Grade 12 Biology - Circulatory System
how long do RBC's live?
120 days.
what is the normal blood pressure for an adult?
120/80 millimeter of mercuery, or mmHg.
how does obesity affect blood pressure?
1lb is seven miles of blood capillaries. the heart must increase the pressure to account for longer capillaries.
Plasma contains...
90% water, 7-8% Plasma Proteins, Gases, Nutrients, Salts, Wastes, hormones, vitamins.
What is the purpose of the Superior Vena Cava?
A large vein that returns oxygen-poor blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium.
what are Neutrophils?
phagocytize bacteria and fungi that enter the blood stream.
what is osmotic pressure?
pressure created by the presence of salts and plasma proteins in blood.
how is the Red Bone Marrow important?
production of lymphocytes.
All blood returns to either the __ or __ __ to be returned to the right atrium.
All blood returns to either the superior or inferior vena cava to be returned to the right atrium.
__ => __ => Capillaries => Venules => __ ?
Arteries => Arterioles => Capillaries => Venules => Veins.
what are several types of blood vessels that carry blood?
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules & Veins.
What is another name for the Triscupid Valve?
Atrioventicular Valve.
what are Venous duct (or ductus venosus)?
receive blood from umbilical vein and directs to posterior/inferior vena cava. also acts as a liver bypass and moves blood into the fetal systemic circulation.
What is another name for the Mitral Valve?
Biscupid Valve or Atrioventicular Valve.
what is Blood Pressure?
Blood Pressure is the measurable amount of force exerted on the walls of blood vessels as blood is pumped from the heart.
As the TOTAL cross-sectional area of blood increases, blood velocity whats?
Blood Velocity decreases.
At the Arterial End of the Capillary...
Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure and this causes water to leave the capillary and enter tissue.
Blood pressure is minimal in __ and __.
Blood pressure is minimal in venules and veins.
When the heart contracts, where does the blood pump?
Blood pumps from the L/R ventricles into the arteries that serve both circuits.
what are Basophils?
responsible for allergic and antigen responses. release histamine, which causes inflammation by promoting blood flow to injrued tissue.
what are Lymphocytes?
responsible for specific immunity against virus-infected cells or tumor cells.
what is the Thoracic Duct?
returns lymph collected from the body below the horax and the left side of the body into the LEFT subclavian vein.
what is the Right Lymphatic Duct?
returns lymph from the right arm, and the right side of the head and neck, into the RIGHT subclavian vein.
what happends when Hypertension occurs persistantley?
risk of stokes, heart attacks, heart failure, arterial aneurysms and cause cause kidney failure.
What salts are in plasma?
Ca(2+), Na(+), Zn(+)
What is the purpose of the 4 Pulmonary Veins (2 Left, 2 Right)?
Carry oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
What is it called when the heart relaxes?
Diastole.
what are RBC's also called?
Erythrocytes.
Why do the Ventricles within the Heart have thick specialized muscular walls?
For pumping blood out to the lungs and rest of the body.
how does stress affect blood pressure?
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and release adrenalin.
What are the proteins in Plasma?
Globulins, which fight infection. Albumin, which are used for osmotic pressure, and Fibrinogen, which is used for clotting.
What Nutrients are in Plasma?
Glucose, amino acids and fats.
Blood Pressure is affected by...
Heart rate (how fast the heart beats), stroke volume (volume of blood pumped with each beat), vasoconstriction and Vasodilation.
what do RBC's contain that crushes the nuclei and makes them red?
Hemogoblin.
In systemic circulation, __ always carry oxygen __ blood.
In systemic circulation, veins always carry oxygen poor blood.
what are the functions of the Lympthatic System?
take up excess interstitial fluid that is lost during capillary exchange. immune defenses, filters foreign substances and cell debris, and acts as a transport.
What is the purpose of the Left Atrium?
It collects oxygen rich blood returning from the Lungs via Pulmonary Veins.
how does the Lymphatic System provide transport?
Lacteals in the intestinal villi absorb fats from the digestive tract and transport them into the blood steam.
What are the 4 chambers the Heart is broken up into?
Left/Right Atrium and the Left/Right Ventricle.
what are WBC's also called?
Leukocytes.
Lymp vessels, like __, have __ that prevent backflow of fluid towards the __ and depend on movement of __ __ to squeeze fluid along.
Lymp vessels, like Veins, have valves that prevent backflow of fluid towards the capillaries and depend on movement of skeletal muscle to squeeze fluid along.
Lymph __ => Lymph __ => Lymph nodes => Lymph ducts => __ __.
Lymph Capillaries => Lymph Vessels => Lymph Nodes => Lymph Ducts (Thoracic and Right Lymphatic) => Subclavian Veins.
what is the fluid in the Lymphatic System called?
Lymph.
what are Arganular Leukocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
What happends when theres a period of relaxation?
the L/R atria (singulaR: Atrium) fill with blood and send it to the ventricles.
What happends to the SA and AV nodes during Diastole?
the Medulla Oblongota sends a signal to the heart that decreases activity in the SA and AV nodes.
What happends to the SA and AV nodes during activity?
the Medulla Oblongota sends a signal to the heart that increases acivity.
the SA Node is the __ for the heart.
the SA Node is the pacemaker for the heart.
the hypothallamus has the ability to what?
the ability to send signals which can dilate arterioles to lower blood pressure, or constrict arterioles to raise blood pressure.
what happends during times of stress or excerising to the Adrenal Glands?
the adrenal glands release 2 hormones into the bloodstream that stimulates the heart and causes it to beat faster.
What are the 2 hormones that the adrenal gland release?
Norepinephrine (aka NE) and Epinepherine (aka adrenaline).
What happens if the SA node fails to work properly?
Nothing, the heart will still beat thanks to impulses made by the AV node.
Our body has the ability to __ or __ certain capillary beds, depending on our needs for exchange.
Our body has the ability to open or close certain capillary beds, depending on our needs for exchange.
What gases are in Plasma?
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide.
what happends to a clot when a vessel is repaired?
the clot is destroyed to restore mflow through the vessel.
What is the purpose of the Pulmonary Semilunar Valve?
Prevents backflow from the Pulmonary Artery into the right Ventricle.
What is the purpose of the Aortic Semilunar Valve?
Prevents backflow from the aorta from going to the left ventricle.
what does Erythropoisesis means?
Production Of.
Pulse pressure is felt as a __ sensation in an __ during __ __ as the elastic artery expands.
Pulse pressure is felt as a throbbing sensation in an artery during ventricular systole as the elastic artery expands.
What is the purpose of the Right Ventricle?
Pumps Oxygen poor blood out the Pulmonary Arteries to the lungs.
What is the purpose of the Left Ventricle?
Pumps oxygen rich blood out the Aorta to the body.
where the impulse of the AV Nodes ends?
Purkinje Fibers where is stimulates the ventricles to contract.
What elements account for 45$ of the total of blood?
RBC's, WBC's, and Platelets.
what is the most abundant element in blood?
RBC.
what are the Lymphatic organs?
Red Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen and Tonsils.
what is blood pressure?
the force exerted on the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps.
what does the intrinsic conduction system of the heart consist of?
Sinatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of his and purkinje fibers.
what do Clinicians use to measure arterial blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer.
What are Chordae Tendinae?
Strong fibrous strings that prevent the A/V valves from inverting.
Systemic blood pressure is greatest in __ and __ as blood travels further from the heart into __ and __.
Systemic blood pressure is greatest in the aorta and decreases as blood travels further from the heart into arterioles and capillaries.
What is it called when the heart contracts?
Systole.
what layer is the thickest in an artery?
the middle layer, the Tunica Media, and consists of strong elastic smooth muscle.
What are the two subsystems within our Circulatory System
The Cardiovascular System and the Lymphatic System.
What is the purpose of the Mitral Valve?
The Mitral Vavle closes its flap to prevent blackflow to the Left Atrium when the Left Ventricle contracts.
What is the Sac that surrounds the heart?
The Pericardium
What is the right side of the heart called?
The Pulmonary Circuit.
What muscular wall divides the heart?
The Septum.
What is the left side of the heart called?
The Systemic Circuit.
Where is the Heart located?
The Thoracic Cavity
The chambers of the heart alternatively ___ and relax in a __?
The chambers of the heart alternatively contract and relax in a rythmic cycle.
The heart is actually 2 side-by-side pumps and is often caled a ____?
The heart is actually 2 side-by-side pumps and is often caled a double pump.
What is the purpose of the Triscupid Valve?
The triscupid Vavle closes its flap to prevent blackflow to the Right Atrium when the right Ventricle contracts.
what plays a vital role in blood cotting?
Thrombocytes AKA Platelets.
What are some functions the Circulatory System responsible for?
To Transport hormones, nutrients, fight disease, and maintain homeostasis by stabalizing body temperature and pH.
what are the 3 layers in blood?
Top layer is 55% Plasma, Middle layer is <1% WBC's and platelets, Bottom Layer is 45% RBC's.
what are the several important functions of blood?
Transport, Helps Maintain Immunity, Self-Repair, Regulates water balance, regulates pH, regulates core-body temperature.
What are the 4 Heart valves?
Triscupid Valve, Mitral Valve, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, and Aortic Semilunar Valve.
what are the 3 main layers in an artery?
Tunica Adventitia, Tunica Media and Tunica Intima.
what are Umbilical veins?
Umbilical Veins carry oxygenated blood.
what are Umbilical arteries?
Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
what are Arteries defined as?
Vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart.
what are Veins defined as?
Vessels that carry blood towards the heart.
what sound is heard when the triscupid valve and mitral valve close?
a "Lub" sound.
what are Arterial duct (or duct arteriosus)?
a connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta. it acts to diirect blood away from lungs and into the systemic circulation.
What is Extrinsic Control?
a heartbeat that is controlled by the cardiac control center of the brain by the way of autonomic nervous system.
What is Intrinsic Control?
a heartbeat that is regulated by an electrical conduction system embedded in the muscle tissue of the heart.
What is the purpose of the Inferior Vena Cava?
a large vein that returns oxygen poor blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium.
what is and what is the purpose of the Medulla Oblongota?
a portion of the brain capable of controlling the heart rate via signals to the heart via autonomic nervous system.
what sound is heart when the Aortic and Pulmonary semilunar valves close?
a shorter and sharper "Dub" is heard.
How many times does the average heart beat?
about 70 times per minute and each beat is about 0.85 second.
what does the Hemogoblin do?
allows RBCs to carry up to 60x more oxygen.
where does the singnal sent by the A/V Node go?
along the right and left bundles of his.
what are Oval opening (or foramen ovale)?
an opening or hole between right and left atria of the heart. it allows blood to move from right to left atrium, bypassing lungs.
approximitely, how much fluid leaves the capillary at the arterial end and re-enters at the venous end?
approximately 90%.
what causes the Total cross-sectional area of blood vessels to increase?
as blood pressure decreases.
what is the function of regulating core body temperature?
as blood travels, heat is dispersed throughout the body. blood flow can be increased in superficial arteries and veins and can be resistricted to deep vessels to preserve body heat.
what are Eosinophils?
attack parasites and phagocytize allergens.
Why do capillaries have the highest TOTAL Cross-sectional area of all vessels?
because there are millions of capillaries within our tissue.
what are Monocytes?
become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and clean up cellular debris.
At the midpoint of the Capillary...
blood pressure and osmotic pressure are approx. equal so there is no NET movement of water in or out. Here, solutes diffuse in or out, according to diffusion.
what are the 2 forces that primarily control movement of fluid through the thin capillary walls?
blood pressure and osmotic pressure.
At the venous end of the capillary...
blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure. this causes water to enter the capillary and leave the tissues.
how does the Lymphatic System provide immune defense?
by producing lymphocytes that help the body fight bacterial and viral invaders.
What goes in at Midpoint in the capillaries?
carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes.
What is the purpose of the Pulmonary Arteries?
carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs where gas is exchanged.
how does salt affect blood pressure?
causes fluid to be retained in the blood vessels.
what is important of maintaining immunity?
circulates white blood cells to fight infection and detects foreign invaders.
how is the Spleen important?
cleanse the blood.
What is the purpose of the Right Atrium?
collections oxygen poor blood returning from the body via the Superior (anterior) and the Inferior (posterior) Vena Cava.
what is Type A blood?
contains Antigen-A and Anti-body B.
what is Type B blood?
contains Antigen-B and Anti-body A.
what is Type AB blood?
contains antigen-AB and no anti-bodies.
what is the function of Self-Repair?
contains platelets and plasma proteins that heal wounds.
what is the function of blood transport?
delivers oxygen and nutrients, picks up carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes, and is the medium for hormone transport.
What is the purpose of the Aorta?
delivers oxygen rich blood to all the parts of the body. **The Aorta is the largest artery in the body.
What is the Lympthatic System?
distributes Lymph.
What is the Cardiovascular System?
distributes blood and its consitutes.
in tissues, Capillaries function to?
drop off oxygen and nutreitns and to pick up carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
what do RBCs do as they move through the capillaries?
drop off oxygen and pick up carbon dioxide in the tissue.
what factors affect blood pressure?
family history, age, and race are factors that affect blood pressure, which are not under our control.
Artificial pacemakers are implanted in people who?
have a faulty SA node that results in a heartbeat that is too fast low or irregular.
how is the Thymus important?
immature t-cells made in bone marerow travel in the bloodstream to the thymus where they are mature.
All blood cells originate where?
in the bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones.
where is the excess liquid from the Capillaries go?
it nis collected by the Lymph Capillaries and is called Lymph.
Leukocytes are...
larger than RBC and have a nucleus.
how does exercise affect blood pressure?
lowers blood pressure at rest.
what are the specialized sswellings on Lymph Vessels?
lymph nodes.
what is Diastolic Pressure?
measured during ventricular diastole, Diastolic Pressure is when the ventricles are relaxing and filling with blood.
how does smoking affect blood pressure?
nicotine is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the production of adrenlin.
what is Type O blood?
no antigens but contains anti-bodies A and B.
can blood type A accept blood type B?
no, because type B has the antibody A.
What goes Out at Midpoint in the Capillaries?
nutrients, glucose, amino acids and oxygen.
when does Hypertension occur?
occurs when blood pressure is chronically elevated above 140/90 mmHg.
when does Hypotension occur?
occurs when systolic pressure is below 100 mmHg.
what is Systolic Pressure?
the pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels as blood is pumped through them.
how is the Tonsils imporant?
the tonsils contain a high concentration of lymphocytes and are believed to be involved in helping fight off pharyngeal and upper respitory tract infections.
what are Granular Leukocytes?
they account for 40-70% of all leukocytes, and contain Basophils, Esoinophils, and neutrophils.
why are Lymph nodes important to our immune defense?
they are filled with lymphocytes specalized for defense against bacterial and viral invaders.
what do WBC's do?
they fight infection and are involved in the immunity, the ability to fight disease.
what are Capillaries?
tiny vessels only wide enough to allow one blood cell through at a time. connects arterioles to venuoles.
What is the SA Nodes job?
to send an electrical impulse that spreads through the muscular walls of both atria every 0.85 seconds.
what is the function of regulating pH?
transports acidic or basic ions throughout the body to maintain homeostatic pH.
what does Erythropoietin do?
travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates an increase of production of RBCs.
What wastes are in Plasma?
urea, creatine, urcis acid and ammonia.
how do veins differ from arteries?
veins experience LBP and have a thin Tunica Media. Veins require contractions of skeletal muscle to squeez blood along them because of LBP. valves are found in veins.
what is anemia?
when a person lacks RBC or does not contain enough hemogoblin.