Grammar Test 3
function word
a preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of a sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure
required transformations
adding helping verb "do" to negate or ask a question when no other auxiliary verb is present Placing question words like what and where at the beginning of a sentence
Descriptive words often accompany nouns in Noun Phrases, such as . . .
adjectives
determiners
articles, demonstratives, possessives
In the preferred English word order, adverbs are typically placed . . .
as the final element of a sentence
Children and L2 adult learners achieve a significant level of mastery when they . . .
begin producing simple sentences with accuracy
phrasal verbs
bump into, get over, launch into, get on well with, give back, put out, talk over, bring up, put off, take off, look into, take down, etc. Cannot be understood separately, have a unique meaning together
count noun
can be counted numerically
mass noun
can't be counted
When expressing complex ideas, English speakers prefer to . . .
combine multiple ideas with shared elements
difference between conjunctions and complementizers
conjunctions link to ideas that are independent. Complementizers link a clause of secondary value with the main idea and cannot stand alone
Content words are those that . . .
convey the fundamental ideas of a message
Some language instructors call subordinate expressions . . .
dependent clauses
intransitive phrasal verbs
don't need a complement. For example, the car broke down is a complete sentence. Easy to distinguish from prepositional phrases because they are intransitive
Adverbial complements generally come before the DO and IO and speakers rarely move them.
false
Agents must be people or animals since only they have agency to act.
false
English passive expressions are only used when talking about past tense actions.
false
English uses gender to classify nouns and marks them with case endings to indicate their grammatical function.
false
If a noun can be counted numerically, we call it a collective noun.
false
Intransitive means that there must be two or more NP participants in the verbal action.
false
It is possible to use transitive verbs without explicitly stating the Direct Object.
false
Listeners can gain a good understanding of what they hear by focusing on the meaning of individual words independent of context.
false
Speakers often shift the focus to other parts of a message unintentionally.
false
Subordination is much more frequent in the spoken language than in writing since listeners easily process them.
false
The IO is introduced by the prepositions to or for and always follows the DO in the Verb Phrase.
false
The structure of sentences seldom varies with respect to the number and type of elements involved in the phrases.
false
Very few English verbs may include one or more complementary ideas indicating the circumstances of the action.
false
A conjunction is a . . .
function word
In English, the Verb Phrase usually ______________ the Noun Phrase subject.
goes after
English speakers commonly convey the future tense by using the auxiliary verb . . .
going to
We classify verbs in our mental dictionary by . . .
grammatical usage
complementizers
link subordinate clauses to main idea. that, who, if, when
English language learners make sense of the L2 vocabulary by . . .
linking new words with existing ideas in their L1
Situations that express a state or condition rather than an action are called . . .
linking verbs
optional transformations
moving adverbs around, deleting complementizer, switching up DO and IO (putting IO first and deleting preposition)
Since adult learners have advanced cognitive skills in their native language, their highly developed ideas _______________ in the L2.
must initially be expressed in simplified fashion
Which of the following ideas is NOT associated with do?
It is needed to negate a verb in the future tense
English is known as a SVO language, which stands for . . .
Subject Verb Object word sequence
Word meaning is the association speakers make between . . .
real-world ideas and their symbolic form
The primary idea that a word represents is also known as the word's . . .
referent
Prepositional verbs look like transitive phrasal verbs because they both . . .
require a NP object to complement the verb
Demonstrative determiners show . . .
spatial or temporal relationships between the noun and speakers
3 types of pronouns
subject, object, possessive
agents
subjects
collective nouns
team, family, etc
Passive expressions are useful when . . .
the agent is unknown or not important
content words
the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that constitute the major part of the vocabulary
how are transitive phrasal verbs different from prepositional phrases?
the particles can be separated from the verb they are a part of. Ex. Steve looks his friends up online. and object pronouns must appear between the verb and the particle when the complement is a pronoun. Ex. Will you turn it off?
demonstratives
this, that, these, those
All well-formed English sentences must have a Noun Phrase and a Verb Phrase.
true
Complex expressions allow speakers to make speech more fluid by avoiding starting and stopping between each individual idea.
true
Information questions seek responses explaining why, where, how, what, who, or when.
true
Phrasal verbs are very common in English and follow predictable patterns of usage.
true
Prepositions are short connector words that relate some entity or action that follows them with a preceding noun or verb.
true
Speakers may eliminate the connector THAT when the subordinate clause introduces a NP object of certain verbs in the original expression.
true
Speakers use words or phrases known as complementizers to relate subordinate clauses to an existing main idea.
true
The only agreement required within the English NP is that articles and demonstratives must show the same number as the noun they accompany.
true
The value that society places on a concept results in a secondary layer of meaning known as the word's connotation.
true
When phrasal verbs are intransitive, it is easy to distinguish them from prepositional verbs.
true
Fully formulated ideas in the spoken language are known as . . .
utterances
patients
DOs
experiencers
IOs
Which expression below best reflects the structure of a ditransitive verb?
Mom put the milk in the fridge
auxiliary verbs
Verbs which are used to support another verb in a sentence such as will, going to, would, may, might, etc
The embedded subordinate clauses may act as a(n) _____________ in the independent expression.
noun adjective adverb
Phrasal verbs require speakers to place the _____________ between the verb and the particle.
object pronoun
Phrasal verbs combine with small connector words that some grammarians call . . .
particles
In English active expressions, ____________ and ___________ usually appear in the VP as the DO and IO respectively.
patients . . . experiencers
Speakers combine words into cohesive chunks that work together called . . .
phrases