Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco Test, my sets

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C. 3500 B.C. Earliest historical record of the production of ______: the description of a brewery in __________ ___________

Alcohol, Egyptian papyrus

CNS Depressants

Alcohol, barbiturates; lead to physical dependence ; reduce anxiety, mood changes

What are the major types of commonly used drugs?

Alcohol, stimulants, majors and minors, nicotine, hallucinogens, LSD

Risk due to alcohol

Passing out vomiting while unconscious death by aspiration on vomit

Synergism

Drug interactions: effects of individual drugs are multiplied beyond what would be expected if taken alone

Types of Addictive

Drugs Article

Career Pattern of Addiction

Experimentation, Escalation, Maintenance, Dysfunction, Recovery, Ex addict

T/F: The sale of alcohol has always been legal in this country

FALSE

LSD

Hallucinogens: acid

PCP

Hallucinogens: dissosciative

Shrooms

Hallucinogens: psilocybin

Physical effects of alcohol

Loss of body heat dehydration increase in heart rate

What are some issues relating to drug information available on the internet?

Lots of information on the web but some can be misleading or misrepresenting

Identify four major benefits of quitting tobacco use.

Lowers blood pressure, heart rate returns to normal, circulation improves, risk of heart disease and stroke lessens, regain normal function gradually. Breathing becomes easier.

Lymphoma

Lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes); spreads everywhere

Withdrawal:

Persistent and nagging need to avoid withdrawal symptoms results in unsuccessful attempts to cut down on usage

Character or Personality Predisposition Model:

Personality disorder, problems with the personality of the addicted (needs, motives, and attitudes within the individual)

12. the body's chemical need for a drug

Physical Dependence

Intended responses

Reason for using the drug

What schedule is cocaine/crack?

Schedule II

What schedule are: Anabolic steroids, Ketamine

Schedule III

What schedule are: Benzodiazepines, some barbiturates

Schedule IV

What schedule are: Cough suppressants which contain codeine

Schedule V

MDMA

Stimulants: Ectasy, "Molly"

.Greek native .Wrote "Enquiry into Plants" and "On the Causes of Plants"

Theophrastus

Nicotine

_________ is a poison found in tobacco.

Toxicity

a drug's ability to disturb or nullify homeostasis

Catecholamines

a group of neurotransmitters that includes epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

Psilocybin

a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms in Central America

nicotine is

a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco stimulates brain very hard to overcome addiction

cigarettes contain carcinogens

a substance known to cause cancer

buprenorphine

a syntetic narcotic used to treat narcotic addiction

china white

a synthetic analgestic drug derived from fentanyl that mimics heroin but is considerably more potent

meperidine

a synthetic derivative of morphine

MPPP

a synthetic drug that is similar to meperidine

MDMA (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

a synthetic hallucinogen related to amphetamines; also called Ecstasy

fentanyl

a synthetic narcotic that is 1,000 times more potent than heroin

crank

a term for meth...

freebase

a variation of cocaine in which cocaine is separated from its hydrochloride salt by heating, using a volatile chemical such as ether.

NT frequently used by drugs

acetylcholine, catecholamines, serotonin, GABA, endorphins, anandamide

COPD

achromatic obstruction pulmonary disease

2. An overdose of heroin can lead to what kind of toxicity?

acute physiological

Genetic and Biophysiological theories

addicition is based on genes, brain dysfunction and biochemical patterns

un drogué

addict

drogué

addicted to drugs

continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite knowing the conseqences

addiction

barbiturates

addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep

cocaine

addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant; most powerful natural stimulant known

The most money spent on a social drug goes to?

alcohol

Depressants

alcohol, valium, barbituates

Korsakoff's syndrome

alcohol-related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms

a duel disease both mental and physics components relating to alcohol

alcoholism

Alcohol dependence

alcoholism includes extensive problems, tolerance and withdrawal

problems associated with alcohol

alcoholism, cancer, depression & suicide heart and liver disease, STD's

factors that effect how one can handle alcohol

amount consumed gender weight height eaten age culture

benzedrine

an amhetamine used to treat nasal congestion and asthma

Tryptophan

an amino acid that affects serotonin levels, allowing one to fall asleep more easily.

Benzedrine

an amphetamine used to treat nasal congestion and asthma

venlafaxine (effexor xr)

an antidepressant drug that acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by neurons

wellbutrin

an antidepressant drug that is used to help people stop smoking

monoamine oxidase (mao)

an enzyme that deaminates monoamines oidatively and that functions in the nervous system by breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters

levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (laam)

an experimental drug tha prevents narcotic withdrawl symptoms for about three days

une anesthésie

anesthesia

What is the intended use for ketamine and PCP?

animal tranquilizer

un antibiotique

antibiotic

caffeine may cause

anxiety, irregular heartbeat, stomach lining irritation

alcohol

any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor

Drug

any chemical other than food to affect structure or function of body

Jamestown Weed (Jimsonweed)

any hallucinogen derived from the Datura plants; also known as "locoweed"

Narcotics

any of the opium-based central nervous system depressants used to relieve pain and diarrhea

pathogen

any organim that produces disease

Drug

any substance that alters one's ability to function emotionally, physically, intellectually, financially, or socially

drug:

any substance that alters the way cells and tissues function

Psychoactive Drug

any substance that has he capability of altering mood, perception, or behavior

Aphrodisiac

any substance that increases sexual desire and performance

cumulative effect

build-up of drug concentration in body, due to multiple doses taken in short intervals. increases danger

sedatives-depressants

calming behavior, produces drowsiness, reduces anxiety

What is a carcinogen?

cancer causing agents.

What is the active ingredient in marijuana?

cancer causing properties

Sarcoma

cancer in long bones and muscle; very painful

Designer Drugs

current illegal drugs and altering the chemistry of them, Ectasy and Demoral. K2 spice. Place is to circumvent the law, not actually illegal

1. According to a recent survey, marijuana use among teenagers is:

currently at about 20%

chewing tobacco contains naturally sharp ingredients which

cut holes into cheek and gums

Alcoholism

daily intake of large amounts, heavy drinking on weekends or during periods of stress

tolerance

decreased sensitivity to dose

un appareil dentaire

dental appliance

Amnesiac

effects can cause the loss of memory

un électrocardiogramme

electrocardiogram

detoxication

eliminating drugs from the body; usually the initial step in treatment of the effects of acohol and other drugs

le SAMU (Service d'aide médicale d'urgence)

emergency rescue

Limbic system

emotional activity, memory, and endocrine reward center and works with dopamine

the process where sugar turns into alcohol in a certain amount of time

fermentation

beer

fermenting grains, 4% alcohol

wine

fermenting grapes 12% alcohol

light beer

fewer calories, same alcohol content

un plombage

filling

summation

final cellular activity, many excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signals

Violations

fine

les premiers soins

first aid

Androstenedione

food supplement used for muscle development

acute drug response

immediate or short-term effects after a single drug dose

acute-drug response

immediate, short-term, single dosage

Neuronal Message

impulse moves from dendrite (receiving end) down the axon to axon terminal. NT are released as chemical messengers

Substance dependence

is true addiction, the essential feature of which is continued use despite significant substance-related problems known to user

Social signs of Drug Abuse

it affects your personality.

2nd hand smoke is a group a carcinogen meaning

it is a substance that causes cancer

Drug Paraphernalia

items that are aids to using drugs.

akathesia

jerky, uncontrollable constant motion, motor restlessness, occasional protruding tongue, and facial grimace

le mercurochrome

mercurochrome

NDA

new drug application, sufficient data to demonstrate drug safety and effectiveness, this form is submitted for request from FDA to market

minor drugs

nicotine and caffeine

une pilule

pill

hallucinogen

substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception, including strengthening perceptions and producing illusions and hallucinations; also called a psychedelic drug

4. Drugs, such as amphetamines, that activate the sympathetic branch to produce the "fight or flight" response are also referred to as

sympathomimetic drugs

indication of use

symptom which otc drug should be used

contraindication

symptom which otc shouldn't be used

Persistent cough, chest pain, bronchittis

symptoms of lung cancer; difficult to detect and treat

2. Psychological dependence is indicated by:

the amount of time an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior

Threshold Dose

the smallest amount of a drug required to produce an effect.

Synapse

the space between an axon and a dendrite.

Drug Misuse

the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs

tar

thick, sticky fluid that coats respiratory system. major cause of cancer

Psychoactive Drug

those that affect mood, thinking and behavior

radiographier

to x-ray

what is agricultural product process from the leaves of the Nicotiana

tobacco

2. The reduced effect of a drug after repeated use is known as:

tolerance

la dent

tooth

une greffe

transplant

le traitement

treatment

creatine monohydrate- increase energy in muscle and skeletal cells

true

t/f 1 in 6 people binge drink 4x a month

true

un vaccin

vaccine

Low-risk drug choices

values and attitudes to control alcohol or drugs, self-monitor your usage

The fastest way to get an effect for certain drugs

very specific presynaptic or postsynaptic process.

3. The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act broadened the definition of dietary supplements to include:

vitamins, minerals, proteins, herbs, and herbal extracts

If you drink too much alcohol your body will reject it and

vomit

Which of the following statements about secondhand smoke is NOT true?

- C .

Approximately, how many commericals promoting alcoholic beverages do teens see each year?

- D .

Adolescents whose parent approve of underage drinking and see it as a rite of passage are less likely to drink.

- False .

3. The pharmaceutical industry has grown into one of the most important sources of commerce in the world, with the U.S. market of over ...... representing over half the estimated total:

180 billion

Which constitutional amendment prevented the sale, contribution, and consumption of alcohol?

18th

History of marijuana

19/30 intense anti-marijuana campaign

Prohibition

1920 - 1933

Earliest medical use for amphetamine

1932

_______ ______ in the US is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume. Consequently, 100-proof whiskey obtains 50% alcohol by volume; 86-proof whiskey contains 43% alcohol

Alcohol proof

over the .08 limit

DWI

26. An inhalant is absorbed into the bloodstream through the

A. lungs.

17. Which of the following is NOT a stimulants

A. methamphetamine

31. Behaving like your family members or others you look up to, such as sports figures and actors, is called

A. modeling.

18. Which of the following is NOT a possible effect of Rohypnol?

A. sharp, clear memory

Alcohol lowers people's inhibitions, or restraints on doing certain behaviors, so that they make decisions that they probably would not have made if....

A. they hadn't been drinking

Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Color, Diameter

ABCDs

DXM

Abused OTC drugs: cough medicines contain the drug ___

Laxatives

Abused OTC drugs: dietpills/_________/diuretics

Opiods

Abused prescription drugs: ______ ; codeine and morphine; OxyContin and Percocet

The Sherley Amendment in 1912

Accuracy of manufacturers' therapeutic claims was not controlled by the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Sherley Amendment in 1912 was passed to strengthen existing laws and required that labels should not contain "any statement ... regarding the curative or therapeutic effect ... which is false and fraudulent."

What is acetylcholine? What does it do?

Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered found in the axon terminal of neurons that activate the skeletal muscles muscle contraction

List two risks of drinking alcohol.

Increases mood swings( which could cause crashes, robberies, fights) and it as decreases your ability to protect yourself from danger.

Which is a short-term effect of ethyl alcohol

Induces sleep

Drug Interaction

Influences central nervous system. Influences other people.

Eugenol

Ingredient in clove cigarettes that provides aroma and reduces coughing reflex

Brain

Inhalants depress CNS (except nitrates); decreases oxygen to _____; slurred speech, lack or coordination, and light-headedness

Concentrated, violent behavior, immediately

Inhalants: Dangerous fumes are ______ in a bag or on a cloth and inhaled. Causes headaches, hallucinations, nausea, disorientation, ______, confusion, and memory loss. Causes decreased heart and respiratory function, and damage to kidney, liver, bone marrow, and brain. _______ kills brain cells. Can cause death.

Serotonin Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse

Inhibitory Sleep, Relaxation, Sedation LSD

What steps must occur before a drug receives FDA approval and goes to market?

Initial synthesis and preclinical studies Phase 1 clinical trails: to est. safety, up to 50 normal volunteers Phase 2 clinical trials: controlled studies in patients with a target disease 50-200 patients Phase 3 clinical trails: controlled and open studies of 1,000 or more patients monitored for drug effectiveness; drug use for determining labeling requirements FDA review/approval Post-marketing testing

Anabolic steroids

Injectable solutions and pills that are artificial forms of testosterone and help with muscle building

14. Cancer (3)-

Is a disease in which damaged cells grow out of control and destroy healthy tissue. Lung Tumors, Mouth Tumors, Pancreatic Cancer

What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Is a group of birth defects that affect an unborn baby that has been exposed to alcohol. May include mental retardation, organ abnormalities, learning problems and behavioral problems.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Is more common characterized by psychological discomfort seizures in sleep disturbance

What was the significance of the 1914 Harrison Act?

It strictly regulated, but did not prohibit, the legal supply of certain drugs esp. opiates marketing and prescribing these drugs required licensing

Explain how smokeless tobacco products harm the body.

It takes more time but it still ends up causing similar effects.

Alcohol and sex

Men have less desire and a decreased capability to perform women have increased subjective arousal but decreased ability to perform

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Mental retardation birth defects

Methamphetamine-

Meth, Crystal, Crystal Meth, Speed, Ice, Chalk

What drug is intended to get people off of heroine. Called the steps program (gradually given smaller and smaller amounts of this drug)?

Methadone

.Street names: Angel dust .Schedule I .hallucinogenic .*horse tranquilizer, used on bigger animals

PCP

Natural drug synthesized in the body as a natural opiate that is linked with love and one's compatibility in relationships

PEA

What is alcohol's affect on the pancreas?

Pancreatitis

What is the scientific name for the opium poppy?

Papaver Somniferum

German Swiss refined opium and made morphine, codeine, and heroin

Paracelsis

Who was known as the "Father of toxicology"?

Paracelsus

father of Toxicology

Paracelsus

pharm parties-

Parties where people bring prescription drugs from home, mix them together and grab a handful.

Kefauver-Harris Amendments

Passed, in part, as a consequence of the thalidomide tragedy Drug manufacturers had to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of drugs The FDA was empowered to withdraw approval of a drug that was already being marketed The FDA was permitted to regulate and evaluate drug testing by pharmaceutical companies

Personality variable that is consistently associated with higher rates of substance dependence

People who are diagnosed with personality disorders such as conduct disorder or anti social disorder.

Do

People who use drugs for escape for coping and bored _______ continue

Don't

People who use drugs for excitement and experimentation ___ continue

Character or Personality Predisposition model

Personality disorder, problems with the personality of the addicted (needs, motives, and attitudes)

Differentiate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics-concerns the absorption, distribution, bio-transformation, and excretion of drugs Pharmacodynamics- cocerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

When someone quits smoking they will normally experience withdrawal symptoms known as what?

Quitter's flu

Improve

Quitting smoking will _______ your health.

Depressants

Substances that slow down body functions and reactions

Identify three health risks associated with exposure to secondhand smoke.

Sudden heart attack, lung cancer, respiratory infections mostly in children.

C. 5000 B.C. The __________ used _________ suggested by the fact that they have an ideograms for it which has been translated as HUL meaning "joy" or "rejoicing"

Sumerians, opium

3. Drugs that are ________are absorbed into the bloodstream through blood vessels in the intestines.

Swallowed

Consider drug interactions. What is synergism (potentiation)? How else can drugs interact?

Synergism-two drugs are taken together/interact, the effect of taking them together are greater than the effects of taking either drug alone Antagonism-the diminished or reduced effect of a drug when another drug is present Qualitative-interaction effects that cannot be achieved by any of the drugs separately LSD& Benzodiazepines Quantitative-degree of effect of the drugs

20. The chemical found in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol, or _____for short.

THC

Mariguana

THC active ingredient Hashish; fat-soluble, stored in brain, and accumulates and slows brian function; gateway drug

T/F: Female alcoholic run a greater risk of developing liver disease at an earlier age than males

TRUE

T/F: Proof represents 2x the % of alcohol by volume

TRUE

T/F: The 21st Amendment repealed prohibition

TRUE

Name four ways you can resist internal pressures to drink.

Talk to Somebody, think through your feelings, identify the problems, write down your thoughts

Orphan Drug Law

Tax advantages for development of drugs to treat "rare diseases" since this can be otherwise unprofitable

The chemical in Marijuana that causes the user to feel "high" is

Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)

Where was the first Coca-Cola advertisement run?

The Atlanta Journal

Where do tobacco become a particularly important cash crop?

The Commonwealth of Virginia

The ___________ are classifications, with varying qualifications for a substance to be included in each...

The Fives schedules

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

The sale and use of Elixir Sulfanilamide led to a tragic accident that killed over 100 people. Companies required to file applications with the government showing that new drugs were safe. Defined drugs to include products that affect bodily structure or function even in the absence of disease. Drug labels had to list all ingredients as well as provide instructions regarding correct use and warnings about its dangers

Legal recreational use

Using licit drugs like tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental state

Bromides

Very first drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness in the early 1800's. Very toxic. Replaced by Barbiturates

Smoking

Violators of local, state, and federal _______ laws are subject to penalties.

who is the first anti smoking advocate

Virgin Queen Elizabeth

Tobacco was an important cash crop of which state?

Virginia

__38. people with similar drug experiences, including trying to stay drug free

_Support Groups___

Tars, nicotine, carbon monoxide

Three of the most damaging chemicals in cigarettes are ________, ___________, and ___________.

7._________occurs when you take a drug for a long time and its effects become weaker.

_Tolerance_

20

__% of alcohol is absorbed directly across walls of empty stomach

2. Drugs that are __________________enter the bloodstream directly.

__Injection_

1

____% of alcohol leaves through breath (LUNGS)

What are the estimated economic costs of drug and alcohol use?

The estimated cost of alcohol abuse was about $235 billion, and the estimated cost of drug abuse was $193 billion. The total more than $428 billion.

How did they find recovery?

The family moved on to let Carrick hit bottom and seek treatment to get her recovery

Proof

The figure that is double the percent of alcohol

alcohol abuse

The following are warning signs of __________: drinking alone, repeated use, escalating consumption, drinking at unusual times

Threshold dose

The minimum amount of a drug necessary to have an effect

Tolerance

The need to continually increase the amount of the drug taken or experience diminished effects of the drug

What were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relationships between China under the Qing dynasty and the British Empire?

The opium wars

Margin of Safety

The range in dose between the amount of drug necessary to cause a therapeutic effect and a toxic effect.

1.) the potential of the drug to abuse (includes availability) 2.) Accepted medicinal use 3.) psychological or physical dependence

Three points of drug schedules

The only favorable influence known to increase oxidation of alcohol is ______

Time

Most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, China, and the US

Tobacco

What is mostly consumed in the forms of smoking, snuffing, chewing/dipping?

Tobacco

1/3

Tobacco accounts for ______ of deaths

Emphysema

Tobacco and the lungs: walls between air sacs in lungs lose elasticity

COPD

Tobacco and the lungs: wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What is the leading cause of preventable death in the US?

Tobacco consumption

Prescription

Types of drugs: obtained through a recomendation from a licensed health practitioner

Basal, squamous, carcinomas, melanomas

Types of skin cancer

Withdrawal

Unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms that occur when an addict tries to stop using the substance to which they are addicted.

Drug testing methods

Urine, blood, or hair

Potency

a drug's ability to produce an effect relative to other drugs; the less that is needed to produce a response, the more potent the drug.

How are drug dose determined by pharmacologist?

a drug's dose is computed according to weight determine the desired dose (mg) , weight the person (kg)

Gas Chromatography

a drug-testing procedure that is more specific, sensitive, and expensive than the immunologic assay

Immunoassay

a drug-testing procedure that tests for metabolites of drugs

opioid

a family of drugs with charictaristics similar to those of opium

parkinsonism

a form of acute dyskinesia marked by tremors, weakness in the extremities, and muscle rigidity

psychoanalysis

a form of talk therapy based on Freudian principles

Hashishiyya

a group of men who, while under the influence of hashish, allegedly terrorized and killed people

MDA

a hallucinogen that is structurally similar to amphetamines

ibogaine

a hallucinogen that is used to treat cocaine dependence

Distillation

a heating process that increases alcohol content

Adrenaline

a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in the fight-flight-fright response; another name for epinephrine.

butyl nitrite

a inhalant no longer used for medcal purporses but found in products such as perfume and antifreeze

hypoxia

a lack of oxygen w/in body tissues. Hypoxia can lead to brain damage resulting from an inadequate supply of oxygen to the brain

neurosis

a long term disorder featuring the symptoms of anxiety and/or exaggerated behavior dedicated to avoiding anxious feelings

Barbiturate (Barbituric Acid)

a member of a class of drugs that have depressant effects

unipolar deppression

a mental disorder marked by alternating periods of depression and normalcy

propoxyphene hydrochloride

a mild narcotic that has the potential to cause dependence

Caffeine

a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, soda pop, and chocolate

ritalin

a mild stimulant used to treat ADHD

valium (diazepam)

a minor tranquilizer

Meprobamate

a minor tranquilizer marketed under the trade names of Miltown and Equanil; also used for treating psychosomatic conditions

meprobamate

a minor tranquilizer marketed under the trade names of Miltown and Equanil; also used for treating psychosomatic conditions

iproniazid

a monoamine oxidase inhibitor

mania

a mood disorder characterized by inappffropriate elation, an irrepressiable mood, and extreme cheerfulness

Methamphetamine

a more potent form of amphetamine

Soldier's Disease

a name given to morphine dependency during the Civil War

naltrexone

a narcotic antagonist that blocks the reinforcing effects of narcotics

Epinephrine

a natural chemical, also called adrenaline, involved in the fight-flight-fright syndrome.

adensine

a neurotransmitter for which caffeine acts as an antagonist

Acetylcholine (ACH)

a neurotransmitter synthesized from a molecule of choline and from acetyl CoA.

Dopamine

a neurotransmitter that affects emotional, mental, and motor functions.

Circumstantial-Situational Drug Use

short-term drug use to contend with immediate distress or pressure

une piqûre

shot

chewing tobacco

shredded tobacco leaves placed in between cheek and gum for absorption

pipe tobacco

shredded tobacco smoke in a pipe

patent medicines

signified that the ingredients were secret, not patented.

How might barbiturates be used medically?

sleep aid

Paraldehyde

a nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotic drug used with severely disturbed mental patients

chloral hydrate

a nonbarbiturate sedative; also called "Knockout drops" or Mickey Finns; induces sleep

Chloral Hydrate

a nonbarbiturate sedative; also called "knockout drops" or Mickey Finns; induces sleep

paraldehyde

a nonbarbiturate, sedative-hypnotic drug used with severely disturbed mental patients.

Kola Nut

a part of a plant originally used in Coca-Cola

Who was Benjamin Rush?

a physician who was the first to refer alcohol addiction as a disease.

tobacco is

a plant that contains nicotine

Heroin (Diacetylmorphine)

a potent drug that is a derivative of opium

heroin (diacetylmorphine)

a potent drug that is a derivative of opium

rohypnol

a powerful depressant; one of the date rape drugs

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

a powerful hallucinogen derived from a fungus

Biphetamine

a powerful stimulant

Reuptake

a process by which a chemical is reabsorbed into the cell from which it was discharged.

Whiskey Rebellion

a protest by farmers in southwestern Pennsylvania against a tax on whiskey

Mescaline

a psychoactive agent, or hallucinogen, derived from the peyote cactus

lithium

a psychotherapeutic drug used to treat symtoms associated w/ mania

PET

a radioactively labeled chemical is injected into the bloodstream and a computerized scanning device then maps out the relative amounts of the chemical in various brain regions.

barbital

a sedative hypnotic drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate

Thalidomide

a sedative that as found in the 1960s, which caused birth defects including missing or malformed limbs.

methaqualone

a sedative-hypnotic drug that relives tension and anxiety w/o barbiturate-like aftereffects

psychosis

a severe mental condition marked by loss of contact w/ reality

tardive dyskinesia

a side effect of antipsychotic drugs marked by involuntary repetitive facial movements of the trunk and limbs

rebound insomnia

a side effect of sleeping pills in which falling asleep becomes more difficult rather than less difficult

Thin-Layer Chromatography

a simple,inexpensive, urine-based drug test

Temperance Movement

a social trend that developed in the United States in the 1800s when groups sought to reduce alcohol use.

rapid eye movement (rem)

a stage during sleep that is needed for the sleep to be restful

addiction

a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society, which is characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means

speed

a stimulant drug; another name for methamphetamines

theobromine

a stimulant found in chocolate; chemically related to caffeine

theophylline

a stimulant found in tea; in the same chemica family as caffeine.

False Positive

a test that is positive for drugs even though no drugs are present in the urine

5. A dose-response curve is:

a tool to compare the size of the response to the amount of the drug

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

a type of drug test, highly sophisticated and sensitive, but time-consuming and expensive

dystonia

a type of dyskinesia marked by involuntary and inappropriate postures and muscles tones.

schizophrenia

a type of functional psychosis; literally, "split mind"

Benzodiazepines

a type of minor tranquilizer; examples are Librium and Valium

benzodiiazepines

a type of minor tranqulizer; examples are librium and valium

gamma-hydroxybutyrate (ghb)

a type of neurotransmitter that produces relaxation and sleepiness, also a date rape drug.

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

a type of neurotransmitter that produces relaxation and sleepiness.

xanthine

a type of stimilant; caffeine is an example

Behavioral Tolerance

adjustment or behaviors learned by an individual to compensate for the presence of drugs.

Pharmacological Tolerance

adjustment or compensation of the body to the presence of a given drug.

Pharmokinetic factors

administration absorption distribution activation Biotransformation and elimination

Transdermal Method

administration of drugs by applying them on the surface of the skin.

Physiological variables that modify drug effects

age, gender, and pregnancy

A person's physical set

age, sex, size, metabolic rate, heart rate, genetic predisposition

What age bracket is the most illicit drug use found?

ages 18-20.

Inoculation

aims to protect users by teaching responsibility and explaining effects of drugs on bodily and mental functioning

Demand Reduction

aims to reduce actual demand for drugs

2. A drug that is frequently cited as contributing to crime is:

alcohol

alcoholism

alcohol dependence increases odds of cancer

New Drug Amendment

all new drugs must be registered with and approved by FDA, change in Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

pharmacist

allied health professional who dispenses medication prescribed by certain licensed physician's

4. In conducting studies using neuroimaging techniques, it is important to:

also examine the behavior of interest.

Psychoactive drug

alter consciousness or experience (intoxication)

Primary conditions determining drug use are

amount of exposure to drug using peers extent of use age of first use frequency of drug use amongst peers

dosage

amount to be administered

Alkuhl

an Arabic word meaning "the essence," from which the word alcohol is derived

tyramine

an amino acid that interacts w/ monoamine oxidase inhibitors to cause very high levels of hypertension

morphine

an analgesic drug derived from opium. Used medically as a painkiller.

Morphine

an analgesic drug derived from opium; used medically as a painkiller

Elixir Sulfanilamide

an antibiotic that killed more than 100 people in the 1930s.

prozac (fluoxetine)

an antidepressant drug

desvenlafaxine (prstiq)

an antidepressant in a group of drugs called selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (snris)

chlorpromazine

an antipsychotic drug

2. DAWN is:

an effort by the federal government to monitor drug toxicity

sympathomimetic effects

an increase of blood to the brain and muscle, allowing the body to flee or fight

nitrous oxide

an inhalant aka laughing gas

Nitrous Oxide

an inhalant also known as laughing gas

Ether

an inhalant dating back to the late 1700s

ether

an inhalant dating back to the late 1700s

amyl nitrate

an inhalant used to treat anagina pectoris and congestive heart failure

Serotonin

an inhibitory neurotransmitter located in the upper brain stem; plays a role in regulating sensory perception, eating, pain, sleep, and body temperature.

narcotic

an opium-based central nervous system depressant used to relieve pain and diarrhea

dextromenthorphan (delsym)

an over the counter nonnarcotic drug found in cough suppressants

A 10% increase in cigarette prices has been found to result in a _____ decrease of smokers.

- B .

Paula believes that drinking will help her relax and calm her nerves. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing her decision to drink alcohol?

- B .

What is the minimum age that individuals can purchase tobacco legally in most US states?

- B .

What percentage of adult deaths in attributed in part to smoking?

- B .

Which of the following BEST describes the consequences of driving under the influence?

- B .

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between alcohol and fermation?

- B .

Which of the following statements is NOT true about alcohol?

- B .

major tranquilizers

antipsychotic drugs

Gateway drugs

are types of commonly used drugs that are believed to lead to using other more powerful mind-altering and addictive drugs, such as hallucinogens, cocaine, crack, and heroin.

2. A survey of intravenous drug users in several U.S. cities found HIV infection at a rate:

as high as 30% constituting a serious public health risk

1. One good way to determine why a person is using a drug is to:

ask about where and when they use it

Men

begin drinking earlier in life

5. learning to function under the influence of a drug is an example of:

behavioral tolerance

The period between 1890 and 1920 in the U.S was characterized partly by

being a low point in race relations

veronal

brand name for barbital

quaalude

brand name for methaqualone

from smoking chemicals...

build up on lining of lungs and respiratory tract, making it difficult to breath.

electroconvulsive therapy (ect)

controlled admission of electric shock as a treatment for mental illness

Inhibitory synapse

diminishes likelihood of impulse, reduces activitiy

gambling disorder

disorder marked by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems

internet gaming disorder

disorder marked by persistent, recurrent, and excessive internet gaming; recommended for further study by the DSM-5 task force

Proprietary Drugs

drugs that can be purchased without a prescription; over-the-counter drugs.

tricyclic antidepressamts

drugs that effectively remove the symtoms of acute depression

Sympathomimetics

drugs that mimic actions of the sympathetic nervous system, which is involved with fight-flight-fright activity.

Parasympathomimetics

drugs that mimics actions of the parasympathetic system, which allows the body forest during states of emergency.

antagonists

drugs that occupy receptor sites and inhibit narcotic activity

Anxiolytic

drugs that relieve anxiety

analgesics

drugs that relieve pain

Social influence and SOs

drugs use is learned by our relationships

What are the "club" drug?

drugs used by young adults at night clubs or rave; sometimes others take advantage another by putting these drugs into drinks because they look plain i.e. ecstasy, meth, GHB, LSD, Ketamine

la came

drugs, stuff

38. What decisions are steps to recovery?

#1____Decide to stop drinking____ #2___Treatment/Counseling_____

All economic costs in the US for alcohol in 2006 have been estimated at what?

$223.5 billion

une couronne

(tooth) crown

Psycho-pharmacology

(under pharmacology) focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior

Identify four factors that may contribute to alcoholism.

*Try it *Genetic Factors *Family History *Feels that seem too strong to handle *Chronic Illness

The Harrison Act of 1914

first government Regulation and control production and importation of addictive substances

Drug testing

for detection of users utilizing breathalyzers, urine, blood, and hair specimens

Snuff

form of smokeless tobacco

Durham-Humphrey Amendment

formal distinction between prescription and OTC had drug classification categories

mood fisorders

forms of psychosis that affect the person's emotions; can be depression or mania

polydipsia

frequent and excessive consumption of water

polyuria

frequent urination

Synaptic Cleft

gap between neurons at synapse, do not touch

inhaling-

gas such as helium or nitrous oxide from a balloon or bag.

Inhalants and organic solvents

gasoline, model glue, paint thinner, food, herbs, and vitamins

marijuana

gateway drug, derived from cannabis plant, THC is an active ingredient, addicting

le coton

gauze

5. What is the main diferene between generic and brand name drugs

generic drugs are names ater the chemical, not a brand name.

Hypothalamus

gland situated near the base of the brain; maintains homeostasis; affects stress, aggressiveness, heart rate, hunger, thirst, consciousness, body temperature, blood pressure, and sexual behavior.

inhalants examples

glue, gas, nail polish remover, hair spray, spray paint

Inhalant street terms:

glue, kick, bang, sniff, huff, poppet, whippets, texas shoe shine, snappers, dusting, bagging, bold, rush, laughing gas.

Dose-response Curve

graphic representation of the effects of drugs at various levels

cigarettes

ground up, dry tobacco, rolled in paper

Benign tumor

group of cells enclosed in membrane that do not spread

steroids

group of drugs that made from hormones

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

hallucinogenic drug derived from ergot alkaloids

alter a persons perception through emotions and consciousness

hallucinogenics

le hasch

hash

le haschisch

hashish

Binge drinking

having 5 drinks for men in a row, having 4 drinks for women in a row within 2 hours

hangover effects

headaches, dehydration of brain cells, nausea, vomiting

DT, paranoia

health effects of alcoholism

What are the factors that affect variability and dependence/additcion?

hereditary drug craving

According to c. Everett Koop, nicotine addiction is just as difficult to overcome, as the addiction to ________ would be

heroin

bayer company marketed what

heroin

l'héroïne

heroin

Drugs that are linked to crimes and violence.

heroin, marijuana, amphetamine, cocaine, hallucinogen pcp, and alcohol

malt alcohol

high alcohol contented beer

Hispanic men

high rates drunk driving, cirrhosis

cocaine

highly addictive stimulant

morphine

highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain

Recognize the process of maintaining our internal environment

homeostasis

4. The tendency of living systems to maintain body environment and functions such as temperature, water balance, and blood pressure within a narrow range is known as:

homeostasis.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone that enhances cardiovascular endurance by increasing red blood cell production

Human Growth Hormones (HGH)

hormones that stimulate protein synthesis; used by athletes to enhance performance

Inhalants

household products, (solvents, anesthetics) inhaled through nose or mouth

biological, genetic and pharmacological factors of drug use

how do ingredients interact with user's body and N/S

Cultural factors of drug abuse

how does society view drug use, media, and social acceptance. acceptability and viewpoint of substance

effects of alcohol vary from person to person:

how much you drink, how often you drink, age, health status, family history

Illicit drugs

illegal drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and LSD

illicit drug

illegal drugs, black market

1. A drug that is illegal to use or possess is defined in your text as a(n):

illicit drug

hallucinogen

illicit drugs that cause major change in sensory perception. flushing skin increase in heart rate and temperature imagining sights, sounds, feelings

Withdrawal

illness that follows after you stop taking a drug or limiting the dosage i.e. anxiety, depression, craving for the drugs (syndromes)

What are costs that drug use contributes to society?

illness, shortened lifespan, broken home, FAS, criminal behavior, drugs in workplace, cost of assistance programs

synergistic effect

in pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time

acute dysinesias

inappropriate motor movements as a side effects of a antipsychotic drugs.

Cerebral Cortex

part of the brain involved in intellectual functioning; affects speech, motor movement, sensory perception, hearing, vision, sensory discrimination, memory, language, reasoning, abstract reasoning, and personality.

Midbrain

part of the brain stem that connects the larger structures of the brain to the spinal cord.

Cerebrum

part of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex.

Periventricular System

part of the central nervous system implicated with punishment or avoidance behavior.

Limbic System

part of the central nervous system that plays a key role in memory and emotion.

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

part of the central nervous system; affects sleep, attention, and arousal.

Somatic Nervous System

part of the nervous system that controls movement of the skeletal muscles.

While pot, grass, chronic and Mary Jane are slang terms for marijuana, the term for loose marijuana rolled into a cigarette is

joint

Synapse

junction between neurons

Blood brain barriers and what it does

keeps certain classes of compounds in the blood and away from brain cells.

Caffeine is derived from

kola nut

Shirley Amendment 1912

labels need to contain statements regarding curative or therapeutic effects that is false or fraudulent

Where is ecstasy usually manufactured (or made)?

labs

2. The U.S. attitude towards drug regulation prior to the 20th century has been described as:

laissez-faire

drinkers tend to eat less

leads to osteoporosis- bones weak and brittle from low calcium

Licit drugs

legal drugs, tobacco, caffeine

Legal recreational use

licit drugs that you can take legally to achieve a certain mental state

Hispanic women

likely to abstain

American Indians/Alaskans

likely to abuse alcohol, severe health problems

GHB street terms:

liquid ecstacy, liguid X, Grievous Bodily Harm, Georgia Home Boy, adam, bean, G, roll, soap.

what does LSD stand for?

lisergic acid

Aqua Vitae

literally means "water of life"; another expression for alcohol

chronic drug response

long-term effects after a single dosage

chronic drug response

long-term effects after a single dose

addictive behavior symptoms

loss of control broken promises compulsive behaviors denial

Drinking while pregnant can lead to

low-birth weight born addicted to alcohol - go through withdrawal

Asian Americans

lower than average rates of use

structural influence theories

macroscopic explanations, explanation of drug use and assumption that the organizational structure of society has a major impact on individual drug usage

beer

made from fermenting grains 4% alcohol

wine

made from fermenting grapes 10% alcohol

anabolic and androgenic steroids

made from testosterone lowers voice, hair growth, increase muscle size

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

main active ingredients of cannabis substances

thorazine

major tranquilizer used to treat psychosis

Substance abuse

maladaptive, leads to adverse consequences, leads to impairment

Gender and drug usage

males more likely than females, with pregnant women less likely.

5. Why have most drugs been derived from plant products?

many of the chemicals produced by plants as a natural defense have effects on muscles or brain chemistry

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

part of the peripheral nervous system that is automatic and involuntary.

Dendrites

parts of the neuron that allow nerve impulses to be transmitted to the nerve's cell body.

Axons

parts of the neuron that send nerve impulses away from the the nerve's cell body.

Direct to Consumer Advertising

patient seeing an advertisement of a prescription drug

substance use disorder

pattern of long-term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of substance

blackouts are dangerous because

people can take advantage of you

speed freaks

people who use methamphetamines over a period of time

Withdrawal

persistent and nagging need to avoid withdrawal symptoms results in unsuccessful attempts to cut down usage

Holistic Self-Awareness Approach

philosophy that advocates that the mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug-free.

does not produce physical dependence but a believe that the person needs the drug or high

physcological addiction

Alcoholism

physical and psychological dependence on the drug ethanol; DISEASE

isobutyl

one type of nitrite that is used to treat angina pain; also causes vasodilation, flushing and warmth

une opération

operation

dried latex obtained from the opium poppy

ophir

3. The 1914 Harrison Act served to regulate:

opioids and cocaine

opioid

opium or any of the drugs derived from the sap of the opium poppy

Narcotics/opiates

opium, morphine, codeine, and heroin

Snuff dipping is a practice that would most likely lead to:

oral cancer

Forms and Methods for taking drugs

oral ingestion, inhalation, injection, topical application

une greffe d'organe

organ transplant

Structural influence theories

organization of society or subculture is responsible for usage amongst its members

une overdose (une surdose)

overdose

Hallucinogens

overload the brain with sensory information, causing a distorted sense of reality. Examples= Marijuana, LSD, Mushrooms, PCP.

alcoholics tend to be

overweight because alcohol = calories

un pacemaker

pacemaker

un stimulateur cardiaque

pacemaker

inflamed pancreas from drinking

pancreatitis

4. The branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state is the ______ branch.

parasympathetic

Withdrawal Symptoms

physical signs that appear when drug use is stopped

contextual factors of drug abuse

physical surroundings,

when the body adjust to the substance and into its normal function, this state creates tolerance and withdrawls

physiological depdence

un comprimé

pill, tablet

residential treatment center

place where people formerly addicted to drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment; also called a therapeutic community

shooting galleries

places to buy and inject drugs

29. Doctors, health professionals, and cessation counselors can help people do the ,necessary to quit smoking for good.

planning

Positive Reinforcement

pleasurable sensations associated with behavior, motivating one to repeat the behavior

Moral model

poor morals and lifestyle, a choice

24. Immediately after a person quits smoking changes occur in his or her body.

positive

other factors contributing to drug use patterns

positive and negative effects of a drug peer pressure home, school, work mental state

What type of Reinforcers are drugs

positive reinforcement, enhance pleasure centers, dopamine

What could cause according to federal law 10,000, loss of student privileges and come from a conviction of what

possession of marijuana or any controlled substance.

top three drugs by volume

pot, cocaine, heroin

3. Controlled substances are assigned to different schedules based mainly on their relative:

potential for abuse

Form of drug:

powder, capsule, injection

methamphetamine

powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems

Amphetamines

powerful central nervous system stimulants

crack

powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine

Rank the following substances in degree of ionization at pH 7 with 1 being the most ionized

1. Penicillin G (pKa 2.8) 2. Aspirin (pKa 3.5) 3. Warfarin (pKa 5.1) 4. Phenytoin (pKa 8.3)

Name 3 ways drugs are removed from the body:

1. Sweat 2. Exhalation 3. Urine

Erich Goode

1. legal instrumental use 2. legal recreational use 3. illegal instrumental use 4. illegal recreational use

Whether or not a person will develop a level of tolerance to a given drug will depend on 3 factors, give two:

1. set and setting 2. personality 3. how frequently the drug is used; quantity of drug used

Neurotransmitters: 1. Dopamine 2. Serotonin 3. Glutamate

1."feel good"--depletion of dopamine accounts for binges, tolerance, cravings, and obsessive behavior 2. Involved in sleep and sensory experiences, governs sense of well-being. Decreased levels associated with intoxication, depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior, aggressiveness 3. Stores all of the relevant details and sense experiences in connection with the use. Acts like a flash flood, knocking over everything else in its path. Hypermemory--reminds you long term. Can you leave you prone to relapse

Top three drugs by volume in the world today:

1.) Cannabis/marijuana 2.) Cocaine 3.) Heroin

Top 4 tobacco producers:

1.) China 2.) Brazil (3 times less than China) 3.) India 4.) US

Top three countries in terms of alcohol consumption per capita:

1.) Moldova 2.) Czech Republic 3.) Hungary

Top three dugs by sale in the US:

1.) Nexium 2.) Lipitor 3.) Plavix

2. The number of arrests per year for drug-law violations currently stands at:

1.5 million

What drugs were targeted by the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act?

2012-bans synthetic compounds commonly found in synthetic marijuana, synthetic stimulants (bath salts) adds to the Schedule 1 of Controlled Substances Act addresses the loophole in the Analogue Enforcement Act which synthetic producers just label their drugs as "not for human consumption" and it would be legal

Non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke at home or work increase their lung cancer risk by what percent?

20-30%

American drinking system is based out o0f

200

The ____ century war became particularly important to the spreading of the tobacco addiction

20th

The 18th ammendment to the US Constiturtion which prohibited the sale, use, and transportation of alcohol lasted most of what decade?

20th decade

Non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease rate by what percent?

25-30%

anyone under -- must show ID to purchase tobacco products

27

Prostate

2nd cause of death, risks are age, diet, lifestyle, and genes

Cancer

2nd leading cause of death (<65 years)

____ out of every 4 smokers will attempt to quit

3

How many deaths per year has second hand smoke been estimated to contribute to?

38,000

Drug addiction in the English-speaking world was rare at the beginning of the 19th century but common at the end of it, at least in the US. By conservative estimate the US had ______________ addicts in 1900, with most of the increase occurring in the late 1800s.

400,000

The estimate of deaths per year due to cigarette smoking.

400,000

smoking kills ---

400,000/year

There are ____ known or suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke, and _______ chemicals in total

45, 4,800

how many chemicals in one stick

4800

1 in ____ deaths in the US are due to smoking

5

What is binge drinking?

5+ drinks at one time

how much is a line of Coke cost

50-100

In terms of alcohol consumption per capita, the US ranks _____

57th

what percentage of the population consume half of the alcohol

6

______ of the population in the US consumes half the alcohol

6%

what percentage of AA patients dropout and relapse

64

AA's data states that _____ drop out their first year, but it's program is credited with many alcoholics maintaining and achieving sobriety

64%

. After you consider your strong beliefs, you should consider the possible result of each decision, also known as....

A. consequences.

Depressants

slow body functions by decreasing heart and breathing rates and lowering blood pressure. Examples= alcohol, heroine, morphine, codeine, prescription painkillers( barbiturates and CNS depressants)

narcotics

slows down central nervous system and relieves pain - slows down breathing and heart rate - opium -morphine - codeine - heroin

Heroin street terms-

smack, horse, mud, brown sugar, junk, black tar, big H, dope, skag, skunk, antifreeze, ballot, H, big bag, cheese, capital H, chip, crank, dirt, dead on arrival, ska.

The major site of alcohol absorption in the human body is the ________

small intestine

sidestream smoke

smoke from a lit cigarette

exhaled smoke

smoke that is exhaled from smokers nose and mouth

How is drug administered?

smoking, ingestion, blood stream is quickest distribution

bagging-

sniffing or inhaling fumes that have been sprayed inside a paper or plastic bag.

finely ground tobacco and put in hand and sniff

snuff

caffeine intended effect

social drug that increases alertness

une drogue douce

soft drug

morphine addiction was known as

soliders disease

Output of PNS

somatic by controlling voluntary muscles autonomic control of unconscious functions

une échographie

sonogram, ultrasound

formation of stomach ulcers

sore on lining of stomach (pain & inflammation)

stimulants

speed up activity of central nervous system increases heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate - coke - crack -meth -ephedrine -caffeine

stimulants

speed up the activities of the central nervous system

Metastasis

spreading cancer cells from 1 part to another

Nicotine is used as a(n)______

stimulant

methamphetamine

stimulant causes effects similar to cocaine - ice: common form that is smoked - meth, crystal meth, crack

amphetamine

stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory

methylphenidate

stimulant such as Ritalin, stimulates specific portion of the brain to help a person attend to a situation

speed up the central nervous system, increase alertness and awareness

stimulants

amphetamines

stimulants such as diet pills speed

Reinforcers

stimuli or events that lead to certain behaviors being repeated

Primary Reinforcers

stimuli that reduce physiological needs or are inherently pleasurable

Secondary Reinforcers

stimuli that signal the increased probability of obtaining primary reinforcers

potency

strength, amount of drug necessary to cause effect

3. Federal drug control amendments in 1988 included a provision that convicted drug users could lose access to:

student loans

Anticholinergic Hallucinogens

substances found in Datura and Amanita muscaria mushrooms; interfere with the action of acetylcholine to produce hallucinations.

Schedule 1

substances have high abuse potential and no currently approved medicinal uses, cannot be described

Schedule 2

substances have high abuse potential but approved for medical use and can be prescribed

Peptides

substances linking amino acids; include endorphins, which are naturally occurring chemicals with opiate-like properties.

agonists

substances or drugs that activate receptors

antagonists

substances or drugs that attach to receptors and prevent them from being activated

Schedule 2-5

substances reflect the likelihood of abuse or clinical usefulness

Look-alike Drugs

substances that appear similar to illegal or pharmaceutical drugs

gateway drugs

substances that are used before the use of more dangerous drugs, alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and inhalants are considered gateway drugs

Sound-alike Drugs

substances with names that sound similar to those of illegal or prescription drugs

Additive effects

sum of effects of drugs taken together

withdrawal

symptoms that may appear when one discontinues the use of a drug

What is the blood-brain barrier?

system that "filters" the blood before it can enter the brain; the brain is protected from toxic compounds that might enter the bloodstream i.e. l-dopa penetrates the blood brain barrier; once it reaches the brain it converts into dopamine

detoxification

systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug

Illegal recreational usage

take illicit drugs for fun or pleasure

Illegal instrumental use

take non-prescriptions to achieve a task or goal

1. Example of drug use is:

taking an aspirin to treat a headache, taking a dose of cough medicine, smoking marijuana

Alcohol Poisoning or Overdose

taking an excessive amount of alcohol or a drug that leads to a coma or death

Social-Recreational Drug Use

taking drugs in a social environment to share pleasurable experiences among friends

Intensified Drug Use

taking drugs on a steady, long-term basis to relieve a persistent problem or stressful situation

tobacco contains

tar & carbon monoxide

freebase

technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled with a pipe

what is total abstinence from alcohlic

temperance

________ is an agent/factor that causes physical defects in developing embryo

teratogen; teratogenic

3. The most important change to the Kefauver-Harris amendments was one requiring:

that every new drug be demonstrated to be effective for the illness mentioned on the label

Pituitary Gland

the "master gland"; responsible for controlling many bodily functions by secretion of hormones.

Lethal Dose (LD)

the amount of a drug required to result in death.

Standard Drink

the amount of beverage that typically contains about .6 oz of alcohol (Beer 12 oz, Hard 1 1/2 oz, Wine 5 oz)

therapeutic window

the amount of drug needed for theraputic purposes

Effective Dose (ED)

the amount of drug required to produce a specific response.

5. Potency is measured by:

the amount of the drug required to produce and effect

1. The quality of a drug's effect depends upon

the amount the individual has taken

Central Nervous System (CNS)

the brain and spinal cord.

Abuse

the consistent use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases problems.

Margin of Safety

the difference between a beneficial level and a harmful level of a drug

5. The single most important type of drug interaction for psychoactive drugs is

the effect on respiration rate

neuroleptics

the european term for antipsycotic drugs

equanil

the first modern drug developed to relieve anxiety

Chronic Drug Use

the habitual use of drugs

toxicity

the harmful effect that drugs posses

Drug Abuse

the intentional and inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, intellectual, or social consequences for the user

emasam

the levorotatory form of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor deprenyl

3. Federal support for drug screening began with:

the military

Drug Tolerance

the more you take the drug, the higher dosage you need to take to get high

caffeine

the most commonly used stimulant

Ethyl Alcohol

the only type of alcohol that can be consumed

Setting

the physical and social environment in which drugs are used.

la pilule

the pill

opium

the plant from which narcotics are derived

medical model

the premise that a pathogen is responsible for a person's illness or disease.

2. Physical dependence is defined by:

the presence of withdrawal symptoms

Action Potential

the procedure by which the nerve impulse is sent down the axon.

Pharmacology

the professional discipline that studies the relationships and interactions between living organisms and substances within them.

toluene

the psychoactive agent in glue

Set

the psychological state, personality, and expectations of an individual while using drugs.

Decriminalization

the reduction or elimination of penalties for illegal activities.

What is double blind?

the researchers and the participants doesn't' know whether the drug or placebo is administered

5. the time course of a drugs effect is influenced by:

the route of administration protein binding in the blood rate of elmination

addiction

the rug controls the individual

5. The difference between and effective dose and a lethal dose is known as

the safety margin

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior

Pharmacology

the scientific study of drugs especially affects of it on living systems

Threshold dose

the smallest amount of a drug required to produce an effect

How is a drugs generics name used?

they are the legal name listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia. Generic names refer to a specific chemical and are in the public domain meaning that they can not be trademarked.

être dépendant

to be addicted

être accro

to be hooked

se camer

to be on drugs, to get stoned

input of PNS

to brain and spinal cord, conveys sensory info of pain, pressure, and temperature.

subir une opération

to have an operation

faire un diagnostic

to make a diagnosis

opérer

to operate

prescrire

to prescribe

arracher

to pull out

sauver

to save

se piquer

to shoot up

se shooter

to shoot up

prendre un médicament

to take a medication

consommer de la drogue

to take drugs

se droguer

to take drugs

prendre le pouls

to take the pulse

5. What is the role of a placebo in a drug study?

to test for non-specific effects of drug administration

soigner

to treat

traiter

to treat

vacciner

to vaccinate

2. Which of the following was not considered a major concern in the movement towards restrictive regulations for some drugs?

tolerance

cross-tolerance

tolerance for a substance one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it

Adaptive processes

tolerance, dependence, withdrawal

cause of liver disease

too much alcohol poisons liver

creatine in large doses acts as

toxin puts stress on kidneys and livers

Cross-tolerance

transference of tolerance to a drug to chemically similar drugs.

Metastasizing

traveling/seeings process of cancerous cells

methadone maintenance program

treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone-- a heroin substitute-- to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder

aversion therapy

treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug

SERMS

treatment that posses a 98& chance surviving if detected early

27. To avoid relapse, it is important for someone who is quitting tobacco to avoid activities and places which are

triggers

3 million people older than 60 abuse alcohol T/F

true

T/F alcohol is a drug

true

T/F alcohol is a poison that depresses the brain and nervous system and can lead to coma and death

true

T/F alcohol is one of the most prevalent chemical substances used today

true

T/F alcohol is poison

true

T/F all drugs have intended & side effects

true

T/F almost 40% of all college students drink daily

true

T/F excessive alcohol intake can cause cancer to parts of digestive system

true

T/F most alcohol-impaired drivers binge drink

true

T/F smoking increases rate of fat build up on arteries

true

T/f alcohol related crashes is 1 of the leading causes of death among young people

true

t/f alcohol depresses the brain and nervous system

true

t/f when consumed in large quantities alcohol can depress the nervous system into a coma of death

true

Substance dependence

true addiction

liver process alcohol and

turns it into waste

proof

twice the amount of alcohol in the beverage

Roid Rage

uncontrollable violence associated with use of anabolic steroids

Based on employment, which social group is most likely to use

unemployed

Immediate Health Risks with Alcohol

unintentional injuries violence risky sexual behaviors miscarriages alcohol poisoning

Drug Misuse

unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over the counter drugs taking more than prescribed mix with something else self-medicate old medicines to treat new ones discontinue prescriptions early: antibiotics

Autoreceptors

units that alter the synthesis of neurotransmitters after they are released by the nerve cells.

un C.H.U (centre hospitalier universitaire)

university hospital

withdrawal

unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug

African Americans

use less alcohol, high levels of birth defects, cirrhosis, cancer, hypertension

corticosteroids

used medically & to treat allergies and arthritis

alcohol use can lead to

violence inappropriate behaviors inhibit senses hinders ability to function well in school

effects of binge drinking

wake up still drunk

Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy:

weigh less

Dependence

when the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears to be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.

What household product contains nitrousoxide?

whipped cream containers

liquors

whiskey, rum, vodka, brandy, gin, tequila 40% alcohol

liquor

whiskey, rum, vodka, gin, tequila, brandy 40% alcohol

Drug abuse

willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs: recreation, perceived necessity or convenience, more intense misuse

Physical dependence

withdrawal and rebound

le manque

withdrawal symptoms

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system together

work in an antagonistic manner, control unconscious and visceral functions, such as breathing and cardiovascular activity.

Over the counter drugs

you can buy in story without a prescription

studies suggest if you don't smoke by 18...

you probably never will

which of the following statement is NOT accurate of blood alcohol content(BAC)?

- A .

prescription content

- patients name - name of drug - form of drug - dosage -directions -physician's name, address, phone, signature

Psychological Dependence

-When you have a mental or emotional need for a drug

Alcohol ; Using Alcohol

...

Name the 2 types of synapse:

1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory

What are the 5 methods of taking drugs?

1. Oral 2. Implantation 3. Inhalation 3. Injection 4. Absorption

what ratio of East Asian men smoke

2/3

How many second hand smoke deaths per year are death as from lung cancer in non-smokers?

3,400

Intoxicated

A person who has lost control over mental and physical abilities.

32. GHB is

A. a colorless liquid that looks similar to water.

Cardiovascular

Alcohol affects _________: Moderate can reduce heart disease, higher doses elevates BP, weaken heart muscle

Digestive System

Alcohol affects _________: alters liver function, pancreas inflammation

Brain

Alcohol affects _________: cognitive impairment, memory loss, dementia

Cancer

Alcohol affects _________: mouth, throat, liver, breast, stomach, pancreas

The single most important legislation that had shaped the federal governments approach to control substances.

Alcohol prohibition

What is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social standing?

Alcoholism

Select all that apply. Examples of non-electrolytes include:

Alcohols Ketones Aldehydes Sugars Esters

15. Respiratory problems (2)

Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema

________ first brought tobacco to America

Columbus

10. needing a drug in order to function properly

Dependence

DUII stand for....

Driving Under the Influence of Intoxicants

DUI

Driving under influence of alcohol

What does DEA stand for?

Drug Enforcement Administration

Drug Addiction-

Inability to control one's use of a drug

Nicotine has been used as an ________ and is carcinogenic.

Insecticide

.Schedule I .hallucinogenic .*man-made .*lysergic acid diethylamide

LSD

le LSD

LSD

What does instrumental mean?

Medicine

Highest drinking country

Moldova

Designer Drugs /Synthetic Drugs or Synthetic Opioids

New categories of hybrid drugs like Ecstasy and demoral.These relatively recent types of drugs are created as structural analogs of substances already classified under the Controlled Substances Act.

What drug decreases the amount of acid produced in the stomach?

Nexium

la Croix-Rouge

Red Cross

Stages of drug dependence

Relief Increased use Preoccupation Dependency Withdrawl

Incontinence

Removal of prostate gland of prostate

Fatigue, headache, seizures

Symptoms of brain cancer

Illegal recreational use

Taking illicit drugs for fun or pleasure

Illegal instrumental use

Taking nonprescribed drugs to achieve a task or goal

Legal instrumental use

Taking prescribed drugs or OTC drugs to relieve or treat mental or physical symptoms

Lung, cancer-causing

Tars damage delicate _______ tissue and are considered the main _______________ agent in cigarette smoke.

1. One of the key drug use-related surveys conducted by the federal government is:

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Where was the caffeine in Coca Cola derived from?

The kola nut

Alcohol can damage every organ in your body. However the organs in the "firing zone" of alcohol the most are:

The liver, the brain, and the pancreas

Plateau effect

The maximum effect a drug can have regardless of the dose

Dependence

The physiological and psychological changes or adaptations that occur in response to the frequent administration of a drug

Tolerance-

The process of the body getting used to a drug

Steroids

What category does this drug fall into? Synthetic HGH

une radio(graphie)

X-ray

Militown

brand name for meprobamate

le soin

care

hypothalamus

controls endocrine and basic body functions

un diagnostic

diagnosis

Enkaphalins

endorphins found within the brain.

China, black tar, smack,dope are nicknames for what drug

herion

un joint, un pétard

joint

Bromides

nonbarbiturate sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions

injected or smoked cocaine

reaches brain even quicker

snorting cocaine

reaches brain quickly

Q. How can I say no to alcohol? I'm afraid I won't fit in. -

¨No thanks, I don't drink, I am not interested, I do not feel like drinking¨

The civil war is often blamed for drug addiction. After the war it is said morphine addiction was widely known as "_______ ________ ______" or "_______ ________ ______"

"The soldier's disease" "The army disease"

3. How much does the United States spend annually on drug-control efforts?

$15 billion

Q. Isn't smoking sexy?

-No

35. List three different ways you can refuse drugs if someone offers them to you.

-Say ¨no¨, Walk Away, say¨ I´ḿ supposed to babysit my sister tonight¨, suggest another activity, Say¨no, thank you¨

Most states have a ______ BAC limit for driving (boating too)

0.08%

What are the steps of the drug experience?

1. a drug of a specified chemical structure is present 2. a certain quantity of this drug is measured 3. this quantity of the drug is administered in numerous ways 4. the drug is absorbed into the blood and distributed to site of action 5. some pharmacological effect happens 6. the effects depends on the characteristics of the person i.e. genetics, gender, age, personality, and drug tolerance 7. the setting or context of drug use can modify the pharmacological effects

Any addiction is likely to have: __________, ___________, and __________.

1. biological 2. psychological 3. social components

Name two biological barriers regarding drug use:

1. blood-brain barrier 2. placenta

AA is a how many step program

12

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has how many steps?

12

The body can metabolize______________ ounces of alcohol per hour.

12 oz beer, 5 oz wine, 10 oz wine cooler, and 1.5 oz liquor.

one cigarette contains --- harmful chemicals

4000

how many known chemical carcinogen in a cigarette

45

How are drugs absorbed? Define bioavailability .

Absorption is the rate and extent to which a drug leaves its site of administration and plays a major role in the drug experience. Influences bioavailability. Bioavailability- the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or fluid in the body that gives the drug access to site of action; tells us about the drug effects

Sleep

Abused OTC drugs: _____ aids; ambien, lunesta

Most common drug used to treat ADHD

Adderall

11. the uncontrollable use of a drug

Addiction

The continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite (knowing) the adverse consequences is...

Addiction

Experimenters

Begin using drugs largely because of peer pressure and curiosity, and they confine their use to recreational settings

1. Which of the following is an example of a protective factor for drug use?

Being committed to school

Explain the disease model:

Biological/Hereditary disease OR psychological disease (like schizophrenia). As early as the time of Benjamin Rush (drunkenness a disease)

0.02

Blood alcohol concentration: 1 drink, BAC = _.__ - 0.03

What is a pharmacopeia?

Book of medicines

When chemicals from smoke enter the blood they decrease the amount of oxygen that can enter the blood. How does this affect the heart?

C. It tries to pump faster.

34. Which of the following is NOT a health danger caused by using drugs?

C. losing control of the way you act

Nicotine enters your blood, travels to the brain, and attaches to

C. receptors.

16. Any drug produced in a laboratory is called a

C. synthetic.

18. Alcohol not only lowers inhibitions, but also causes people to lose control of their emotions so that they may become.............

C. violent.

2 major divisions of N/S

CNS and PNS

PNS Reticular Activating system and what is it used for?

CNS receiving info from PNS, evals info and regulates organ and muscle activity in this system controls sleep vs wake cycle input from sensory systems

Cocaine's effect in the brain

CNS stimulation

Acute physical effects of marijuana

Cardiac inconsistency and redness in the eyes

Alcohol affects the brain

Cerebral cortex and other neurotransmitters

What is liver cancer?

Cirrhosis

31. Which of the following is a danger is a danger of using ketamine?

D. all of the above

30. Ecstasy is a mind-altering drug, which means the chemicals can cause

D. all of the above.

drinking and driving under the limit but impact driving or under age

DUII

______37. the process of ridding the body of harmful chemicals

Detoxification

Ovarian

Difficult to detect/diagnose, history and genetic factors are risks

The AA and the AMA both consider alcoholism a ________

Disease

Miscellaneous hallucinogens

Do not have any chemical resemblance to serotonin example ketamine

The term "wet" is often applied to Americans who...

Drink alcohol

Ecstacy street terms:

E, X, XTC, hug, hug drug, MDMA.

What has become the key factor when considering legislation that ban smoking in public places?

ETS

2/3 of _______ ________ men smoke, which is the highest % score by ethnicity

East Asian

Who was the word's first anti-smoker? Saying: "I do not like that vile weed!"

Elizabeth I

An endogenous morphine (opiate-like) produced by the human body is called:

Endorphins

where was coffee first discoverd

Ethipoia

1964 surgeon generals report

First official report on the effects of smoking and adverse health

Floaters or "chippers":

Focus more on using other people's drugs without maintaining as much of a personal supply

Drug of choice

Heroin

What does drug does "on the nod"/"nodding" associate with?

Heroin

Opiods (narcotics)

Heroin, morphine; short term: relief anxiety/pain, euphoria

Alcohol

High blood pressure, irregular breathing, and cirrhosis of the liver are long term effects of drinking _______

Dosage

How much one takes

What category does these "drugs of choice", for example drugs obtained without a prescription such as a wide variety of pain killer known by their trade names, go into?

Illegal instrumental drugs

What category of drugs includes heroine, cocaine, meth, etc.?

Illegal recreational drugs

Acute drug response

Immediate or short-term effects after a single drug dose

What is alcohol's affect on the sex organs?

Impotence, FAS

Based on the film and class discussion, how is addiction define?

In reader, discussion: ...behavior pattern of compulsive substance abuse, relationships or other...behaviors characterized by over involvement with the relationship. As a Disease: stress induced defect, with genetic basis, symptoms that will eventually lead to death without treatment or recovery.

Cervical

Infection by HPV-transmitted of unprotected sex; womens 20s/30s

What is pancreatitis?

Inflamed pancreas

Genetic Explanations

Inherited traits can predispose some individuals to drug addiction.

Endorphins Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse

Inhibitory Mild Euphoria, and Block pain Narcotics

Gaba Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse

Inhibitory Cognition, Sedation, Relaxation, Drowsiness, Depression Alcohol, Valium-type, barbituates

Anandamide Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse

Inhibitory Relaxation, Increase sense of well-being Tetrahydrocannabinol-marijuana like

______36. people close to a person who uses drugs take action to help the person get help

Intervention

Filtered

It is not safe to smoke ___________ cigarettes.

Mental/Emotional signs of Drug Abuse

It makes your brain impaired, emotional, state, tricks your mind.

LSD advocate to get high

Ken Kesey

After the civil war many new addicts were women, especially ______ _____ ______. Morphine was easy to obtain (drug stores) and it was even easier to become addicted to. Reliable numbers of the number of female addicts are hard to find)

Middle Class Women

MIP

Misdemeanor 3 months imprisonment, $500 fine or both.

Faster

More muscle, the ______ alcohol is metabolized

l'RMN

NMR

Abstinence Syndrome

No identifiable withdrawal syndrome from the drug

Q. Isn't smokeless tobacco safer to use than cigarettes? -

No, no safe tobacco products.

What neurotransmitter is released when smoking nicotine & what does it do?

Norepinephrine; stimulates; helps regulate appetite and fatigue

What schedule would Aspirin be?

Not scheduled

What schedule would something be if you can legally buy it/no prescription is needed?

Not scheduled

Colon/rectal

Old person's disease; directly linked to age, diet, genetic predisposition

20. How are physical and psychological dependence different from each other?

Physical dependence is when the body needs the drug and psychological dependence is when you think you need the drug. They are both parts of an addiction though.

Setting

Physical environment through which he drug taking is influenced

When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes ________ and _________ dependency

Physical, physiological

____________ occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the su branch into its "normal" functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal

Physiological dependence

Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive ___________ drug

Psychoactive

13. the body's emotional need for a drug

Psychological Dependence

__________ does not produce physical decadence but a belief that the person needs the drug, or the high. This is considered a "process addiction"

Psychological addiction

In April 1970 Congress passed what act banning the advertising of cigarettes on television and radio?

Public Health Cigarette smoking act

Caffeine consumption

Regular caffeine consumption can lead to withdrawal symptoms

What did the Harrison Act do?

Regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products. The act was proposed by Representative Francis Burton Harrison of New York and was approved on December 17, 1914.

What did the Harrison Act do? (True or False on exam)

Regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products. The act was proposed by Representative Francis Burton Harrison of New York and was approved on December 17, 1914.

Mastectomy

Removal of the breasts

Intended Effect

Response expected from taking the drug

Factors that are correlated with lower and higher correlations of drug use.

Risk factors are correlated with higher rates of drug use while protective factors are correlated with lower rates of drug use.

The highest profile incident in recent years involving someone high on PCP involved who?

Rodney King

Who brought PCP to the attention of American Public?

Rodney King

Rohypnol-

Roofies, Rope, R-2, Roach, Forget-me-pill

What is alcohol's affect on the skin?

Rosacea, "yellowy"

Inhalation

Routes of drug administration: absorbed by lungs

Transdermal

Routes of drug administration: absorbed through the skin

Quickly

Routes of drug administration: different routes can affect how _______ you feel the effects

Who was a scholar emperor who live around 2700 B.c. That compiled a pharmacopeia listing all the known drugs an the use that they have?

Shen Nung

who wrote a book listening all known drugs in Ancient China

Shen Nung

Negative effects steroids have on the body.

Shrink reproductive organs, stunt growth, sexual disorders, infertility.

Unintended responses

Side effects

became a cocaine addict and writes "On coca" and recommended cocaine as an antidepressant and cure for addiction

Sigmoid Freud

."On Coca" .recognizes that cocaine can be used as an anesthetic

Sigmund Freud

What physician studied cocaine?

Sigmund Freud

who traded with Indians for potatoes and tobacco and brought smoking to Britian

Sir Raleigh

Who became the first British smoker?

Sir Walter Raleigh

Depressants

Slow messages between body and brain; body can't sense or respond to danger quickly

Depressants

Slows the systems of the body. Reduces the activity of the central nervous system. Low dose reduces anxiety, but high dose can cause coma or death. An overdose can cause death.

Behavioral effects

Slurred speech uncoordinated movement blackouts aggressiveness

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Small head, abnormal face structures, heart defects, slowed growth, mentally impaired

Mainstream smoke

Smoke exhaled by a smoker

Doesn't

Smoke from a cigarette ___________ harm only the smoker.

Sidestream smoke

Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar

The major factor in smoking behavior that helps you "perk up" is:

Stimulation

A ______ effect may occur when a person takes more than one drug and the combined effect is greater than if the drugs were taken separately

Synergistic

Orphan Drug Law

Tax advantage for developing drugs to treat rare diseases since this can be otherwise unprofitable

What is the total abstinence from alcoholic liquor?

Temperance

Biotransformation

The process of changing the chemical or pharmacological properties of a drug by metabolism.

Twice

The proof is _____ the percentage of alcohol by volume (ex.) 100 proof = 50% ABV

LSD advocate for mind expansion

Timothy Leary

True

True or False: Abuse of alcohol can lead to addiction.

True

True or False: After an addict has successfully stopped using, he or she can never use alcohol or other drugs again.

True

True or False: Alcohol does the greatest damage to the liver, brain, and heart.

True

True or False: Unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms occur when an addict tries to stop using the substance to which they are addicted.

True

True or False: Use of alcohol and other drugs becomes the most important thing in a person's life once they are addicted.

True

True or False: When a person uses alcohol or other drugs for a long period of time, tolerance develops.

True

True or False: The brain and liver suffer the most damage when a person drinks heavily for many years.

Alcohol dependence

Uncontrolled alcohol intake unsuccessful at decreasing use life problems withdrawal symptoms

What was the issue with the whiskey rebellion?

Unpaid taxes

Pleasure

Unwoven

What is neurogenesis and how it it related to aggression?

Various types of stress can suppress production of new neurons i.e. reduce size of hippocampus in depressed individuals means less neurogenesis

Sir _________ _______ established a colony in North America, which he called _________ in order to flatter _______, England's virgin queen, but never set foot there himself

Walter Raleigh, Virginia, Elizabeth

In the 1950's Sir _________ _________ traded with the Indians for ________ and ____________

Walter Raleigh, potatoes, tobacco

Select the best answer with respect to weak acids and weak bases.

Weak acids and bases partially dissociate in an aqueous environment The solution is a mix of ionized and unionized entities in equilibrium with one another

Caffiene

Well tolerated in low doses; does induce dependence; withdrawal symptoms (headaches)

Ultrasonography, biopsy

What are some cancer treatments?

Surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus

What are surgeries for ovarian cancer

Stimulants, depressants, narcotics, hallucinogens, inhalants, steroids, club drugs

What are the seven drug categories?

Social Factors

What are the specific reasons why a drug is taken ( e.e., curing an illness, self-medicating, excape from reality, peer pressure, family upbringing, membership to drug abusing subcultures)

Stool tests, bleeding from rectum, colonscopy

What are ways to detect colorectal cancer

Sarcomas

What arise from tissues: muscle, bone, cartilage

Biological, Genetic, and Pharmacological Factors

What biological and genetic factors exist in the user, and how do the ingredients of the drug interact with the body and the nevrous system

Stimulants

What category do these drugs fall into? Cocaine, Crack, Amphetamine, caffeine, nicotine, Ritalin

Depressants

What category do these drugs fall into? Alcohol, Tranquilizers, Barbiturates

Repair

When a person quits smoking, the body begins to ________ itself (unless the damage was permanent).

Control Theories

When individuals do not have a bond to a social group: peers, family etc. They are more likely to be involved in deviant behaviors

What does the Henderson Hasselbach equation tell us about acid/conjugate base pairs?

When pH = pKa, the amount of acid is equal to the amount of its conjugate base in the system

Overdose

When the amount of the drug is too large for the body to handle

Physical Dependence-

When the body needs a drug to function normally

Stomach

Where is 20% of alcohol rapidly absorbed

George Washington led militia because of unpaid debts taxes is called

Whiskey Rebellion

President George Washington led 15K militia to western Pennsylvania to collect unpaid taxes. The ________ __________ demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws.

Whiskey Rebellion

Three main types of alcoholic beverages are

Wine spirit beer

Uterine/Endometrial

Women over the age of 55+, prolonged exposure to estrogen, late menopause. No preganicies, obesity, type 2 diabetes

smoking effects both

YOU & OTHERS

Are parents responsible for minors using alcohol in their home? What can/ cannot happen? What is specific about this law in Omaha?

Yes, criminal changes, fined up $500.

Q. Can people become addicted to marijuana?

Yes, research confirms

8. The government agency that controls the safety of food and drugs in the United States is ____________________.

_FDA Food and Drug Administration_

When drugs enter the body through a _____they are absorbed into the bloodstream through vessels in the skin.

_Patches

80

__% of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine

thiopental (pentothal)

a barbiturate that is used as a general anesthetic

Sympathetic Nervous System

a branch of the autonomic nervous system that releases adrenaline.

Peyote

a cactus containing the hallucinogen mescaline

Barbital

a sedative-hypnotic drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate

Harm Reduction

a series of practical interventions that respond to the needs of drug users and the community where they live in an effort to reduce the harm caused by illicit drug use.

Normalization

a term used by the Dutch for the practice of not prosecuting users of soft drugs such as marijuana.

False Negative

a test that is negative for drugs even though drugs are present in the urine

Freebase

a variation of cocaine in which cocaine is separated from its hydrochloride salt by heating, using a volatile chemical such as ether

Crack Cocaine

a variation of cocaine made by heating cocaine after mixing it with baking soda and water

crack cocaine

a variation of cocaine made by heating cocaine after mixing it with baking soda and water

crystal meth

a variation of meth; one ex is ice.

Tolerance

ability to absorb a drug over time in larger doses with similar effects to the drug once taken at smaller doses

leukoplakia

abnormal cells that appear as white patches turns into cancer of the mouth

Cancer

abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells

Dysplasia

abnormally shaped cells

huffing-

absorbing fumes from an inhalant soaked rag that has been stuffed in the mouth. (chloroform)

In what order does alcohol affect the brain?

absorbs into blood stream, passes through body, inhibits connections between neurotransmitters and brain, impacts actions

parasympathetic system

acetylcholine

le sparadrap

adhesive bandage

un pansement adhésif

adhesive dressing

Psychoactive drugs

affect CNS and other consciousness or perceptions

high-risk drug choices

after using drugs for awhile, people start to use them habitually and addictively. I.E. looking for parties and to use drugs often

hangover

aftereffects of drinking

une ambulance

ambulance

BAC

amount of alcohol in a person's blood expressed as a %

Synergistic Effect

an enhanced, unpredictable effect caused by combining two or more substances.

Cholinesterase

an enzyme necessary for the metabolism of acetylcholine.

Drug

any substance that modifies or enhances, inhibits, or distorts mind or body functioning

Fast-Track rule

applied to testing of certain drugs, such as ones for rare cancers and AIDS

Structural analogs

are drugs result from altered chemical structures of current illicit drugs, It involves modifying the basic molecular skeleton of a compound to form a new molecular species

Anabolic steroids

are structurally related to male hormone testosterone. abused by athletes and body builders to increase strength and appearences

NT responsibility in transfer of messages

attach to receiving proteins, receptors on target cells

supply reduction

attempts to diminish illegal drug supplies, cutting off or destroying supplies, but limited success with it

What among sedative hypnotic drugs which one seems to lead to drug dependence.

barbiturates

CNS depressants include various use of prescription drugs. What are they called?

barbiturates, sedatives, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, inhalants, GHB(Gamma Hydroxybutrate).

German scientists developed a formula for a painkiller that was less addictive than morphine

bayer

women

become alcoholics later in life

functional usage

becomes life dependent, predisposed based on heredity and thus you need it.

types of alcohol

beer, wine, liquors

The fermented beverages that contain 3-6% alcohol are the _______

beers

Tobacco Products that are smoked

bidis from india, tobacco wrapped in a leaf and tied with string. Kreteks from Indonesia, contain ground clove. Cigar and Pipe Tobacco, more nicotine than cigarette tobacco.

BAC

blood alcohol content- how much alcohol in blood stream

une prise de sang

blood sample

Regardless of route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach brain tissue by the way of

blood stream.

une transfusion sanguine

blood transfusion

BAC effects

body size gender mix of beverage amount consumed feelings food eaten presence of other drugs age

creatine dosage depends on...

body weight, body fat %, types of training

why people take drugs

bored cope with stress fit in look cool grows naturally prescribed by doctor sold in store

tolerance

brain and body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects

CNS

brain and spinal chord receives info from PNS

Parasympathetic Nervous System

branch of the autonomic nervous system that includes acetylcholine and alters heart rate and intestinal activity.

une carie

cavity

Malignant tumor

cells capable of invading other parts of the body

Binding of receptors of NT causes

changes activity in target cell,

Addiction

chemical change, physical tolerance to drug; mood altering creates harmful consequences

going through nicotine withdrawals

chills headaches anxiety

caffeine is found in

chocolate, coffee, tea, soda, OTC/prescription drugs

advanced stage liver disease

cirrhosis - liver failure & death - only cure: transplant

sedative-hypnotic drugs

class of drugs that produce relaxing to sleep inducing effects depending on dosage

Time-response factors

closer drug is placed to target area, faster it will get there

la cocaïne

cocaine

la neige

coke, snow

The most successful smoking cessation method is ______

cold turkey

23. Quitting tobacco products suddenly without any gradual decrease or medicine is called going

cold turkey.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

consists of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

binge drinking

consuming large amounts of alcohol quickly

In situ

continued abnormal growth, but contained in one area

Drug Addiction

continuing desire for drugs based on a physical need

depression

dejection characterized by withdrawl or lack of response to stimilation

les soins dentaires

dental care

Soma

from the Greek; literally means "body"

Carcinoma

glands, skin, cell membrane cancer

toxicity

harmful effects

Dose

how much is being taken

Hypnotics

induce drowsiness and encourage sleep

Type 1 alcoholic

influenced by the enivronment

Type 2 alcoholic

influenced solely by genetics p3= genetic predictor for alcoholism

Experimental Drug Use

infrequent drug use usually motivated by curiosity

smokeless tobacco

ingested tobacco without smoking it

Stacking

ingesting or injecting several steroids at the same time

patent medicines

ingredients were secret in drugs

Excitatory synapse

initiates an impulse in the receiving neuron when stimulated, causing release of neurotransmitters or increasing activity in target cell

Speedball

injectable combination of heroin and cocaine

speedball

injectable combination of heroin and cocaine

5. Drugs administered by_________ result in greater brain concentrations of the druf and increase the potential for tixicity, especially in naive users:

injections

un toxico

junkie

prescription drugs

need a signed document from authorized medic

Psychological Dependence

need that a user may psychologically feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawl symptoms

N/S consists of

neurons or glia, to conduct homeostatic function of the brain. Receive and send info.

How does N/S send and receive info?

neurons via electrochemical process

Drugs can effect neurotransmitters systems in 2 main ways.

neurotransmission(the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a snynapse) and neurotransmitters(chemical messengers released from axon terminals)

4.The chemicals that are released from one neuron to activate a nearby neuron are called:

neurotransmitters

28. Several medicines that can reduce the discomfort of withdrawal contain the same chemical that causes addiction.

nicotine,

bromides

nonbarbiturate sedatives used to treat epileptic convulsions

sympathetic system

norepinephrine

des gouttes pour le nez

nose drops

List 2 reasons the drinking age is 21.

not at risk to develop long term health problems, brain development and maturity.

smokeless tobacco will

not effect lungs as much as smoking will. however contains same amount of harmful chemicals

Compulsive Drug Use

obsessive drug use without regard for society

antagonistic inhibitory effects

one drug blocks or conceals the effect of another drug

marijuana

one of the cannabis drugs, derived from the buds, leaves, and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa

heroin

one of the most addictive substances derived from opium

Pons

one of two structures constituting the brain stem, connecting the medulla with the brain stem.

Medulla Oblongata

one of two structures constituting the brain stem; helps control respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and other vital functions.

Basal Ganglia

part of the central nervous system.

Binge Drinking

periodic excess (5+ in 1 occasion)

Barbiturates

played an important historical role as sedative-hypnotic agents. they were replaced by benzodiazepines.

snuff

powdered form of tobacco, snorted through nose

Alcohol

psychoactive drug; depressant

Fight-flight-fright Syndrome

psychological response of the body to stress, which prepares the individual to take action by stimulating the body's defense system.

Recognize the out of a list mental disorders which one is a major disturbance.

psychosis is a major disturbance of normal intellectual and social functioning in which there is loss of contact with reality.

Alcohol abuse

recurrent use has negative consequences

anxiolytic

refers to anxiety-reducing drugs

recidivism

relapse

sensation seekers

search for new and novel thrills, have relentless desire to pursue physical and psychological stimulation involving danger. really like getting high

phenobarbital

second barbiturate developed; produces relaxation and relieves anxiety

un calmant

sedative, tranquilizer, painkiller

Ergogenic Aids

substances that provide an athletic advantage, also known as performance-enhancing drugs

Anabolic Steroids

substances used to increase muscle mass; related to male sex hormones

un cachet

tablet

ausculter

to auscultate

fournir de la drogue

to deal drugs

plomber une dent

to fill a tooth

when someone drinks it enters the blood-stream rapidly through

walls of stomach and small intestine

Marijuana street terms-

weed, dope, pot, grass, reefer, hash, ganja, herb, maryjane, blunt, skunk, joint, THC, roach, kit, nail, boom, chronic, doobie, gangster.

caffeine

world's most widely used stimulant, most often consumed in coffee

what spread the addiction of tobacco and women

wr

chewing leads to

yellow teeth gums pull back teeth eventually fall out

legal instrumental usage

Dr. prescribes and you take it

smoking has how much a lag for side effects (years)

20

Illicit

Types of drugs: illegal, psychoactive substances

Over the counter

Types of drugs: obtained from retailers and pharmacies

addiction

control of drug over person and their behavior

antagonist drugs

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug

Which of the following is NOT true about alcohol and sexual activity?

- C .

How can refraining from smoking benefit an individual's health?

- D .

Smoking reduces a person's life span by an average of _____.

- D .

Which of the following forms of alcohol can be consumed ?

- D .

Which of the following statement is NOT true?

- D .

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding smoking and pregnancy?

- D .

A fetus is unaffected by its mother's use of tobacco.

- False .

Drinking five ounces of wine is better for the body than drinking twelve ounces of beer because there's less pure alcohol in a glass of wine .

- False .

Secondhand smoke is less dangerous than the smoke tobacco users breathe.

- False .

Carol can be defined as a social drinker because she can easily limit drinking and she chiefly drinks alcohol when she is out with friends or family members.

- True

95% of violent crimes committed on college campuses are alcohol-related.

- True .

Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in society and approximately half of the American population consumes alcohol.

- True .

Cirrhosis of the liver is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by chronic alcohol abuse.

- True .

Proof is the standard measure used to determine how much alcohol is contained in an alcoholic beverage.

- True .

Smoking can have both long- and short-term affects on an individual's health.

- True .

4 Pricipal factors of usage

- biological, genetic, and pharmacological - cultural factors - social factors - contextual factors

ephedrine side effects

- irregular heart beat - hear palpitations dizziness headaches & fever

List some examples provided in the reader on how millions of people/families have recovered from addiction:

-12 step communities (AA, NA, etc) -faith based programs -treatment -individual and family therapy -help from clergy, friends, family

Why is a young woman who has been drinking at greater risk for unplanned pregnancy?

-A person can feel that nothing is going to happen, they lower their chance of protection for themselves.

What are some key pieces discussed about addiction in the US 1600-1830:

-Alcohol was prevalent as settlers colonized -Puritans: distinction b/w "drinking" (appropriate) and "drunkenness" (inappropriate) -Alcohol played a normal role in people's lives, not seen as problem -Settlers introduced it to Native Americans in turn for tobacco -"Drunkenness" began to cause problems; "slums" were created to separate from higher society -Benjamin Rush, first to call drunkenness an "Odious Disease"-- early temperance movement began---> be moderate in temptations. Ran by mostly Woman b/c of the rampant domestic violence (86% involve intoxication)

3. Name four smokeable tobacco products besides cigarettes.

-Cigars, Pipes, Clove Cigarettes,Bidis.

22. What are six withdrawal symptoms associated with opiate addiction?

-Cramps, Vomiting, Muscle pain, shaking, chills and panic attacks.

Psychological factors of addiction include

-Escape from reality -Boredom -Inability to cope with anxiety -Destructive self-indulgence (constantly desiring intoxicants) -Blind compliance with drug-abusing peers -Self-destructiveness -Blindly using drugs without wanting to understand the harmful effects of drug use

Initial drug abuse symptoms include

-Excessive use -Constant preoccupation about the availability and supply of the drug -Refusal to admit excessive use -Reliance on the drug

What are some key pieces discussed about addiction in Ancient Civilizations:

-Existed for centuries; used in ancient Greek and Roman -Used medication for soldiers, religion, enjoyment -Most common substances: alcohol, opium, shrooms, weed, nicotine (5,000 B.C.)

Why Are People Attracted to Drugs?

-Experience pleasure or heighten good feelings -Relieve stress, tension, or anxiety -Forget one's problems and avoid or postpone worries -Relax after a tension-filled day of work -Fit in with peers or as a rite of passage -Enhance religious or mystical experiences -Relieve pain and some symptoms of illness

What are five reasons that each person's reaction to alcohol is different?

-Gender, body weight, medications, amount of sleep, food in the stomach

27. List six examples of inhalants.

-Glue, Spray Paint, Laughing Gas, Helium, Nitrous Oxide, Sharpie Markers, Markers

Describe what happens when alcohol enters your bloodstream.

-Goes to your brain and spinal cord and then you can get drunk

*A student who smokes pot may do poorly on a test given the next day, because of the pots effect on what brain area?_

-Hippocampus

Describe what happens when nicotine enters your bloodstream.

-It goes to your brain and you can get this adrenaline and a buzz from the nicotine, increases you blood pressure and heart rate.

How does alcohol impair reaction time?

-It impairs reaction time because it slows down the brain and it takes longer for a reaction to go through.

*What is NOT a short-term effect of smoking?

-Lung Cancer_

Common Side Effects of Drugs

-Nausea or vomiting -Changes in mental alertness -Dependence -Withdrawal -Allergic reactions -Changes in cardiovascular activity

Q. Isn't smoking marijuana less dangerous than smoking cigarettes?

-No, 1 joint=4 cigarettes

Q. Aren't beer and wine "safer" than liquor?

-No, 12 ounce beer=1 1/2 ounces of liquor=5 oz of wine cooler

Q. Doesn't smoking help you relax?

-No, it can increase the amount of stress you have

35. List at least five ways to refuse tobacco products?

-No, make a joke, change the subject, offer an alternate , leave, no thanks.

Be familiar with family dynamics

-Parents can't reach her or stop her -worried son would follow -father wants her in rehab and his money when she visits -relatives; genetics -no Carrick=family flourished

33. Name three ways that advertisers try to get you to think tobacco would make your life better.

-People in tobacco ads often look young, attractive, healthy and fit. Some ads have beautiful nature scenes and some tobacco is for only specific groups.

What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1933-1950:

-Prevalence on rise in prescription drugs -Birth and Growth defects of AA (1935) `Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Story `Borrowed Oxford Group meeting sale for alcoholics `Oxford group feedback of the Big Book and the six principles that later became the 12-steps of AA! -AA's impacts on Addiction--big, very big! -Modern Alcoholism Movement -Early Diseases Models (bio-psycho-socisl) v. Medical model (biological)

What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1830-1919:

-Prevalence on the rise -Men impacted more than women; social acceptability and other factors -Women stereotyped (comical, sexual behavior) -Harrison Act of 1914: narcotics under Federal Regulation; needed prescription -Washington Movement: men alienated from temperance movement; faded as quickly as it developed. No sustainable recovery program in place =First self-help group we know of. Spiritual group, not successful -Etiology (cause) of Addiction =drunkenness, inebriety instead of "alcoholism" or "alcoholic" =theories of "use" began to emerge

Stages of Drug Dependence

-Relief: Satisfaction from negative feelings in using the drug -Increased Use: Involves taking greater quantities of the drug -Preoccupation: Consists of a constant concern with the substance -Dependency: A synonym for addiction, is when more of the drug is sought despite the presence of physical symptoms -Withdrawal: The physical and/or psychological effects from not using the drug

What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1919-1933:

-Second wave of Temperance Movement -Woman banning together to save families -Right to vote and stop scourge of alcohol and promote prohibition (Women's Christian Temperance Union [WCTU]) -Prohibition of Alcohol-- 18th amendment and Volstead Act (legislation for 18th) ='the failed experiment'- usage went up among certain groups; Roaring 20's =Social consequences: increased potency, crime (bootleggers and black market, Capone) -21st Amendment- what amendment did this repeal? 18th -What did the 19th amendment accomplish? Women right to vote -Oxford Group =foundation of AA =spiritual, not religios, though based in Judeo-Christain teachings =no requirement of abstinence, just change in life

36. How can you and your friends help each other stay away from tobacco?

-Set positive example for each other avoid tobacco environments and commit to each other not to use.

23. Explain why a person who is addicted to an opiate may use a less-dangerous drug to help break his or her addiction.

-So then the drug will not continue to hurt them even more and they will slowly decrease the amount of the drug used.

Six Examples of Drug Misuse

-Taking more drugs than prescribed -Using OTC or psychoactive drugs in excess without medical supervision -Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs -Using old medicines to self-treat new symptoms of an illness -Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician's orders -Administering prescribed drugs to a family member without medical consultation and supervision

Q. Why can't teens drink if their parents can?

-Teens bodies are still developing until 21-22, alcohol has a greater impact on their physical and mental well being.

29. Explain why inhalants cause brain damage.

-The inhalants can replace it with oxygen and that causes brain cells to die.

Withdraw-

-The way in which the body responds when a dependent person stops using a drug

2. Name three dangerous chemicals that cigarettes contain.

-There can be nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide.

Ten Reasons Why Drug Use Is More Serious Today

-Through the media - Greater availability - Drug use endangers the future -Drug use and especially drug dealing are becoming major factors in the growth of crime rates among the young. -Seven in ten drug users work full-time and this increases the possibility of serious accidents in the workplace.

What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1980s-2000s

-War on Drugs (it work?) Debatable. Some, definitely not -Multiple Pathways - not just abstinence -Neurological Advances - support for disease model, no not? -Biology - all evidence not absolute -Addiction and the Family - enabling and CODA -Process addictions - evidence activate reward system similar to substance addictions

24. In addition to drug addiction and drug overdose, what is a danger associated with injecting heroin?

-When a person injects the needle some blood remains on the needle, but if you use the same needle to other people then diseases can spread such as HIV and Hepatitis to other people.

28. Explain what a flashback is and why it occurs.

-When you think that something is happening but it is not. Doctors do not know why they happen but it is when you take drugs and then they will make your brain so weird.

Explain the difference between a prescription drug and an over-the-counter drug (OTC).

. A prescription drug is when a doctor gives it to you, needs specific instructions and a OTC(over the counter) is when it is safe enough to be used without a doctor's care.

___ is legally drunk in most states

0.08

the liver can only handle __ drinks/hour

1

How long with Quitters flu symptoms usually last?

1 week

Misdemeanors

1 year in county jail

How are Drugs Classified?

1) Origin- the source of it i.e.opiates come from the opium poppy (morphine, codeine, heroin) 2) Therapeutic usage or how the drug is used to modify something in the body i.e. morphine-powerful painkiller 3)Where the drug is causing physical changes i.e. alcohol is a depressant b/c/ depressant action on the CNS/ Cocaine-stimulant CNS pain-reducer 4)Chemical Structure i.e. barbiturates comes from the chemical structure of barbituric acid 5) Mechanism of effects--the action of the drug on the body 6) Street name i.e. amphetamines "speed" & barbiturates/depressant "downers"

Consider the controversy surrounding drug testing in workplace and at home.

1) infringes on the constitutional right of privacy when tests are random 2) is drug usage a legit reason for termination of employment if no obvious effect of the drug is demonstrated by the worker's performance 3)the accuracy of drug test

How are neurotransmitters deactivated?

1)Enzyme breakdown enzymes interact with the transmitter molecule and changes its structure so that it can no longer bind to receptor site 2)Reuptake neurotransmitters are taken back up into the terminal button after released

stages of progression

1- experimental 2- desired effect 3- tolerance 4- denial 5- dependence

Scheduling

1-5 The comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

What theories are used to explain addiction?

1. Genes--blueprint, 40-60% vulnerability 2. Reward--release/surge of dopamine Two Gumball analogy:tells you to hang onto reward than others for survival 3. Memory--Reminds you long term through glutamate. Can leave you prone to relapse 4. Stress-- release of CRF leads to anhedonia; the inability to gain pleasure from enjoyable experiences 5. Choice--influenced by problems in levels below. Hypofrontality; reduction in a previously 'normal' cortex `Craving defeats this theory--> not using for pleasure but for survival. Experience is miserable and involuntary Problem with first level, it continues to impact subsequent levels. Think nesting dolls

Give the 10 neurotransmitters we have discussed in class:

1. Histamine 2. Dopamine 3. Serotonin 4. Epinephrine 5. Glutamate 6. GABA 7. ACH 8. Glycine 9. norepinephrine 10. catecholamines

Homeostasis

1. Internal and external changes in environment 2. Body self-regulates via N/S and endocrine 3. Equillibrium

What are some symptoms of addiction?

1. Loss of control 2. Craving 3. Persistent drug use, despite negative consequences

Given the following pKa values for the following weak bases (for the [BH+] entity), rank the following with the degree of ionization at pH 7 with 1 being the most ionized

1. Oxycodone (pKa = 8.5) 2. Morphine (pKa = 8) 3. Scopolamine (pKa = 7.6) 4. Phenothiazine (pKa 2.5)

Based on the previous question, what are the two parts of the brain responsible for?

1.Frontal Cortex (outside) -mortality -judgement -personality -understand consequences -options, emotions, attachment, spiritual memory 2. Midbrain (deep inside) -Site of where drugs work and where addiction begins -handles the next 15 seconds, get us from moment to moment alive. -eat -kill/defend -sex drive Need these to survive, to get us to do these things, the midbrain makes them pleasurable. Frontal Cortex keeps the midbrain in check. In addiction, something goes wrong and it's reversed.

39. Name three professionals or community resources that can help people once they decide to stop drinking.

1._______Counslers_____ 2._____Docotors________ 3._____Groups (AA)___

How many smoking related deaths are there per year?

1/2 million

Each time you smoke a cigarette how much estimated time is taken from the end of your life?

10 minutes

what percentage of heavy drinkers will get cirrhosis

10-20

Caffeine intoxication

1000 mg consumed in less than an hour

How many Americans admit to smoking marijuana at some point in their lives

108 million or 42% over the age of 12

A life-long smoker can expect to die how many years earlier, on average, than a non-smoker?

12

What is the Single Convention?

12 participating European nations of the UN pledged to fight drug abuse and international trafficking through national legislation

1 standard drink contains ___g of pure alcohol

14

The WHO estimates that there are how many people with alcoholism worldwide?

140million

Microbes

15-20% of cancers: viruses, bacteria, parasites

To purchase tobacco legally, one must be of what age?

18

What does the law state about purchasing it for others?

18

What is the minimum age to buy tobacco in 46 of the 50 states?

18

age group with most drinkers

18-34

When did the first Opium war take place?

1839 to 1842

When did the second Opium war take place?

1856 to 1860

What was the earliest drug law in the US? Consider the San Francisco ordinance and the Pure Food and Drug Act

1875- San Francisco Ordinance-opium dens were banned 1909-Congress pass a law banning the importation of opium for smoking 1906-Pure Food & Drug Act-designed to control opiate addiction; Mandate the labeling the amount od drugs contained in the products esp. opiates opium, morphine, heorin, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine

What was the effects of alcohol prohibition in the twenties?

18th -prohibition of alcohol Decreases: rate of drinking, death due to liver cirrhosis, admission to state hospital for alcoholism, arrest for alcohol related offenses More extensive usage of marijuana, shift from drinking beer to distilled spirits, advent of speakeasy (unlicensed saloon), takeover of the distribution of alcohol by criminals

What federal drug legislation was passed following the prohibition on era?

1930- creation of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (aka Drug Enforcement Administration) 1937- Marijuana Tax Act -required producers, manufacturers, importers, and dispensers of weed to register and pay a fee; non-medical possession or sale of marijuana became illegal 1965-Drug Abuse Control Amendment-regulation of stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenic substances 1966- Narcotic Addicts Rehabilitation Act- the treatment of drug abuse 1970-Controlled Substances Act-basis for drug regulation in the US today

Marijuana tax act

1937

3. The FDA, as part of the Kefauver-Harris amendments, began evaluating the effectiveness of drugs in:

1962

the public health cigarette smoking act took place in what year

1971

1. What year did marijuana use in the US peak before beginning a steady decline?

1980

What is the ratio of births in the US that are FAS?

1:750

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

1st act against drug comapnies, had to include on labels amounts of alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, or marijuana extract. Dangerous preparations did not matter

a man who is a heavy drinker consumes how many a day

2

nicotine increases heart rate by ___ bpm

20

What drugs were the first to be used? How were drugs spread world-wide?

6400 B.C.Alcohol and wine were first used in (through fermentation) 5000 B.C.Opium Poppy in Asia Minor 2700 B.C. Cannabis Sativa in China 2500 B.C. Chewing coca leaves in Central and S. America The crusades and the expeditions of Marco Polo exposed Europeans to the drugs (opium & hashish), travels of European explorer to the Americas

National Substance Abuse Treatment Services Survey (N-SATSS), the average cost for inpatient programs was about $_________ per month. Since more than 30 days produces a higher recovery rate, the cost of drug rehab can easily go between $_______ and $________.

7,000, 7,500, 75,000

trail mix-

A Mixture of various prescription drugs, usually served at a pharm party in a large bowl

Pilz-

A Term used to describe prescriptions medications. Can include OTC meds. .

4. Psychoactive drugs work by:

A and C

Nature of Addiction

A bad habit? A failure of healthy choices? A failure of morality? A symptom of other problems? A chronic disease?

Disease Model

A belief that addiction is both chronic and progressive, and that the drug user does not have control over the use and abuse of the drug

Disease Model

A belief that addiction is both chronic and progressive. Does not have control.

What is alcohol tolerance?

A condition in which a person needs more of a drug to feel the original effects of the drug.

Tolerance

A condition in which a person's body becomes used to the effect of a medicine and needs greater and greater amounts of it in order for it to be effective

Nicotine

A deadly poison found only in tobacco leaves.

Addiction

A physical or psychological need for a drug

Alcoholism

A progressive, chronic disease involving a mental and physical need for alcohol

Will

A regular user of tobacco ________ have difficulty quitting any time he or she wants.

What is nicotine?

A very addictive chemical in tobacco products.

34. Why does planning ahead make it easier to refuse tobacco?

A way to say know, refusing less stressful, you have made a commitment to use.

Which of the following is true about pKa values?

A weak acid with a pKa of 3 is a stronger acid than a weak acid with a pKa of 4 A weak base with a pKa of 8 is stronger than a weak base with a pKa of 7

Club Drugs

A wide variety of drugs being used by young people at dance clubs, bars, and all-night dance parties ("trances" or "raves"). Because many of these drugs are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, they can be secretly added to beverages by individuals who want to intoxicate or sedate others.

15. Which of the following is a depressant?

A. a tranquilizer

Weak acids and their conjugate bases and weak bases and their conjugate acids are important in pharmaceutics. Select all that apply:

Acids donate protons Bases accept protons Conjugate bases accept protons Conjugate acids may have a positive charge Conjugate bases may have a negative charge

Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects

Administration Absorption Distribution Activation Biotransformation and elimination

2. One country in which our drug control efforts and our other foreign policy interests have been in conflict is:

Afghanistan

Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects

Age Gender Pregnancy

What is an agonist? An antagonist?

Agonist a chemical that fits the lock receptor and activates it Antagonist chemical that prevents other compounds from activating the receptor

Inoculation

Aims to protect drug users by teaching them responsibility and explaining the effects of drugs on bodily and mental functioning

Demand Reduction

Aims to reduce the actual demand for drugs

In what states is the legal age to buy tobacco 19? (Alphabetical order)

Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, Utah

which states do you have to be 19 to buy tobacco

Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, Utah

What affects the brain in the reverse order to which the brain develops?

Alcohol

Decreases

Alcohol _________ the effectiveness of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar

Mortality

Alcohol affects _________: Alcoholics average life is 15 years less than non-alcoholic life

Consider recent findings from the National Household Survey. What drugs are mostly widely used and what sub-group differences are apparent? What issues might affect accuracy of drug surveys?

Alcohol and cigarettes are most widely used. In terms of illicit drugs, marijuana is top. Individuals in the age range 18 to 25 have the most prevalent substance use Men were 1 3/4 X more likely as women to report illicit drug use; 20% more likely than women to report alcohol use. White people drank more follow by Hispanic and Blacks Black people showed the highest prevalence of illicit drug usage then Whites and Hispanic Issue: survey (self-reporting) , representative sample

Bloodstream

Alcohol is transported throughout body through

______ _______ is a measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) so contained in an alcoholic beverage

Alcohol proof

Tryptophan

Amino acid that affects serotonin levels, allowing one to fall asleep more easily

Compulsive Behavior

An increasing amount of time spent on obtaining, using, and recovering from the effects of the drug

Hormone

Anabolic steroids can cause _______ deficiency , cancers, and AIDS

Female

Anabolic steroids symptoms: growth of facial hair, changes in menstrual cycle, and deepened voice

Male

Anabolic steroids symptoms: reduced sperm count, baldness, and development of breasts

What trimester can FAS occur in during a woman's pregnancy?

Any

Drugs

Any chemical that causes changes in a person's body or behavior

Inhalants

Any substance whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to produce mind-altering sensations

Drug Abuse

Any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal or social harm to the user or t others affected by the users behavior

"Fast-track" rule

Applied to testing of certain drugs, such as ones for rare cancers and AIDS

Steroid Street Terms:

Arnolds, Gym Candy, Pumpers, Stackers, Weight Trainers, Juice, Rahiods

"Addiction to pleasure" theory

Assumes it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun

Addiction to pleasure theory

Assumes it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun

Supply Reduction

Attempts to curtail the supply of illegal drugs or their precursors and exert greater control over other, more therapeutic drugs - Includes interdiction, the policy of cutting off or destroying supplies of illicit drugs

. The last step in making a decision is to do something, or....

B. act.

__9. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with drug abuse and drug addiction?

B. excellent performance in school

30. Influence from your friends and other teens is called

B. peer pressure.

18. Once in your brain, nicotine causes effects throughout your body by

B. sending chemical messages.

14. Any drug that increases the body's activity, including heart rate and blood pressure is a

B. stimulant.

Why the FDA now requires a printed warning on several SSRI's?

Because of higher rated if suicide among children and adolescents.

2. Why is physiological toxicity considered a "social" problem?

Because the impacts and costs associated with hospitals, productivity, and emergency rooms means that social systems are affected

Recognize description behavior tolerance and behavior toxicity.

Behavior tolerance is reduced effect of a drug after repeated use. Behavior toxicity is toxicity that results from behavior effects of a drug.

What is cross-tolerance? Behavioral tolerance? Reverse tolerance?

Behavioral tolerance-behavioral adjustment by the individual (learned); people who had experiences with the effects of alcohol will learn to compensate for intoxication by walking slowly (hard to reverse) Cross tolerance-tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs i.e. people who like alcohol or barbiturates will be highly tolerant of medically anesthetics ( depressant) Reverse tolerance-sensitization; increased sensitivity to a drug with repeated use of it

Control Theories

Believe that if people are left without attachments (bonds) to other groups (family, peers, social institutions), they have a tendency to deviate from expected cultural values, norms, and attitudes

Schedule V drugs are the most...

Benign

LSD

Best-known hallucinogenic drug belongs in the serotonin group

What is the definition for consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row?

Binge drinking

4

Binge drinking: female _+ drinks

5

Binge drinking: male _+ drinks

What are some characteristics of the user that contribute to the nature of drug effects?

Biological characteristics inherited differences in reaction to drugs--major differences in reaction due to genetics/ initial sensitivity-the effect of a drug on first time user gender-drugs have greater effects on the woman weight-less drug effect in heavier people age-children are more sensitive because enzymes to metabolize the drugs are not fully developed therefore drugs stay longer Psychological characteristics sensation seeking --thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, dis-inhibition, and boredom susceptibility ; positive relations between level of sensation and drugs stress-response dampening addictive personality- personality structure common to all individuals who have substance use disorder Drug expectancies and beliefs (history) drug expectancy- what a person expects to achieve or happens when using a drug Social and Environmental Factors settings; socicultural process Tolerance- repeated administration of a given dose of a drug often results in reduced response to the drug

Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders

Biological explanations are thought to be responsible for the substantial overlap that exists between drug addiction and mental illness

People who are diagnosed with a personality disorder such as anti social personality disorder, what are they also likely to have?

Biopsychosocial : a theory or perspective that relies on the interaction of biological, individual psychological, and social variables.

16. Cardiovascular diseases (3)

Blood Clots, Constricted blood vessels, Heart Attack, Stroke

0.04

Blood alcohol concentration: 2 drinks, BAC = _.__ - 0.06

0.09

Blood alcohol concentration: 3 drinks, BAC = 0.06 - _.__

.12

Blood alcohol concentration: 4 drinks, BAC = 0.08 - _.__

0.08

Blood alcohol concentration: legal BAC = _.__ (21+y/o)

What is the main affect of FAS?

Brain damage

1/2

Breakdown of alcohol into water, _______ oz. per hour (LIVER)

32. Passing out free samples of a product is one kind of

C. promotion.

4. The nervous system can be roughly divided into these three components:

CNS, ANS, SS

Consider the structure of the nervous system. Contrast the CNS & PNS. What are the two branches of the ANS? What is a sympathomimetic drug?

CNS-brain & spinal cord PNS-everything outside of the CNS which includes nerves (motor & sensory); regulate the ANS- automatic functions; ANS (sympathetic -emotional arousal; parasympathetic-normal maintenance) Symathomimetic drugs- mimic sympathetic arousal i.e. cocaine, amphetamines, LSD

In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke (e.g. Carbon monoxide and cyanide) are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and loss of elasticity in the alveoli leading to what?

COPD

.no street names .unscheduled .stimulant .*90% of American adults consume this everyday

Caffeine

When launched, Coca Cola's main two key ingredients were ________ and __________. (Answer in alphabetical order)

Caffeine, Cocaine

Elaborate on the disease argument/model discussed in the film:

Came from germ theory, and microbiologists such as Pasteur and Koch. Organ (Midbrain)---->Defect (Stress induced hedonic dysfunction)---->Symptoms (Loss of control, craving, use despite consequences) In this model, we treat the defect, not the symptoms. By using this model, doctors double the human lifespan in only 100 years!

Promoters

Cancer ________ accelerate cell growth and make DNA repair difficult

Physical signs of Drug Abuse

Cancer, overdose(death), infertility, enfizima, increased risk of anxiety, depression, and paranoia.

A gas produced in cigarette burning that reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood:

Carbon monoxide

Smoke contains several __________ __________ products that bind DNA and cause many genetic mutations

Carcinogenic pyrolysis

Physical health smoking

Cardiovascular disease respiratory lung cancer

Stimulants

Causes the body systems to speed up. Increases alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure. Lowers fatigue, appetite, and causes sleeplessness.

Which doctor highlighted that alcoholism might be a disease and not a moral sin?

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Consider the various explanations of tolerance.

Cell Adaptation/ Homeostasis Hypothesis- assumes that a drug acts on specific cells in the cns; cells become adaptive to the presence of the drug with repeated exposure (plasticity). The adaptation allows the cell to maintain normal function at a given dose so more drug is needed for a high (tolerance). Compensatory reaction- when you take a drug, two biologically triggered occurs: 1) drug effect; 2) homeostatic counterreaction. Reaction becomes stronger through repeated drug dose. Learning (Classical Conditioning)-Over repeated pairing of the drug taking and drug-taking cues, just presenting the drug-taking alone may elicit a drug compensatory reaction; conditioned stimuli-cues associated with drug taking ; conditioned response-drug action and reaction

What are four ways smoking can affect a developing baby?

Cerebral palsy, Sight Impairment, Hearing Problems and Learning Difficulties.

Hallucinogens

Changes the way users see and hear. Sights and sounds are perceived in bizarre and often frightening ways. These drugs produce anxiety, panic attacks, psychotic effects, flashbacks, hallucinations, permanent brain damage, and death.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger of the brain that transmits impulses from one neuron to another

What is a chemical name? Brand name? Generic name? Why do consumers seem to prefer generic versions of prescription drugs?

Chemical name-name that represents its chemical structure brand name- commercial name by the manufacturer / trademark generic name-shorter; general name Generic are sold at a lower price

Media and professional athletes have boosted the general trend among youth to:

Chew tobacco

Patterns of alcoholism

Children of alcoholics are more likely to become alcoholic themselves due to vulnerability

Which country is the worlds largest producer of tobacco today?

China

By the turn of the 20th century four factors had established the extent of recreational drug use: 1.) Increased ________ ________, which in turn led to an increase in opium use 2.) The ________ ________ had created a number of morphine addicts. Some intentional (house wives) and some unintentional (veterans addicted to pain killers) 3.) Use and availability of the __________ 4.) _________ _________ with limited legal limitations

Chinese Immigration, Civil War, Syringe, Drug stores

The first _________ _________ were hired in 1865 at about $28 per month to do the very dangerous work of blasting and laying ties over the treacherous terrain of the high Sierras, on the trains-continental railroads

Chinese Laborers

Alcoholism

Chronis and progressive disease; including problems controlling drinking, being preoccupied with drinking, and continued use even after problems

Unborn child

Cigarette smoking by a pregnant woman may cause harm to the ________ ___________.

Of all tobacco use, the most popular and potentially most dangerous is

Cigarettes

Clove cigarettes

Cigarettes made from tobacco and cloves; contain MORE carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine than other cigarettes.

10-20% of all heavy drinkers will develop what in their lifetime?

Cirrhosis

what war caused drug addiction and 400,000 people became addictive to morphine

Civil War

33. Name two ways dealers try to attract users to designer drugs.

Clever Nicknames(Street Terms), A false promise to safety

Young, colorless, beverages

Club Drugs: A wide variety of drugs being used by ______ people at dance clubs, bars, and all-night dance parties ("trances" or "raves"). Because many of these drugs are _______, tasteless, and odorless, they can be secretly added to ______ by individuals who want to intoxicate or sedate others.

Normally snorted, more expensive than crack

Cocaine

Who was the first person to define alcoholism as a disease?

Dr. Benjamin Rush

CNS Stimulants

Cocaine, amphetamine, caffeine; speed up heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, impulsive behavior, nervousness

.Street names: Coke, bow, crack .*Schedule II - because it has medicinal value .Stimulant

Cocaine/crack

Dehydrate

Coffee _________ (stimulant) worsens hangover

Three forms of Caffeine

Coffee tea and chocolate

Cocaine-

Coke, Dust, Toot, Snow, Blow, Sneeze

Based on education, which social group has the lowest rate of current use?

College graduates

Consider drug use in early America. What was the solider's disease?

Columbous 1492- Tobacco, psychoactive drugs, peyote by the Indians 1800s-morphine, opium, marijuana, heroin easy to get at grocery stores The widespread use of morphine which turn into morphine addicition by soldiers during the Civil War (1840s)

Depressants

Common drugs of abuse: decreases activity of central nervous system; anti-anxiety, codeine and morphine, narcotics, and heroin

What is the law regarding possession of marijuana?

Confinment up to 5 years, $10,000 fine or both. Seven days, $500 fine, citation $100 attend a drug abuse course.

What was the Opium Wars and who won them?

Conflict between China and Great Britain in the mid-1800s as British traders brought opium into China and the Chinese became addicted and the Chinese government destroy shipments of Opium being brought. The Biritish won in 1842 through the Treaty of Nanking 2nd Opium War-Biritish won through the Treaty of Tientsin and it forced China to import opium but China could heavily tax it

Alcohol

Confusion, decreased alertness, and blurred vision are short term effects of drinking _______

The addiction continuum:

Consists of the order of events a would-be addict will take in their progressive disease of the mind. Their choice declines as it transitions to the negative phases. -Abstinence (all choices, never use)-----> -Experimental/ Regular Use (choice made to use)----> -Abuse (choice declining)-----> -Dependence (Physical/Emotional/Spiritual; need it to function)----> -Addiction (needing it to survive)------> -Death

Alcoholism one

Continuing to drink excessively while knowing the effects of long-term use

a law by President Nixon where the DEA and FDS determine which substance are added or removed to the schedules

Controlled Substance Act (1970)

What act was signed into law by President Nixon in 1970

Controlled Substance act

What is cocaine mixed with baking soda? Normally smoked, cheap, more potent/dangerous

Crack

A deadly disease that replaces healthy liver tissue with useless scar tissue is called

D. cirrhosis.

25. LSD, angel dust, and peyote are three examples of

D. hallucinogens.

When making an important decision like whether or not to drink, you should consider beliefs that are important to you, also called your.......

D. values.

Who determines which substances are added to or removed from the schedules?

DEA and FDA

The _________ diagnosis of alcohol dependence respresents one approach to the definition of alcoholism

DSM-V

What has changed in the move from DSM-IV to V? Note that the phenomenon of drug dependence or addiction is not defined in DSM-V; how does Rinaldi define psychological dependence?

DSM-V: substance dependence is not a separate substance disorder, drug use is any consumption of alcohol or other drugs and related event, craving is one of 11 criteria for substance use disorder Psychological dependence-the emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid negative effects associated with its abuse

Schedule I drugs are the most....

Dangerous

Inhalants

Dangerous fumes are concentrated in a bag or on a cloth and inhaled. Causes headaches, hallucinations, nausea, disorientation, violent behavior, confusion, and memory loss. Causes decreased heart and respiratory function, and damage to kidney, liver, bone marrow, and brain. Immediately kills brain cells. Can cause death.

What are the serious of withdrawal's associated with alcoholism?

Delirium Tremens

The word ___________ is often used more than addiction, mainly because in the case of opiates (such as heroin and some pain killers) for example, there is a physical ______ that is established

Dependence

Dose-Response

Depends on -Dose - Tolerance -Potency

Alcohol is a ____________.

Depressant

Among the psycho active drugs, what is alcohol classified as?

Depressants

What are heroine and alcohol examples of?

Depressants

What slow down the central nervous system (CNS)?

Depressants

Understand different drug categories and why certain drugs belong in those categories

Depressants- depresses CNS -alcohol, n=benzo, opium, ambient, valume Stimulants- increases/alerts CNS -caffeine, nicotine, methanpetamine, ADHD meds. Hallucinogens- overwhelms CNS -LCD, PCP, psilocybin (mushrooms), mescaline, peyote, designer drugs (ecstasy< GHB, and Rohypnol)

Systems, coma

Depressants: Slows the _______ of the body. Reduces the activity of the central nervous system. Low dose reduces anxiety, but high dose can cause ______ or death. An overdose can cause death.

What are the symptoms (short-term and long-term) associated with each drug type?

Depressants: -depresses CNS, reduce anxiety, induce anesthesia, disorientation, poor coordination, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Stimulants: -increased alert CNS -increased anxiety -triggers "flight or fight" -may have quick tolerance building effect Hallucinogens: -disorientation -dissociation -sense of insight, overwhelm CNS -not compulsively addicting but consist of rapid tolerance

GHB

Depressants: date rape; colorless, tasteless, odorless

Heroin

Depressants: intravenously, hypoxia

The first step of most drug rehabs is ________. Then comes _______.

Detoxification, therapy

Cross-tolerance

Development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs

Compulsive users

Devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly (sometimes exclusively) about drug use, and become connoisseurs of street drugs

Cough Medicines:

Dex, Red Devils, Robo, Tussin, Tripple C, Skittles, Syrup

L-dopa is a precursor for _____ and used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to control the symptoms

Dopamine

Pleasure centers of the brain are rich in what neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

What's the specific NT for pleasure seeking capabilities in drug users.

Dopamine

Summarize how repeated drug use affects the brain.

Dopamine is the chemical released that gives us that high.

What is a dose- effect (response) curve? What is meant by efficacy? Potency?

Dose-effect curve is a standard way of representing drug effects that result from taking different drug doses efficacy-peak (most intense) of drug effect drug potency-min. effective dose of a drug

.Who was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence and attended the Continental congress .surgeon general in the continental army

Dr. Benjamin Rush

In honor of his service to mental health, the American psychiatric association uses who's image as part of their seal?

Dr. Benjamin Rush

Alcoholism number two

Drinking during risky behavior such as driving

True

Drinking or using drugs when alone is a warning sign that may indicate addiction.

DWAI

Driving while ability impaired by alcohol

Intolerance

Drug interactions: drugs combine to produce uncomfortable reactions

Antagonism

Drug interactions: drugs work at same receptor sites so one alter the absorption and action of the other

Inhibition

Drug interactions: effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site

Cross tolerance

Drug interactions: person develops physiological tolerance to one drug and shows similar tolerance to certain other drugs

Polydrug use

Drug interactions: taking several medications, drugs, or vitamins simultaneously

Drug Classification categories and what amendment were they described in

Drug is habit forming Drug is not safe for self-medication Drug is new and not shown to be completely safe

Social Disorganization and Social Strain Theories

Drug use is caused by rapid and disruptive social change in society

Process

Drugs and the brain: disrupts how nerve cells send, recieve, and _______ information

Nerve

Drugs and the brain: imitates natural chemical messages and activates _____ cells to send abnormal messages

Dopamine

Drugs and the brain: overstimulates the "reward circuit" in the brain, which is the chemical ________

Three major simultaneous changes in users who take drugs

Drugs are an escape, achieve a certain feeling alters body chemistry and normal homestatic body functioning satisfy a genetically programmed need or desire.

Review in detail the 1970 Controlled Substance Act. Note the criteria defining the 5 schedules of controlled substances, and note examples of drugs in the various schedule.

Drugs are classified according to their medical use , their potential for abuse and their likelihood for producing dependence Schedule 1: medical (no), abuse potential (high)--marijuana, heroin, LSD, ecstasy Schedule 2: medical (yes), abuse potential (high)--PCP, morphine, opium,cocaine; can be held by pharmacologist and physicians can prescribe Schedule 3: medical (yes), abuse potential (sometimes)-- barbs, ketamine (prescription can be written and penalty less) Schedule 4: medical (yes), abuse potential (low)--Valium, xanax Schedule 5: medical (yes), abuse potential (low)--cough meds (must show I.D.)

How are drugs eliminated from the body? Define half life. How long after use can drugs be detected in urine?

Drugs are eliminated from the body : excretion and metabolized into pharmacologically inert, water-soluble by-products and then excreted kidney, excreted in the feces, excreted in liver bile, excreted in mother's milk, excreted through the lungs, excreted in perspiration drugs obey the first-order kinetics-the amount of drug that is metabolized in a unit of time depends on how much drug is in the blood HALF LIFE-the time that must pass for the amount of drug in the body to be cut by half Range of detection: alcohol-up to 1 day cocaine-2-4 days marijuana- 2-8 (acute) 14-42 (chronic) benzodiazepines-7-9 days opiates- 1-2 days barbiturates-3-14 days

How does addiction affect the brain?

Drugs modify: 1.Drugs modify your mood, memory, perception, and emotional states. 2. repeated use changes the brain structure and functions in fundamental and long-lasting ways `can press after stopping `David Rosenbloom, "thing can't stop because brain changed" 3. Addiction, from array of neuro-adaptive changes and strengthening of new memory connections in various circuits. Recovery= time to rewire those circuits and connections

Steroids

Drugs similar to testosterone that are taken to increase muscle mass and strength

Hallucinogen

Drugs that produce distortion and distort sense of reality and

Stimulants

Drugs that speed up activity in the human brain and spinal cord

20. Groups such as SADD and MADD have worked to educate people and get stronger laws and stricter enforcement against what problem?

Drunk Driving

Alcoholism is known as what due to its mental and physical components?

Dual Disease

What is an ED50? An LD50? A therapeutic index?

ED (effective dose-% show effect of drug) 50 is a standard term that pharmacologist use; means that 50% of the people who receive that amount of the drug will experience sedation LD (lethal dose-the effect of interest is death); the dose at which 50% of the animals administered a given dose of a drug died within a stated time Therapeutic Index-the ratio of LD 50/ ED 50 for a given drug; higher the index is, the more useful the drug is in medical treatment ; steeper dose effects-smaller index

How is brain damage assessed? Consider the various way of imaging the brain.

EEG-measuring electrical activity CAT SCAN-passing x-ray through the head to get 3-d pic PET SCAN-injecting weak radio isotopes to see brain activity in certain regions MRI-3-d image of the brain FMRI-measure oxygen level in the brain

When genders are combined, _________ _________ and former _______ ________ have the highest rates of tobacco consumtion

Eastern Europe, Soviet Republics

Who made the first brewery

Egyptians 3700 BC

In what sense is neural transmission an electochemical event? What is it electrical? Where chemical?

Electrical along the axon and the chemical at the synapse

What are the endorphins? What is GABA? Glutamate? What drugs affect the neurotransmitter anandamide

Endorphins are the brains natural pain killers; mimic opiate drugs (peptide family) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-inhibitory transmitter of the brain; hyper-polarize the neuron and stops it from firing act on GABA-valium, barbiturates, tranquilizers, xanaz, alcohol Glutamate-excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter Anandamide-lipid neurotransmitter; active chemicals in weed mimics anadamide

What morphine like chemicals are made in our brain?

Endorphins.

Energy drinks

Energy drinks can cause death cardiovascular risk and other serious side effects

Reverse tolerance (sensitization):

Enhanced response to a given drug dose; opposite of tolerance

What is the purpose of the FDA?

Ensure safety and rights of humans during testing procedures evaluate safety and efficacy of new treatments compare benefits and risks of drugs

Passive smoking is also known as "__________ ________ ______" (ETS) or "Second hand smoke"

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

What is passive smoking also known as?

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Drinking alcohol (as opposed to fuel) nearly always refers to what?

Ethanol

Acute psychological effects of marijuana

Euphoria time elongation extreme hunger laughter

1. Which of the following is one of the Four Principles of Psychoactive Drugs described in your text?

Every drug has multiple effects, not just a single effect

Acetylcholine Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse

Excitatory-Inhibitory Mild Euphoria, Excitation, and Insomnia Tobacco, nicotine

General principles of psychoactive drugs

Experienced users may react differently than new users. Experienced users may report positive effects of a drug because of association from prior use. Expectations can influence what they experience.

Career Pattern of Addiction

Experimentation or initiation of drug use Escalation: increasing use Maintenance: optimistic belief that the drug fits in well with day-to-day goals and activities Dysfunction: problems with use interfering with day-to-day goals Recovery: getting out of drug use/abuse Ex-addict: successfully quitting

Narcotics

Extracted from opium poppy, their chemical compounds resemble the opiates in their actions. They decrease pain, provide a feeling of euphoria, and are highly addictive

T/F: Clove cigarettes are safer than tobacco cigarettes

FALSE: they contain more tar, nicotine and tobacco

What is the leading cause of mental retardation in the western world?

FAS

leading cause of mental retardation in the world is

FAS

pattern of mental and physical defects that level in a fetus

FAS

3. Legal pharmaceuticals are regulated primarily by the:

FDA

Body weight, body fat %, gender, genetic factors, drinking behavior, metabolism

Factors that CAN determine BAC

Exercise, eating, drinking coffee, breathing, taking drugs

Factors that CANT determine BAC

Abuse

Failure responsibility, legal problems, persistent social/interpersonal problems

If I add a conjugate base to the solution, the pH of the solution decreases

False

You can tell whether a drug is an acid or a base by its pKa value. High pKa value drugs are bases and low pKa value drugs are acids

False

What is the chemical reaction in certain fruits and vegetables where the sugar converts to alcohol over time?

Fermentation

A pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop in a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

What is FAS and FAE?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- facial and developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Effect- individual developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy.

What is FAS

Fetal alcohol Syndrome

220 billion

Financial burden of cancer annually

Structural Influence Theories

Focus on macroscopic explanations of drug use and the assumption that the organizational structure of society has a major impact on individual drug use

Social Influence Theories

Focus on microscopic explanations that concentrate on the roles played by significant others and their impact on the individual

Floaters of chippers

Focus on using other people's drugs, but they never buy their own.

What does FDA stand for?

Food and Drug Administration

The program devised by the American Lung Association to help people stop smoking is known as:

Freedom from smoking in 20 days

List at least five social and emotional consequences of using tobacco.

Friendships in danger, strain relationships, they know that they are risking their health, lying and keep secrets.

Pharming-

From the word pharmaceutical. Getting high by raiding a medicine cabinet for prescription drugs.

According to the video, label important parts of the brain, when understanding addiction:

Frontal Cortex (outside) Midbrain (deep inside) Bumps called--gyri Grooves called--sulci

4. An example of one neurotransmitter that is often called inhibitory and thus makes a cell less excitable is

GABA

GABA

GABA—most common inhibitory transmitter in brain regions

Alcohol's affect on the brain: .Alcohol enters the ____ _____ were some of it is absorbed into the ______ ______ .The blood passes through your body, including the ______ .The alcohol inhibits the connections between the ________ in the brain .The alcohol normally reduces one's ________, changes ________ levels, and then affects your ________ control

GI tract, blood stream, brain, neurotransmitters, inhibitions, concentration, motor

.Greek physician .promoted opium to help with injuries and other problems

Galen

interested in opium as a pain killer and panacea

Galen

_____ that influence metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism, and may be indicated by a family history of alcoholism

Genes

Drug Problems Come From:

Genetics, Family history, Cultural Expectation, Setting

Who in the 1930's discovered that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer?

German scientists

How did soldiers become addicted to tobacco?

Given in their rations

In the equation [HA] + [H2O] --> [A-] + [H3O], which is the acid?

HA H3O

Functions of the brain

HINDBRAIN Medulla Oblongata-breathing, heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, blood pressure, digestion pons- sleep& wakefulness Cerebellun-motor control (balance, coordinated movements, speech) Reticular Activating System-alertness & arousal MIDBRAIN Substantia nigra-black thing (darker colored); produces dopamine; damage leads to Parkinson's FOREBRAIN Thalamus -organize sensory input and relays it Hypothalamus -fighting,fleeing,feeding ( one area inhibits/excite hunger), fornication Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway-reward pathway ; nucleus accumbens (rich in dopamine) --> ventral tegmental area--> frontal cortex Hippocampus-memory storage; damage unable to store new memories the lobes of the cerebral cortex --->FPOT FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL

Reality

Hallucinogens alter your perception of _______ (visual, auditory, tactilehallucin)

See, perceived, flashbacks

Hallucinogens: Changes the way users ____ and hear. Sights and sounds are ______ in bizarre and often frightening ways. These drugs produce anxiety, panic attacks, psychotic effects, _______, hallucinations, permanent brain damage, and death.

Marijuana

Hard to classify with other drugs not a stimulant or a Saturday nor a hallucinogen

High blood pressure (HBP), irregular heart beat, enlarged heart are alcohol's affect on the what?

Heart

Men who average 2 drinks per day, and women who average one drink per day

Heavy drinking

.Street names: H, Black tar, Chiva, smack, *"on the nod"/"nodding" .Schedule 1 .depressant

Heroin

Select the best answer. The ionized form of the drug exhibits:

Higher aqueous solubility than the unionized from A greater interaction with the electrically induced dipole of the water molecule A dependence upon the environment in which the drug is placed to maintain its ionization A and C above All the above <-- ANSWER

Holistic Self-Awareness Approach

Hollistic philosophy that advocates mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug free

Studies relating to homicide and alcohol

Homicide is likely to occur in situation which drinking occurs. Studies of assault, spousal abuse, and child abuse reveal correlations with drinking.

Much

How alcohol affects a person depends on: How _______ they drink

Fast

How alcohol affects a person depends on: How ________ they drink

Past

How alcohol affects a person depends on: How much drinking you've done in the ________

Thoughts

How alcohol affects a person depends on: What your ______ are about drinking

Weight

How alcohol affects a person depends on: Your body _______

Where

How alcohol affects a person depends on: _________ you are when you drink

Food

How alcohol affects a person depends on: How much _______ is in the stomach

Contextual Factors

How do physical surroundings (rock concerts, bars, nightclubs, or fraternity, and sorority parties) affect the amount of drug use

Cultural Factors

How do societal views, determined by custom and tradition, affect our initial approach to and use of the drug

Pores, capillaries

How drugs enter the bloodstream- Applied to the skin: The drug is applied to the skin, passes through the ______ and into the tiny _________ and the bloodstream.

Vessels, nasal

How drugs enter the bloodstream- Inhaled: The drug enters the bloodstream by way of the rich supply of blood _________ in the ________ passages.

Under, muscle, vein

How drugs enter the bloodstream- Injected: a. Skin Popping- the drug is injected ______ the skin b. Intramuscular Injection- the drug is injected deep into a ________ c. Mainlining- the drug is injected directly into a _____.

Alveoli, capillaries

How drugs enter the bloodstream- Smoked: The drug passes from the _______ (sacs) in the lungs into the __________ and the bloodstream.

Stomach, bloodstream

How drugs enter the bloodstream- Taken by mouth: The drug passes through the walls of the ______ and then into the small intestine to be absorbed into the ______.

The Regulation of Nonprescription Drugs

I. Safe and effective II. Not safe and effective or unacceptable indications III. Insufficient data to permit final classification

une perfusion

IV

Prescription drug user fee act of 1992

Increase Reviewers and decrease review time

Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 1992

Increase reviewers and decrease review time

What was the 1986 Analogue Enforcement Act designed to prevent?

It allowed for the immediate classification of a substance as a controlled substance Drug enforcement officials can readily and easily address a new drug as soon as it circulates prevent the circulation of designer drugs-drugs that were structurally similar but not defined as an illegal substance

What is the significance of the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act?

It authorized the Food and Drug Administration to regulate the manufacture, marketing, and sale of tobacco products

Who do Alcoholics affect besides themselves?

It can affect their children because of the influence and their genetics and the environment in which a person grows up in. Everyone really you are more likely to drink if you see someone doing it.

How is marijuana is classified?

It is often thought of as a relaxant, depressive type of drug, but it doesn't share most of the features of that class. It is also thought of as a hallucinogen because of at high doses it can produce altered perceptions but that classification doesn't seem appropriate for the way most people use it. * Doesn't fit into any class.

How does Marijuana affect the body?

It stays in your system for 7 days sometimes a month. Short term memory, perception, judgment, difficulty thinking and problem solving. Long term = cancer, lung cancer, lowers immune system.

Alcohol is a DEPRESSANT, what does this mean?

Its a drug that slows the brain and bodies reactions.

19. Name three dangers of using marijuana repeatedly. -

Jail, Developing Lung Disease, Decrease in Energy, Decreased Memory and To Concentrate, Munchies.

When did the Public Health Cigarette Smoking act start?

January 2, 1971

Who was obsessed with inventing the ultimate medicine and the perfect drink all rolled into one?

John Pemberton

who was obsessed and wanted to invent the ultimate medicine and perfect drink combined

John Pemberton

In 1938 a study by _________ _________ _______ scientists suggested a strongly negative correlation between smoking and lifespan. In _______ __________ ________ were published. In which "smoking was powerfully implicated in the causation of cancer."

Johns Hopkins University, 1950 five studies

Ketamine street terms:

K, special K, kit, kit kat, vitamin K, kellar, super C, super acid.

.Street names: Special K .Schedule I .Hallucinogenic .*Tranquilizer .mostly used by vets for smaller animals

Ketamine

Formula for therapeutic index

LD- 50 % ED -50

Hallucinogen street names:

LSD, acid, blotters, shrooms, magic mushrooms, PCP, angel dust, boat, ozone, wack, foxy methoxy, AMT, 5-meO-DIPT, yellow sunshine, killer weed, rocket fuel, super grass.

Hallucinogens

LSD, psilocybin (shrooms); altered stages of perceptions and feelings

The governments hands off approach to the drug industry in the 1800's.

Laissez-faire

What did harm reduction refer to in Americas War on drugs?

Legal and medical strategies. Main addicts functioning in society.

What category of drugs include aspirin, cough medicine, and vapor rubs?

Legal instrumental drugs

What category of drugs meets legal requirements? For example: Tobacco and alcohol

Legal recreational drugs

Who created the five schedules?

Legislation

DTS

Less common characterized by disorientation fever and hallucinations

Stimulates, depressant

Like alcohol, after nicotine initially ___________, it has a _______ effect.

*What part of the brain is most influenced by smoking pot?__

Limbic System___

What drug treats high cholesterol?

Lipitor

The _____ is the major detoxification organ for the body

Liver

Cardiac myopathy, brain damage, fatty liver, cirrohsis

Long term effects of alcoholism

Chronic drug response:

Long-term effects after a single dose

Persons low in the enzyme action ( COMT or MAO) will be easily bored

MAO

.Street names: Molly, ecstasy, X, E, XTC .Schedule I .Hallucinogenic (stimulant properties) .*Man-made, normally comes in pill forms

MDMA

l'IRM

MRI

Durham-Humphrey Amendment

Made formal distinction between prescription and nonprescription drugs Established drug classification categories Drug is habit-forming Drug is not safe for self-medication Drug is a new drug and not shown to be completely safe

Aren't

Males aged 25 to 40 _________ the greatest users of smokeless tobacco.

Kefauver-Harris Amendment

Manufacturers had to prove that drugs are effective and safe. FDA could withdrawal approval after on market FDA could regulate and evaluate drug testing

.Street names: pot, weed .Schedule I .Depressant (hallucinogenic properties) .*Active ingredient = THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

Marijuana

1. The National Survey on Drug Use and the Monitoring the Future Project both cite which of the following as the most commonly used illicit drug?

Marijuana

THC

Marijuana contains the psychoactive substance ___

Gateway hypothesis

Marijuana is a gateway to harder drugs

21. Explain the cause-and-effect relationship between smoking marijuana and lung disease.

Marijuana is smoked, therefore, damages the lungs and overtime, the lung becomes diseased (emphysema)

The Harrison Act of 1914

Marked the first legitimate effort by the federal government to regulate and control the production and importation of addicting substances

Why was the "K" in Kola replaced with a "C" in the naming of Coca-Cola?

Marketing purposes

When was the first Coca-Cola advertisement run?

May 29, 1886

Proof

Measure of percentage of alcohol in the beverage

Perscription sedatives & tranquilizers:

Mebaral, Quaaludes(Ludes), Zanax, Balium, Oxy Cotton, (Cotton, Oxy, O.C), Kicker, Big Boys, Codeine, Percocet(Percs), Vicodin(Vike, Vitamin, V), Chill Pills, French Fries, Tranqs,

Over the Counter medicine

Medicines that are safe enough to be taken without a written order from a physician

What is alcohol's affect on the Brian?

Memory loss, brain damage

Higher

Men have a _______ concentration of alcohol metabolizing enzyme

.Street names: Crystal, crank, meth, speed .Crank comes from bikers hiding meth in compartments on the side of their bike .Schedule I .Stimulant .*Man-made

Methamphetamines

Sex organs

More than 1/3 of cancers occur where

What did Paracelsus refine from the opium poppy?

Morphine, codeine, and heroine

Breast

Most common in women, risks are age over 60, genetic predispostion, early onset menstruation, 1st child after 30

Abused Drugs Are Positive Reinforcers

Most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure centers by causing the release of specific brain neurotransmitters such as dopamine

What parts of your body is affected by the use of smokeless tobacco?

Mouth, Tongue, Teeth and gums.

Substances can enter through

Mouth, nose, muscle, vein, skin patch

Poly-drug Use

Multiple drug use

Resemble, decrease

Narcotics: Extracted from opium poppy, their chemical compounds ________ the opiates in their actions. Narcotics _________ pain, provide a feeling of euphoria, and are highly addictive

common side effects seen with drug usage

Nausea/vomiting changes in mental alertness dependence: withdrawal allergic rxns cardiovascular changes

Recognize the main ways drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems.

Neurotransmission and nuerotransmitters.

Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs

Oral ingestion Inhalation Injection Topical application

DWI is _______ 0.08% in some states (higher/more severe charge), DUI is _____ 0.08%.

Over, under

A dangerous acute effect of taking depressants in combination of alcohol.

Overdose and death by inhibiting respiration.

What is a neurotransmitter? a receptor site? Be able to trace the processes involved in neural transmission. Distinguish between iontrophic and metabotropic receptors.

Neurotransmitter-chemical substances stored in the terminal button that are released into the synapse when the neuron is fire. They influence the activity of the post-synaptic neuron Receptor site-specialize structures on the dendrites and cell bodies that are activated by neurotransmitters Neural transmission is depicted by the lock-key analogy as certain transmitters and receptors have an affinity for each other; when the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, change occur as the cell will fire or not likely Mechanism for changes: Iontrophic- receptors coupled to ion channels that effect the neuron by opening or closing channels more +into neuron---likely to fire (excitatory) more - into neuron--hard for action potential (inhibitory) Metabotropic (slow but long lasting)-receptor that act through a second messenger; g protein activates the 2nd messenger

Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves the the plants in the genus ________

Nicotiana

Constricts

Nicotine ________ the blood vessels, cutting down the flow of blood and oxygen throughout one's body.

Addictive, tolerance

Nicotine is _________ and eventually a __________ develops.

Stimulant, 4

Nicotine is a powerful _________ to the brain and central nervous system that "hits" the brain within ___ seconds.

Main ingredients consumed when smoking are

Nicotine tar carbon monoxide

21. Why do people have such different responses to tobacco?

No 2 people are exactly alike, social factors and family history.

What ethical issues are raised in drug research with animals and humans.

Nuremberg Code-research with humans cannot be conducted without the subjects responsible, voluntary, informed consent New drug develop, someone has to take it

5. These drugs produce a relaxed, dream-like state: a couding of consciousness without the reckless abandon produced by alcohol. At moderately high doses this kind of drug induces sleep. Regular use can lead to withdrawl effects including diarrhea, cramps, chills and profuse sweating.

Opiods

Injected, swallowed, smoked, snorted

Opiods can be taken by

5. Morphine can be classified as an:

Opioid

In the early 1800's ____ was the medical doctors most reliable and effective medicine? Used for a variety of conditions but mainly pain relief.

Opium

What is the dried latex obtained from Papaver somniferum?

Opium

The British merchants smuggling and selling opium (from India) in China against the wishes of the Chinese authorities led to the...

Opium Wars

climax of disputes over trade and relations between Chian under the Qing Dynsasy and British

Opium Wars

Most of the Chinese Laborers remained in the US after the completion of the railroad in 1869. Many were opium addicts and _______ _______ (basically a drug house) began to appear in major US west coast cities

Opium dens

What are the major routes of drug administration. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Oral swallowing in forms of pills, capsules, powders or liquids -->safest; cheapest swallowed--stomach-absorbed through small intestine--blood--pass through liver--brain alcohol Injection- typically dissolved or suspended in some solution before injection -subcutaneous -injecting under layer of skin -intramuscular -within muscle-faster absorption rate but can localized pain -intravenous -into the veins; effect is immediate ; large quantities can reach site of action Inhalation-absorb through the lung membrane; rapid and effective absorption (small) cannabis Intranasal (sniffing)-powered form through the nose--mucous membranes--sinus cavities cocaine Sublingual (under tongue)-drug tablet under the tongue and dissolves in saliva--mouth's mucous membrane Transdermal (skin) -not as effective because the skin acts as a barrier to some chemicals

Smokeless tobacco risk

Oral cancer gum disease loss of teeth cancer of the jaw

What are the pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors that help us to understand the drug experience?

Pharmacological 1) chemical properties and cation on the body of the drug used 2) drug dosage-how much is consumed 3)route of drug administration- the way that the drug enter the body ( **route affects the amount of dosage reaches site of action and how quick) Non-pharmacological A. characteristic of the user 1) genetic makeup 2)gender 3)age 4)drug tolerance 5) personality-psychological set (knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and thoughts about a drug) B. Setting in which the drug is use (environment) 1. law set in place 2. community 3. physical environment 4. presence of others during usage

A ________ is a "fake" agent/substance that does not alter any bodily function by chemical nature, but sometimes given by physicians when treating patients.

Placebo

What is a placebo? What are placebo effects?

Placebo-control in a study that looks like the drug nit has inactive substance ; allows for comparison Placebo effect-nonpharmacological effects of drug adminstration

What drug keeps the platelets in your blood from clotting to prevent unwanted blood clots that can occur wth certain heart or blood vessel conditions?

Plavix

Moral Model:

Poor morals and lifestyle; a choice

Ecstasy(MD MA)

Popular club drug acute effects heatstroke elevation in heart rate and blood pressure can be lethal (Molly)

Maligant melanoma

Potentially deadly skin cancer is

Steroids

Powerful compounds that are similar to the male sex hormone, testosterone. These drugs are taken to increase muscle mass and strength. Usually injected or taken in pill form. Effects include acne, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, impotence, and sterility.

Alcoholic

Preoccupied with alcohol, cannot manage stress without drinking

Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs

Prescribed for anxiety, relaxation and sleep

Rx =

Prescription

Recipe-

Prescription drugs mixed with alcohol or other caffeine beverages.

Switching Policy

Prescription to OTC drug must have been prescription for 3 years high usage during prescription period adverse reactions known and not intense

What are some key pieces discussed about addition in the US 1950-1980

Prevalence= War, hippies, disco -The AMA= disease model with the formal introduction of the term "alcoholism:, 1956 -The Minnesota Model `Foundational for current treatment programs `Many were in their own recovery `11 tenants `Integrated drug and alcohol addictions `Focus on the current problem, not the cause

PAP test, gardasil

Prevention for cervical cancer

Labeling Theory

Primary deviance, secondary deviance, master status, and retrospective interpretation

In 1907, what brand of tobacco for pipes & cigarettes was introduced?

Prince Albert

Where do more mentally ill people go every year instead of state hospitals?

Prisons

List the 3 Stages of Alcoholism.

Problem Drinking, Absolute Dependence, and Late Stage of Alcoholism.

DSM5, it does not define addiction as such, but what does it have diagnostic criteria for?

Problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by two of the options.

What is reinforcer? A punisher? How are these operant principles used to help understand drug dependence.

Reinforcer-a consequence of a behavior that increase the chances it will occur in the future positive reinforcement: adding something negative reinforcement: taking away something;escape Punisher-a consequence of a behavior that suppresses or decreases its future likelihood there is a high positive correlation or association between pleasant or desired drug effects and their reinforcing effects in humans through self-administration studies Only when the person takes the drug to experience the effects that may reinforce behavior

Define and highlight causes for relapse and craving:

Relapse -Definition: the return to drug use after a drug-free period. Hallmark feature of addictions, and one of the most painful. -Causes: Drug-related "reminder" cues, stress, celebrations, sampling the drug `Precursors relate to ancient brain motivational circuit that can trigger overwhelming feelings and lead to poor decision making Craving -Definition: Desire. Part of the human condition -Causes: Our brains are 'hard-wired" to appreciate and to pursue natural rewards because their critical survival value `Cues activate the brain's powerful "Go!" circuit, creating cravings. `May have beginnings outside conscious awareness.

America's relationship with alcohol is rooted in the country's _____ foundations, such as, Puritanism ("work, thrift, and sobriety")

Religious

Biopsy

Removal/examination of a small piece of body tissue

Habituation

Repeating certain pattern of behavior until they become established or habitual

Habituation

Repeating certain patterns of behavior until they become established or habitual

The 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

Required manufacturers to include on labels the amounts of alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, or marijuana extract in each product Made misrepresentation of drugs as "non-habit forming" illegal Did not prohibit distribution of dangerous preparations

What are three long term health risks associated with smoking?

Respiratory Diseases, Cardiovascular Diseases, Several Different forms of Cancer.

Oral ingestion

Routes of drug administration: most common; tablet, capsule, and liquid

Injection

Routes of drug administration: quickest effect; intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously

Passive smoke

SECOND-HAND SMOKE= Tobacco smoke present in the air from someone else's smoking and is inhaled by others.

Videos: Intervention Video &

Saving Carrick

Reinforcement

Saying its good, positive thoughts towards the drug

3. Historically, drugs that are available by prescription are found on:

Schedule 1

What schedule are: Heroin, meth, ecstasy, etc.

Schedule I

"Scheduling"

Schedule I substances have high-abuse potential and no currently approved medicinal uses; they cannot be prescribed. Schedule II substances have high-abuse potential but are approved for medical uses and can be prescribed. Schedule II-V substances reflect the likelihood of abuse and clinical usefulness

What schedule are: Cocaine, morphine

Schedule II

Inhalants

Substances including solvents, aerosols, gases, and nitrates (ex.) lighter fluid, spray paints

Basic Reasons People Take Drugs

Searching for pleasure Relieve pain, stress, tension, or depression Peer pressure Enhance religious or mystical experiences Enhance social experiences Enhance work performance, (i.e. amphetamine-types of drugs and cocaine) Drugs (primarily performance-enhancing drugs) can be used to improve athletic performance Relieve pain or symptoms of illness

What is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers?

Second Hand Smoke

How and why are animals used in drug research. Consider particularly the self-administration, drug discrimination, and conflict procedures.

Self-administration- Drug discrimination-concerns the differentiation of drug effects Conflict paradigm-procedure that effects on a behavior of a drug that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment -generalizability of findings on animals to humans is good

What is an officer authorized to do in Nebraska when an adult is driving while under the influence of alcohol or any other drug?

Sentence 7-60 days in jail, fined $200-500, 6 months license revocation.

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the upper brain stem; plays a role in regulating sensory perception, eating, pain, sleep, and body temperature

Serotonin

4 groups of hallucinogens are

Serotonin nopu alkaline

4. Drugs that are_________are absorbed through blood vessels in the lungs

Smoked or Inhaled

."Chew" .The sucking and chewing allows nicotine to be absorbed in to the bloodstream through the tissues in your mouth

Smokeless tobacco

Isn't

Smokeless tobacco _______ absorbed only through the stomach when the saliva is swallowed.

Isn't

Smokeless tobacco ________ a safer alternative to smoking cigarettes.

Gum

Smokeless tobacco: can cause ___ disease and recession

Cancers

Smokeless tobacco: can cause ______ of gums, lips, tongue, floor and roof of mouth

Leukoplakia

Smokeless tobacco: can cause l__________

False

Smoking pipes and cigars is a great deal less dangerous than smoking cigarettes.

There is a direct correlation between _____ and the level of ______ attainment in the US.

Smoking, education

Alcohol and the law: Field ______ tests

Sobriety

Caffeine and soft drinks

Soft drinks have the most caffeine added to them between 35 and 55 mg per 12 ounces

What are the major ways that drugs affect neural transmission?

Some drugs esp cocaine can block the reuptake process Mimicking the activity of the natural neurotransmitters agonist antagonist

Narcotics

Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain

AA is _________ based and ________.

Spiritually, free

Fatty liver

Stage I of alcohol and the liver: deposits of fat in liver cells

Alcoholic hepatitis

Stage II of alcohol and the liver: fat deposits, inflammation, and mild scarring

Cirrhosis

Stage III of alcohol and the liver: severe carring and disruption of normal structure of the liver

What effects do tar and carbon monoxide have on the bodies of smokers?

Stained teeth and Bad Breath.

40

Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = 1.5 ounces spirits, liquor, gin, rum, whiskey (__%)

12

Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = 5 ounces wine (__%)

Malt

Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = 8 ounces ____ liquor (7%)

12

Standard meausures of alcohol: 1 standard drink = __ ounces beer (5%)

Amphetamines

State dependence (psychosis) use to abuse

Regulatory Steps for New Prescription Drugs

Step 1: Preclinical research and development Step 2: Clinical research and development Initial clinical stage Clinical pharmacological evaluation stage Extended clinical evaluation Step 3: Permission to market Postmarketing surveillance

Testosterone, acne, sterility

Steroids: Powerful compounds that are similar to the male sex hormone, _______. These drugs are taken to increase muscle mass and strength. Usually injected or taken in pill form. Effects include ______, increased risk of heart attack and stroke, impotence, and _____.

What type of drug is nicotine? How does nicotine affect the body?

Stimulant and mimicks the neurotransmitters, which then affects breathing, movement, learning, memory, mood and appetite.

What are caffeine and cocaine examples of?

Stimulants

What speeds up the central nervous system (CNS)?

Stimulants

What temporarily increases alertenss and awareness?

Stimulants

Speed, lowers

Stimulants: Causes the body systems to _______ up. Increases alertness, heart rate, and blood pressure. ________ fatigue, appetite, and causes sleeplessness.

Amphetamine

Stimulants: ADHD medication, Adderall, Ritalin

Nervous

Stimulants: increases activity of central _______ system

Cocaine

Stimulants: results in a deviated septum

Nicotine

Stimulants: used in cigarettes

What does alcohol do to the body?

The Heart: increases blood pressure and heart rate, irregular heartbeat, buildup of fatty deposits in the heart muscle. The Brain: destroy nerve cells, impair memory, the ability to concentrate, ability to make sound judgment. The Liver: interferes with ability to metabolize or breakdown fats, blocks flow of blood to liver, cells die, lead to liver failure or death. The Digestive System: cancers of the mouth, tongue,esophagus, stomach, recurring diarrhea, chronic indigestion, heartburn and ulcers.

Who traded tobacco with the European settlers who took it back to Europe?

The Native Americans

Who used tobacco before the Europeans?

The Native Americans

What was America's first significant confrontation with alcohol?

The Whiskey Rebellion

Nicotine

The __________ in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco is addictive.

Tars

The __________ in cigarettes are cancer-causing agents.

What is blood alcohol concentration(BAC) or blood alcohol level?

The amount of blood you have in your blood stream.

Potency:

The amount of drug necessary to cause an effect

Cumulative effect

The buildup of drug concentration in the body due to multiple doses taken within short intervals

Toxicity

The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body

Conditioning

The close association of significant reinforcing stimulus with another less significant or neutral stimulus

Where was the cocaine in Coca Cola derived from?

The cocoa leaf

The strongest symptom of nicotine withdrawal is what?

The craving for nicotine

Greater

The earlier you begin using drugs you have a ________ risk of dependence ; troubled adolescent/dating young

Blood alcohol content

The effective level of alcohol in the body

Increased, decreased, cancelled out

The effects of some medication may be __________, __________, or _______ ________ by smoking.

Detoxification:

The elimination of a toxic substance, such as a drug, and its effects

Blood Brain Barrier

The time it takes a substance to reach brain after administration

Greek doctor who wrote "Enquirt into Plant" and "Onthe causes of plants"

Theophrastus

Who used and encouraged the use of opium to treat pain?

Theophrastus

What calculates the safety of a drug?

Therapeutic index

Hundreds

There are ___________ of chemical substances in cigarette smoke.

Talk about recovery and the brain:

There is hope: Hedonic threshold can be restored to normal -normal pleasure can be normally pleasurable . -you'll have an original set point with normal dopamine surges

Stand up to pressure

These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "I already said no" "I just don't feel like it" "I really meant it when I said no"

Give a reason

These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "I'm driving" "I don't like the taste" "I don't want to ruin my lungs" "I'm on the track team, so I don't smoke or drink."

Simply say no

These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "No, I'd rather not." "No, thanks" "Thanks, but no thanks." "Not me." "No way." "Not now." "Hunh unh." "Forget it."

Leave the scene

These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "No, I've got to go now." "No, I have to be home in 15 minutes."

Give an alternative

These are examples of what way to say "no" to drugs and smoking? "No, but I'd sure like a soda" "No, but let's go outside and talk" "No, but I'm going to the mall if you want to come along." "No, but I would like to spend some time with you." "No but let's dance instead"

Most drugs are weak electrolytes. Which of the following are true regarding weak electrolytes?

They are only partially ionized in solutions Their ionization is dependent upon the pH of the environment Their ionization is dependent upon the pKa of the drug

What is true of zwitterions?

They do not have a net negative charge Amino acids are examples of zwitterions

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

This 1970 act divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and clinical usefulness.

Physical effects of alcoholism

Tolerance and withdrawal liver disease cardiovascular disease cancer

_____39. a facility where trained doctors and counselors provide help for a person who is addicited to drugs

Treatment Center_

Pelvic exam, hysterectomy treatment

Treatment for uterine/endometrial cancer

PSA blood test, ultrasound

Treatments for prostate cancer other than surgical removal of prostate or radiation

1. Socioeconomic status is a significant correlate to drug and alcohol use

True

If I add a conjugate base to a solution, the pH of the solution increases

True

T/F nearly 1/4 of college dropouts were due to alcohol consumption

True

True

True or False: A woman who smokes during pregnancy can harm the fetus.

False

True or False: Alcohol is a stimulant.

False

True or False: Alcohol is digested the same way food is digested in the body.

True

True or False: Alcohol is high in calories and has no nutritional value.

False

True or False: Alcoholism is not a disease.

False

True or False: Anyone who drinks is likely to have an alcohol problem.

False

True or False: BAC or BAL refers to the amount of calories in an alcoholic beverage.

False

True or False: Beer is weaker than rum or vodka.

True

True or False: Being in a smoke-filled room for one hour is the same as smoking one cigarette.

False

True or False: Black coffee and a cold shower can sober you up.

False

True or False: Chewing tobacco contains less nicotine than cigarettes.

True

True or False: Cigarette smoking can lead to heart disease.

True

True or False: Cigarette smoking kills more people each year than all the deaths due to AIDS, heroin, crack, cocaine, car accidents, murder, fire, and alcohol combined.

True

True or False: It is possible to die from an overdose of alcohol.

False

True or False: It is safe to smoke filtered cigarettes.

True

True or False: Nine out of ten people with lung cancer will die.

True

True or False: Over 1,000 people die each day from smoking.

True

True or False: Polonium is a radioactive element found in cigarette smoke.

False

True or False: The body can eliminate about 5 ounces of alcohol per hour.

True

True or False: The liver is the organ responsible for burning up the alcohol in the body.

False

True or False: The nicotine in cigarettes causes cancer.

False

True or False: The tar in cigarettes causes addiction.

True

True or False: There are signs to warn a person that his or her using may be leading to addiction.

Suppressor

Tumor _________ genes control/restrict cell growth

Pelvic pain, urinary urgency, ab bloating

What are symptoms of ovarian cancer

Pelvic exam, ultrasound of ovaries

What are tests for ovarian cancer

Simply say no, give a reason, give an alternative, stand up to pressure, leave the scene, avoid the scene

What are the 6 ways to say no to drugs and smoking?

Narcotics

What category do these drugs fall into? Codeine, Morphine, Heroin, Opium, Methadone

Club Drugs

What category do these drugs fall into? Ecstasy (also known as MDMA, Rohypnol, Ketamine, GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide

Hallucinogens

What category do these drugs fall into? LSD, PCP, Mescaline, Marijuana, Hashish

Inhalants

What category do these drugs fall into? Paint thinner, model glue, gasoline, correction fluid, aerosol spray freon

MRI

What detects breast abnormalities

Smaller, harder, faster

What does nicotine do? (Nicotine cause blood vessels to become _________, forcing the heart to work _______ and _________ to get oxygen to the body.)

Lungs, air sacs

What does tar do? (Tar coats the _______ and clogs ____ ______, preventing smokers from getting enough fresh oxygen.)

Proteasome

What inhibitors eliminate cancer cells by halting cell division

Ultrasonography

What is low cost, no risk for radiation exposure

181 billion

What is the economic cost of illegal drug use

Pancreas

What is the function of ________ : produce digestive ensymes and insulin

Hysterectomy

What is the surgery for complete removal of uterus for endometrial cancer

Small intestine

Where is 75% of alcohol absorbed?

Liver

Where is the main site for metabolism of alcohol

Lung

Which cancer is the #1 cause of death, but NOT the most prevalent, but the MOST deadly

Describe Leukoplakia.

White patches on tongue or lining of the mouth.

Chronic effects of marijuana

Withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation

Leukemia

Within blood stream (red blood cells); doesn't allow RBC to function

Who did tobacco advertisers begin targeting?

Women

Can parents be held responsible if their children injure someone else or destroy their personal property? What could happen?

Yes, felony. Placed supervision of Juvenile Court, state placed custody.

Explain how a teen's family life could either be a risk factor for drug abuse or a protective factor.

You could feel alienated from your family, lack of proper guidance to promote healthy choices. Strong ties to school or other community institutions.

_____40. the process of becoming well again after a drug addiction

_Recovery

20

_____% of alcohol passes into bloodstream immediately (STOMACH)

80

______% of alcohol is slowly absorbed into bloodstream (SMALL INTESTINE)

Alcohol

_______ is a depressant that contains ethanol or ethyl alcohol

Carbon monoxide

________ _____________ replaces needed oxygen in one's red blood cells.

Cigarette smoking

_________ _____________ is the largest preventable cause of illness and premature death in the country.

Marijuana

_________ has characteristics of all drug types and can be called cannabis

Time

__________ is the only thing that will get alcohol out of the bloodstream.

Leukoplakia

____________ is the medical term for the white patches that can appear in the mouth of a user of smokeless tobacco.

*Teens who use marijuana weekly have _ __of depression later in life.

_double the risk

6. When two different drugs combine to create an unexpected effect in your body, this is called a drug_______.

_interaction__

26. A program designed to help a person stop smoking and never start again is called

a cessation program.

Diethyl Glycol

a chemical solvent.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssris)

a class of antidepressant medications that increase the concentration of the chemical, serotonin, in the brain

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (snris)

a class of antidepressants medications that inhibit both the reuptake of sertonin and norepinephrine

Opiate

a class of drugs derived from opium

opiate

a class of drugs derived from opium

Hallucinogens

a class of drugs that induce perceived distortions in time and space

Brompton's cocktail

a combination of heroin and cocaine sometimes ussed to treat terminally ill patients

mental illness

a condition caused by a mood disorder or by disorganized thinking

anaphylactic shock

a condition caused by an allergic reaction to contaminants such as quinine, which are used to cut or dilute heroin.

Homeostasis

a condition in which the body's systems are in balance.

ADHD

a condition in which the individual is hyperactive and easily distracted, which inhibits learning

tinnitus

a condition marked by constant ringing in the ears

fetal benzodiazepine syndrome

a condition of infants caused by the mothers use of benzodiazepine during pregnancy; afected children have malformed face, poor muscle tone, tremors, poor coordination, delayed mental development, and L.D.

hypoglycemia

a condition of low levels of sugar in the blood

Ergotism

a condition resulting from ingesting a fungus that grows on grains; marked by muscle tremors, burning, mania, delirium, hallucinations, and eventual gangrene

Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)

a designer drug, closely related tot he banned anabolic steroids gestrinone and trenbolone

Laudanum

a drug derived from opium

methadone

a drug given to heroin addicts to block withdrawal effects and euphoria

halcion

a drug used to induce sleep

duloxtine (cymbalta)

a drug used to treat depression and peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness, in the hands or feet)that can occur w/ diabetes. It increases the amount certian chemicals in the brain that help relieve depression and pain. It is a type of serotonnin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

medicine

a drug used to treat, prevent, diagnose, an illness

Reverse Tolerance

a drug user's experiencing of the desired effects from lesser amounts of the same drug.

List 5 rights that are taken away if convicted of a felony.

cannot hold public office, will not be allowed to vote, could be denied admission to professional schools, medical, dental, lawyer, might not be allowed to secure a surety bond, may not be allowed to take the civil service examinations.

blackout

cannot recall the time when you were drunk

toxicity

capacity of a drug to do damage or adverse effects to occur

Addiction

cases in which people have struggled to control their use and have suffered serious negative consequences from it.

Sedatives

cause mild depression and relaxation

receptors

chemical messengers from glands and neurons exert their effects by interacting with special protein regions in membranes

Neurotransmitters

chemical substances manufactured in vesicles of the brain.

sucking allowing the nicotine to be sa sorted into the bloodstream through mouth tissue

chew

fetal alcohol syndrome

cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weight, irregularities in the head and face, and intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy

substance intoxication

cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance

when Coca Cola was launched what were the two active ingredients

cocaine and caffiene

erthroxylon coco

coco plant from which cocaine derived

introduced to Europe around 1600 by the Turks

coffee

Licit (legal) drug

coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, over the counter drugs

relapse-prevention training

cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions

la coke

coke

secondhand smoke

combo of side stream and exhaled smoke

Gateway drugs

commonly used drugs that can lead to increased usage of some or more harmful drugs

Food Drug and Cosmetic Act

companies had to file applications with the government had to list all ingredients and instructions to be used correctly

Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs)

company-sponsored programs to help employers deal with their employees who have problems, including drug use

Proof Value

concentration of alcohol; 2 times the % concentration

narcolepsy

condition in which the person involuntary falls asleep; commonly called sleeping sickness

Basal ganglia

controls motor activity

le crack

crack

major drugs

crack, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychological dependence

craving

ice

crystals of methamphetamines that are smoked, inhaled, or injected

social factors of drug abuse

cure illness and self medicating. escape reality of physical and emotional pain

Parkinson's disease produces trimmers, and muscular regivinity because of

damage or loss of dopamine neurons along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.

illegal drugs effect on health

death, mood swings, dependence, HIV infection, increased violence

narcotics

decreases central nervous system response decreases pain

long-term drinking

decreases immune system - cardiovascular disease - high blood pressure - stroke - females risk breast cancer - males affect size of testes

un cabinet dentaire

dental office

un dentiste

dentist

un dentier

dentures

physical need to take a drug

dependence

Although not part of the DSM, addiction occurs when

dependency to a substance continues.

Tolerance

depends on individual previous exposure

5. At low doses these drugs lead to relaxation, talkativenessm and eventually recklessness. As the dose is increased, reaction times slow, movements become uncoordinated and unconsciousness may occur:

depressants

slow down central nervous system and decrease alertness and awareness

depressent

hypnotics/sedatives

depresses activities of central nervous system - roofies -barbs -ludes -sleeping pills - barbiturate -tranquilizers

drinking does this to the brain

destroys brain cells causes blackouts dementia- general decline in function

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome

detoxification(body eliminates the alcohol or other substances) and delirium tremens(hallucinations and tremors).

cross-tolerance

development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs

cross-tolerance

development of tolerance to one drug, causes tolerance to related drugs

Compulsive users

devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly of drug use.

Inhalants

drugs that are inhaled or "sniffed"

Contrast dispositional and functional tolerance. Contrast acute and protracted tolerance.

dispositional tolerance- increase in the metabolism rate of a drug so that users must consume greater quantities of the drug to maintain a certain level of it in their body Functional tolerance-that the brain and other parts of the cns become less sensitive to a drug's effect; two types of functional tolerance: -acute tolerance-occurs within a course of action of a single drug dose; the amount of drug in the body (reverse in short time) -protracted tolerance-the effects of a given dose of a drug when it is administered more regularly or chronically. The person consumes greater amounts of a drug to achieve an effect that was once achieved with a lesser dose (more time away from drug to reverse)

unintended side effects

distinction between the two depends on the therapeutic objectives, i.e. cold medicine causes drowsiness

Distribution

distributed throughout body in blood, 1 minute of circulation. patterns vary depending on drug chemical properties

reward center

dopamine-rich pathway in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated

un stupéfiant

dope

une dose

dose

dose-response

dose tolerance potency

delirium tremens (DTs)

dramatic withdrawal reaction that some people who are dependent on alcohol have; it consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations

un pansement

dressing

marijuana

dried leaves of cannabis plant, contains THC

cigars

dried tobacco leaves rolled and smoked

binge drink

drinking large amounts of alcohol in short time

des gouttes

drops

une drogue

drug

la toxicomanie

drug abuse

un toxicomane

drug addict

Drug abuse and psychiatric disorders

drug addiction and mental illness overlap because of biological explanations

Parenteral Drug Use

drug administration by injection.

un dealer

drug dealer

un trafiquant

drug dealer

How physical dependence is often defined(true or false on exam)

drug dependence defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug's presence.

DEA

drug enforcement administration

THC

drug in cannabis causes psychoactive

le trafic de drogue

drug trafficking

Social learning theory

drug use as a form of learned behavior

sedative-hypnotic drug

drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep; also called an anxiolytic drug

Minor tranquilizer

drug used primarily to relieve anxiety

Drugs and violence

drug users are more likely to commit crimes arrests high % are under influence

NT and drugs

drugs affect NT activity because they alter synthesis, storage, release, or deactivation

Category I Drugs

drugs determined to be safe, effective, and properly labeled.

Category III Drugs

drugs for which data are insufficient to determine general recognition of safety and effectiveness.

Category II Drugs

drugs generally recognized as unsafe and ineffective or as mislabeled; must be removed from medications within six months after the FDA issues its final regulations.

cannabis drugs

drugs produced from the varieties of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa; cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects

antitussives

drugs that act as a cough suppressants

Tobacco Products that are smokeless

e-cigs, chewing tobacco, and snuff

l'ecstasy

ecstasy

What drug is refered to as MDMA

ectasy

potentiative synergystic effects

effect of drug is enhanced by another drug or substitute

reverse tolerance (sensitization)

enhanced response to a given drug dose; opposite of tolerance

Social Drinking

enhancement to social situations

Problem Drinking

escape daily stress

crack cocaine

even more purified substance causes immediate and very intense response.

caffeinism

excessive cafeine consumption resulting in caffeine dependency.

Initial drug abuse symptoms include

excessive use, constant preoccupation about availability and supply of the drug, refusal to admit reliance

Social learning theory

explains drug use as a form of learned behavior.

Subculture theory

explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or abuse.

subculture theory

explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, or abuse

snorting snuff causes

eye water cough vomit chronic nosebleeds addiction

T/F sidestream smoke contains less harmful chemicals than mainstream smoke because there is no filter

false it contains more

T/F with smoking the chance of developing heart disease stays the same

false it increases

T/F more females abuse alcohol than males

false it is males

T/F when drunk reaction time is the same

false it is slower

Carbonated drinks slow down alcohol

false!

nicotine in smokeless tobacco enters blood stream __

faster

tachycardia

faster than normal heart rate

FDA

federal drug administration

In Nebraska, selling marijuana is considered a

felony

stimulants...

increase blood pressure increase heart rate increase breathing rate

Stimulants

increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and alertness. Example= Nicotine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamines, Cocaine.

Gateway drug

increases likelihood of using other drugs

Compulsive behavior

increasing amount of time spent obtaining, using, and recovering from drugs

The potency of Marijuana is

increasing and not always consistent.

5. Which route of administration delivers a drug to the brain most quickly?

inhalation

Genetic Explanations

inherited traits can predispose individuals to drug addiction

Dopamine Type of Effect CNS changes Drugs of Abuse

inhibitory/excitatory Euphoria, Agitation, Paranoia, and Altered Amphetamines, cocaine

Peripheral nervous system structure

input and output nerves

4. Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

insulin

all drugs have

intended effects side effects dose levels tolerance levels toxicity levels withdrawal effects potential for addiction

crash

intense period when one feels down risks hear attack

hallucinogens

interfere with senses causing hallucinations. - LSD - MDMA -PCP

cerebral cortex

interpret, process, and respond to info. selects appropriate behavior and suppresses inappropriate behavior.

When alcohol is consumed faster than it is being oxidized, the result is

intoxication

Invasive

invades other tissues/sheds cells into blood stream

What is a nicotine substitute? Identify two types of nicotine substitutes.

is a product that contains nicotine, but not the other harmful chemicals found in tobacco. Nicotine gum and Nicotine patches.

MRI

is a technique that uses powerful magnets to determine the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations in the body.

Substance Abuse

is considered maladaptive, leading to recurrent adverse consequences or impairment, but it is carefully differentiated from true addiction

Intoxication

is the state in which a person's mental and physical abilities are impaired by alcohol or another substance.

Drug misuse

is the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter (OTC) types of drugs.

Drug abuse

is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience. Drug abuse refers to a more intense misuse of drugs—often to the point of addiction. Also known as chemical or substance abuse.

la marijuana

marijuana

Illicit (illegal) drug

marijuana, cocaine, and LSD

cannabis

marijuana, hashish

What are the most commonly used illicit drugs?

marijuana, non-medical usage of pharmaceuticals, cocaine, hallucinogens, and pain relievers.

Tumor

mass of tissue which serves no physiological function

Plateau effect

max effect a drug can have regardless of dosage

25. Relapse-

means to start using tobacco again after you have stopped.

Blood Alcohol Concentration

measure of intoxication determined by certain factors

How the potency of a drug is defined?

measured by the amount of drug required to produce an effect.

un médicament

medication

what is an instrumental drug?

medicinal drug

prescription

medicine obtained only with a written order from a licensed health professional

In china, 9 out of every 10 _____ smoke

men

bipolar affective disorder

mental condition characterized by alternating moods of depreeion and mania; formerly called manic-depression

Neurons

messengers in the brain that transmit information via chemical and electrical processes

la méthadone

methadone

what is used to have people lean off heroin

methadone

Social Influence Theories

microscopic explanation concentrate on roles played by significant other's impact on individual

codeine

mild narcotic that suppresses coughing, a derivative of opium

dysthymia

mild, but long lasting depression

Threshold Dose

minimum amount of drug necessary to cause effect

1. Taking four 200 mg tablets of ibuprofen for a nagging headache instead of the manufacturer's indented dose of one tablet every 4-6 hours is best defined in your text as

misuse

At what point is control lost and disease and addiction occurs?

misuse, abuse, and social factors. functional usage

Temperance

moderate alcohol use, rather than abstinence

What are the three monamine neurotransmitters, and what are their functions? How do they relate to disorders like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and depression?

monoamines- chemical structure of each contains one amine group Norepinephrine- involved in the activity of the sympathetic branch of the ans/ alert-arousal, hunger < depression / > hyperactivity Dopamine-important in the pathways that regulate coordinated motor movements and reward esp. in Parkinson's disease- lack of dopamine could be why their is a loss of fine motor movements in people < Parkinson's/ > hallucinations, delusion, schizophrenia Serotonin- important in the regulation of sleep

Escalation

more and more needed for effect

Why decrease in cigarette usage?

more non-smoking laws, makes it less of a social experience. Used to be able to smoke in many different areas, health related risks are more common knowledge.

methamphetamines

more potent forms of amphetamine

Reward Center and drug users

more sensitive to drugs because of pleasure seeking qualities.

Felony

more than 1 year in state jail

3. The introduction of hypodermic syringe in the 1800s contributed to a condition known as:

morphinism

benzodiazepines

most common group of anti anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax

emphysema

most common respiratory disease associated with smoking people with emphysema become inactive and rely on supplemental oxygen

Skin

most common, 1 million cases; risks are exposure to UV rays, sunburns, suntans

A person's mental set

motivation, mood, experience, expectations of effects

bradyinesia

motor movements that are slow and limited

ways drugs can enter body

mouth injection inhalation absorption implantation

4. The basal ganglia's main functions relate to:

muscle tone and learning

Creatine Monohydrate

natural substance used to increase strength and short-term speed

Endorphins

naturally occurring chemicals with opiate-like properties.

Tolerance

need to continually increase the amount of drug taken

Compulsion

need to engage

ephedrine

nervous system stimulant used to increase energy and performance - used for weight loss - contained in some cold medicines - high doses have caused death

long term health risks associated with alcohol

neurological cardiovascular psychiatric social illness

extrapyramidal symptoms

neurological symptoms charcterized by difficulty walking, shuffling, and psychosis

4. ___________ are the primary elements of the nervous system responsible for analyzing and transmitting information

neurons

Synapse

neurons don't actually touch, point of communication between one neuron to another

What are target cells

neurons or cells of organs, muscles, or glands

endorphins

neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension; sometimes referred to as the body's own opioids

top three drugs by sale

nexuim, lipitor, plavix

Chippers

nickname for individuals who use narcotics occasionally or on weekends

A gum containing nicotine

nicorette

what causes cigarette to be addicting

nicotine

4. Muscular tremors and rigidity in Parkinson's disease results from damage to which one of the following?

nigrostriatal dopamine pathway

inhalants

no prescriptive use. produces a high but even a small amount can incur serious brain damage

une ordonnance

prescription

2. According to the DAWN report, which drug has continued to rank in the top spot for drug-related deaths for at the least the last five years?

prescription opioids

5. The blood brain barrier's main effect is to:

prevent many drugs from reaching effective concentrations in the brain

Addiction

process of binding to things, chronic adherence to drugs

Biotransformation

process of changing chemical or pharmacological properties of a drug by metabolism, liver and kidneys elimination

Androgens

produce growth of muscle mass, increase body weight

freebasing-smoking crack cocaine

produces effects 10x greater than snorthing

nicotine replacement products

products that try and help people get over addiction by releasing small doses of nicotine into system and slowly reducing dosage to zero

what is a measure of how much alcohol is in a drink

proof

Over the counter medicine

purchased without a prescription - relieve signs & symptoms of illness does not cure it

Purity

quality of a substance; state of non contamination of a drug.

22. The earlier you using tobacco, the easier it is.

quit_

what happens when you attempt to unit smoking

quitters flu

Dementia can be stopped by

quitting drinking

Ritalin street terms:

r-ball, rits, smart drug, vitamin R, west coast.

Margin of Safety

range in dosage between necessary amount and toxic amounts unintended overdoses larger margin, less likely for overdose or detriment to health

Hyperplasia

rapid growth of normal looking cells

Pharmokinetic properties

rate of absorption: weight manner distributed throughout body rate metabolized and eliminated: getting rid of

les rayons

rays

Intended side effects

reason for usage

4. Which of the following is not the main characteristic of glia?

receives signals

Dendrites

receiving region of neuron's cell body

4. Specialized structures that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and cause a change in the electrical activity in the neuron when activated are:

receptors

Definition of Receptors

recognition mechanisms that respond to specific chemical signals.

Drug Dependency

recurring desire for drugs based on a psychic or a physical need

How can we reduce demand?

reduce demand in youth-top priority education must be carefully designed for target pop attitudes must change replacement therapy can be useful

The use of tobacco products reduces or increases ones fertility?

reduces

High-risk drug choices

refer to developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively, such as constantly searching for drinking and drug parties and hanging with drug abusers.

Low-risk drug choices

refer to values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol or drugs—self-monitoring your drug use behavior and abstinence.

Teratogenic

refers to substances that cause harm to the fetus.

Psyche

refers to the mind.

Psychological dependence

refers to the need that a user may psychologically feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawal symptoms

Physical Dependence

refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness

Physical dependence

refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness.

drug dependence

reliance to function

Negative Reinforcement

relief or avoidance of pain achieved by a behavior, motivating one to repeat the behavior

un remède

remedy

3. The aims of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act was to:

require accurate labeling

intended effect

response expected

5. the way a drug is introduced into the body is known as:

route of administration

Vesicles

saclike structure at the end of the axon.

FDA OTC drugs into three categories, what are they?

safe and effective not safe and effective or unacceptable indications Insufficient Data to permit final classification

une pommade

salve

Relief

satisfaction of negative feelings in using the drug

Labeling theory

says people whose opinions we value have a determining influence over our self-image. Key factors in labeling theory include: Primary deviance Secondary deviance Master status Retrospective interpretation

Social influence and the role of significant others

says the use of drugs is learned during intimate interaction with others who, while using the drug, serve as a primary group.

this schedule of drug are most dangerous

schedule 1

Endocrine system

secretion and absorption of hormones , can be highly selective or general and are designed to send info to selected tissues to receive info

crack cocaine is a _______ drug

seductive

alcoholics anonymous

self-help organization that provides support and guidance for people with alcohol use disorder

reverse tolerance

sensitization, enhanced response to given drug dosage. opposite of tolerance recovered alcoholic: having alcohol years later

4. Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, are believed to work by influencing __________ pathways

serotonin

A banana or chemical product tryptophan is high in what?

serotonin

Synthetic LSD works like ___ and can fool the receptor site

serotonin

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

serves as a communication route between the limbic system and the brain stem; affects pleasure and reward.

fetal alcohol syndrome

severe birth defects small heads slowed development leading cause of mental retardation


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