Microbio ch. 11

As a group, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs ______. produce ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation use an inorganic energy source to produce ATP can obtain energy via fermentation

produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation can obtain energy via fermentation

Endospore-forming bacteria are typically ______. Gram-negative cocci Gram-negative rods Gram-positive rods Gram-positive cocci

Gram-positive rods

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms? oygenic phototrophs anoxygenic phototrophs green algae plants

anoxygenic phototrophs

Myxobacteria fulfill an important role in nature ______. by digesting bacteria by fixing nitrogen and carbon dioxide as degraders of complex organic substances by digesting certain fungi and algae

by digesting bacteria as degraders of complex organic substances by digesting certain fungi and algae

Cyanobacteria are a group of _______ bacteria. chemolithotrophic Gram-negative photosynthetic Gram-positive chemolithotrophic Gram-positive photosynthetic Gram-negative

photosynthetic Gram-negative

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain? bacteria eukarya archaea

archaea

Mycobacterium species stain poorly because their cell walls contain ______. waxy sugars called mycolic acids waxy lipids called mycorrhizae waxy sugars called mycorrhizae waxy lipids called mycolic acids

waxy lipids called mycolic acids

he cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______. Gram-negative typically found in pairs cocci Gram-positive spiral

Gram-negative typically found in pairs cocci

Species of Pseudomonas ______. are Gram-positive rods possess polar flagella use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor ferment

possess polar flagella use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the

cyanobacteria

Prosthecate bacteria form projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall. These prosthecae ______. protect the organism from predators facilitate absorption of nutrients propel the organism to a new environment serve as reproductive structures

facilitate absorption of nutrients

An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______. anaerobic respiration fermentation aerobic respiration

fermentation

Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ______. water as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor oxygen as a source of energy and hydrogen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water glucose as a source of hydrogen atoms and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______.

intestines mouth genital tract

A group of Gram-negative bacteria that serve as an important model in the study of developmental biology because of their unique developmental cycle that includes the production of a fruiting body are the

myxobacteria

In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______. oral cavity sterile body fluids intestinal tract skin muscle tissue

oral cavity intestinal tract skin

Pseudomonas species are Gram-negative rods that, unlike members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, are ______. oxidase-positive nonfermenters obligate fermenters with polar flagella obligate anaerobes

oxidase-positive nonfermenters

Nitrogen fixation, or the process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia, is an exclusive ability of ______. Heliobacterium fungi cyanobacteria prokaryotes eukaryotes

prokaryotes

Obligate aerobes obtain energy using ______exclusively; none of them can ferment.

respiration

Aerobic chemolithotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using ____as a terminal electron acceptor.

O2

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______. O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels anaerobic organisms outcompete aerobes anaerobic organisms create an anaerobic environment

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

A key characteristic of the genus Mycoplasma is that they lack a____ _____ , instead usually relying on sterols in their membrane to provide strength and rigidity.

cell wall

Which of the following groups of bacteria is best described as a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments? actinobacteria proteobacteria cyanobacteria mycobacteria

cyanobacteria

As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy. oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas oxidize reduced organic compounds such as sugars reduce oxidized organic compounds such as sugars reduce oxidized inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2. carbon monoxide glucose carbon dioxide water

water

______ species are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and are associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections.

Bacteroides

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are ______. Gram-positive obligate chemoorganoheterotrophs Gram-negative thermophilic obligate chemolithotrophs

Gram-negative thermophilic obligate chemolithotrophs

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______. Multiple choice question. Gram-negative rods Gram-positive cocci Gram-negative cocci Gram-positive rods

Gram-negative rods

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power. H2O O2 H2S

H2S

Bdellovibrio species ______. form a symbiotic relationship with certain types of fish bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods

bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods

True or false: Cyanobacteria are morphologically diverse, ranging in shape from unicellular organisms to filamentous multicellular associations.

true

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria ______.

can use hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate as an energy source can sometimes grow in filaments

Species of Campylobacter and Helicobacter are ______. Multiple select question. curved, Gram-negative rods irregularly shaped Gram-positive rods microaerophilic strict anaerobes

curved, Gram-negative rods microaerophilic

The two most common genera of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores are ______. Clostridium Bacillus Escherichia Staphylococcus Mycobacterium

Clostridium Bacillus

An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals, but not organic chemicals, is a .

chemolithotroph

Choose the environments that would most likely support the growth of methanogens. surfaces of plant leaves aerated aquariums marine sediment swamp sewage human digestive tract

marine sediment swamp sewage human digestive tract

Bacteria that oxidize sulfur are Gram-negative rods or spirals that ______. use organic compounds as an energy source and sulfur as a terminal electron acceptor use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

A special staining procedure called the ______ is used in the identification of Mycobacterium species. dark-field preparation acid-fast stain simple stain negative stain Gram stain

acid-fast stain

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _________compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.

organic

_______ gain energy via the oxidation of reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. Aerobic chemoheterotrophs Anaerobic chemolithotrophs Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs Aerobic chemolithotrophs

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

Which of the following correctly describe relationships between genera of bacteria and their means for obtaining nutrients from plants? Rhizobium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants. Rhizobium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths. Agrobacterium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants. Agrobacterium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths.

Rhizobium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants. Agrobacterium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths.

Members of the genus ______ thrive in the dry and salty environment of the skin. Mycoplasma Mycobacterium Escherichia Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus

The plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that allows the bacterium to induce plants to form tumors is called the ___ plasmid.

TI

Which of the following statements about microbial diversity is true? Through both traditional and new molecular techniques, scientists have now identified most existing microbial species. We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes.

We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes.

Cyanobacteria living in aquatic environments can ______. store accessory pigments in structures called chlorosomes accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles

accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles

Early chemotrophs may have used all of the following pathways to harvest energy EXCEPT ______. fermentation anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

Members of the filamentous bacterial species Anabaena protect the nitrogenase enzyme from O2 by ______. restricting the process of nitrogen fixation to heterocysts where O2 is not generated producing other enzymes that immediately use the O2 in oxidative reactions

restricting the process of nitrogen fixation to heterocysts where O2 is not generated

A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the

spirochetes

Green sulfur bacteria are ______. strict anaerobes obligate aerobes facultative anaerobes microaerophilic

strict anaerobes

The motile cells found in sheathed bacteria are called ______ cells, and these exit through the end of the sheath.

swarmer

Which of the following can be used to distinguish between members of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium? their Gram-staining characteristics their ability to form endospores their oxygen requirements

their oxygen requirements

Members of Chloroflexus grow in hot springs, which makes them ______. psychrophilic thermophilic mesophilic

thermophilic

Nitrifiers are composed of two metabolically distinct groups: the_____ oxidizers, which convert ammonia to nitrite, and the _______oxidizers, which convert nitrite to nitrate.

ammonium nitrite

Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. aerobic respiration fermentation anaerobic respiration

anaerobic respiration

To differentiate species in the family Enterobacteriaceae, a microbiologist could use which of the following methods? biochemical tests serological tests Gram stain ability to ferment glucose

biochemical tests serological tests

Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______. neither photosynthesis nor nitrogen fixation photosynthesis only both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation nitrogen fixation only

both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy? by using S as a terminal electron acceptor by oxidizing organic compounds by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor by oxidizing chemicals like ammonia

by oxidizing organic compounds by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

All of the following are characteristic of green sulfur bacteria EXCEPT one. Which? have color pigments that are located in structures called trichomes lack flagella, but many possess gas vesicles use hydrogen sulfide as a source of electrons form sulfur granules

have color pigments that are located in structures called trichomes

In the filamentous bacterium Anabaena, specialized cells called _______are used for nitrogen fixation in order to protect nitrogenase from O2.

heterocyst

Filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria ______. may possess chlorosomes exhibit gliding motility are closely related to green sulfur bacteria

may possess chlorosomes exhibit gliding motility

Based on their defining characteristics, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae ______. are Gram-positive bacilli possess peritrichous flagella if motile typically ferment lactose ferment glucose are facultative anaerobes

possess peritrichous flagella if motile ferment glucose are facultative anaerobes

Two metabolically distinct groups of nitrifiers, the ______, typically grow in close association and together can oxidize ammonium to nitrate. ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers ammonia reducers and nitrate oxidizers

ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers

True or false: Methane gas produced by methanogens can be collected and used for generating electricity. .True or False

true