Grammar Test 3

function word

a preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure

required transformations

adding helping verb "do" to negate or ask a question when no other auxiliary verb is present Placing question words like what and where at the beginning of a sentence

Descriptive words often accompany nouns in Noun Phrases, such as . . .

adjectives

determiners

articles, demonstratives, possessives

In the preferred English word order, adverbs are typically placed . . .

as the final element of a sentence

Children and L2 adult learners achieve a significant level of mastery when they . . .

begin producing simple sentences with accuracy

phrasal verbs

bump into, get over, launch into, get on well with, give back, put out, talk over, bring up, put off, take off, look into, take down, etc. Cannot be understood separately, have a unique meaning together

count noun

can be counted numerically

mass noun

can't be counted

When expressing complex ideas, English speakers prefer to . . .

combine multiple ideas with shared elements

difference between conjunctions and complementizers

conjunctions link to ideas that are independent. Complementizers link a clause of secondary value with the main idea and cannot stand alone

Content words are those that . . .

convey the fundamental ideas of a message

Some language instructors call subordinate expressions . . .

dependent clauses

intransitive phrasal verbs

don't need a complement. For example, the car broke down is a complete sentence. Easy to distinguish from prepositional phrases because they are intransitive

Adverbial complements generally come before the DO and IO and speakers rarely move them.

false

Agents must be people or animals since only they have agency to act.

false

English passive expressions are only used when talking about past tense actions.

false

English uses gender to classify nouns and marks them with case endings to indicate their grammatical function.

false

If a noun can be counted numerically, we call it a collective noun.

false

Intransitive means that there must be two or more NP participants in the verbal action.

false

It is possible to use transitive verbs without explicitly stating the Direct Object.

false

Listeners can gain a good understanding of what they hear by focusing on the meaning of individual words independent of context.

false

Speakers often shift the focus to other parts of a message unintentionally.

false

Subordination is much more frequent in the spoken language than in writing since listeners easily process them.

false

The IO is introduced by the prepositions to or for and always follows the DO in the Verb Phrase.

false

The structure of sentences seldom varies with respect to the number and type of elements involved in the phrases.

false

Very few English verbs may include one or more complementary ideas indicating the circumstances of the action.

false

A conjunction is a . . .

function word

In English, the Verb Phrase usually ______________ the Noun Phrase subject.

goes after

English speakers commonly convey the future tense by using the auxiliary verb . . .

going to

We classify verbs in our mental dictionary by . . .

grammatical usage

complementizers

link subordinate clauses to main idea. that, who, if, when

English language learners make sense of the L2 vocabulary by . . .

linking new words with existing ideas in their L1

Situations that express a state or condition rather than an action are called . . .

linking verbs

optional transformations

moving adverbs around, deleting complementizer, switching up DO and IO (putting IO first and deleting preposition)

Since adult learners have advanced cognitive skills in their native language, their highly developed ideas _______________ in the L2.

must initially be expressed in simplified fashion

Which of the following ideas is NOT associated with do?

It is needed to negate a verb in the future tense

English is known as a SVO language, which stands for . . .

Subject Verb Object word sequence

Word meaning is the association speakers make between . . .

real-world ideas and their symbolic form

The primary idea that a word represents is also known as the word's . . .

referent

Prepositional verbs look like transitive phrasal verbs because they both . . .

require a NP object to complement the verb

Demonstrative determiners show . . .

spatial or temporal relationships between the noun and speakers

3 types of pronouns

subject, object, possessive

agents

subjects

collective nouns

team, family, etc

Passive expressions are useful when . . .

the agent is unknown or not important

content words

the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that constitute the major part of the vocabulary

how are transitive phrasal verbs different from prepositional phrases?

the particles can be separated from the verb they are a part of. Ex. Steve looks his friends up online. and object pronouns must appear between the verb and the particle when the complement is a pronoun. Ex. Will you turn it off?

demonstratives

this, that, these, those

All well-formed English sentences must have a Noun Phrase and a Verb Phrase.

true

Complex expressions allow speakers to make speech more fluid by avoiding starting and stopping between each individual idea.

true

Information questions seek responses explaining why, where, how, what, who, or when.

true

Phrasal verbs are very common in English and follow predictable patterns of usage.

true

Prepositions are short connector words that relate some entity or action that follows them with a preceding noun or verb.

true

Speakers may eliminate the connector THAT when the subordinate clause introduces a NP object of certain verbs in the original expression.

true

Speakers use words or phrases known as complementizers to relate subordinate clauses to an existing main idea.

true

The only agreement required within the English NP is that articles and demonstratives must show the same number as the noun they accompany.

true

The value that society places on a concept results in a secondary layer of meaning known as the word's connotation.

true

When phrasal verbs are intransitive, it is easy to distinguish them from prepositional verbs.

true

Fully formulated ideas in the spoken language are known as . . .

utterances

patients

DOs

experiencers

IOs

Which expression below best reflects the structure of a ditransitive verb?

Mom put the milk in the fridge

auxiliary verbs

Verbs which are used to support another verb in a sentence such as will, going to, would, may, might, etc

The embedded subordinate clauses may act as a(n) _____________ in the independent expression.

noun adjective adverb

Phrasal verbs require speakers to place the _____________ between the verb and the particle.

object pronoun

Phrasal verbs combine with small connector words that some grammarians call . . .

particles

In English active expressions, ____________ and ___________ usually appear in the VP as the DO and IO respectively.

patients . . . experiencers

Speakers combine words into cohesive chunks that work together called . . .

phrases