a branch of the autonomic nervous system that releases adrenaline.
Peyote
a cactus containing the hallucinogen mescaline
Barbital
a sedative-hypnotic drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate
Harm Reduction
a series of practical interventions that respond to the needs of drug users and the community where they live in an effort to reduce the harm caused by illicit drug use.
Normalization
a term used by the Dutch for the practice of not prosecuting users of soft drugs such as marijuana.
False Negative
a test that is negative for drugs even though drugs are present in the urine
Freebase
a variation of cocaine in which cocaine is separated from its hydrochloride salt by heating, using a volatile chemical such as ether
Crack Cocaine
a variation of cocaine made by heating cocaine after mixing it with baking soda and water
crack cocaine
a variation of cocaine made by heating cocaine after mixing it with baking soda and water
crystal meth
a variation of meth; one ex is ice.
Tolerance
ability to absorb a drug over time in larger doses with similar effects to the drug once taken at smaller doses
leukoplakia
abnormal cells that appear as white patches turns into cancer of the mouth
Cancer
abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells
Dysplasia
abnormally shaped cells
huffing-
absorbing fumes from an inhalant soaked rag that has been stuffed in the mouth. (chloroform)
In what order does alcohol affect the brain?
absorbs into blood stream, passes through body, inhibits connections between neurotransmitters and brain, impacts actions
parasympathetic system
acetylcholine
le sparadrap
adhesive bandage
un pansement adhésif
adhesive dressing
Psychoactive drugs
affect CNS and other consciousness or perceptions
high-risk drug choices
after using drugs for awhile, people start to use them habitually and addictively. I.E. looking for parties and to use drugs often
hangover
aftereffects of drinking
une ambulance
ambulance
BAC
amount of alcohol in a person's blood expressed as a %
Synergistic Effect
an enhanced, unpredictable effect caused by combining two or more substances.
Cholinesterase
an enzyme necessary for the metabolism of acetylcholine.
Drug
any substance that modifies or enhances, inhibits, or distorts mind or body functioning
Fast-Track rule
applied to testing of certain drugs, such as ones for rare cancers and AIDS
Structural analogs
are drugs result from altered chemical structures of current illicit drugs, It involves modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound to form a new molecular species
Anabolic steroids
are structurally related to male hormone testosterone. abused by athletes and body builders to increase strength and appearences
NT responsibility in transfer of messages
attach to receiving proteins, receptors on target cells
supply reduction
attempts to diminish illegal drug supplies, cutting off or destroying supplies, but limited success with it
What among sedative hypnotic drugs which one seems to lead to drug dependence.
barbiturates
CNS depressants include various use of prescription drugs. What are they called?
barbiturates, sedatives, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, inhalants, GHB(Gamma Hydroxybutrate).
German scientists developed a formula for a painkiller that was less addictive than morphine
bayer
women
become alcoholics later in life
functional usage
becomes life dependent, predisposed based on heredity and thus you need it.
types of alcohol
beer, wine, liquors
The fermented beverages that contain 3-6% alcohol are the _______
beers
Tobacco Products that are smoked
bidis from india, tobacco wrapped in a leaf and tied with string. Kreteks from Indonesia, contain ground clove. Cigar and Pipe Tobacco, more nicotine than cigarette tobacco.
BAC
blood alcohol content- how much alcohol in blood stream
une prise de sang
blood sample
Regardless of route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach brain tissue by the way of
blood stream.
une transfusion sanguine
blood transfusion
BAC effects
body size gender mix of beverage amount consumed feelings food eaten presence of other drugs age
creatine dosage depends on...
body weight, body fat %, types of training
why people take drugs
bored cope with stress fit in look cool grows naturally prescribed by doctor sold in store
tolerance
brain and body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects
CNS
brain and spinal chord receives info from PNS
Parasympathetic Nervous System
branch of the autonomic nervous system that includes acetylcholine and alters heart rate and intestinal activity.
une carie
cavity
Malignant tumor
cells capable of invading other parts of the body
Binding of receptors of NT causes
changes activity in target cell,
Addiction
chemical change, physical tolerance to drug; mood altering creates harmful consequences
going through nicotine withdrawals
chills headaches anxiety
caffeine is found in
chocolate, coffee, tea, soda, OTC/prescription drugs
advanced stage liver disease
cirrhosis - liver failure & death - only cure: transplant
sedative-hypnotic drugs
class of drugs that produce relaxing to sleep inducing effects depending on dosage
Time-response factors
closer drug is placed to target area, faster it will get there
la cocaïne
cocaine
la neige
coke, snow
The most successful smoking cessation method is ______
cold turkey
23. Quitting tobacco products suddenly without any gradual decrease or medicine is called going
cold turkey.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
consists of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
binge drinking
consuming large amounts of alcohol quickly
In situ
continued abnormal growth, but contained in one area
Drug Addiction
continuing desire for drugs based on a physical need
depression
dejection characterized by withdrawl or lack of response to stimilation
les soins dentaires
dental care
Soma
from the Greek; literally means "body"
Carcinoma
glands, skin, cell membrane cancer
toxicity
harmful effects
Dose
how much is being taken
Hypnotics
induce drowsiness and encourage sleep
Type 1 alcoholic
influenced by the enivronment
Type 2 alcoholic
influenced solely by genetics p3= genetic predictor for alcoholism
Experimental Drug Use
infrequent drug use usually motivated by curiosity
smokeless tobacco
ingested tobacco without smoking it
Stacking
ingesting or injecting several steroids at the same time
patent medicines
ingredients were secret in drugs
Excitatory synapse
initiates an impulse in the receiving neuron when stimulated, causing release of neurotransmitters or increasing activity in target cell
Speedball
injectable combination of heroin and cocaine
speedball
injectable combination of heroin and cocaine
5. Drugs administered by_________ result in greater brain concentrations of the druf and increase the potential for tixicity, especially in naive users:
injections
un toxico
junkie
prescription drugs
need a signed document from authorized medic
Psychological Dependence
need that a user may psychologically feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawl symptoms
N/S consists of
neurons or glia, to conduct homeostatic function of the brain. Receive and send info.
How does N/S send and receive info?
neurons via electrochemical process
Drugs can effect neurotransmitters systems in 2 main ways.
neurotransmission(the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a snynapse) and neurotransmitters(chemical messengers released from axon terminals)
4.The chemicals that are released from one neuron to activate a nearby neuron are called:
neurotransmitters
28. Several medicines that can reduce the discomfort of withdrawal contain the same chemical that causes addiction.
nicotine,
bromides
nonbarbiturate sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions
sympathetic system
norepinephrine
des gouttes pour le nez
nose drops
List 2 reasons the drinking age is 21.
not at risk to develop long term health problems, brain development and maturity.
smokeless tobacco will
not effect lungs as much as smoking will. however contains same amount of harmful chemicals
Compulsive Drug Use
obsessive drug use without regard for society
antagonistic inhibitory effects
one drug blocks or conceals the effect of another drug
marijuana
one of the cannabis drugs, derived from the buds, leaves, and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa
heroin
one of the most addictive substances derived from opium
Pons
one of two structures constituting the brain stem, connecting the medulla with the brain stem.
Medulla Oblongata
one of two structures constituting the brain stem; helps control respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital functions.
Basal Ganglia
part of the central nervous system.
Binge Drinking
periodic excess (5+ in 1 occasion)
Barbiturates
played an important historical role as sedative-hypnotic agents. they were replaced by benzodiazepines.
snuff
powdered form of tobacco, snorted through nose
Alcohol
psychoactive drug; depressant
Fight-flight-fright Syndrome
psychological response of the body to stress, which prepares the individual to take action by stimulating the body's defense system.
Recognize the out of a list mental disorders which one is a major disturbance.
psychosis is a major disturbance of normal intellectual and social functioning in which there is loss of contact with reality.
Alcohol abuse
recurrent use has negative consequences
anxiolytic
refers to anxiety-reducing drugs
recidivism
relapse
sensation seekers
search for new and novel thrills, have relentless desire to pursue physical and psychological stimulation involving danger. really like getting high
phenobarbital
second barbiturate developed; produces relaxation and relieves anxiety
un calmant
sedative, tranquilizer, painkiller
Ergogenic Aids
substances that provide an athletic advantage, also known as performance-enhancing drugs
Anabolic Steroids
substances used to increase muscle mass; related to male sex hormones
un cachet
tablet
ausculter
to auscultate
fournir de la drogue
to deal drugs
plomber une dent
to fill a tooth
when someone drinks it enters the blood-stream rapidly through
walls of stomach and small intestine
Marijuana street terms-
weed, dope, pot, grass, reefer, hash, ganja, herb, maryjane, blunt, skunk, joint, THC, roach, kit, nail, boom, chronic, doobie, gangster.
caffeine
world's most widely used stimulant, most often consumed in coffee
what spread the addiction of tobacco and women
wr
chewing leads to
yellow teeth gums pull back teeth eventually fall out
legal instrumental usage
Dr. prescribes and you take it
smoking has how much a lag for side effects (years)
20
Illicit
Types of drugs: illegal, psychoactive substances
Over the counter
Types of drugs: obtained from retailers and pharmacies
addiction
control of drug over person and their behavior
antagonist drugs
drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug
Which of the following is NOT true about alcohol and sexual activity?
- C .
How can refraining from smoking benefit an individual's health?
- D .
Smoking reduces a person's life span by an average of _____.
- D .
Which of the following forms of alcohol can be consumed ?
- D .
Which of the following statement is NOT true?
- D .
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding smoking and pregnancy?
- D .
A fetus is unaffected by its mother's use of tobacco.
- False .
Drinking five ounces of wine is better for the body than drinking twelve ounces of beer because there's less pure alcohol in a glass of wine .
- False .
Secondhand smoke is less dangerous than the smoke tobacco users breathe.
- False .
Carol can be defined as a social drinker because she can easily limit drinking and she chiefly drinks alcohol when she is out with friends or family members.
- True
95% of violent crimes committed on college campuses are alcohol-related.
- True .
Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in society and approximately half of the American population consumes alcohol.
- True .
Cirrhosis of the liver is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by chronic alcohol abuse.
- True .
Proof is the standard measure used to determine how much alcohol is contained in an alcoholic beverage.
- True .
Smoking can have both long- and short-term affects on an individual's health.
- True .
4 Pricipal factors of usage
- biological, genetic, and pharmacological - cultural factors - social factors - contextual factors
ephedrine side effects
- irregular heart beat - hear palpitations dizziness headaches & fever
List some examples provided in the reader on how millions of people/families have recovered from addiction:
-12 step communities (AA, NA, etc) -faith based programs -treatment -individual and family therapy -help from clergy, friends, family
Why is a young woman who has been drinking at greater risk for unplanned pregnancy?
-A person can feel that nothing is going to happen, they lower their chance of protection for themselves.
What are some key pieces discussed about addiction in the US 1600-1830:
-Alcohol was prevalent as settlers colonized -Puritans: distinction b/w "drinking" (appropriate) and "drunkenness" (inappropriate) -Alcohol played a normal role in people's lives, not seen as problem -Settlers introduced it to Native Americans in turn for tobacco -"Drunkenness" began to cause problems; "slums" were created to separate from higher society -Benjamin Rush, first to call drunkenness an "Odious Disease"-- early temperance movement began---> be moderate in temptations. Ran by mostly Woman b/c of the rampant domestic violence (86% involve intoxication)
3. Name four smokeable tobacco products besides cigarettes.
-Cigars, Pipes, Clove Cigarettes,Bidis.
22. What are six withdrawal symptoms associated with opiate addiction?
-Cramps, Vomiting, Muscle pain, shaking, chills and panic attacks.
Psychological factors of addiction include
-Escape from reality -Boredom -Inability to cope with anxiety -Destructive self-indulgence (constantly desiring intoxicants) -Blind compliance with drug-abusing peers -Self-destructiveness -Blindly using drugs without wanting to understand the harmful effects of drug use
Initial drug abuse symptoms include
-Excessive use -Constant preoccupation about the availability and supply of the drug -Refusal to admit excessive use -Reliance on the drug
What are some key pieces discussed about addiction in Ancient Civilizations:
-Existed for centuries; used in ancient Greek and Roman -Used medication for soldiers, religion, enjoyment -Most common substances: alcohol, opium, shrooms, weed, nicotine (5,000 B.C.)
Why Are People Attracted to Drugs?
-Experience pleasure or heighten good feelings -Relieve stress, tension, or anxiety -Forget one's problems and avoid or postpone worries -Relax after a tension-filled day of work -Fit in with peers or as a rite of passage -Enhance religious or mystical experiences -Relieve pain and some symptoms of illness
What are five reasons that each person's reaction to alcohol is different?
-Gender, body weight, medications, amount of sleep, food in the stomach
27. List six examples of inhalants.
-Glue, Spray Paint, Laughing Gas, Helium, Nitrous Oxide, Sharpie Markers, Markers
Describe what happens when alcohol enters your bloodstream.
-Goes to your brain and spinal cord and then you can get drunk
*A student who smokes pot may do poorly on a test given the next day, because of the pots effect on what brain area?_
-Hippocampus
Describe what happens when nicotine enters your bloodstream.
-It goes to your brain and you can get this adrenaline and a buzz from the nicotine, increases you blood pressure and heart rate.
How does alcohol impair reaction time?
-It impairs reaction time because it slows down the brain and it takes longer for a reaction to go through.
*What is NOT a short-term effect of smoking?
-Lung Cancer_
Common Side Effects of Drugs
-Nausea or vomiting -Changes in mental alertness -Dependence -Withdrawal -Allergic reactions -Changes in cardiovascular activity
Q. Isn't smoking marijuana less dangerous than smoking cigarettes?
-No, 1 joint=4 cigarettes
Q. Aren't beer and wine "safer" than liquor?
-No, 12 ounce beer=1 1/2 ounces of liquor=5 oz of wine cooler
Q. Doesn't smoking help you relax?
-No, it can increase the amount of stress you have
35. List at least five ways to refuse tobacco products?
-No, make a joke, change the subject, offer an alternate , leave, no thanks.
Be familiar with family dynamics
-Parents can't reach her or stop her -worried son would follow -father wants her in rehab and his money when she visits -relatives; genetics -no Carrick=family flourished
33. Name three ways that advertisers try to get you to think tobacco would make your life better.
-People in tobacco ads often look young, attractive, healthy and fit. Some ads have beautiful nature scenes and some tobacco is for only specific groups.
What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1933-1950:
-Prevalence on rise in prescription drugs -Birth and Growth defects of AA (1935) `Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Story `Borrowed Oxford Group meeting sale for alcoholics `Oxford group feedback of the Big Book and the six principles that later became the 12-steps of AA! -AA's impacts on Addiction--big, very big! -Modern Alcoholism Movement -Early Diseases Models (bio-psycho-socisl) v. Medical model (biological)
What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1830-1919:
-Prevalence on the rise -Men impacted more than women; social acceptability and other factors -Women stereotyped (comical, sexual behavior) -Harrison Act of 1914: narcotics under Federal Regulation; needed prescription -Washington Movement: men alienated from temperance movement; faded as quickly as it developed. No sustainable recovery program in place =First self-help group we know of. Spiritual group, not successful -Etiology (cause) of Addiction =drunkenness, inebriety instead of "alcoholism" or "alcoholic" =theories of "use" began to emerge
Stages of Drug Dependence
-Relief: Satisfaction from negative feelings in using the drug -Increased Use: Involves taking greater quantities of the drug -Preoccupation: Consists of a constant concern with the substance -Dependency: A synonym for addiction, is when more of the drug is sought despite the presence of physical symptoms -Withdrawal: The physical and/or psychological effects from not using the drug
What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1919-1933:
-Second wave of Temperance Movement -Woman banning together to save families -Right to vote and stop scourge of alcohol and promote prohibition (Women's Christian Temperance Union [WCTU]) -Prohibition of Alcohol-- 18th amendment and Volstead Act (legislation for 18th) ='the failed experiment'- usage went up among certain groups; Roaring 20's =Social consequences: increased potency, crime (bootleggers and black market, Capone) -21st Amendment- what amendment did this repeal? 18th -What did the 19th amendment accomplish? Women right to vote -Oxford Group =foundation of AA =spiritual, not religios, though based in Judeo-Christain teachings =no requirement of abstinence, just change in life
36. How can you and your friends help each other stay away from tobacco?
-Set positive example for each other avoid tobacco environments and commit to each other not to use.
23. Explain why a person who is addicted to an opiate may use a less-dangerous drug to help break his or her addiction.
-So then the drug will not continue to hurt them even more and they will slowly decrease the amount of the drug used.
Six Examples of Drug Misuse
-Taking more drugs than prescribed -Using OTC or psychoactive drugs in excess without medical supervision -Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs -Using old medicines to self-treat new symptoms of an illness -Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician's orders -Administering prescribed drugs to a family member without medical consultation and supervision
Q. Why can't teens drink if their parents can?
-Teens bodies are still developing until 21-22, alcohol has a greater impact on their physical and mental well being.
29. Explain why inhalants cause brain damage.
-The inhalants can replace it with oxygen and that causes brain cells to die.
Withdraw-
-The way in which the body responds when a dependent person stops using a drug
2. Name three dangerous chemicals that cigarettes contain.
-There can be nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide.
Ten Reasons Why Drug Use Is More Serious Today
-Through the media - Greater availability - Drug use endangers the future -Drug use and especially drug dealing are becoming major factors in the growth of crime rates among the young. -Seven in ten drug users work full-time and this increases the possibility of serious accidents in the workplace.
What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1980s-2000s
-War on Drugs (it work?) Debatable. Some, definitely not -Multiple Pathways - not just abstinence -Neurological Advances - support for disease model, no not? -Biology - all evidence not absolute -Addiction and the Family - enabling and CODA -Process addictions - evidence activate reward system similar to substance addictions
24. In addition to drug addiction and drug overdose, what is a danger associated with injecting heroin?
-When a person injects the needle some blood remains on the needle, but if you use the same needle to other people then diseases can spread such as HIV and Hepatitis to other people.
28. Explain what a flashback is and why it occurs.
-When you think that something is happening but it is not. Doctors do not know why they happen but it is when you take drugs and then they will make your brain so weird.
Explain the difference between a prescription drug and an over-the-counter drug (OTC).
. A prescription drug is when a doctor gives it to you, needs specific instructions and a OTC(over the counter) is when it is safe enough to be used without a doctor's care.
___ is legally drunk in most states
0.08
the liver can only handle __ drinks/hour
1
How long with Quitters flu symptoms usually last?
1 week
Misdemeanors
1 year in county jail
How are Drugs Classified?
1) Origin- the source of it i.e.opiates come from the opium poppy (morphine, codeine, heroin) 2) Therapeutic usage or how the drug is used to modify something in the body i.e. morphine-powerful painkiller 3)Where the drug is causing physical changes i.e. alcohol is a depressant b/c/ depressant action on the CNS/ Cocaine-stimulant CNS pain-reducer 4)Chemical Structure i.e. barbiturates comes from the chemical structure of barbituric acid 5) Mechanism of effects--the action of the drug on the body 6) Street name i.e. amphetamines "speed" & barbiturates/depressant "downers"
Consider the controversy surrounding drug testing in workplace and at home.
1) infringes on the constitutional right of privacy when tests are random 2) is drug usage a legit reason for termination of employment if no obvious effect of the drug is demonstrated by the worker's performance 3)the accuracy of drug test
How are neurotransmitters deactivated?
1)Enzyme breakdown enzymes interact with the transmitter molecule and changes its structure so that it can no longer bind to receptor site 2)Reuptake neurotransmitters are taken back up into the terminal button after released
stages of progression
1- experimental 2- desired effect 3- tolerance 4- denial 5- dependence
Scheduling
1-5 The comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
What theories are used to explain addiction?
1. Genes--blueprint, 40-60% vulnerability 2. Reward--release/surge of dopamine Two Gumball analogy:tells you to hang onto reward than others for survival 3. Memory--Reminds you long term through glutamate. Can leave you prone to relapse 4. Stress-- release of CRF leads to anhedonia; the inability to gain pleasure from enjoyable experiences 5. Choice--influenced by problems in levels below. Hypofrontality; reduction in a previously 'normal' cortex `Craving defeats this theory--> not using for pleasure but for survival. Experience is miserable and involuntary Problem with first level, it continues to impact subsequent levels. Think nesting dolls
Give the 10 neurotransmitters we have discussed in class:
1. Histamine 2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin 4. Epinephrine 5. Glutamate 6. GABA 7. ACH 8. Glycine 9. norepinephrine 10. catecholamines
Homeostasis
1. Internal and external changes in environment 2. Body self-regulates via N/S and endocrine 3. Equillibrium
What are some symptoms of addiction?
1. Loss of control 2. Craving 3. Persistent drug use, despite negative consequences
Given the following pKa values for the following weak bases (for the [BH+] entity), rank the following with the degree of ionization at pH 7 with 1 being the most ionized
1. Oxycodone (pKa = 8.5) 2. Morphine (pKa = 8) 3. Scopolamine (pKa = 7.6) 4. Phenothiazine (pKa 2.5)
Based on the previous question, what are the two parts of the brain responsible for?
1.Frontal Cortex (outside) -mortality -judgement -personality -understand consequences -options, emotions, attachment, spiritual memory 2. Midbrain (deep inside) -Site of where drugs work and where addiction begins -handles the next 15 seconds, get us from moment to moment alive. -eat -kill/defend -sex drive Need these to survive, to get us to do these things, the midbrain makes them pleasurable. Frontal Cortex keeps the midbrain in check. In addiction, something goes wrong and it's reversed.
39. Name three professionals or community resources that can help people once they decide to stop drinking.
1._______Counslers_____ 2._____Docotors________ 3._____Groups (AA)___
How many smoking related deaths are there per year?
1/2 million
Each time you smoke a cigarette how much estimated time is taken from the end of your life?
10 minutes
what percentage of heavy drinkers will get cirrhosis
10-20
Caffeine intoxication
1000 mg consumed in less than an hour
How many Americans admit to smoking marijuana at some point in their lives
108 million or 42% over the age of 12
A life-long smoker can expect to die how many years earlier, on average, than a non-smoker?
12
What is the Single Convention?
12 participating European nations of the UN pledged to fight drug abuse and international trafficking through national legislation
1 standard drink contains ___g of pure alcohol
14
The WHO estimates that there are how many people with alcoholism worldwide?
140million
Microbes
15-20% of cancers: viruses, bacteria, parasites
To purchase tobacco legally, one must be of what age?
18
What does the law state about purchasing it for others?
18
What is the minimum age to buy tobacco in 46 of the 50 states?
18
age group with most drinkers
18-34
When did the first Opium war take place?
1839 to 1842
When did the second Opium war take place?
1856 to 1860
What was the earliest drug law in the US? Consider the San Francisco ordinance and the Pure Food and Drug Act
1875- San Francisco Ordinance-opium dens were banned 1909-Congress pass a law banning the importation of opium for smoking 1906-Pure Food & Drug Act-designed to control opiate addiction; Mandate the labeling the amount od drugs contained in the products esp. opiates opium, morphine, heorin, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine
What was the effects of alcohol prohibition in the twenties?
18th -prohibition of alcohol Decreases: rate of drinking, death due to liver cirrhosis, admission to state hospital for alcoholism, arrest for alcohol related offenses More extensive usage of marijuana, shift from drinking beer to distilled spirits, advent of speakeasy (unlicensed saloon), takeover of the distribution of alcohol by criminals
What federal drug legislation was passed following the prohibition on era?
1930- creation of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (aka Drug Enforcement Administration) 1937- Marijuana Tax Act -required producers, manufacturers, importers, and dispensers of weed to register and pay a fee; non-medical possession or sale of marijuana became illegal 1965-Drug Abuse Control Amendment-regulation of stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenic substances 1966- Narcotic Addicts Rehabilitation Act- the treatment of drug abuse 1970-Controlled Substances Act-basis for drug regulation in the US today
Marijuana tax act
1937
3. The FDA, as part of the Kefauver-Harris amendments, began evaluating the effectiveness of drugs in:
1962
the public health cigarette smoking act took place in what year
1971
1. What year did marijuana use in the US peak before beginning a steady decline?
1980
What is the ratio of births in the US that are FAS?
1:750
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
1st act against drug comapnies, had to include on labels amounts of alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, or marijuana extract. Dangerous preparations did not matter
a man who is a heavy drinker consumes how many a day
2
nicotine increases heart rate by ___ bpm
20
What drugs were the first to be used? How were drugs spread world-wide?
6400 B.C.Alcohol and wine were first used in (through fermentation) 5000 B.C.Opium Poppy in Asia Minor 2700 B.C. Cannabis Sativa in China 2500 B.C. Chewing coca leaves in Central and S. America The crusades and the expeditions of Marco Polo exposed Europeans to the drugs (opium & hashish), travels of European explorer to the Americas
National Substance Abuse Treatment Services Survey (N-SATSS), the average cost for inpatient programs was about $_________ per month. Since more than 30 days produces a higher recovery rate, the cost of drug rehab can easily go between $_______ and $________.
7,000, 7,500, 75,000
trail mix-
A Mixture of various prescription drugs, usually served at a pharm party in a large bowl
Pilz-
A Term used to describe prescriptions medications. Can include OTC meds. .
4. Psychoactive drugs work by:
A and C
Nature of Addiction
A bad habit? A failure of healthy choices? A failure of morality? A symptom of other problems? A chronic disease?
Disease Model
A belief that addiction is both chronic and progressive, and that the drug user does not have control over the use and abuse of the drug
Disease Model
A belief that addiction is both chronic and progressive. Does not have control.
What is alcohol tolerance?
A condition in which a person needs more of a drug to feel the original effects of the drug.
Tolerance
A condition in which a person's body becomes used to the effect of a medicine and needs greater and greater amounts of it in order for it to be effective
Nicotine
A deadly poison found only in tobacco leaves.
Addiction
A physical or psychological need for a drug
Alcoholism
A progressive, chronic disease involving a mental and physical need for alcohol
Will
A regular user of tobacco ________ have difficulty quitting any time he or she wants.
What is nicotine?
A very addictive chemical in tobacco products.
34. Why does planning ahead make it easier to refuse tobacco?
A way to say know, refusing less stressful, you have made a commitment to use.
Which of the following is true about pKa values?
A weak acid with a pKa of 3 is a stronger acid than a weak acid with a pKa of 4 A weak base with a pKa of 8 is stronger than a weak base with a pKa of 7
Club Drugs
A wide variety of drugs being used by young people at dance clubs, bars, and all-night dance parties ("trances" or "raves"). Because many of these drugs are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, they can be secretly added to beverages by individuals who want to intoxicate or sedate others.
15. Which of the following is a depressant?
A. a tranquilizer
Weak acids and their conjugate bases and weak bases and their conjugate acids are important in pharmaceutics. Select all that apply:
Acids donate protons Bases accept protons Conjugate bases accept protons Conjugate acids may have a positive charge Conjugate bases may have a negative charge
Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects
Administration Absorption Distribution Activation Biotransformation and elimination
2. One country in which our drug control efforts and our other foreign policy interests have been in conflict is:
Afghanistan
Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects
Age Gender Pregnancy
What is an agonist? An antagonist?
Agonist a chemical that fits the lock receptor and activates it Antagonist chemical that prevents other compounds from activating the receptor
Inoculation
Aims to protect drug users by teaching them responsibility and explaining the effects of drugs on bodily and mental functioning
Demand Reduction
Aims to reduce the actual demand for drugs
In what states is the legal age to buy tobacco 19? (Alphabetical order)
Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, Utah
which states do you have to be 19 to buy tobacco
Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, Utah
What affects the brain in the reverse order to which the brain develops?
Alcohol
Decreases
Alcohol _________ the effectiveness of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar
Mortality
Alcohol affects _________: Alcoholics average life is 15 years less than non-alcoholic life
Consider recent findings from the National Household Survey. What drugs are mostly widely used and what sub-group differences are apparent? What issues might affect accuracy of drug surveys?
Alcohol and cigarettes are most widely used. In terms of illicit drugs, marijuana is top. Individuals in the age range 18 to 25 have the most prevalent substance use Men were 1 3/4 X more likely as women to report illicit drug use; 20% more likely than women to report alcohol use. White people drank more follow by Hispanic and Blacks Black people showed the highest prevalence of illicit drug usage then Whites and Hispanic Issue: survey (self-reporting) , representative sample
Bloodstream
Alcohol is transported throughout body through
______ _______ is a measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) so contained in an alcoholic beverage
Alcohol proof
Tryptophan
Amino acid that affects serotonin levels, allowing one to fall asleep more easily
Compulsive Behavior
An increasing amount of time spent on obtaining, using, and recovering from the effects of the drug
Hormone
Anabolic steroids can cause _______ deficiency , cancers, and AIDS
Female
Anabolic steroids symptoms: growth of facial hair, changes in menstrual cycle, and deepened voice
Male
Anabolic steroids symptoms: reduced sperm count, baldness, and development of breasts
What trimester can FAS occur in during a woman's pregnancy?
Any
Drugs
Any chemical that causes changes in a person's body or behavior
Inhalants
Any substance whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to produce mind-altering sensations
Drug Abuse
Any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal or social harm to the user or t others affected by the users behavior
"Fast-track" rule
Applied to testing of certain drugs, such as ones for rare cancers and AIDS
Steroid Street Terms:
Arnolds, Gym Candy, Pumpers, Stackers, Weight Trainers, Juice, Rahiods
"Addiction to pleasure" theory
Assumes it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun
Addiction to pleasure theory
Assumes it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun
Supply Reduction
Attempts to curtail the supply of illegal drugs or their precursors and exert greater control over other, more therapeutic drugs - Includes interdiction, the policy of cutting off or destroying supplies of illicit drugs
. The last step in making a decision is to do something, or....
B. act.
__9. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with drug abuse and drug addiction?
B. excellent performance in school
30. Influence from your friends and other teens is called
B. peer pressure.
18. Once in your brain, nicotine causes effects throughout your body by
B. sending chemical messages.
14. Any drug that increases the body's activity, including heart rate and blood pressure is a
B. stimulant.
Why the FDA now requires a printed warning on several SSRI's?
Because of higher rated if suicide among children and adolescents.
2. Why is physiological toxicity considered a "social" problem?
Because the impacts and costs associated with hospitals, productivity, and emergency rooms means that social systems are affected
Recognize description behavior tolerance and behavior toxicity.
Behavior tolerance is reduced effect of a drug after repeated use. Behavior toxicity is toxicity that results from behavior effects of a drug.
What is cross-tolerance? Behavioral tolerance? Reverse tolerance?
Behavioral tolerance-behavioral adjustment by the individual (learned); people who had experiences with the effects of alcohol will learn to compensate for intoxication by walking slowly (hard to reverse) Cross tolerance-tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs i.e. people who like alcohol or barbiturates will be highly tolerant of medically anesthetics ( depressant) Reverse tolerance-sensitization; increased sensitivity to a drug with repeated use of it
Control Theories
Believe that if people are left without attachments (bonds) to other groups (family, peers, social institutions), they have a tendency to deviate from expected cultural values, norms, and attitudes
Schedule V drugs are the most...
Benign
LSD
Best-known hallucinogenic drug belongs in the serotonin group
What is the definition for consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row?
Binge drinking
4
Binge drinking: female _+ drinks
5
Binge drinking: male _+ drinks
What are some characteristics of the user that contribute to the nature of drug effects?
Biological characteristics inherited differences in reaction to drugs--major differences in reaction due to genetics/ initial sensitivity-the effect of a drug on first time user gender-drugs have greater effects on the woman weight-less drug effect in heavier people age-children are more sensitive because enzymes to metabolize the drugs are not fully developed therefore drugs stay longer Psychological characteristics sensation seeking --thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, dis-inhibition, and boredom susceptibility ; positive relations between level of sensation and drugs stress-response dampening addictive personality- personality structure common to all individuals who have substance use disorder Drug expectancies and beliefs (history) drug expectancy- what a person expects to achieve or happens when using a drug Social and Environmental Factors settings; socicultural process Tolerance- repeated administration of a given dose of a drug often results in reduced response to the drug
Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders
Biological explanations are thought to be responsible for the substantial overlap that exists between drug addiction and mental illness
People who are diagnosed with a personality disorder such as anti social personality disorder, what are they also likely to have?
Biopsychosocial : a theory or perspective that relies on the interaction of biological, individual psychological, and social variables.
16. Cardiovascular diseases (3)
Blood Clots, Constricted blood vessels, Heart Attack, Stroke
0.04
Blood alcohol concentration: 2 drinks, BAC = _.__ - 0.06
0.09
Blood alcohol concentration: 3 drinks, BAC = 0.06 - _.__
.12
Blood alcohol concentration: 4 drinks, BAC = 0.08 - _.__
0.08
Blood alcohol concentration: legal BAC = _.__ (21+y/o)
What is the main affect of FAS?
Brain damage
1/2
Breakdown of alcohol into water, _______ oz. per hour (LIVER)
32. Passing out free samples of a product is one kind of
C. promotion.
4. The nervous system can be roughly divided into these three components:
CNS, ANS, SS
Consider the structure of the nervous system. Contrast the CNS & PNS. What are the two branches of the ANS? What is a sympathomimetic drug?
CNS-brain & spinal cord PNS-everything outside of the CNS which includes nerves (motor & sensory); regulate the ANS- automatic functions; ANS (sympathetic -emotional arousal; parasympathetic-normal maintenance) Symathomimetic drugs- mimic sympathetic arousal i.e. cocaine, amphetamines, LSD
In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke (e.g. Carbon monoxide and cyanide) are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and loss of elasticity in the alveoli leading to what?
COPD
.no street names .unscheduled .stimulant .*90% of American adults consume this everyday
Caffeine
When launched, Coca Cola's main two key ingredients were ________ and __________. (Answer in alphabetical order)
Caffeine, Cocaine
Elaborate on the disease argument/model discussed in the film:
Came from germ theory, and microbiologists such as Pasteur and Koch. Organ (Midbrain)---->Defect (Stress induced hedonic dysfunction)---->Symptoms (Loss of control, craving, use despite consequences) In this model, we treat the defect, not the symptoms. By using this model, doctors double the human lifespan in only 100 years!
Promoters
Cancer ________ accelerate cell growth and make DNA repair difficult
Physical signs of Drug Abuse
Cancer, overdose(death), infertility, enfizima, increased risk of anxiety, depression, and paranoia.
A gas produced in cigarette burning that reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood:
Carbon monoxide
Smoke contains several __________ __________ products that bind DNA and cause many genetic mutations
Carcinogenic pyrolysis
Physical health smoking
Cardiovascular disease respiratory lung cancer
Stimulants
Causes the body systems to speed up. Increases alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure. Lowers fatigue, appetite, and causes sleeplessness.
Which doctor highlighted that alcoholism might be a disease and not a moral sin?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
Consider the various explanations of tolerance.
Cell Adaptation/ Homeostasis Hypothesis- assumes that a drug acts on specific cells in the cns; cells become adaptive to the presence of the drug with repeated exposure (plasticity). The adaptation allows the cell to maintain normal function at a given dose so more drug is needed for a high (tolerance). Compensatory reaction- when you take a drug, two biologically triggered occurs: 1) drug effect; 2) homeostatic counterreaction. Reaction becomes stronger through repeated drug dose. Learning (Classical Conditioning)-Over repeated pairing of the drug taking and drug-taking cues, just presenting the drug-taking alone may elicit a drug compensatory reaction; conditioned stimuli-cues associated with drug taking ; conditioned response-drug action and reaction
What are four ways smoking can affect a developing baby?
Cerebral palsy, Sight Impairment, Hearing Problems and Learning Difficulties.
Hallucinogens
Changes the way users see and hear. Sights and sounds are perceived in bizarre and often frightening ways. These drugs produce anxiety, panic attacks, psychotic effects, flashbacks, hallucinations, permanent brain damage, and death.
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger of the brain that transmits impulses from one neuron to another
What is a chemical name? Brand name? Generic name? Why do consumers seem to prefer generic versions of prescription drugs?
Chemical name-name that represents its chemical structure brand name- commercial name by the manufacturer / trademark generic name-shorter; general name Generic are sold at a lower price
Media and professional athletes have boosted the general trend among youth to:
Chew tobacco
Patterns of alcoholism
Children of alcoholics are more likely to become alcoholic themselves due to vulnerability
Which country is the worlds largest producer of tobacco today?
China
By the turn of the 20th century four factors had established the extent of recreational drug use: 1.) Increased ________ ________, which in turn led to an increase in opium use 2.) The ________ ________ had created a number of morphine addicts. Some intentional (house wives) and some unintentional (veterans addicted to pain killers) 3.) Use and availability of the __________ 4.) _________ _________ with limited legal limitations
Chinese Immigration, Civil War, Syringe, Drug stores
The first _________ _________ were hired in 1865 at about $28 per month to do the very dangerous work of blasting and laying ties over the treacherous terrain of the high Sierras, on the trains-continental railroads
Chinese Laborers
Alcoholism
Chronis and progressive disease; including problems controlling drinking, being preoccupied with drinking, and continued use even after problems
Unborn child
Cigarette smoking by a pregnant woman may cause harm to the ________ ___________.
Of all tobacco use, the most popular and potentially most dangerous is
Cigarettes
Clove cigarettes
Cigarettes made from tobacco and cloves; contain MORE carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine than other cigarettes.
10-20% of all heavy drinkers will develop what in their lifetime?
Cirrhosis
what war caused drug addiction and 400,000 people became addictive to morphine
Civil War
33. Name two ways dealers try to attract users to designer drugs.
Clever Nicknames(Street Terms), A false promise to safety
Young, colorless, beverages
Club Drugs: A wide variety of drugs being used by ______ people at dance clubs, bars, and all-night dance parties ("trances" or "raves"). Because many of these drugs are _______, tasteless, and odorless, they can be secretly added to ______ by individuals who want to intoxicate or sedate others.
Normally snorted, more expensive than crack
Cocaine
Who was the first person to define alcoholism as a disease?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
CNS Stimulants
Cocaine, amphetamine, caffeine; speed up heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, impulsive behavior, nervousness
.Street names: Coke, bow, crack .*Schedule II - because it has medicinal value .Stimulant
Cocaine/crack
Dehydrate
Coffee _________ (stimulant) worsens hangover
Three forms of Caffeine
Coffee tea and chocolate
Cocaine-
Coke, Dust, Toot, Snow, Blow, Sneeze
Based on education, which social group has the lowest rate of current use?
College graduates
Consider drug use in early America. What was the solider's disease?
Columbous 1492- Tobacco, psychoactive drugs, peyote by the Indians 1800s-morphine, opium, marijuana, heroin easy to get at grocery stores The widespread use of morphine which turn into morphine addicition by soldiers during the Civil War (1840s)
Depressants
Common drugs of abuse: decreases activity of central nervous system; anti-anxiety, codeine and morphine, narcotics, and heroin
What is the law regarding possession of marijuana?
Confinment up to 5 years, $10,000 fine or both. Seven days, $500 fine, citation $100 attend a drug abuse course.
What was the Opium Wars and who won them?
Conflict between China and Great Britain in the mid-1800s as British traders brought opium into China and the Chinese became addicted and the Chinese government destroy shipments of Opium being brought. The Biritish won in 1842 through the Treaty of Nanking 2nd Opium War-Biritish won through the Treaty of Tientsin and it forced China to import opium but China could heavily tax it
Alcohol
Confusion, decreased alertness, and blurred vision are short term effects of drinking _______
The addiction continuum:
Consists of the order of events a would-be addict will take in their progressive disease of the mind. Their choice declines as it transitions to the negative phases. -Abstinence (all choices, never use)-----> -Experimental/ Regular Use (choice made to use)----> -Abuse (choice declining)-----> -Dependence (Physical/Emotional/Spiritual; need it to function)----> -Addiction (needing it to survive)------> -Death
Alcoholism one
Continuing to drink excessively while knowing the effects of long-term use
a law by President Nixon where the DEA and FDS determine which substance are added or removed to the schedules
Controlled Substance Act (1970)
What act was signed into law by President Nixon in 1970
Controlled Substance act
What is cocaine mixed with baking soda? Normally smoked, cheap, more potent/dangerous
Crack
A deadly disease that replaces healthy liver tissue with useless scar tissue is called
D. cirrhosis.
25. LSD, angel dust, and peyote are three examples of
D. hallucinogens.
When making an important decision like whether or not to drink, you should consider beliefs that are important to you, also called your.......
D. values.
Who determines which substances are added to or removed from the schedules?
DEA and FDA
The _________ diagnosis of alcohol dependence respresents one approach to the definition of alcoholism
DSM-V
What has changed in the move from DSM-IV to V? Note that the phenomenon of drug dependence or addiction is not defined in DSM-V; how does Rinaldi define psychological dependence?
DSM-V: substance dependence is not a separate substance disorder, drug use is any consumption of alcohol or other drugs and related event, craving is one of 11 criteria for substance use disorder Psychological dependence-the emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid negative effects associated with its abuse
Schedule I drugs are the most....
Dangerous
Inhalants
Dangerous fumes are concentrated in a bag or on a cloth and inhaled. Causes headaches, hallucinations, nausea, disorientation, violent behavior, confusion, and memory loss. Causes decreased heart and respiratory function, and damage to kidney, liver, bone marrow, and brain. Immediately kills brain cells. Can cause death.
What are the serious of withdrawal's associated with alcoholism?
Delirium Tremens
The word ___________ is often used more than addiction, mainly because in the case of opiates (such as heroin and some pain killers) for example, there is a physical ______ that is established
Dependence
Dose-Response
Depends on -Dose - Tolerance -Potency
Alcohol is a ____________.
Depressant
Among the psycho active drugs, what is alcohol classified as?
Depressants
What are heroine and alcohol examples of?
Depressants
What slow down the central nervous system (CNS)?
Depressants
Understand different drug categories and why certain drugs belong in those categories
Depressants- depresses CNS -alcohol, n=benzo, opium, ambient, valume Stimulants- increases/alerts CNS -caffeine, nicotine, methanpetamine, ADHD meds. Hallucinogens- overwhelms CNS -LCD, PCP, psilocybin (mushrooms), mescaline, peyote, designer drugs (ecstasy< GHB, and Rohypnol)
Systems, coma
Depressants: Slows the _______ of the body. Reduces the activity of the central nervous system. Low dose reduces anxiety, but high dose can cause ______ or death. An overdose can cause death.
What are the symptoms (short-term and long-term) associated with each drug type?
Depressants: -depresses CNS, reduce anxiety, induce anesthesia, disorientation, poor coordination, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Stimulants: -increased alert CNS -increased anxiety -triggers "flight or fight" -may have quick tolerance building effect Hallucinogens: -disorientation -dissociation -sense of insight, overwhelm CNS -not compulsively addicting but consist of rapid tolerance
GHB
Depressants: date rape; colorless, tasteless, odorless
Heroin
Depressants: intravenously, hypoxia
The first step of most drug rehabs is ________. Then comes _______.
Detoxification, therapy
Cross-tolerance
Development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs
Compulsive users
Devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly (sometimes exclusively) about drug use, and become connoisseurs of street drugs
Cough Medicines:
Dex, Red Devils, Robo, Tussin, Tripple C, Skittles, Syrup
L-dopa is a precursor for _____ and used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to control the symptoms
Dopamine
Pleasure centers of the brain are rich in what neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
What's the specific NT for pleasure seeking capabilities in drug users.
Dopamine
Summarize how repeated drug use affects the brain.
Dopamine is the chemical released that gives us that high.
What is a dose- effect (response) curve? What is meant by efficacy? Potency?
Dose-effect curve is a standard way of representing drug effects that result from taking different drug doses efficacy-peak (most intense) of drug effect drug potency-min. effective dose of a drug
.Who was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental congress .surgeon general in the continental army
Dr. Benjamin Rush
In honor of his service to mental health, the American psychiatric association uses who's image as part of their seal?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
Alcoholism number two
Drinking during risky behavior such as driving
True
Drinking or using drugs when alone is a warning sign that may indicate addiction.
DWAI
Driving while ability impaired by alcohol
Intolerance
Drug interactions: drugs combine to produce uncomfortable reactions
Antagonism
Drug interactions: drugs work at same receptor sites so one alter the absorption and action of the other
Inhibition
Drug interactions: effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site
Cross tolerance
Drug interactions: person develops physiological tolerance to one drug and shows similar tolerance to certain other drugs
Polydrug use
Drug interactions: taking several medications, drugs, or vitamins simultaneously
Drug Classification categories and what amendment were they described in
Drug is habit forming Drug is not safe for self-medication Drug is new and not shown to be completely safe
Social Disorganization and Social Strain Theories
Drug use is caused by rapid and disruptive social change in society
Process
Drugs and the brain: disrupts how nerve cells send, recieve, and _______ information
Nerve
Drugs and the brain: imitates natural chemical messages and activates _____ cells to send abnormal messages
Dopamine
Drugs and the brain: overstimulates the "reward circuit" in the brain, which is the chemical ________
Three major simultaneous changes in users who take drugs
Drugs are an escape, achieve a certain feeling alters body chemistry and normal homestatic body functioning satisfy a genetically programmed need or desire.
Review in detail the 1970 Controlled Substance Act. Note the criteria defining the 5 schedules of controlled substances, and note examples of drugs in the various schedule.
Drugs are classified according to their medical use , their potential for abuse and their likelihood for producing dependence Schedule 1: medical (no), abuse potential (high)--marijuana, heroin, LSD, ecstasy Schedule 2: medical (yes), abuse potential (high)--PCP, morphine, opium,cocaine; can be held by pharmacologist and physicians can prescribe Schedule 3: medical (yes), abuse potential (sometimes)-- barbs, ketamine (prescription can be written and penalty less) Schedule 4: medical (yes), abuse potential (low)--Valium, xanax Schedule 5: medical (yes), abuse potential (low)--cough meds (must show I.D.)
How are drugs eliminated from the body? Define half life. How long after use can drugs be detected in urine?
Drugs are eliminated from the body : excretion and metabolized into pharmacologically inert, water-soluble by-products and then excreted kidney, excreted in the feces, excreted in liver bile, excreted in mother's milk, excreted through the lungs, excreted in perspiration drugs obey the first-order kinetics-the amount of drug that is metabolized in a unit of time depends on how much drug is in the blood HALF LIFE-the time that must pass for the amount of drug in the body to be cut by half Range of detection: alcohol-up to 1 day cocaine-2-4 days marijuana- 2-8 (acute) 14-42 (chronic) benzodiazepines-7-9 days opiates- 1-2 days barbiturates-3-14 days
How does addiction affect the brain?
Drugs modify: 1.Drugs modify your mood, memory, perception, and emotional states. 2. repeated use changes the brain structure and functions in fundamental and long-lasting ways `can press after stopping `David Rosenbloom, "thing can't stop because brain changed" 3. Addiction, from array of neuro-adaptive changes and strengthening of new memory connections in various circuits. Recovery= time to rewire those circuits and connections
Steroids
Drugs similar to testosterone that are taken to increase muscle mass and strength
Hallucinogen
Drugs that produce distortion and distort sense of reality and
Stimulants
Drugs that speed up activity in the human brain and spinal cord
20. Groups such as SADD and MADD have worked to educate people and get stronger laws and stricter enforcement against what problem?
Drunk Driving
Alcoholism is known as what due to its mental and physical components?
Dual Disease
What is an ED50? An LD50? A therapeutic index?
ED (effective dose-% show effect of drug) 50 is a standard term that pharmacologist use; means that 50% of the people who receive that amount of the drug will experience sedation LD (lethal dose-the effect of interest is death); the dose at which 50% of the animals administered a given dose of a drug died within a stated time Therapeutic Index-the ratio of LD 50/ ED 50 for a given drug; higher the index is, the more useful the drug is in medical treatment ; steeper dose effects-smaller index
How is brain damage assessed? Consider the various way of imaging the brain.
EEG-measuring electrical activity CAT SCAN-passing x-ray through the head to get 3-d pic PET SCAN-injecting weak radio isotopes to see brain activity in certain regions MRI-3-d image of the brain FMRI-measure oxygen level in the brain
When genders are combined, _________ _________ and former _______ ________ have the highest rates of tobacco consumtion
Eastern Europe, Soviet Republics
Who made the first brewery
Egyptians 3700 BC
In what sense is neural transmission an electochemical event? What is it electrical? Where chemical?
Electrical along the axon and the chemical at the synapse
What are the endorphins? What is GABA? Glutamate? What drugs affect the neurotransmitter anandamide
Endorphins are the brains natural pain killers; mimic opiate drugs (peptide family) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-inhibitory transmitter of the brain; hyper-polarize the neuron and stops it from firing act on GABA-valium, barbiturates, tranquilizers, xanaz, alcohol Glutamate-excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter Anandamide-lipid neurotransmitter; active chemicals in weed mimics anadamide
What morphine like chemicals are made in our brain?
Endorphins.
Energy drinks
Energy drinks can cause death cardiovascular risk and other serious side effects
Reverse tolerance (sensitization):
Enhanced response to a given drug dose; opposite of tolerance
What is the purpose of the FDA?
Ensure safety and rights of humans during testing procedures evaluate safety and efficacy of new treatments compare benefits and risks of drugs
Passive smoking is also known as "__________ ________ ______" (ETS) or "Second hand smoke"
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
What is passive smoking also known as?
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Drinking alcohol (as opposed to fuel) nearly always refers to what?
Ethanol
Acute psychological effects of marijuana
Euphoria time elongation extreme hunger laughter
1. Which of the following is one of the Four Principles of Psychoactive Drugs described in your text?
Every drug has multiple effects, not just a single effect
Acetylcholine Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse
Excitatory-Inhibitory Mild Euphoria, Excitation, and Insomnia Tobacco, nicotine
General principles of psychoactive drugs
Experienced users may react differently than new users. Experienced users may report positive effects of a drug because of association from prior use. Expectations can influence what they experience.
Career Pattern of Addiction
Experimentation or initiation of drug use Escalation: increasing use Maintenance: optimistic belief that the drug fits in well with day-to-day goals and activities Dysfunction: problems with use interfering with day-to-day goals Recovery: getting out of drug use/abuse Ex-addict: successfully quitting
Narcotics
Extracted from opium poppy, their chemical compounds resemble the opiates in their actions. They decrease pain, provide a feeling of euphoria, and are highly addictive
T/F: Clove cigarettes are safer than tobacco cigarettes
FALSE: they contain more tar, nicotine and tobacco
What is the leading cause of mental retardation in the western world?
FAS
leading cause of mental retardation in the world is
FAS
pattern of mental and physical defects that level in a fetus
FAS
3. Legal pharmaceuticals are regulated primarily by the:
FDA
Body weight, body fat %, gender, genetic factors, drinking behavior, metabolism
Factors that CAN determine BAC
Exercise, eating, drinking coffee, breathing, taking drugs
Factors that CANT determine BAC
Abuse
Failure responsibility, legal problems, persistent social/interpersonal problems
If I add a conjugate base to the solution, the pH of the solution decreases
False
You can tell whether a drug is an acid or a base by its pKa value. High pKa value drugs are bases and low pKa value drugs are acids
False
What is the chemical reaction in certain fruits and vegetables where the sugar converts to alcohol over time?
Fermentation
A pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What is FAS and FAE?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- facial and developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Effect- individual developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy.
What is FAS
Fetal alcohol Syndrome
220 billion
Financial burden of cancer annually
Structural Influence Theories
Focus on macroscopic explanations of drug use and the assumption that the organizational structure of society has a major impact on individual drug use
Social Influence Theories
Focus on microscopic explanations that concentrate on the roles played by significant others and their impact on the individual
Floaters of chippers
Focus on using other people's drugs, but they never buy their own.
What does FDA stand for?
Food and Drug Administration
The program devised by the American Lung Association to help people stop smoking is known as:
Freedom from smoking in 20 days
List at least five social and emotional consequences of using tobacco.
Friendships in danger, strain relationships, they know that they are risking their health, lying and keep secrets.
Pharming-
From the word pharmaceutical. Getting high by raiding a medicine cabinet for prescription drugs.
According to the video, label important parts of the brain, when understanding addiction:
Frontal Cortex (outside) Midbrain (deep inside) Bumps called--gyri Grooves called--sulci
4. An example of one neurotransmitter that is often called inhibitory and thus makes a cell less excitable is
GABA
GABA
GABA—most common inhibitory transmitter in brain regions
Alcohol's affect on the brain: .Alcohol enters the ____ _____ were some of it is absorbed into the ______ ______ .The blood passes through your body, including the ______ .The alcohol inhibits the connections between the ________ in the brain .The alcohol normally reduces one's ________, changes ________ levels, and then affects your ________ control
GI tract, blood stream, brain, neurotransmitters, inhibitions, concentration, motor
.Greek physician .promoted opium to help with injuries and other problems
Galen
interested in opium as a pain killer and panacea
Galen
_____ that influence metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism, and may be indicated by a family history of alcoholism
Genes
Drug Problems Come From:
Genetics, Family history, Cultural Expectation, Setting
Who in the 1930's discovered that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer?
German scientists
How did soldiers become addicted to tobacco?
Given in their rations
In the equation [HA] + [H2O] --> [A-] + [H3O], which is the acid?
HA H3O
Functions of the brain
HINDBRAIN Medulla Oblongata-breathing, heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, blood pressure, digestion pons- sleep& wakefulness Cerebellun-motor control (balance, coordinated movements, speech) Reticular Activating System-alertness & arousal MIDBRAIN Substantia nigra-black thing (darker colored); produces dopamine; damage leads to Parkinson's FOREBRAIN Thalamus -organize sensory input and relays it Hypothalamus -fighting,fleeing,feeding ( one area inhibits/excite hunger), fornication Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway-reward pathway ; nucleus accumbens (rich in dopamine) --> ventral tegmental area--> frontal cortex Hippocampus-memory storage; damage unable to store new memories the lobes of the cerebral cortex --->FPOT FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL
Reality
Hallucinogens alter your perception of _______ (visual, auditory, tactilehallucin)
See, perceived, flashbacks
Hallucinogens: Changes the way users ____ and hear. Sights and sounds are ______ in bizarre and often frightening ways. These drugs produce anxiety, panic attacks, psychotic effects, _______, hallucinations, permanent brain damage, and death.
Marijuana
Hard to classify with other drugs not a stimulant or a Saturday nor a hallucinogen
High blood pressure (HBP), irregular heart beat, enlarged heart are alcohol's affect on the what?
Heart
Men who average 2 drinks per day, and women who average one drink per day
Heavy drinking
.Street names: H, Black tar, Chiva, smack, *"on the nod"/"nodding" .Schedule 1 .depressant
Heroin
Select the best answer. The ionized form of the drug exhibits:
Higher aqueous solubility than the unionized from A greater interaction with the electrically induced dipole of the water molecule A dependence upon the environment in which the drug is placed to maintain its ionization A and C above All the above <-- ANSWER
Holistic Self-Awareness Approach
Hollistic philosophy that advocates mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug free
Studies relating to homicide and alcohol
Homicide is likely to occur in situation which drinking occurs. Studies of assault, spousal abuse, and child abuse reveal correlations with drinking.
Much
How alcohol affects a person depends on: How _______ they drink
Fast
How alcohol affects a person depends on: How ________ they drink
Past
How alcohol affects a person depends on: How much drinking you've done in the ________
Thoughts
How alcohol affects a person depends on: What your ______ are about drinking
Weight
How alcohol affects a person depends on: Your body _______
Where
How alcohol affects a person depends on: _________ you are when you drink
Food
How alcohol affects a person depends on: How much _______ is in the stomach
Contextual Factors
How do physical surroundings (rock concerts, bars, nightclubs, or fraternity, and sorority parties) affect the amount of drug use
Cultural Factors
How do societal views, determined by custom and tradition, affect our initial approach to and use of the drug
Pores, capillaries
How drugs enter the bloodstream- Applied to the skin: The drug is applied to the skin, passes through the ______ and into the tiny _________ and the bloodstream.
Vessels, nasal
How drugs enter the bloodstream- Inhaled: The drug enters the bloodstream by way of the rich supply of blood _________ in the ________ passages.
Under, muscle, vein
How drugs enter the bloodstream- Injected: a. Skin Popping- the drug is injected ______ the skin b. Intramuscular Injection- the drug is injected deep into a ________ c. Mainlining- the drug is injected directly into a _____.
Alveoli, capillaries
How drugs enter the bloodstream- Smoked: The drug passes from the _______ (sacs) in the lungs into the __________ and the bloodstream.
Stomach, bloodstream
How drugs enter the bloodstream- Taken by mouth: The drug passes through the walls of the ______ and then into the small intestine to be absorbed into the ______.
The Regulation of Nonprescription Drugs
I. Safe and effective II. Not safe and effective or unacceptable indications III. Insufficient data to permit final classification
une perfusion
IV
Prescription drug user fee act of 1992
Increase Reviewers and decrease review time
Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992
Increase reviewers and decrease review time
What was the 1986 Analogue Enforcement Act designed to prevent?
It allowed for the immediate classification of a substance as a controlled substance Drug enforcement officials can readily and easily address a new drug as soon as it circulates prevent the circulation of designer drugs-drugs that were structurally similar but not defined as an illegal substance
What is the significance of the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act?
It authorized the Food and Drug Administration to regulate the manufacture, marketing, and sale of tobacco products
Who do Alcoholics affect besides themselves?
It can affect their children because of the influence and their genetics and the environment in which a person grows up in. Everyone really you are more likely to drink if you see someone doing it.
How is marijuana is classified?
It is often thought of as a relaxant, depressive type of drug, but it doesn't share most of the features of that class. It is also thought of as a hallucinogen because of at high doses it can produce altered perceptions but that classification doesn't seem appropriate for the way most people use it. * Doesn't fit into any class.
How does Marijuana affect the body?
It stays in your system for 7 days sometimes a month. Short term memory, perception, judgment, difficulty thinking and problem solving. Long term = cancer, lung cancer, lowers immune system.
Alcohol is a DEPRESSANT, what does this mean?
Its a drug that slows the brain and bodies reactions.
19. Name three dangers of using marijuana repeatedly. -
Jail, Developing Lung Disease, Decrease in Energy, Decreased Memory and To Concentrate, Munchies.
When did the Public Health Cigarette Smoking act start?
January 2, 1971
Who was obsessed with inventing the ultimate medicine and the perfect drink all rolled into one?
John Pemberton
who was obsessed and wanted to invent the ultimate medicine and perfect drink combined
John Pemberton
In 1938 a study by _________ _________ _______ scientists suggested a strongly negative correlation between smoking and lifespan. In _______ __________ ________ were published. In which "smoking was powerfully implicated in the causation of cancer."
Johns Hopkins University, 1950 five studies
Ketamine street terms:
K, special K, kit, kit kat, vitamin K, kellar, super C, super acid.
.Street names: Special K .Schedule I .Hallucinogenic .*Tranquilizer .mostly used by vets for smaller animals
Ketamine
Formula for therapeutic index
LD- 50 % ED -50
Hallucinogen street names:
LSD, acid, blotters, shrooms, magic mushrooms, PCP, angel dust, boat, ozone, wack, foxy methoxy, AMT, 5-meO-DIPT, yellow sunshine, killer weed, rocket fuel, super grass.
Hallucinogens
LSD, psilocybin (shrooms); altered stages of perceptions and feelings
The governments hands off approach to the drug industry in the 1800's.
Laissez-faire
What did harm reduction refer to in Americas War on drugs?
Legal and medical strategies. Main addicts functioning in society.
What category of drugs include aspirin, cough medicine, and vapor rubs?
Legal instrumental drugs
What category of drugs meets legal requirements? For example: Tobacco and alcohol
Legal recreational drugs
Who created the five schedules?
Legislation
DTS
Less common characterized by disorientation fever and hallucinations
Stimulates, depressant
Like alcohol, after nicotine initially ___________, it has a _______ effect.
*What part of the brain is most influenced by smoking pot?__
Limbic System___
What drug treats high cholesterol?
Lipitor
The _____ is the major detoxification organ for the body
Liver
Cardiac myopathy, brain damage, fatty liver, cirrohsis
Long term effects of alcoholism
Chronic drug response:
Long-term effects after a single dose
Persons low in the enzyme action ( COMT or MAO) will be easily bored
MAO
.Street names: Molly, ecstasy, X, E, XTC .Schedule I .Hallucinogenic (stimulant properties) .*Man-made, normally comes in pill forms
MDMA
l'IRM
MRI
Durham-Humphrey Amendment
Made formal distinction between prescription and nonprescription drugs Established drug classification categories Drug is habit-forming Drug is not safe for self-medication Drug is a new drug and not shown to be completely safe
Aren't
Males aged 25 to 40 _________ the greatest users of smokeless tobacco.
Kefauver-Harris Amendment
Manufacturers had to prove that drugs are effective and safe. FDA could withdrawal approval after on market FDA could regulate and evaluate drug testing
.Street names: pot, weed .Schedule I .Depressant (hallucinogenic properties) .*Active ingredient = THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
Marijuana
1. The National Survey on Drug Use and the Monitoring the Future Project both cite which of the following as the most commonly used illicit drug?
Marijuana
THC
Marijuana contains the psychoactive substance ___
Gateway hypothesis
Marijuana is a gateway to harder drugs
21. Explain the cause-and-effect relationship between smoking marijuana and lung disease.
Marijuana is smoked, therefore, damages the lungs and overtime, the lung becomes diseased (emphysema)
The Harrison Act of 1914
Marked the first legitimate effort by the federal government to regulate and control the production and importation of addicting substances
Why was the "K" in Kola replaced with a "C" in the naming of Coca-Cola?
Marketing purposes
When was the first Coca-Cola advertisement run?
May 29, 1886
Proof
Measure of percentage of alcohol in the beverage
Perscription sedatives & tranquilizers:
Mebaral, Quaaludes(Ludes), Zanax, Balium, Oxy Cotton, (Cotton, Oxy, O.C), Kicker, Big Boys, Codeine, Percocet(Percs), Vicodin(Vike, Vitamin, V), Chill Pills, French Fries, Tranqs,
Over the Counter medicine
Medicines that are safe enough to be taken without a written order from a physician
What is alcohol's affect on the Brian?
Memory loss, brain damage
Higher
Men have a _______ concentration of alcohol metabolizing enzyme
.Street names: Crystal, crank, meth, speed .Crank comes from bikers hiding meth in compartments on the side of their bike .Schedule I .Stimulant .*Man-made
Methamphetamines
Sex organs
More than 1/3 of cancers occur where
What did Paracelsus refine from the opium poppy?
Morphine, codeine, and heroine
Breast
Most common in women, risks are age over 60, genetic predispostion, early onset menstruation, 1st child after 30
Abused Drugs Are Positive Reinforcers
Most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by causing the release of specific brain neurotransmitters such as dopamine
What parts of your body is affected by the use of smokeless tobacco?
Mouth, Tongue, Teeth and gums.
Substances can enter through
Mouth, nose, muscle, vein, skin patch
Poly-drug Use
Multiple drug use
Resemble, decrease
Narcotics: Extracted from opium poppy, their chemical compounds ________ the opiates in their actions. Narcotics _________ pain, provide a feeling of euphoria, and are highly addictive
common side effects seen with drug usage
Nausea/vomiting changes in mental alertness dependence: withdrawal allergic rxns cardiovascular changes
Recognize the main ways drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems.
Neurotransmission and nuerotransmitters.
Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs
Oral ingestion Inhalation Injection Topical application
DWI is _______ 0.08% in some states (higher/more severe charge), DUI is _____ 0.08%.
Over, under
A dangerous acute effect of taking depressants in combination of alcohol.
Overdose and death by inhibiting respiration.
What is a neurotransmitter? a receptor site? Be able to trace the processes involved in neural transmission. Distinguish between iontrophic and metabotropic receptors.
Neurotransmitter-chemical substances stored in the terminal button that are released into the synapse when the neuron is fire. They influence the activity of the post-synaptic neuron Receptor site-specialize structures on the dendrites and cell bodies that are activated by neurotransmitters Neural transmission is depicted by the lock-key analogy as certain transmitters and receptors have an affinity for each other; when the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, change occur as the cell will fire or not likely Mechanism for changes: Iontrophic- receptors coupled to ion channels that effect the neuron by opening or closing channels more +into neuron---likely to fire (excitatory) more - into neuron--hard for action potential (inhibitory) Metabotropic (slow but long lasting)-receptor that act through a second messenger; g protein activates the 2nd messenger
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves the the plants in the genus ________
Nicotiana
Constricts
Nicotine ________ the blood vessels, cutting down the flow of blood and oxygen throughout one's body.
Addictive, tolerance
Nicotine is _________ and eventually a __________ develops.
Stimulant, 4
Nicotine is a powerful _________ to the brain and central nervous system that "hits" the brain within ___ seconds.
Main ingredients consumed when smoking are
Nicotine tar carbon monoxide
21. Why do people have such different responses to tobacco?
No 2 people are exactly alike, social factors and family history.
What ethical issues are raised in drug research with animals and humans.
Nuremberg Code-research with humans cannot be conducted without the subjects responsible, voluntary, informed consent New drug develop, someone has to take it
5. These drugs produce a relaxed, dream-like state: a couding of consciousness without the reckless abandon produced by alcohol. At moderately high doses this kind of drug induces sleep. Regular use can lead to withdrawl effects including diarrhea, cramps, chills and profuse sweating.
Opiods
Injected, swallowed, smoked, snorted
Opiods can be taken by
5. Morphine can be classified as an:
Opioid
In the early 1800's ____ was the medical doctors most reliable and effective medicine? Used for a variety of conditions but mainly pain relief.
Opium
What is the dried latex obtained from Papaver somniferum?
Opium
The British merchants smuggling and selling opium (from India) in China against the wishes of the Chinese authorities led to the...
Opium Wars
climax of disputes over trade and relations between Chian under the Qing Dynsasy and British
Opium Wars
Most of the Chinese Laborers remained in the US after the completion of the railroad in 1869. Many were opium addicts and _______ _______ (basically a drug house) began to appear in major US west coast cities
Opium dens
What are the major routes of drug administration. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each?
Oral swallowing in forms of pills, capsules, powders or liquids -->safest; cheapest swallowed--stomach-absorbed through small intestine--blood--pass through liver--brain alcohol Injection- typically dissolved or suspended in some solution before injection -subcutaneous -injecting under layer of skin -intramuscular -within muscle-faster absorption rate but can localized pain -intravenous -into the veins; effect is immediate ; large quantities can reach site of action Inhalation-absorb through the lung membrane; rapid and effective absorption (small) cannabis Intranasal (sniffing)-powered form through the nose--mucous membranes--sinus cavities cocaine Sublingual (under tongue)-drug tablet under the tongue and dissolves in saliva--mouth's mucous membrane Transdermal (skin) -not as effective because the skin acts as a barrier to some chemicals
Smokeless tobacco risk
Oral cancer gum disease loss of teeth cancer of the jaw
What are the pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors that help us to understand the drug experience?
Pharmacological 1) chemical properties and cation on the body of the drug used 2) drug dosage-how much is consumed 3)route of drug administration- the way that the drug enter the body ( **route affects the amount of dosage reaches site of action and how quick) Non-pharmacological A. characteristic of the user 1) genetic makeup 2)gender 3)age 4)drug tolerance 5) personality-psychological set (knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and thoughts about a drug) B. Setting in which the drug is use (environment) 1. law set in place 2. community 3. physical environment 4. presence of others during usage
A ________ is a "fake" agent/substance that does not alter any bodily function by chemical nature, but sometimes given by physicians when treating patients.
Placebo
What is a placebo? What are placebo effects?
Placebo-control in a study that looks like the drug nit has inactive substance ; allows for comparison Placebo effect-nonpharmacological effects of drug adminstration
What drug keeps the platelets in your blood from clotting to prevent unwanted blood clots that can occur wth certain heart or blood vessel conditions?
Plavix
Moral Model:
Poor morals and lifestyle; a choice
Ecstasy(MD MA)
Popular club drug acute effects heatstroke elevation in heart rate and blood pressure can be lethal (Molly)
Maligant melanoma
Potentially deadly skin cancer is
Steroids
Powerful compounds that are similar to the male sex hormone, testosterone. These drugs are taken to increase muscle mass and strength. Usually injected or taken in pill form. Effects include acne, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, impotence, and sterility.
Alcoholic
Preoccupied with alcohol, cannot manage stress without drinking
Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs
Prescribed for anxiety, relaxation and sleep
Rx =
Prescription
Recipe-
Prescription drugs mixed with alcohol or other caffeine beverages.
Switching Policy
Prescription to OTC drug must have been prescription for 3 years high usage during prescription period adverse reactions known and not intense
What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1950-1980
Prevalence= War, hippies, disco -The AMA= disease model with the formal introduction of the term "alcoholism:, 1956 -The Minnesota Model `Foundational for current treatment programs `Many were in their own recovery `11 tenants `Integrated drug and alcohol addictions `Focus on the current problem, not the cause
PAP test, gardasil
Prevention for cervical cancer
Labeling Theory
Primary deviance, secondary deviance, master status, and retrospective interpretation
In 1907, what brand of tobacco for pipes & cigarettes was introduced?
Prince Albert
Where do more mentally ill people go every year instead of state hospitals?
Prisons
List the 3 Stages of Alcoholism.
Problem Drinking, Absolute Dependence, and Late Stage of Alcoholism.
DSM5, it does not define addiction as such, but what does it have diagnostic criteria for?
Problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by two of the options.
What is reinforcer? A punisher? How are these operant principles used to help understand drug dependence.
Reinforcer-a consequence of a behavior that increase the chances it will occur in the future positive reinforcement: adding something negative reinforcement: taking away something;escape Punisher-a consequence of a behavior that suppresses or decreases its future likelihood there is a high positive correlation or association between pleasant or desired drug effects and their reinforcing effects in humans through self-administration studies Only when the person takes the drug to experience the effects that may reinforce behavior
Define and highlight causes for relapse and craving:
Relapse -Definition: the return to drug use after a drug-free period. Hallmark feature of addictions, and one of the most painful. -Causes: Drug-related "reminder" cues, stress, celebrations, sampling the drug `Precursors relate to ancient brain motivational circuit that can trigger overwhelming feelings and lead to poor decision making Craving -Definition: Desire. Part of the human condition -Causes: Our brains are 'hard-wired" to appreciate and to pursue natural rewards because their critical survival value `Cues activate the brain's powerful "Go!" circuit, creating cravings. `May have beginnings outside conscious awareness.
America's relationship with alcohol is rooted in the country's _____ foundations, such as, Puritanism ("work, thrift, and sobriety")
Religious
Biopsy
Removal/examination of a small piece of body tissue
Habituation
Repeating certain pattern of behavior until they become established or habitual
Habituation
Repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual
The 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
Required manufacturers to include on labels the amounts of alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, or marijuana extract in each product Made misrepresentation of drugs as "non-habit forming" illegal Did not prohibit distribution of dangerous preparations
What are three long term health risks associated with smoking?
Respiratory Diseases, Cardiovascular Diseases, Several Different forms of Cancer.
Oral ingestion
Routes of drug administration: most common; tablet, capsule, and liquid
Injection
Routes of drug administration: quickest effect; intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously
Passive smoke
SECOND-HAND SMOKE= Tobacco smoke present in the air from someone else's smoking and is inhaled by others.
Videos: Intervention Video &
Saving Carrick
Reinforcement
Saying its good, positive thoughts towards the drug
3. Historically, drugs that are available by prescription are found on:
Schedule 1
What schedule are: Heroin, meth, ecstasy, etc.
Schedule I
"Scheduling"
Schedule I substances have high-abuse potential and no currently approved medicinal uses; they cannot be prescribed. Schedule II substances have high-abuse potential but are approved for medical uses and can be prescribed. Schedule II-V substances reflect the likelihood of abuse and clinical usefulness
What schedule are: Cocaine, morphine
Schedule II
Inhalants
Substances including solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrates (ex.) lighter fluid, spray paints
Basic Reasons People Take Drugs
Searching for pleasure Relieve pain, stress, tension, or depression Peer pressure Enhance religious or mystical experiences Enhance social experiences Enhance work performance, (i.e. amphetamine-types of drugs and cocaine) Drugs (primarily performance-enhancing drugs) can be used to improve athletic performance Relieve pain or symptoms of illness
What is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers?
Second Hand Smoke
How and why are animals used in drug research. Consider particularly the self-administration, drug discrimination, and conflict procedures.
Self-administration- Drug discrimination-concerns the differentiation of drug effects Conflict paradigm-procedure that effects on a behavior of a drug that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment -generalizability of findings on animals to humans is good
What is an officer authorized to do in Nebraska when an adult is driving while under the influence of alcohol or any other drug?
Sentence 7-60 days in jail, fined $200-500, 6 months license revocation.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the upper brain stem; plays a role in regulating sensory perception, eating, pain, sleep, and body temperature
Serotonin
4 groups of hallucinogens are
Serotonin nopu alkaline
4. Drugs that are_________are absorbed through blood vessels in the lungs
Smoked or Inhaled
."Chew" .The sucking and chewing allows nicotine to be absorbed in to the bloodstream through the tissues in your mouth
Smokeless tobacco
Isn't
Smokeless tobacco _______ absorbed only through the stomach when the saliva is swallowed.
Isn't
Smokeless tobacco ________ a safer alternative to smoking cigarettes.
Gum
Smokeless tobacco: can cause ___ disease and recession
Cancers
Smokeless tobacco: can cause ______ of gums, lips, tongue, floor and roof of mouth
Leukoplakia
Smokeless tobacco: can cause l__________
False
Smoking pipes and cigars is a great deal less dangerous than smoking cigarettes.
There is a direct correlation between _____ and the level of ______ attainment in the US.
Smoking, education
Alcohol and the law: Field ______ tests
Sobriety
Caffeine and soft drinks
Soft drinks have the most caffeine added to them between 35 and 55 mg per 12 ounces
What are the major ways that drugs affect neural transmission?
Some drugs esp cocaine can block the reuptake process Mimicking the activity of the natural neurotransmitters agonist antagonist
Narcotics
Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain
AA is _________ based and ________.
Spiritually, free
Fatty liver
Stage I of alcohol and the liver: deposits of fat in liver cells
Alcoholic hepatitis
Stage II of alcohol and the liver: fat deposits, inflammation, and mild scarring
Cirrhosis
Stage III of alcohol and the liver: severe carring and disruption of normal structure of the liver
What effects do tar and carbon monoxide have on the bodies of smokers?
Stained teeth and Bad Breath.
40
Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = 1.5 ounces spirits, liquor, gin, rum, whiskey (__%)
12
Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = 5 ounces wine (__%)
Malt
Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = 8 ounces ____ liquor (7%)
12
Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = __ ounces beer (5%)
Amphetamines
State dependence (psychosis) use to abuse
Regulatory Steps for New Prescription Drugs
Step 1: Preclinical research and development Step 2: Clinical research and development Initial clinical stage Clinical pharmacological evaluation stage Extended clinical evaluation Step 3: Permission to market Postmarketing surveillance
Testosterone, acne, sterility
Steroids: Powerful compounds that are similar to the male sex hormone, _______. These drugs are taken to increase muscle mass and strength. Usually injected or taken in pill form. Effects include ______, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, impotence, and _____.
What type of drug is nicotine? How does nicotine affect the body?
Stimulant and mimicks the neurotransmitters, which then affects breathing, movement, learning, memory, mood and appetite.
What are caffeine and cocaine examples of?
Stimulants
What speeds up the central nervous system (CNS)?
Stimulants
What temporarily increases alertenss and awareness?
Stimulants
Speed, lowers
Stimulants: Causes the body systems to _______ up. Increases alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure. ________ fatigue, appetite, and causes sleeplessness.
Amphetamine
Stimulants: ADHD medication, Adderall, Ritalin
Nervous
Stimulants: increases activity of central _______ system
Cocaine
Stimulants: results in a deviated septum
Nicotine
Stimulants: used in cigarettes
What does alcohol do to the body?
The Heart: increases blood pressure and heart rate, irregular heartbeat, buildup of fatty deposits in the heart muscle. The Brain: destroy nerve cells, impair memory, the ability to concentrate, ability to make sound judgment. The Liver: interferes with ability to metabolize or breakdown fats, blocks flow of blood to liver, cells die, lead to liver failure or death. The Digestive System: cancers of the mouth, tongue,esophagus, stomach, recurring diarrhea, chronic indigestion, heartburn and ulcers.
Who traded tobacco with the European settlers who took it back to Europe?
The Native Americans
Who used tobacco before the Europeans?
The Native Americans
What was America's first significant confrontation with alcohol?
The Whiskey Rebellion
Nicotine
The __________ in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco is addictive.
Tars
The __________ in cigarettes are cancer-causing agents.
What is blood alcohol concentration(BAC) or blood alcohol level?
The amount of blood you have in your blood stream.
Potency:
The amount of drug necessary to cause an effect
Cumulative effect
The buildup of drug concentration in the body due to multiple doses taken within short intervals
Toxicity
The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body
Conditioning
The close association of significant reinforcing stimulus with another less significant or neutral stimulus
Where was the cocaine in Coca Cola derived from?
The cocoa leaf
The strongest symptom of nicotine withdrawal is what?
The craving for nicotine
Greater
The earlier you begin using drugs you have a ________ risk of dependence ; troubled adolescent/dating young
Blood alcohol content
The effective level of alcohol in the body
Increased, decreased, cancelled out
The effects of some medication may be __________, __________, or _______ ________ by smoking.
Detoxification:
The elimination of a toxic substance, such as a drug, and its effects
Blood Brain Barrier
The time it takes a substance to reach brain after administration
Greek doctor who wrote "Enquirt into Plant" and "Onthe causes of plants"
Theophrastus
Who used and encouraged the use of opium to treat pain?
Theophrastus
What calculates the safety of a drug?
Therapeutic index
Hundreds
There are ___________ of chemical substances in cigarette smoke.
Talk about recovery and the brain:
There is hope: Hedonic threshold can be restored to normal -normal pleasure can be normally pleasurable . -you'll have an original set point with normal dopamine surges
Stand up to pressure
These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "I already said no" "I just don't feel like it" "I really meant it when I said no"
Give a reason
These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "I'm driving" "I don't like the taste" "I don't want to ruin my lungs" "I'm on the track team, so I don't smoke or drink."
Simply say no
These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "No, I'd rather not." "No, thanks" "Thanks, but no thanks." "Not me." "No way." "Not now." "Hunh unh." "Forget it."
Leave the scene
These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "No, I've got to go now." "No, I have to be home in 15 minutes."
Give an alternative
These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "No, but I'd sure like a soda" "No, but let's go outside and talk" "No, but I'm going to the mall if you want to come along." "No, but I would like to spend some time with you." "No but let's dance instead"
Most drugs are weak electrolytes. Which of the following are true regarding weak electrolytes?
They are only partially ionized in solutions Their ionization is dependent upon the pH of the environment Their ionization is dependent upon the pKa of the drug
What is true of zwitterions?
They do not have a net negative charge Amino acids are examples of zwitterions
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
This 1970 act divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and clinical usefulness.
Physical effects of alcoholism
Tolerance and withdrawal liver disease cardiovascular disease cancer
_____39. a facility where trained doctors and counselors provide help for a person who is addicited to drugs
Treatment Center_
Pelvic exam, hysterectomy treatment
Treatment for uterine/endometrial cancer
PSA blood test, ultrasound
Treatments for prostate cancer other than surgical removal of prostate or radiation
1. Socioeconomic status is a significant correlate to drug and alcohol use
True
If I add a conjugate base to a solution, the pH of the solution increases
True
T/F nearly 1/4 of college dropouts were due to alcohol consumption
True
True
True or False: A woman who smokes during pregnancy can harm the fetus.
False
True or False: Alcohol is a stimulant.
False
True or False: Alcohol is digested the same way food is digested in the body.
True
True or False: Alcohol is high in calories and has no nutritional value.
False
True or False: Alcoholism is not a disease.
False
True or False: Anyone who drinks is likely to have an alcohol problem.
False
True or False: BAC or BAL refers to the amount of calories in an alcoholic beverage.
False
True or False: Beer is weaker than rum or vodka.
True
True or False: Being in a smoke-filled room for one hour is the same as smoking one cigarette.
False
True or False: Black coffee and a cold shower can sober you up.
False
True or False: Chewing tobacco contains less nicotine than cigarettes.
True
True or False: Cigarette smoking can lead to heart disease.
True
True or False: Cigarette smoking kills more people each year than all the deaths due to AIDS, heroin, crack, cocaine, car accidents, murder, fire, and alcohol combined.
True
True or False: It is possible to die from an overdose of alcohol.
False
True or False: It is safe to smoke filtered cigarettes.
True
True or False: Nine out of ten people with lung cancer will die.
True
True or False: Over 1,000 people die each day from smoking.
True
True or False: Polonium is a radioactive element found in cigarette smoke.
False
True or False: The body can eliminate about 5 ounces of alcohol per hour.
True
True or False: The liver is the organ responsible for burning up the alcohol in the body.
False
True or False: The nicotine in cigarettes causes cancer.
False
True or False: The tar in cigarettes causes addiction.
True
True or False: There are signs to warn a person that his or her using may be leading to addiction.
Suppressor
Tumor _________ genes control/restrict cell growth
Pelvic pain, urinary urgency, ab bloating
What are symptoms of ovarian cancer
Pelvic exam, ultrasound of ovaries
What are tests for ovarian cancer
Simply say no, give a reason, give an alternative, stand up to pressure, leave the scene, avoid the scene
What are the 6 ways to say no to drugs and smoking?
Narcotics
What category do these drugs fall into? Codeine, Morphine, Heroin, Opium, Methadone
Club Drugs
What category do these drugs fall into? Ecstasy (also known as MDMA, Rohypnol, Ketamine, GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide
Hallucinogens
What category do these drugs fall into? LSD, PCP, Mescaline, Marijuana, Hashish
Inhalants
What category do these drugs fall into? Paint thinner, model glue, gasoline, correction fluid, aerosol spray freon
MRI
What detects breast abnormalities
Smaller, harder, faster
What does nicotine do? (Nicotine cause blood vessels to become _________, forcing the heart to work _______ and _________ to get oxygen to the body.)
Lungs, air sacs
What does tar do? (Tar coats the _______ and clogs ____ ______, preventing smokers from getting enough fresh oxygen.)
Proteasome
What inhibitors eliminate cancer cells by halting cell division
Ultrasonography
What is low cost, no risk for radiation exposure
181 billion
What is the economic cost of illegal drug use
Pancreas
What is the function of ________ : produce digestive ensymes and insulin
Hysterectomy
What is the surgery for complete removal of uterus for endometrial cancer
Small intestine
Where is 75% of alcohol absorbed?
Liver
Where is the main site for metabolism of alcohol
Lung
Which cancer is the #1 cause of death, but NOT the most prevalent, but the MOST deadly
Describe Leukoplakia.
White patches on tongue or lining of the mouth.
Chronic effects of marijuana
Withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation
Leukemia
Within blood stream (red blood cells); doesn't allow RBC to function
Who did tobacco advertisers begin targeting?
Women
Can parents be held responsible if their children injure someone else or destroy their personal property? What could happen?
Yes, felony. Placed supervision of Juvenile Court, state placed custody.
Explain how a teen's family life could either be a risk factor for drug abuse or a protective factor.
You could feel alienated from your family, lack of proper guidance to promote healthy choices. Strong ties to school or other community institutions.
_____40. the process of becoming well again after a drug addiction
_Recovery
20
_____% of alcohol passes into bloodstream immediately (STOMACH)
80
______% of alcohol is slowly absorbed into bloodstream (SMALL INTESTINE)
Alcohol
_______ is a depressant that contains ethanol or ethyl alcohol
Carbon monoxide
________ _____________ replaces needed oxygen in one's red blood cells.
Cigarette smoking
_________ _____________ is the largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the country.
Marijuana
_________ has characteristics of all drug types and can be called cannabis
Time
__________ is the only thing that will get alcohol out of the bloodstream.
Leukoplakia
____________ is the medical term for the white patches that can appear in the mouth of a user of smokeless tobacco.
*Teens who use marijuana weekly have _ __of depression later in life.
_double the risk
6. When two different drugs combine to create an unexpected effect in your body, this is called a drug_______.
_interaction__
26. A program designed to help a person stop smoking and never start again is called
a cessation program.
Diethyl Glycol
a chemical solvent.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris)
a class of antidepressant medications that increase the concentration of the chemical, serotonin, in the brain
serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (snris)
a class of antidepressants medications that inhibit both the reuptake of sertonin and norepinephrine
Opiate
a class of drugs derived from opium
opiate
a class of drugs derived from opium
Hallucinogens
a class of drugs that induce perceived distortions in time and space
Brompton's cocktail
a combination of heroin and cocaine sometimes ussed to treat terminally ill patients
mental illness
a condition caused by a mood disorder or by disorganized thinking
anaphylactic shock
a condition caused by an allergic reaction to contaminants such as quinine, which are used to cut or dilute heroin.
Homeostasis
a condition in which the body's systems are in balance.
ADHD
a condition in which the individual is hyperactive and easily distracted, which inhibits learning
tinnitus
a condition marked by constant ringing in the ears
fetal benzodiazepine syndrome
a condition of infants caused by the mothers use of benzodiazepine during pregnancy; afected children have malformed face, poor muscle tone, tremors, poor coordination, delayed mental development, and L.D.
hypoglycemia
a condition of low levels of sugar in the blood
Ergotism
a condition resulting from ingesting a fungus that grows on grains; marked by muscle tremors, burning, mania, delirium, hallucinations, and eventual gangrene
Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)
a designer drug, closely related tot he banned anabolic steroids gestrinone and trenbolone
Laudanum
a drug derived from opium
methadone
a drug given to heroin addicts to block withdrawal effects and euphoria
halcion
a drug used to induce sleep
duloxtine (cymbalta)
a drug used to treat depression and peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness, in the hands or feet)that can occur w/ diabetes. It increases the amount certian chemicals in the brain that help relieve depression and pain. It is a type of serotonnin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
medicine
a drug used to treat, prevent, diagnose, an illness
Reverse Tolerance
a drug user's experiencing of the desired effects from lesser amounts of the same drug.
List 5 rights that are taken away if convicted of a felony.
cannot hold public office, will not be allowed to vote, could be denied admission to professional schools, medical, dental, lawyer, might not be allowed to secure a surety bond, may not be allowed to take the civil service examinations.
blackout
cannot recall the time when you were drunk
toxicity
capacity of a drug to do damage or adverse effects to occur
Addiction
cases in which people have struggled to control their use and have suffered serious negative consequences from it.
Sedatives
cause mild depression and relaxation
receptors
chemical messengers from glands and neurons exert their effects by interacting with special protein regions in membranes
Neurotransmitters
chemical substances manufactured in vesicles of the brain.
sucking allowing the nicotine to be sa sorted into the bloodstream through mouth tissue
chew
fetal alcohol syndrome
cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weight, irregularities in the head and face, and intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy
substance intoxication
cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance
when Coca Cola was launched what were the two active ingredients
cocaine and caffiene
erthroxylon coco
coco plant from which cocaine derived
introduced to Europe around 1600 by the Turks
coffee
Licit (legal) drug
coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, over the counter drugs
relapse-prevention training
cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions
la coke
coke
secondhand smoke
combo of side stream and exhaled smoke
Gateway drugs
commonly used drugs that can lead to increased usage of some or more harmful drugs
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
companies had to file applications with the government had to list all ingredients and instructions to be used correctly
Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)
company-sponsored programs to help employers deal with their employees who have problems, including drug use
Proof Value
concentration of alcohol; 2 times the % concentration
narcolepsy
condition in which the person involuntary falls asleep; commonly called sleeping sickness
Basal ganglia
controls motor activity
le crack
crack
major drugs
crack, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychological dependence
craving
ice
crystals of methamphetamines that are smoked, inhaled, or injected
social factors of drug abuse
cure illness and self medicating. escape reality of physical and emotional pain
Parkinson's disease produces trimmers, and muscular regivinity because of
damage or loss of dopamine neurons along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.
illegal drugs effect on health
death, mood swings, dependence, HIV infection, increased violence
narcotics
decreases central nervous system response decreases pain
long-term drinking
decreases immune system - cardiovascular disease - high blood pressure - stroke - females risk breast cancer - males affect size of testes
un cabinet dentaire
dental office
un dentiste
dentist
un dentier
dentures
physical need to take a drug
dependence
Although not part of the DSM, addiction occurs when
dependency to a substance continues.
Tolerance
depends on individual previous exposure
5. At low doses these drugs lead to relaxation, talkativenessm and eventually recklessness. As the dose is increased, reaction times slow, movements become uncoordinated and unconsciousness may occur:
depressants
slow down central nervous system and decrease alertness and awareness
depressent
hypnotics/sedatives
depresses activities of central nervous system - roofies -barbs -ludes -sleeping pills - barbiturate -tranquilizers
drinking does this to the brain
destroys brain cells causes blackouts dementia- general decline in function
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome
detoxification(body eliminates the alcohol or other substances) and delirium tremens(hallucinations and tremors).
cross-tolerance
development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs
cross-tolerance
development of tolerance to one drug, causes tolerance to related drugs
Compulsive users
devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly of drug use.
Inhalants
drugs that are inhaled or "sniffed"
Contrast dispositional and functional tolerance. Contrast acute and protracted tolerance.
dispositional tolerance- increase in the metabolism rate of a drug so that users must consume greater quantities of the drug to maintain a certain level of it in their body Functional tolerance-that the brain and other parts of the cns become less sensitive to a drug's effect; two types of functional tolerance: -acute tolerance-occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose; the amount of drug in the body (reverse in short time) -protracted tolerance-the effects of a given dose of a drug when it is administered more regularly or chronically. The person consumes greater amounts of a drug to achieve an effect that was once achieved with a lesser dose (more time away from drug to reverse)
unintended side effects
distinction between the two depends on the therapeutic objectives, i.e. cold medicine causes drowsiness
Distribution
distributed throughout body in blood, 1 minute of circulation. patterns vary depending on drug chemical properties
reward center
dopamine-rich pathway in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated
un stupéfiant
dope
une dose
dose
dose-response
dose tolerance potency
delirium tremens (DTs)
dramatic withdrawal reaction that some people who are dependent on alcohol have; it consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations
un pansement
dressing
marijuana
dried leaves of cannabis plant, contains THC
cigars
dried tobacco leaves rolled and smoked
binge drink
drinking large amounts of alcohol in short time
des gouttes
drops
une drogue
drug
la toxicomanie
drug abuse
un toxicomane
drug addict
Drug abuse and psychiatric disorders
drug addiction and mental illness overlap because of biological explanations
Parenteral Drug Use
drug administration by injection.
un dealer
drug dealer
un trafiquant
drug dealer
How physical dependence is often defined(true or false on exam)
drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug's presence.
DEA
drug enforcement administration
THC
drug in cannabis causes psychoactive
le trafic de drogue
drug trafficking
Social learning theory
drug use as a form of learned behavior
sedative-hypnotic drug
drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep; also called an anxiolytic drug
Minor tranquilizer
drug used primarily to relieve anxiety
Drugs and violence
drug users are more likely to commit crimes arrests high % are under influence
NT and drugs
drugs affect NT activity because they alter synthesis, storage, release, or deactivation
Category I Drugs
drugs determined to be safe, effective, and properly labeled.
Category III Drugs
drugs for which data are insufficient to determine general recognition of safety and effectiveness.
Category II Drugs
drugs generally recognized as unsafe and ineffective or as mislabeled; must be removed from medications within six months after the FDA issues its final regulations.
cannabis drugs
drugs produced from the varieties of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa; cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects
antitussives
drugs that act as a cough suppressants
Tobacco Products that are smokeless
e-cigs, chewing tobacco, and snuff
l'ecstasy
ecstasy
What drug is refered to as MDMA
ectasy
potentiative synergystic effects
effect of drug is enhanced by another drug or substitute
reverse tolerance (sensitization)
enhanced response to a given drug dose; opposite of tolerance
Social Drinking
enhancement to social situations
Problem Drinking
escape daily stress
crack cocaine
even more purified substance causes immediate and very intense response.
caffeinism
excessive cafeine consumption resulting in caffeine dependency.
Initial drug abuse symptoms include
excessive use, constant preoccupation about availability and supply of the drug, refusal to admit reliance
Social learning theory
explains drug use as a form of learned behavior.
Subculture theory
explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or abuse.
subculture theory
explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, or abuse
snorting snuff causes
eye water cough vomit chronic nosebleeds addiction
T/F sidestream smoke contains less harmful chemicals than mainstream smoke because there is no filter
false it contains more
T/F with smoking the chance of developing heart disease stays the same
false it increases
T/F more females abuse alcohol than males
false it is males
T/F when drunk reaction time is the same
false it is slower
Carbonated drinks slow down alcohol
false!
nicotine in smokeless tobacco enters blood stream __
faster
tachycardia
faster than normal heart rate
FDA
federal drug administration
In Nebraska, selling marijuana is considered a
felony
stimulants...
increase blood pressure increase heart rate increase breathing rate
Stimulants
increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and alertness. Example= Nicotine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamines, Cocaine.
Gateway drug
increases likelihood of using other drugs
Compulsive behavior
increasing amount of time spent obtaining, using, and recovering from drugs
The potency of Marijuana is
increasing and not always consistent.
5. Which route of administration delivers a drug to the brain most quickly?
inhalation
Genetic Explanations
inherited traits can predispose individuals to drug addiction
Dopamine Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse
inhibitory/excitatory Euphoria, Agitation, Paranoia, and Altered Amphetamines, cocaine
Peripheral nervous system structure
input and output nerves
4. Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?
insulin
all drugs have
intended effects side effects dose levels tolerance levels toxicity levels withdrawal effects potential for addiction
crash
intense period when one feels down risks hear attack
hallucinogens
interfere with senses causing hallucinations. - LSD - MDMA -PCP
cerebral cortex
interpret, process, and respond to info. selects appropriate behavior and suppresses inappropriate behavior.
When alcohol is consumed faster than it is being oxidized, the result is
intoxication
Invasive
invades other tissues/sheds cells into blood stream
What is a nicotine substitute? Identify two types of nicotine substitutes.
is a product that contains nicotine, but not the other harmful chemicals found in tobacco. Nicotine gum and Nicotine patches.
MRI
is a technique that uses powerful magnets to determine the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations in the body.
Substance Abuse
is considered maladaptive, leading to recurrent adverse consequences or impairment, but it is carefully differentiated from true addiction
Intoxication
is the state in which a person's mental and physical abilities are impaired by alcohol or another substance.
Drug misuse
is the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter (OTC) types of drugs.
Drug abuse
is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience. Drug abuse refers to a more intense misuse of drugs—often to the point of addiction. Also known as chemical or substance abuse.
la marijuana
marijuana
Illicit (illegal) drug
marijuana, cocaine, and LSD
cannabis
marijuana, hashish
What are the most commonly used illicit drugs?
marijuana, non-medical usage of pharmaceuticals, cocaine, hallucinogens, and pain relievers.
Tumor
mass of tissue which serves no physiological function
Plateau effect
max effect a drug can have regardless of dosage
25. Relapse-
means to start using tobacco again after you have stopped.
Blood Alcohol Concentration
measure of intoxication determined by certain factors
How the potency of a drug is defined?
measured by the amount of drug required to produce an effect.
un médicament
medication
what is an instrumental drug?
medicinal drug
prescription
medicine obtained only with a written order from a licensed health professional
In china, 9 out of every 10 _____ smoke
men
bipolar affective disorder
mental condition characterized by alternating moods of depreeion and mania; formerly called manic-depression
Neurons
messengers in the brain that transmit information via chemical and electrical processes
la méthadone
methadone
what is used to have people lean off heroin
methadone
Social Influence Theories
microscopic explanation concentrate on roles played by significant other's impact on individual
codeine
mild narcotic that suppresses coughing, a derivative of opium
dysthymia
mild, but long lasting depression
Threshold Dose
minimum amount of drug necessary to cause effect
1. Taking four 200 mg tablets of ibuprofen for a nagging headache instead of the manufacturer's indented dose of one tablet every 4-6 hours is best defined in your text as
misuse
At what point is control lost and disease and addiction occurs?
misuse, abuse, and social factors. functional usage
Temperance
moderate alcohol use, rather than abstinence
What are the three monamine neurotransmitters, and what are their functions? How do they relate to disorders like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and depression?
monoamines- chemical structure of each contains one amine group Norepinephrine- involved in the activity of the sympathetic branch of the ans/ alert-arousal, hunger < depression / > hyperactivity Dopamine-important in the pathways that regulate coordinated motor movements and reward esp. in Parkinson's disease- lack of dopamine could be why their is a loss of fine motor movements in people < Parkinson's/ > hallucinations, delusion, schizophrenia Serotonin- important in the regulation of sleep
Escalation
more and more needed for effect
Why decrease in cigarette usage?
more non-smoking laws, makes it less of a social experience. Used to be able to smoke in many different areas, health related risks are more common knowledge.
methamphetamines
more potent forms of amphetamine
Reward Center and drug users
more sensitive to drugs because of pleasure seeking qualities.
Felony
more than 1 year in state jail
3. The introduction of hypodermic syringe in the 1800s contributed to a condition known as:
morphinism
benzodiazepines
most common group of anti anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax
emphysema
most common respiratory disease associated with smoking people with emphysema become inactive and rely on supplemental oxygen
Skin
most common, 1 million cases; risks are exposure to UV rays, sunburns, suntans
A person's mental set
motivation, mood, experience, expectations of effects
bradyinesia
motor movements that are slow and limited
ways drugs can enter body
mouth injection inhalation absorption implantation
4. The basal ganglia's main functions relate to:
muscle tone and learning
Creatine Monohydrate
natural substance used to increase strength and short-term speed
Endorphins
naturally occurring chemicals with opiate-like properties.
Tolerance
need to continually increase the amount of drug taken
Compulsion
need to engage
ephedrine
nervous system stimulant used to increase energy and performance - used for weight loss - contained in some cold medicines - high doses have caused death
long term health risks associated with alcohol
neurological cardiovascular psychiatric social illness
extrapyramidal symptoms
neurological symptoms charcterized by difficulty walking, shuffling, and psychosis
4. ___________ are the primary elements of the nervous system responsible for analyzing and transmitting information
neurons
Synapse
neurons don't actually touch, point of communication between one neuron to another
What are target cells
neurons or cells of organs, muscles, or glands
endorphins
neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension; sometimes referred to as the body's own opioids
top three drugs by sale
nexuim, lipitor, plavix
Chippers
nickname for individuals who use narcotics occasionally or on weekends
A gum containing nicotine
nicorette
what causes cigarette to be addicting
nicotine
4. Muscular tremors and rigidity in Parkinson's disease results from damage to which one of the following?
nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
inhalants
no prescriptive use. produces a high but even a small amount can incur serious brain damage
une ordonnance
prescription
2. According to the DAWN report, which drug has continued to rank in the top spot for drug-related deaths for at the least the last five years?
prescription opioids
5. The blood brain barrier's main effect is to:
prevent many drugs from reaching effective concentrations in the brain
Addiction
process of binding to things, chronic adherence to drugs
Biotransformation
process of changing chemical or pharmacological properties of a drug by metabolism, liver and kidneys elimination
Androgens
produce growth of muscle mass, increase body weight
freebasing-smoking crack cocaine
produces effects 10x greater than snorthing
nicotine replacement products
products that try and help people get over addiction by releasing small doses of nicotine into system and slowly reducing dosage to zero
what is a measure of how much alcohol is in a drink
proof
Over the counter medicine
purchased without a prescription - relieve signs & symptoms of illness does not cure it
Purity
quality of a substance; state of non contamination of a drug.
22. The earlier you using tobacco, the easier it is.
quit_
what happens when you attempt to unit smoking
quitters flu
Dementia can be stopped by
quitting drinking
Ritalin street terms:
r-ball, rits, smart drug, vitamin R, west coast.
Margin of Safety
range in dosage between necessary amount and toxic amounts unintended overdoses larger margin, less likely for overdose or detriment to health
Hyperplasia
rapid growth of normal looking cells
Pharmokinetic properties
rate of absorption: weight manner distributed throughout body rate metabolized and eliminated: getting rid of
les rayons
rays
Intended side effects
reason for usage
4. Which of the following is not the main characteristic of glia?
receives signals
Dendrites
receiving region of neuron's cell body
4. Specialized structures that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and cause a change in the electrical activity in the neuron when activated are:
receptors
Definition of Receptors
recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals.
Drug Dependency
recurring desire for drugs based on a psychic or a physical need
How can we reduce demand?
reduce demand in youth-top priority education must be carefully designed for target pop attitudes must change replacement therapy can be useful
The use of tobacco products reduces or increases ones fertility?
reduces
High-risk drug choices
refer to developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively, such as constantly searching for drinking and drug parties and hanging with drug abusers.
Low-risk drug choices
refer to values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol or drugs—self-monitoring your drug use behavior and abstinence.
Teratogenic
refers to substances that cause harm to the fetus.
Psyche
refers to the mind.
Psychological dependence
refers to the need that a user may psychologically feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawal symptoms
Physical Dependence
refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness
Physical dependence
refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness.
drug dependence
reliance to function
Negative Reinforcement
relief or avoidance of pain achieved by a behavior, motivating one to repeat the behavior
un remède
remedy
3. The aims of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act was to:
require accurate labeling
intended effect
response expected
5. the way a drug is introduced into the body is known as:
route of administration
Vesicles
saclike structure at the end of the axon.
FDA OTC drugs into three categories, what are they?
safe and effective not safe and effective or unacceptable indications Insufficient Data to permit final classification
une pommade
salve
Relief
satisfaction of negative feelings in using the drug
Labeling theory
says people whose opinions we value have a determining influence over our self-image. Key factors in labeling theory include: Primary deviance Secondary deviance Master status Retrospective interpretation
Social influence and the role of significant others
says the use of drugs is learned during intimate interaction with others who, while using the drug, serve as a primary group.
this schedule of drug are most dangerous
schedule 1
Endocrine system
secretion and absorption of hormones , can be highly selective or general and are designed to send info to selected tissues to receive info
crack cocaine is a _______ drug
seductive
alcoholics anonymous
self-help organization that provides support and guidance for people with alcohol use disorder
reverse tolerance
sensitization, enhanced response to given drug dosage. opposite of tolerance recovered alcoholic: having alcohol years later
4. Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, are believed to work by influencing __________ pathways
serotonin
A banana or chemical product tryptophan is high in what?
serotonin
Synthetic LSD works like ___ and can fool the receptor site
serotonin
Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)
serves as a communication route between the limbic system and the brain stem; affects pleasure and reward.
fetal alcohol syndrome
severe birth defects small heads slowed development leading cause of mental retardation