government Unit 2

In the United States judicial system, when a judge decides a case based on decisions rendered in similar cases in the past, the judge is following the principle of A amicus curiae B stare decisis C justiciability D diversity E certiorari

B stare decisis

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion? A The Court assesses public opinion on a controversial issue and then tries to follow it. B Court prestige is so high that its decisions become public consensus. C The existence of a public consensus on an issue limits the extent to which the Court will render decisions contrary to that consensus. D Public opinion has no bearing on the effective implementation of the Court's decisions. E There is no relationship between public opinion and the Court's decisions.

C The existence of a public consensus on an issue limits the extent to which the Court will render decisions contrary to that consensus.

Which of the following possible actions illustrates a way Congress interacts with the bureaucracy to address the problem shown in the infographic? ( PICTURE: Source: United States Department of Transportation, 2017) A Congress could raise money through gasoline taxes to address the issues shown in the infographic. B Congress could request that an iron triangle be formed to ensure that all bureaucratic solutions are heard prior to taking action. C Congress could remove the members of the cabinet who work on issues related to transportation. D Congress could have members of the Department of Transportation testify before a committee to discuss the issue and potential solutions.

D Congress could have members of the Department of Transportation testify before a committee to discuss the issue and potential solutions.

Which of the following is true of most federal judges appointed by the president? A They serve ten-year terms. B They serve as long as the appointing president stays in power. C They serve for life on good behavior unless removed by the president. D They serve for life on good behavior unless impeached and convicted by Congress. E They serve for life and are not subject to congressional impeachment.

D They serve for life on good behavior unless impeached and convicted by Congress.

Enumerated powers of the federal government include all of the following EXCEPT the power to A coin money B declare war C regulate interstate commerce D regulate intrastate commerce E tax

D regulate intrastate commerce

In which year did Congress pass all stand-alone appropriations (spending) bills on time? ( GRAPH) A 1977 B 1980 C 1993 D 2012

A 1977

In general, Congress is most likely to defer to the President A in the area of foreign policy B in the area of fiscal policy C in the area of social policy D late in the President's term E When the economy is strong

A in the area of foreign policy

A policy that sets emission standards for automobiles is an example of A regulatory policy B judicial policy C fiscal policy D distributive policy E monetary policy

A regulatory policy

Which of the following scenarios illustrates how social media has changed the way presidents relate to the public? A A president appearing on a late-night comedy talk show to make jokes about the news B A president announcing a major policy initiative via the Internet rather than calling a press conference C A president allowing film crews to cover a visit to a natural disaster area to highlight federal aid distribution D A president hosting a rally in a swing state to increase support for policies helping the working class

B A president announcing a major policy initiative via the Internet rather than calling a press conference

Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution is most related to the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) ? A Article I B Article III C The First Amendment D The Tenth Amendment

B Article III

Which of the following best explains why cabinet secretaries might not aggressively pursue the president's policy agenda? A Cabinet secretaries are unlikely to be members of the president's party. B Cabinet secretaries may develop strong loyalty to their departments. C Cabinet secretaries are likely to compete with the president in a subsequent election. D Under the Hatch Act, cabinet secretaries are prohibited from campaigning on behalf of the president. E The Freedom of Information Act compels cabinet secretaries to divulge confidential information to the media.

B Cabinet secretaries may develop strong loyalty to their departments.

Which of the following is empowered to create new federal courts and specify the number of judges who will sit on them? A The Supreme Court B Congress C The President D The Department of Justice E The attorney general

B Congress

Which of the following powers is shared by the House of Representatives and the Senate? A Holding trials of impeachment B Establishing federal courts C Approving treaties D Holding confirmation hearings E Approving major presidential appointments

B Establishing federal courts C

Which of the following statements is true based on the bar graph? (GRAPH) A In 1981, 25 percent of stand-alone appropriations bills were passed on time. B From 2011 to 2016, no stand-alone appropriations bills were passed on time. C From 1989 to 1991, 100 percent of stand-alone appropriations bills were passed on time. D In 2017, 50 percent of stand-alone appropriations bills were passed on time.

B From 2011 to 2016, no stand-alone appropriations bills were passed on time.

In which of the following ways could the president try to limit the impact of a Supreme Court decision? A Calling for the removal of the Supreme Court justices B Instructing the Department of Justice to not enforce a provision of the decision C Passing legislation that overrides the Court's opinion D Changing the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

B Instructing the Department of Justice to not enforce a provision of the decision

Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic rule making? A The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collecting back taxes with interest from citizens B The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) writing a regulation to support a clean water bill C Congress passing legislation to establish the Department of Homeland Security D The federal government listing a business opportunity on its clearinghouse Web site for government contracts

B The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) writing a regulation to support a clean water bill

Cabinet departments differ from independent regulatory agencies in which of the following ways? A The President can use an executive order to create a cabinet department but not to create an independent regulatory agency. B The President can dismiss cabinet officers, but not commissioners of independent regulatory agencies. C The President seeks appointees who reflect administration views in making cabinet appointments but not in making appointments to independent regulatory agencies. D Through the appropriations process, Congress can exert control over the cabinet departments but not over independent regulatory agencies. E The courts can overrule regulations issued by cabinet departments, but not those issued by independent regulatory agencies.

B The President can dismiss cabinet officers, but not commissioners of independent regulatory agencies

Of the following, which is the most powerful figure in Congress? A The Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee B The Speaker of the House C The Minority Whip of the Senate D The Majority Whip of the House E The Chair of the Senate Finance Committee

B The Speaker of the House

The framers of the Constitution designed which of the following to be LEAST responsive to public opinion? A The office of the president B The courts C Congress D The electoral college E Political parties

B The courts

Which of the following statements is best supported by the line graph? (GRAPH) A The number of vetoes has generally increased since 1945, even though the number of bills passed by Congress has decreased. B The number of vetoes has generally decreased since 1945, but so has the number of bills passed by Congress. C The number of vetoes has generally decreased since 1945, but the number of bills passed by Congress has increased. D The number of vetoes has generally increased since 1945, but so has the number of bills passed by Congress.

B The number of vetoes has generally decreased since 1945, but so has the number of bills passed by Congress.

The primary function of the White House staff is to A initiate policy B advise the president C represent the bureaucratic agencies D provide information to the Office of Management and Budget E act as liaison with members of Congress

B advise the president

n selecting members of the White House staff, Presidents primarily seek people who A give the White House ideological balance B are personally loyal to the President C have extensive governmental experience D will help the President develop a good working relationship with Congress E can bring a nonpartisan perspective to policy deliberations

B are personally loyal to the President

Those who believe that the Supreme Court in its rulings should defer to the elective institutions of government are advocating A "Social Darwinism" B "judicial activism" C "judicial restraint" D "incorporation" E "nullification"

C "judicial restraint"

Which of the following is most likely an effect of the trend in the line graph? (GRAPH:Source: Foreign Affairs, 2018) A An increase in accountability of the bureaucracy B A decrease in the length of regulatory bills passed by Congress C A decrease in congressional oversight as a mechanism to control the bureaucracy D An increase in the authority of the House of Representatives over the bureaucracy

C A decrease in congressional oversight as a mechanism to control the bureaucracy

Which of the following is an example of Congress using its implied powers? A Congress changing the tax code so that individuals making more than $350,000 per year have to pay higher taxes B Congress requesting that the Supreme Court review the constitutionality of a state gun-control law C Congress passing occupational safety regulations for the private sector D Congress ratifying a new trade agreement with Mexico and Canada

C Congress passing occupational safety regulations for the private sector

Which of the following statements about gerrymandering is true? A It has been banned by United States Supreme Court decisions beginning with Baker v. Carr. B It was used traditionally to maintain urban control of the House of Representatives. C It can be used by a political party to draw boundary lines to control as many districts as possible. D It guarantees greater constituency control over elected representatives. E It ensures liberal control of the House of Representatives.

C It can be used by a political party to draw boundary lines to control as many districts as possible.

Which of the following is a way Congress can influence the federal judiciary? A It can prohibit judicial activism. B It can filibuster decisions made by courts. C It can change appellate jurisdiction of federal courts. D It can review federal judges for reappointment every ten years. E It can exercise oversight authority over rulings of individual justices.

C It can change appellate jurisdiction of federal courts. D

Which of the following best explains the principle of stare decisis? A It requires that at least four Supreme Court justices agree to hear a case. B It encourages presidents to take judicial experience into account when nominating judges. C It encourages judges to follow precedent when deciding cases. D It reinforces the philosophy of judicial activism. E It increases the number of cases judges are required to hear.

C It encourages judges to follow precedent when deciding cases.

A United States Supreme Court justice has announced his retirement at the end of the current Supreme Court term. What is the most likely presidential action in response to this announcement? A Confer with House leadership to discuss potential nominees B Confer with the chief justice to discuss potential nominees C Nominate a federal judge who shares the president's ideology D Nominate a sitting senator of the majority party

C Nominate a federal judge who shares the president's ideology

Which of the following describes the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993) ? A The Voting Rights Act was ruled unconstitutional. B The poll tax was eliminated. C Racial gerrymandering was ruled unconstitutional. D It was decided that congressional districts needed to be equal in size.

C Racial gerrymandering was ruled unconstitutional.

Which of the following is articulated in the War Powers Resolution? A The President may declare war. B The President must finance any war efforts from a special contingency fund. C The President must bring troops home from hostilities within 60 to 90 days unless Congress extends the time. D The President may not nationalize state militias without congressional consent. E The President may not send troops into hostilities without a declaration of war from Congress or a resolution from the United Nations.

C The President must bring troops home from hostilities within 60 to 90 days unless Congress extends the time.

Which of the following is the primary reason for the tensions that exist between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government? A Each branch sets and approves the other's budget. B The branches are staffed with many of the same people. C The branches have different constituencies with different interests. D The branches are responsible for the selection of Cabinet-level officials. E Each branch has the constitutional power to levy taxes.

C The branches have different constituencies with different interests.

n the case Wickard v. Filburn (1942), Roscoe Filburn was penalized for producing 12 acres of wheat above his allotment under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938. The law, justified under Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce, limited the amount of wheat an individual could grow. This regulation would keep prices from dropping and prevent farmers from going bankrupt. Filburn claimed that the excess wheat was for his own use, and challenged that no interstate commerce was involved. The Supreme Court ruled that the commerce clause allowed the government to regulate Filburn's personal wheat production, even though it was only indirectly related to interstate commerce. Which of the following was a likely result of the decision in Wickard v. Filburn that contributed to the Court's later decision in United States v. Lopez (1995) ? A The Supreme Court is not elected, so unpopular decisions such as in the Wickard case cannot be overturned unless Congress acts upon it. B Laws passed by Congress have since undergone judicial review by the Supreme Court to ensure that the commerce clause and other parts of the Constitution are interpreted correctly. C The expansive interpretation of the commerce clause by the Supreme Court which greatly extended the power of Congress drew criticism that eventually led to a more narrow interpretation. D Rather than be regulated by Congress, many citizens and corporations opt instead to find loopholes so that the law does not apply to them.

C The expansive interpretation of the commerce clause by the Supreme Court which greatly extended the power of Congress drew criticism that eventually led to a more narrow interpretation.

Which of the following trends is best supported by the information in the table? GRAPH) A The number of treaties has increased over time. B The number of treaties has decreased over time. C The number of executive agreements has increased over time. D The number of executive agreements has decreased over time.

C The number of executive agreements has increased over time.

Since the 1970's, Presidents have made use of executive orders at an increasing rate because executive orders A are noncontroversial measures that can be easily implemented B are rarely defeated in Congress C do not need to be passed by Congress D avoid judicial review E must be ratified by the Senate rather than by the House

C do not need to be passed by Congress

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the rules for debate used by the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate? A. House of Representatives: Debate is unlimited. Senate: Debate is unlimited. B. House of Representatives: Members can filibuster. Senate: Members cannot filibuster. C. House of Representatives: Debate is limited. Senate: Members can filibuster. D. House of Representatives: Members cannot filibuster. Senate: Only the majority leader can filibuster.

C. House of Representatives: Debate is limited. Senate: Members can filibuster.

Which of the following stages comes first in the policy-making process? A Agenda setting B Legitimation C Program evaluation D Policy formulation E Implementation

A Agenda setting

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates delegated discretionary authority? A Congress giving the Environmental Protection Agency the power to establish national pollution standards B The chair of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce appointing the chair of the Environment subcommittee C The House of Representatives establishing the jurisdiction for the Committee on Energy and Commerce D The president nominating the attorney general of Ohio to serve as administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.

A Congress giving the Environmental Protection Agency the power to establish national pollution standards

hich of the following categories accounted for the majority of spending in 2017, according to the chart? (GRAPH) A Mandatory B Net interest C Discretionary D Pork-barrel

A Mandatory

To be sure, the President's control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration [1901-1909]. . . . [President Roosevelt's] acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelt's management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. In the 1950s, Harry S. Truman's response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinkmanship to contain Communism. Nineteenth-century presidents had had to contend with Congressional influences in foreign affairs, and particularly with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. Neither Wilson nor FDR could have imagined taking the country to war without a Congressional declaration, but the exigencies of the cold war in the 1950s heightened the country's reliance on the president to defend its interests. Truman could enter the Korean conflict without having to seek Congressional approval simply by describing the deployment of U.S. troops as a police action taken in conjunction with the United Nations. Robert Dallek, "Power and the Presidency, From Kennedy to Obama," Smithsonian magazine, January 2011 Which of the following is a difference between the power of nineteenth-century presidents and that of the modern president according to the passage? A Presidents in the nineteenth century had to contend with congressional committees, which had significant powers in foreign affairs. B Modern presidents have acquired the power of the purse, which allows them to spend freely on foreign affairs. C Modern presidents must win wars in order to keep members of Congress from criticizing their foreign policy. D Presidents in the nineteenth century were more likely to support intervention in foreign affairs.

A Presidents in the nineteenth century had to contend with congressional committees, which had significant powers in foreign affairs.

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the United States Supreme Court ruled that a Georgia law violated the U.S. Constitution. In response to Chief Justice John Marshall's majority opinion, President Andrew Jackson said, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." Which of the following ideas regarding government does President Jackson's statement exhibit? A Since the Supreme Court has no enforcement mechanism, the executive and legislative branches can restrict its decisions. B When the Supreme Court takes an activist approach to decision making, it can influence policy. C Constitutional amendments have granted the Supreme Court greater power to enforce its decisions. D Unpopular Supreme Court Justices can be removed by a two-thirds vote in Congress and a presidential signature.

A Since the Supreme Court has no enforcement mechanism, the executive and legislative branches can restrict its decisions.

Which of the following explains how the bureaucracy can address a problem shown in the infographic? ( PICTURE: Source: United States Department of Transportation, 2017) A The Department of Transportation can write stronger regulations on freight volume. B The president can negotiate a treaty that would allow for increased imports of oil. C The House Committee on Energy and Commerce can hold a hearing on the cost of fuel. D The Supreme Court can overturn laws that regulate fuel economy.

A The Department of Transportation can write stronger regulations on freight volume.

If a bill reaches the floor for debate and a member of the minority party opposes the bill, which of the following provides greater leverage to a senator than to a member of the House to block passage of the bill? A The Senate allows for unlimited floor debate that can hold up a vote, while the House has strict limits on debate. B The Senate is more collegial than the House, so members can easily gain support from the opposing party. C The Senate allows for discharge petitions that force the bill out of committee, while the House does not. D The Senate is much less likely than the House to have party-line votes, so nonpartisan coalitions are more likely to form.

A The Senate allows for unlimited floor debate that can hold up a vote, while the House has strict limits on debate.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of a case being decided based on precedent? A The Supreme Court bases its decision in a case involving the commerce clause on one of its earlier decisions involving the commerce clause. B The Supreme Court overturns a lower court decision in a case dealing with voter identification laws. C A state passes a law which contradicts federal law, causing the Supreme Court to rule in favor of the federal government. D The chief justice of the Supreme Court disagrees with the majority of the other justices and decides to declare a law passed by Congress as unconstitutional.

A The Supreme Court bases its decision in a case involving the commerce clause on one of its earlier decisions involving the commerce clause.

Which of the following is true based on the data in the line graph?(GRAPH) A The number of bills passed by Congress decreased under G. H. W. Bush. B The number of bills passed by Congress gradually increased under Nixon. C The number of presidential vetoes under Johnson decreased over time. D The number of presidential vetoes under Eisenhower increased over time.

A The number of bills passed by Congress decreased under G. H. W. Bush.

n Baker v. Carr (1962), the Supreme Court ruled that a state legislature would have to redraw their representative districts in order to comply with the Constitution. Which of the following potential difficulties could have resulted from this decision? A The state legislature could have refused to implement the decision, leading to a crisis in the legitimacy of the Supreme Court's authority. B The United States Congress could have requested that funding be cut off from the redistricting program. C The president could have created an executive agreement with the state that overrode the Supreme Court's decision. D A state appellate court could have issued a ruling that overturned the ruling of the United States Supreme Court.

A The state legislature could have refused to implement the decision, leading to a crisis in the legitimacy of the Supreme Court's authority.

Which of the following best describes how a president can influence the data in the graphs? GRAPH: Source: United States Office of Personnel Management, 2016.) A Through the role of chief executive officer of the executive branch, the president can determine salary grades of federal employees. B The president has the power to formally introduce appropriations bills in the House of Representatives which can determine salary grades of federal employees. C The president as commander in chief can issue executive orders to modify the salary grades of federal employees. D The president has the authority to issue signing statements to determine the salary grades of federal employees.

A Through the role of chief executive officer of the executive branch, the president can determine salary grades of federal employees.

Which of the following is an action a president can take to rally public support for the administration's legislative agenda? A Use the State of the Union Address to pressure Congress to pass a bill lowering income taxes. B Hold private meetings with key members of Congress to promote a compromise on the budget. C Forge an executive agreement with another country regulating the safety of consumer products. D Sign a bill into law that would provide increased aid to college students.

A Use the State of the Union Address to pressure Congress to pass a bill lowering income taxes.

The United States Constitution says that Congress has the power to coin money.This is an example of A an enumerated power B an implied power C an inherent power D a reserved power E a concurrent power

A an enumerated power

Congress has the constitutional power to control the judicial branch by A determining the size of the Supreme Court B nominating the chief justice of the Supreme Court C limiting the length of judicial terms D reducing the salary of judges while they are sitting E altering the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

A determining the size of the Supreme Court

The term "bicameralism" refers to the A establishment of two legislative chambers that have different structures and rules B members of the House of Representatives having two-year terms C president having veto power over both chambers of Congress D members of the House and Senate having to appease their mutual constituencies E checks that Congress has over the federal bureaucracy

A establishment of two legislative chambers that have different structures and rules

The congressional system of standing committees is significant because it A fosters the development of expertise by members B helps Congress reduce staff costs C insulates decision-making from the influence of special interests D weakens Congress in its dealings with the President E prevents Congress from effectively processing its large legislative workload

A fosters the development of expertise by members

Much of the steady increase in federal government expenditures since 1960 has been caused by A increases in entitlement programs B higher interest rates caused by an increase in the discount rate C the provisions of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act D increased purchases of United States government securities by foreign investors E the growth of the United States trade imbalance

A increases in entitlement programs

The expansion of the executive branch since 1939 has affected the separation of powers by A increasing presidential control over the legislative process B increasing the power of the media as a result of more frequent presidential press conferences C reducing the power of the Supreme Court through the use of executive orders D giving more power to interest groups than to parties E making senatorial approval of presidential appointees ceremonial

A increasing presidential control over the legislative process

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the reasoning for the decision in Baker v. Carr (1962) ? A Because rural districts had fewer people, representation was unevenly distributed; thus, Baker was denied equal protection under the law. B To ensure equal protection under the law, there should be an equal number of rural and urban districts in a state. C There should be redistricting every ten years at the federal level, but the state can choose not to redistrict at the state and local levels. D Congressional redistricting must involve traditionally excluded groups in the process or it violates the equal protection clause.

A. Because rural districts had fewer people, representation was unevenly distributed; thus, Baker was denied equal protection under the law.

Which of the following pairs accurately identifies the methods used by Congress and the president to hold the bureaucracy accountable to the other branches? A. Congress: Holding a committee hearing President: Appointing a Cabinet B. Congress: Using the power of the purse to control spending President: Negotiating a treaty C. Congress: Firing civil servants President: Exercising power as commander in chief D. Congress: Meeting in a congressional caucus President: Attaching a signing statement to legislation

A. Congress: Holding a committee hearing President: Appointing a Cabinet

Which of the following explains an action Congress can take that would have the most influence on the data on the graphs? (GRAPH: Source: United States Office of Personnel Management, 2016.) A Members of Congress can increase congressional salaries, but only for the next Congress. B Congress can pass legislation that changes the federal salary structure. C Congress can cut funding for federal programs, which would lead to a decrease in salaries. D Congress can enforce a regulation that addresses wage increases.

B Congress can pass legislation that changes the federal salary structure.

Which of the following correctly identifies an implication of the line graph? (GRAPH) A Presidents are far more likely to make changes to the bureaucracy at the end of a second term than at the beginning of a first term. B Congress is more likely to act on a president's policy proposal at the beginning of a first term than at the end of a second term. C The Supreme Court is more likely to rule on an important case at the beginning of a first term than at the end of a second term. D Presidents are more likely to send troops into conflict at the end of a second term than at the beginning of a first term.

B Congress is more likely to act on a president's policy proposal at the beginning of a first term than at the end of a second term.

The doctrine of stare decisis is significant for which of the following reasons? A It establishes the jurisdiction of federal courts in litigation involving two or more states. B It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions. C It is the policy by which the Supreme Court decides which of the appellate cases it will hear. D It directs states to provide a lawyer for people who cannot pay for their own legal defense. E It holds high courts responsible for determining the constitutionality of proposed legislation before it becomes law.

B It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions.

Which of the following describes the president's Cabinet? A It consists of career civil servants with decades of experience in government service. B Its members have varying levels of influence on presidential decisions. C Its members hold office for fixed terms that coincide with the president's. D Its members must be selected from among current or former members of Congress. E Its members are required to approve presidential policy decisions.

B Its members have varying levels of influence on presidential decisions.

Which of the following statements best relates to the information shown in the infographic? ( PICTURE: Source: Office of Personnel Management, 2018) A Despite many attempts at reform, some members of the federal bureaucracy are still hired through political patronage. B Like most businesses, the federal government has to seek out well-qualified and diverse job candidates. C Specialized skills, such as a background in STEM, are less important than a degree in political science for most jobs in the bureaucracy. D Most members of the federal bureaucracy work near Washington, D.C., or in state capitals.

B Like most businesses, the federal government has to seek out well-qualified and diverse job candidates.

In The Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton states, "A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning." Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to this statement? A Baker v. Carr (1962) B Marbury v. Madison (1803) C Shaw v. Reno (1993) D McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

B Marbury v. Madison (1803)

To be sure, the President's control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration [1901-1909]. . . . [President Roosevelt's] acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelt's management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. In the 1950s, Harry S. Truman's response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinkmanship to contain Communism. Nineteenth-century presidents had had to contend with Congressional influences in foreign affairs, and particularly with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. Neither Wilson nor FDR could have imagined taking the country to war without a Congressional declaration, but the exigencies of the cold war in the 1950s heightened the country's reliance on the president to defend its interests. Truman could enter the Korean conflict without having to seek Congressional approval simply by describing the deployment of U.S. troops as a police action taken in conjunction with the United Nations. Robert Dallek, "Power and the Presidency, From Kennedy to Obama," Smithsonian magazine, January 2011 Which of the following statements describes the author's main argument in the passage? A Congress must reassert its responsibility to declare war in order to ensure a balance of power. B Presidential power in foreign policy has expanded since the beginning of the twentieth century. C The Korean War was a turning point in presidential power. D The acquisition of the Panama Canal gave the president undisputed power over foreign policy.

B Presidential power in foreign policy has expanded since the beginning of the twentieth century.

A major reason why the majority of Supreme Court justices have had political experience prior to appointment to the Court is that A justices are expected to act like politicians in their decision-making B Presidents seek to place individuals on the Court whose policy views are similar to their own C the Senate will refuse to confirm any nominee to the Court who is not familiar with the political process D appointment to the Supreme Court is a reward for political party loyalty E the Court is expected to defer to the political branches in making its decisions

B Presidents seek to place individuals on the Court whose policy views are similar to their own

Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the table? (CHART) A Support for the Vietnam War led Congress to hold more hearings to discuss increases in expenditures on the military effort. B Public concern over the Vietnam War led Congress to hold more hearings to consider using the power of the purse to influence the conduct of the war. C The public reaction to the September 11 terrorist attacks led to many hearings to limit federal expenditures to fight terrorism. D The number of hearings have increased in the House of Representatives because members have become more dependent on political action committees.

B Public concern over the Vietnam War led Congress to hold more hearings to consider using the power of the purse to influence the conduct of the war.

Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on the pattern shown in the bar chart? ( CHART) A Changing national priorities have caused a drop in spending for the Department of Homeland Security. B Special circumstances in 2005 and 2018 led Congress to approve supplemental appropriations. C Bureaucratic rule making has led to a gradual increase in supplemental appropriations over time. D Ideological divisions in Congress have led to gradual increases in annual appropriations.

B Special circumstances in 2005 and 2018 led Congress to approve supplemental appropriations.

The Supreme Court upholds a law passed by Congress as constitutional. The chief justice states in the majority opinion that previous decisions supporting Congress' power to make laws based on the commerce clause of the Constitution were the basis for the decision. Which of the following legal concepts did the chief justice apply in writing the opinion? A Compliance monitoring B Stare decisis C Overlapping jurisdiction D Judicial activism

B Stare decisis

A newly elected president faces a Senate controlled by the opposition party. Which of the following presidential appointments is the most likely to encounter difficulty with confirmation by the Senate? A Secretary of defense B Supreme Court justice C Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors D Ambassador to Germany

B Supreme Court justice

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of bureaucratic rule making? A The Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs considers the credentials of a person nominated to serve as Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Benefits. B The Department of Veterans Affairs rewrites its regulations regarding compensation and pensions into plain language that is easier for beneficiaries to understand. C The president signs Executive Order 13777 intended to "lower regulatory burdens on the American people by implementing and enforcing regulatory reform." D The Supreme Court denies a writ of certiorari in Freddie H. Mathis v David J. Shulkin, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, which focused on veterans' disability claims.

B The Department of Veterans Affairs rewrites its regulations regarding compensation and pensions into plain language that is easier for beneficiaries to understand.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are examples of A cabinet departments B independent agencies C Executive Office bureaus D congressional committees E White House staff agencies

B independent agencies

According to the United States Constitution, all revenue bills must A be passed by a conference committee B originate in the House of Representatives C be passed by two-thirds of the Senate D be reviewed by the Supreme Court

B originate in the House of Representatives

The House Appropriations Committee disagrees with a proposal in the president's annual budget request to increase the number of people eligible for food stamps, consequently leading to the House of Representatives passing a budget that does not increase funding for the program. This ability to check presidential actions is best described as A the bully pulpit B the power of the purse C the oversight function D the line-item veto

B the power of the purse

Even with large majorities of their own party in Congress, presidents experience difficulty in exercising legislative leadership because A the president must compete against state governors for influence B the weak nature of political parties hampers the president's ability to control Congress C the president's use of the veto is ineffective with Congress D individual members of Congress attract greater publicity when challenging the president E the president seldom addresses the same issues as members of Congress

B the weak nature of political parties hampers the president's ability to control Congress

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate? A. House of Representatives: The majority and minority parties control legislative scheduling and rules equally. Senate: Minority party members can threaten to filibuster a bill the majority party wants to pass. B. House of Representatives: The Constitution's framers intended it to reflect the will of the people. Senate: The Constitution's framers designed it to represent the interests of the states. C. House of Representatives: Most legislative work takes place in the standing committees. Senate: Based on its size, it tends to have stricter rules affecting the legislative process. D. House of Representatives: Members serve two-year terms with a term limit of up to twelve years. Senate: Members serve six-year terms with no term limits.

B. House of Representatives: The Constitution's framers intended it to reflect the will of the people. Senate: The Constitution's framers designed it to represent the interests of the states.

The Supreme Court's decision in Shaw v. Reno (1993) is most applicable to which of the following scenarios? A A public school expels students for protesting school policy. B A state establishes a ban on carrying firearms near schools and churches. C A state legislature approves a redistricting plan that draws district lines on basis of race. D A group of state officials refuse to comply with federal legislation.

C A state legislature approves a redistricting plan that draws district lines on basis of race.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between Congress and executive agencies? A The agencies were created by and work under the direction of Congress. B Agencies, once created, work totally independent of Congress. C Because the agencies have bureaucratic expertise, Congress delegates "rule-making authority" to them. D Because of differing objectives, their relationships are always adversarial. E Congress creates, staffs, and supervises all executive agencies.

C Because the agencies have bureaucratic expertise, Congress delegates "rule-making authority" to them.

Which of the following is a primary function of the Senate Judiciary Committee? A Conducting oversight hearings on the Supreme Court budget B Conducting investigations into allegedly subversive activities C Conducting hearings on judicial appointments made by the president D Conducting investigations into wrongdoing by the executive branch E Initiating appointments to the Supreme Court

C Conducting hearings on judicial appointments made by the president

Which of the following explains how Congress would most likely respond if it were concerned about the slight increase in spending over time, as indicated by the bar chart?( CHART) A Congress could vote to remove the secretary of Homeland Security. B Congress could hold a special joint session to discuss potential solutions. C Congress could vote to reduce spending on the Department of Homeland Security in the next year's budget. D Congress could pass a constitutional amendment limiting appropriations.

C Congress could vote to reduce spending on the Department of Homeland Security in the next year's budget.

Which of the following best reflects the holding in the case Baker v. Carr (1962) ? A Declared that racial gerrymandering was a violation of the due process clause. B Stated that the Tenth Amendment exclusively reserves the power to review congressional districts to the states. C Created a one-person, one-vote standard for reviewing congressional districts. D Stated that the Seventeenth Amendment requires regular review of the constitutionality of congressional districts.

C Created a one-person, one-vote standard for reviewing congressional districts.

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of divided government? A Reorganization of the federal bureaucracy B Conflicts between states C Delays in confirmation of federal court nominees D Conflicts between national government and states E Elimination of the seniority rule in Congress

C Delays in confirmation of federal court nominees

The mission of the Department of Transportation is to ensure the safety and efficiency of the transportation system. The Department of Transportation has accepted public comments regarding the safety of automated vehicles in the United States in order to establish standards and guidelines for this new technology. Which of the following concepts is most related to the scenario? A Exclusive powers B Reserved powers C Delegated discretionary authority D Enumerated legislative authority

C Delegated discretionary authority

Which of the following is true about the pocket veto? A It is used to strike down a provision of a bill that the President finds disagreeable. B It may be overridden by a two-thirds vote in Congress. C It occurs when the President takes no action on a bill for ten days during which Congress is adjourned. D It is used when the President expects to reach a compromise with Congress about how a bill should be modified. E It is used when both houses of Congress pass separate versions of the same bill.

C It occurs when the President takes no action on a bill for ten days during which Congress is adjourned.

Which of the following best illustrates the point being made in the cartoon above? (CARTOON/ PICTURE) A The influence of presidents on the Supreme Court is limited because the Senate often rejects their nominees. B The terms of Supreme Court justices should be reduced from their current forty years. C Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office. D The opinions of Supreme Court justices remain very similar over long periods of time. E Supreme Court justices seldom issue dissenting opinions.

C Presidents can have an influence on public policy far beyond their terms of office.

Congress has exerted the greats influence on the operation of a federal agency by doing which of the following? A Requiring the agency to participate in interagency task forces B Dismissing an agency head who disagrees with congressional priorities C Reviewing the annual budget appropriations for the agency D Passing "sunset" legislation that terminates programs after a certain period E Asking the Supreme Court for advisory opinions on agency regulations

C Reviewing the annual budget appropriations for the agency

To be sure, the President's control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration [1901-1909]. . . . [President Roosevelt's] acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilson's decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelt's management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. In the 1950s, Harry S. Truman's response to the Soviet threat included the decision to fight in Korea without a Congressional declaration of war, and Dwight Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency and brinkmanship to contain Communism. Nineteenth-century presidents had had to contend with Congressional influences in foreign affairs, and particularly with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. Neither Wilson nor FDR could have imagined taking the country to war without a Congressional declaration, but the exigencies of the cold war in the 1950s heightened the country's reliance on the president to defend its interests. Truman could enter the Korean conflict without having to seek Congressional approval simply by describing the deployment of U.S. troops as a police action taken in conjunction with the United Nations. Robert Dallek, "Power and the Presidency, From Kennedy to Obama," Smithsonian magazine, January 2011 Which of the following explains why the author believes presidential power has expanded? A Congress has passed legislation requesting that the president take on a stronger leadership role in foreign affairs. B The media has influenced public opinion to support the president's unrestrained control of foreign policy. C The United States has emerged as a global power, which has enhanced the power of the president in foreign affairs. D The chief executive's role as defender of freedom and democracy has promoted support for a more active presidency.

C The United States has emerged as a global power, which has enhanced the power of the president in foreign affairs.

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service will spend money appropriated by Congress to maintain wildlife refuges. This action is an example of A the power of the filibuster B congressional oversight of the bureaucracy C bureaucratic implementation of law D an unfunded mandate E an independent expenditure

C bureaucratic implementation of law

A President attempting to influence Congress to pass a legislative program might employ all of the following strategies EXCEPT A using the media to draw attention to the legislative program B assigning legislative liaisons in the Executive Office of the President to lobby legislators C denying campaign reelection funds to legislators who oppose the President's policy stand D exploiting a partisan majority for the President's party in both the House and Senate E reminding legislators of high popularity ratings for the President in public opinion polls

C denying campaign reelection funds to legislators who oppose the President's policy stand

Congressional oversight refers to the power of Congress to A override presidential vetoes B hold public hearings before confirming judicial appointees C exercise some control over executive agencies D allow nongovernmental agencies to defend or refute pending legislation publicly E seek judicial opinion on the constitutionality of pending legislation

C exercise some control over executive agencies

To influence policy making by the federal courts, the president may do all of the following EXCEPT A take partisanship into account in making judicial appointments B take political ideology into account in making judicial appointments C fire and replace federal judges D make public statements about issues that might appear before the courts E encourage the Justice Department to get involved in cases that test certain issues

C fire and replace federal judges

The difference between an appellate court and a district court is that an appellate court A conducts trials by jury B has original jurisdiction C reviews previous court decisions D hears civil cases but not criminal cases E does not follow the principle of stare decisis

C reviews previous court decisions

Which of the following statements about trends in presidential approval ratings is supported by information presented in the graph above? (GRAPH) A President Reagan was the most popular President since 1953. B There is little relationship between military conflicts and presidential approval ratings. C Presidents have tended to become more popular over time. D A President's popularity tends to fall during his term in office. E President Carter suffered the largest drop in popularity of any President since 1953.

D A President's popularity tends to fall during his term in office.

Which of the following is true according to the diagram? (DIAGRAM) A The Senate minority leader is as powerful as the Senate majority whip. B The Speaker of the House, in coordination with the House majority leader, appoints the House minority leader. C Unlike the House of Representatives, the Senate does not recognize political parties. D Both chambers make use of a system of majority and minority whips.

D Both chambers make use of a system of majority and minority whips.

In 1998, Goodyear employee Lilly Ledbetter filed suit against her employer for pay discrimination based on her gender. Though Ledbetter was initially successful, Goodyear appealed the decision and the case went to the Supreme Court. In Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. (2007), the Supreme Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 requires that sex discrimination complaints must be made within 180 days "after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred," which Ledbetter had failed to do. Which of the following actions could be taken to reverse the impact of the decision? A Ledbetter could renew her appeal by seeking additional Supreme Court review. B The president could sign an executive order to alter the Civil Rights Act. C Ledbetter could pursue her case using the same arguments in state courts. D Congress could enact legislation to amend Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.

D Congress could enact legislation to amend Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.

Senate confirmation is required for which of the following presidential appointments? I.Secretary of state II. White House chief of staff III. Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) IV. Attorney general A I only B II and III only C II and IV only D I, III, and IV only E I, II, III, and IV

D I, III, and IV only

in the case Twining v. New Jersey (1908), the Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination is not applicable to the states. In 1964 the Supreme Court overruled the decision in Malloy v. Hogan (1964) and held that the right was incorporated to the states. This scenario illustrates which of the following? A The Supreme Court oftentimes overrules lower court decisions. B Constitutional amendments can be used to overturn previous Supreme Court decisions. C The executive branch can sometimes evade Supreme Court decisions. D Ideological changes to the Supreme Court can lead to the overturning of precedent.

D Ideological changes to the Supreme Court can lead to the overturning of precedent.

Which of the following is true about divided party control of the presidency and Congress? A It is a natural occurrence due to the constitutional system of checks and balances. B It rarely occurs in United States elections, because of straight-ticket voting. C It promotes quick action by the President and Congress on such issues as the federal budget. D It reflects a frequent election pattern over the past three decades. E It results from the reapportionment of House seats after the decennial census.

D It reflects a frequent election pattern over the past three decades.

The Federalist No. 78 says, "A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body." In which of the following decisions did the Supreme Court use an argument most similar to the one in The Federalist No. 78 ? A McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) B Schenck v. United States (1919) C Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) D Marbury v. Madison (1803)

D Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Shortly after the 2008 election, President Obama appointed outspoken and controversial House member Rahm Emanuel to lead his White House as chief of staff. The selection drew criticism from Republican leaders, including House minority leader John Boehner, who remarked that the selection "is an ironic choice for a president-elect who has promised to change Washington, make politics more civil, and govern from the center." Which of the following explains how Congress could legitimately respond to the appointment? A The Senate could refuse to confirm the appointment. B The House of Representatives could filibuster the nomination. C The Rules Committee could refuse to release the bill that made the appointment. D Members of Congress could issue statements opposing the appointment but have no formal power to block it.

D Members of Congress could issue statements opposing the appointment but have no formal power to block it.

Which of the following best describes pork barrel politics? A The Office of Management and Budget negotiates with Congress to get the president's budget proposal passed. B Senators from states with agricultural economies promote farm price supports. C Voters in rural areas support different issue positions than do voters in metropolitan areas. D Members of Congress negotiate bills so that individual districts get money for projects that do not benefit the nation as a whole. E Members of the Senate Judiciary Committee refuse to endorse the president's nominees to the federal courts.

D Members of Congress negotiate bills so that individual districts get money for projects that do not benefit the nation as a whole.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about committees in Congress? A The work of a committee ends when it submits a bill to the full House or Senate for consideration. B An individual representative or senator can serve on only one committee and one subcommittee. C Membership on key committees such as House Rules and Senate Finance is limited to fixed terms. D Standing committees oversee the bureaucracy's implementation of legislation. E Committee recommendations tend to have little influence on floor voting.

D Standing committees oversee the bureaucracy's implementation of legislation.

The Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) relates to foundational documents in which of the following ways? A The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution reserves powers to the states, and Marbury v. Madison deals with whether the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over state courts. B The Declaration of Independence describes circumstances in which people may demand a redress of grievances, and Marbury v. Madison is about whether courts can resolve these crises. C The Federalist 10 describes how the expanded scope of the national government can alleviate the problems of factions, and Marbury v. Madison uses the national government to negotiate a compromise between two rival factions. D The Federalist 78 is about the power and role of the federal courts, and in Marbury v. Madison, Madison expands that role by giving the courts the power to determine whether laws or executive actions conflict with the Constitution.

D The Federalist 78 is about the power and role of the federal courts, and in Marbury v. Madison, Madison expands that role by giving the courts the power to determine whether laws or executive actions conflict with the Constitution.

Which of the following is an example of how the innovation of social media can influence presidential behavior? A The president holds a press conference to discuss midterm election results. B The president outlines the administration's legislative agenda in the State of the Union Address. C The president hosts a White House dinner with a foreign head of state. D The president announces the nomination of a cabinet secretary on the Internet.

D The president announces the nomination of a cabinet secretary on the Internet.

Which of the following best reflects a function of the Supreme Court in Article III of the Constitution? A To interpret the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress B To adjudicate disputes between the president and Congress C To overturn legislation passed by the state legislatures D To serve as the highest court of appeals

D To serve as the highest court of appeals

Which of the following actions can Congress take if the Supreme Court finds a federal law unconstitutional? A Appeal the Court's decision to the District of Columbia's Court of Appeals. B Formally request the President to veto the Court's decision. C Remove certain members of the Court and replace them with new members. D Try to amend the Constitution. E Reenact the same law.

D Try to amend the Constitution.

n Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court used the power of judicial review established in Marbury v. Madison (1803) to strike down a Georgia state law that regulated the relationship between citizens of Georgia and members of the Cherokee Nation. President Andrew Jackson opposed the decision and famously challenged the Supreme Court to enforce it. As the Supreme Court was not able to enforce the decision, the other branches of government ignored it. This example illustrates which of the following? A The president can approve or veto decisions made by the Supreme Court. B States have the power to nullify federal laws. C Congress can prevent Supreme Court decisions from being enforced by appropriating money to the Department of Justice. D Unpopular Supreme Court decisions can be avoided or ignored if other branches refuse to cooperate with the outcomes of those decisions.

D Unpopular Supreme Court decisions can be avoided or ignored if other branches refuse to cooperate with the outcomes of those decisions.

A member of the United States Senate, Jane Smith, personally opposes a bill that calls for a single-payer system of healthcare, in contrast to the majority of her constituency, who are in favor of the legislation. Based on the trustee model of constituent accountability, which of the following actions will Senator Smith most likely take when it is time to vote on the piece of legislation? A Vote for the bill according to the desires of her constituency. B Vote for the bill to win favor with her party leadership C Vote against the bill to maximize support from interest groups that support her reelection campaign. D Vote against the bill according to her own conscience, which may cause her to lose support among her constituents.

D Vote against the bill according to her own conscience, which may cause her to lose support among her constituents.

In Marburv v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court assumed the power to A decide whether internal congressional procedures are constitutional B advise Congress on the constitutionality of a proposed law C regulate slavery D decide on the constitutionality of a law or an executive action E approve executive agreements

D decide on the constitutionality of a law or an executive action

In the process and structure of public policymaking, "iron triangles" refer to the A bargaining and negotiating process between the President and Congress about the direction of domestic policy B dominance of corporate power in setting the national policy agenda for economic expansion C interrelationship among federal, state, and local levels of government in the policy process D networks of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that strongly influence the policy process E group of presidential advisers who formulate the President's foreign policy agenda

D networks of congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and interest groups that strongly influence the policy process

Cabinet members often do not have a dominant influence on presidential decision-making because A cabinet members generally maintain close independent ties to Congress B cabinet members generally view their position only as a stepping-stone to further their own political ambitions C cabinet members are not permitted to disagree publicly with the President D presidential goals often conflict with the institutional goals of individual cabinet-level agencies E only half of all cabinet members can be members of the President's party

D presidential goals often conflict with the institutional goals of individual cabinet-level agencies

The Supreme Court issued a ruling that was unpopular with a majority of Americans. The president and Congress might be able to lessen the impact of the decision by A reducing the pay of the justices to pressure them to reverse their decision B overruling the Supreme Court's decision by a two-thirds vote in Congress C impeaching the justices in the majority D refusing to actively enforce the decision

D refusing to actively enforce the decision

When independent regulatory agencies make rules, enforce those rules, and adjudicate disputes arising under those rules, they risk violating the constitutional concept of A equal protection of the laws B due process of law C federal supremacy D separation of powers E federalism

D separation of powers

The committee system is more important in the House than in the Senate because A the seniority system plays no role in the House and therefore committees must play a larger role B the Constitution mandates the type of committee structure in the House C committee members are appointed by the President D the House is so large that more work can be accomplished in committees than on the floor E the majority party in the House prefers to give priority to the work of the committees

D the House is so large that more work can be accomplished in committees than on the floor

The voting patterns of members of Congress correlate most strongly with A the population density of their districts B their economic background C their educational level D their political party affiliation E the location of their districts

D their political party affiliation

An advantage that bureaucrats in federal government have over the President in the policymaking process is that bureaucrats A control the budgetary process B have an independence from the President that is guaranteed by the Constitution C find it easier to marshall public support than does the President D usually have a continuity of service in the executive branch that the President lacks E have better access to the media than does the Presiden

D usually have a continuity of service in the executive branch that the President lacks

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate? A. House of Representatives: Led by the president pro tempore Senate: Led by the vice president B. House of Representatives: Initiates revenue bills Senate: Nominates cabinet members C. House of Representatives: Must approve Supreme Court nominees Senate: Must approve treaties D. House of Representatives: Debate on bills is limited Senate: Debate on bills can be unlimited

D. House of Representatives: Debate on bills is limited Senate: Debate on bills can be unlimited

in November 2014, President Obama announced an expansion of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program through an executive order. The policy would protect over 700,000 more children of undocumented immigrants from deportation. Republican members of Congress denounced the order as an abuse of executive power. Previously, members of the House of Representatives had voted to defund the program. This scenario best illustrates which of the following? A A reluctant bureaucracy can hinder a president's agenda. B Public opinion can influence how Congress responds to a president. C Iron triangles form between members of the president's party and opponents in Congress. D Presidents exert informal powers when their policy agenda conflicts with that of Congress.

D. Presidents exert informal powers when their policy agenda conflicts with that of Congress.

Which of the following is responsible for the preparation of executive spending proposals submitted to Congress? A. Treasury Department B Council of Economic Advisors C Federal Trade Commission D Department of Commerce E Office of Management and Budget

E Office of Management and Budget

Which of the following statements is supported by the chart above? ( CHART) A Both Republican Presidents nominated a greater proportion of Latinos to the judiciary than did either Democratic President. B President Carter made more judicial nominations than President Reagan. C The percentage of nominees to the judiciary who were minorities was higher for Republican Presidents than for Democratic Presidents. D The percentage of nominees to the judiciary who were women was higher for Republican Presidents than for Democratic Presidents. E President Reagan nominated the smallest percentage of women to the judiciary.

E President Reagan nominated the smallest percentage of women to the judiciary.

When a lower court decision is appealed to the Supreme Court, which of the following is most likely to occur? A The Supreme Court will reconsider the case, and overturn the lower court decision. B The Supreme Court will reprimand the lower court judge for improperly deciding the case. C The plaintiffs or defendents will file motions for a change of venue. D The case will be retried at the lower court level. E The Supreme Court will not hear the appeal.

E The Supreme Court will not hear the appeal.

Which of the following best defines the term "judicial activism"? A The demands on judges to hear large numbers of cases B The efforts of judges to lobby Congress for funds C The attempts by judges to influence election outcomes D The unwillingness of judges to remove themselves from cases in which they have a personal interest E The tendency of judges to interpret the Constitution according to their own views

E The tendency of judges to interpret the Constitution according to their own views

Which of the following is true of independent regulatory agencies? A They tend to have larger budgets than cabinet departments. B They are directly supervised by cabinet departments. C They provide a product or service directly to the public. D They are insulated from contact with interest groups. E They tend to be freer from presidential control than are cabinet departments.

E They tend to be freer from presidential control than are cabinet departments.

In which of the following scenarios would a presidential veto most likely be upheld? A The President has the support of the Supreme Court. B The President is in a second term, removed from partisan politics. C The proposed legislation enjoys widespread bipartisan support. D The proposed legislation was originally adopted by a large majority in both houses of Congress. E Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President.

E Two-thirds of the representatives and senators are members of the same party as the President.

Rules and regulations created by an agency such as the Federal Communications Commission are called A constitutional law B statutory law C common law D equity law E administrative law

E administrative law

All of the following have contributed to an increase in presidential power in the post-1945 era EXCEPT A tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War period B an increase in public expectations for services from the federal government C economic and domestic problems such as inflation, unemployment, and civil rights issues D increasing United States involvement in international affairs E legislation granting the President the power to impound funds appropriated by Congress

E legislation granting the President the power to impound funds appropriated by Congress

Congress adopted the War Powers Resolution to A give the president additional powers in case of military emergencies B delineate a clear chain of command in the event of nuclear war C criticize the president for declaring war without authorization from Congress D enable the president to commit troops to United Nations peacekeeping forces E limit the president's authority to commit troops overseas

E limit the president's authority to commit troops overseas

A President may persuade recalcitrant members of Congress to vote for a particular bill by A having members who oppose the bill transferred to unpopular committees B denying campaign funds to members who oppose the bill C threatening to deny renomination to members who oppose the bill D threatening to item veto part of a different bill that enjoys bipartisan support in Congress E making a direct appeal to the public through mass media

E making a direct appeal to the public through mass media

The boundary lines of congressional districts are drawn by A the United States House of Representatives B The United States Senate C United States district courts D state governors E state legislatures

E state legislatures

In trying to influence legislation, the President is generally more successful than congressional leaders in A using the legislative schedule to political advantage B enforcing party discipline C satisfying interest group demands for access to the policy process D effectively using formal parliamentary powers rather than persuasion E using the media to set the policy agenda

E using the media to set the policy agenda

Which of the following is the best predictor of the Department of Education's annual budget? A The preferences of the Chair of the Senate Finance Committee B The budget recommendations of the National Education Association C The rate of increase of teachers' salaries D The number of children entering kindergarten E The size of the previous year's budget

E. The size of the previous year's budget