GRE 2

temporarily (temporary)

Temporarily describes something that happens for a limited amount of time. If you agree to watch your friend's dog temporarily, you'll be surprised if it turns out that your friend will be in France for at least two years. Temporarily is the adverbial form of "temporary," which comes from the Latin word tempus, meaning time. Something done temporarily is supposed to be concluded in a finite amount of time. If your car is temporarily out of commission, you expect that you will be able to fix it and get it back on the road. If you drop the word temporarily from that sentence, your car may be a goner. for a limited time only; not permanently "he will work here temporarily" But when she says that the American School is going to close its doors temporarily, it's like the last straw Chucha says broke the donkey's back. I explained that I was a student from Fort Hare, and that I was only in Johan-nesburg temporarily. So there was a cemetery where the coffins were temporarily buried. At the end of the act the rehearsal ended temporarily. به طور موقت

shutter

to close a business, office, etc. for a short time or permanently تعطیل کردن کرکره روی پنجره که جلوی نور رو میگیره

cow

to intimidate Do not be cowed by a 3000 word vocabulary list: turn that list into a deck of flashcards! ترساندن

factious

A factious group is one that breaks away, or wants to. It's often used in politics, where people separate into smaller like-minded groups. The Confederacy was factious — they wanted out of the Union, but we know how that turned out. The word factious looks a lot like its cousin faction, which is a small, sometimes rebellious group. Factious, then, is easy to remember, as the adjectival form of the noun faction. To be factious is to act like a faction. Among bakers, almost all agree that you have to be precise when measuring ingredients. The Brooklyn Faction, though, disagrees. This factious bunch never uses measuring cups or spoons and has called for them to be abolished. dissenting (especially dissenting with the majority opinion) synonyms: dissentious, divisive Elegantly shot and edited, the movie closely tracks the new factory's growing pains, which turn increasingly factious as the company's management practices clash with the expectations of American workers accustomed to hard-won labor rights. Would this new and factious approach to daily living bleed into the Super Bowl? And so the fault lines are drawn, the children made actors in a home as harsh and factious as the rural South Dakota landscape in which the novel is set. Furthermore, for a few ephemeral years, a factious nation thought of itself as a space-faring people. نفاق افکن

liability

A liability is a debt or obligation or a personal flaw that stands in your way. A company's liabilities are simply the debts on its ledger, but a personal liability might be your extreme shyness in social situations. Depending on how you use it, the word liability has very different meanings. In a business or financial sense, a liability is a debt or fiscal obligation, like a mortgage or a loan. A limited liability company means if the company fails, the partners are on the hook for only what they initially invested in the company. A personal liability, however, is some element of your past, your character, or your behavior that might give you a disadvantage. the state of being legally obliged and responsible see more an obligation to pay money to another party The incomparably ancient kingdom of the pharaohs offered the Macedonian Greeks significant liabilities as well as important assets in their attempt to establish a new ruling dynasty in Egypt. They're probably thinking I won't be able to relate to their grandson, that I might even be a liability for him in the new neighborhood, and I completely agree. "Basically you don't want Uncle Al to start thinking of you as a financial liability. 'Cuz if he does, you disappear one night." But I was pathetic, a blundering liability to my own team, always in the way of an opportune pass or unwittingly blocking an open lane. مسئولیت بدهی

mandate

A mandate is an official command or a go-ahead. When a politician wins an election by a wide margin, that's a mandate to implement her ideas. A mandate gives authority. If the government gives schools a mandate to test more, then the schools had better give more tests. People who work for the Peace Corps have a mandate to help various countries with things like getting clean drinking water. A politician who believes in higher taxes and then gets elected considers that a mandate to raise taxes. When you have a mandate, it's like a ticket to get something done. a formal statement of a command or injunction to do something a document giving an official instruction or command However, she was becoming impatient with the segregation that mandated a separate council for black scouts, and she began campaigning for one organization overseeing all the scouts. The American order thereby upheld the hierarchy of wealth, which some thought was mandated by God and others viewed as representing the immutable laws of nature. That research, and other investigations like it, led to changes in air traffic regulations, mandating minimum distances between flight paths so as to prevent that kind of wake turbulence accident. The mandated list of occupants clings to its front door. مأموریت حکم

sartorial

If it's the day before a big event and you have no idea what to wear and nothing in your closet is going to cut it, you are facing a sartorial dilemma — one that pertains to clothing, fashion, or dressing. Sartorial comes from the Modern Latin word sartor which means "tailor," literally "one who patches and mends." In English the adjectives sartorial and sartorially are used to refer to any matter pertaining to the consideration of clothing or fashion. The root word sartor has also made its way into the field of biology. The sartorius — a muscle in the leg and the longest muscle in the human body — gets its name because it is used when crossing the legs, also known as the "tailor's position." of or relating to a tailor or to tailoring Dr. Strayer and Dr. Gazzaley hit it off, even though they seem cut from entirely different cloth, both figuratively, with respect to personality, and literally, in terms of their sartorial choices. I thought women were gorgeous no matter what they wore, and I didn't think they owed anyone an explanation for their sartorial choices. Only Perry Smith, who owned neither jacket nor tie, seemed sartorially misplaced. And designers are making a good job in this Milan men's wear season of blending the sporty and the sartorial. مربوط به خیاطی

sangfroid

If you have sang-froid, you can keep your cool, even under stress. Your feathers aren't easily ruffled. This foreign-sounding word is another way of saying "poise under pressure." We borrowed it from French, where it literally means "cold blood." Great athletes who do well in the last two minutes of a game have sang-froid. James Bond definitely has sang-froid. You better have sang-froid when you're taking the SATs. If you're worried, nervous and starting to crack, you've pretty much lost your sang-froid. great coolness and composure under strain synonyms:aplomb, assuredness, cool, poise Thus, in the months ahead, I vow to react to all door-clogging with as much breezy sang-froid as possible. News of the expiration is greeted with typical sang-froid. But after a while she approaches her work with confidence and sang-froid, though not exactly with delight. The book opens with Dana, a security guard with so much sang-froid that her heart rate never budges. خون سردی

refer

If you refer to something, you consult it. To check your spelling, you refer to a dictionary. If you want to know when your spring break starts, you can refer to your class schedule. Refer is made up of two very useful Latin roots: re- "back" and ferre "carry," and when one thing refers to another, one meaning "carries back" to the other — there's some kind of connection. "The term "Spaghetti Western" refers to a kind of Western often filmed in Italy by Italian filmmakers, in Italian." If you have a mysterious rash, your doctor might refer you — send you — to an allergist. make reference to synonyms:advert, bring up, cite, mention, name She borrowed a book from a student when she needed to refer to one. The sheriff was referring to the lynching of a young African American man named Michael Donald in Mobile, about sixty miles south. "I am unsure exactly what you are referring to," I said. Genie nodded and wondered if the girl was somehow related, since she referred to Grandma and Grandpop as Ma and Pop. منتسب کردن

kowtow

Kowtow, which describes the act of kneeling and touching one's head to the ground to show respect, used to be a custom in Chinese culture. Now it refers to acting like you're doing that, whether you actually bow or not. Kowtow is derived from the Chinese word k'o-t'ou, which literally means "knock the head." As a verb, kowtow has the sense of "sucking up" or "flattering." Maybe you're wondering when it would be appropriate to kowtow. The answer? When you want to worship, show respect, gain favor, or flatter. You might need to kowtow to your teacher if you failed a test, but if you kowtow to all your neighbor's requests, you might wind up mowing his lawn all summer. bend the knees and bow in a servile manner synonyms: genuflect, scrape They behaved in a way that defines a word I would learn later—kowtow. At his glance, Minli shrank to the ground in a humble kowtow. The little girl threw herself on the ground in a trembling kowtow before the beast. Other males and females exhibit their submission to the alpha male by bowing before him while making grunting sounds, not unlike human subjects kowtowing before a king. تعظیم کردن

legislation

Legislation is the act or process of making or enacting laws. Some people think there should be more legislation in the area of education and some people think there should be less — governments debate the matter periodically. The noun legislation refers to the actual law enacted by a legislative body at the national, state, or local level. There has been some very odd legislation over the years. In one state it was illegal to kiss on a train; in another, it was illegal to take a bath on Sunday. The sweeping legislation made radical changes to tax law, health care, and immigration law. the act of making or enacting laws synonyms:lawmaking, legislating But while the replacement legislation eliminates the requirement that people use the bathroom for the gender they were assigned at birth, it keeps state legislators in charge of future bathroom policies. Liberals, by contrast, insisted that social reforms such as the War on Poverty and civil rights legislation would get at the "root causes" of criminal behavior and stressed the social conditions that predictably generate crime. Now I work with a group in Wilmington that's advocating for legislation reform for immigrants. The federal government no longer made any effort to enforce federal civil rights legislation, and funding for the Freedmen's Bureau was slashed to such a degree that the agency became virtually defunct. قانون گذاری

perfunctory

Perfunctory means done as part of a routine or duty. If you give someone a gift and they look at it like it's roadkill and say nothing but a perfunctory "thank you," you might not be giving them another one anytime soon. A person who does something in a perfunctory way shows little enthusiasm or interest in what they are doing. Many of our everyday greetings are perfunctory. For example, when we say "Hello" and "How are you?", we usually do so out of habit. Perfunctory is from Latin perfunctus, from perfungi, "to get through with, perform," formed from the Latin prefix per-, "completely," plus fungi, "to perform." hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough "perfunctory courtesy" synonyms:casual, cursory, passing The guys were pretty silent except for perfunctory replies to Isabelle's string of inane chatter about which sorority she wanted to join. The Advisory Board meetings were perfunctory and bureaucratic, but the ANC meetings were lively with debate and discussion about Parliament, the pass laws, rents, bus fares — any subject under the sun that affected Africans. Not just a perfunctory curling of the lips, but a warm, toothy grin. Part of my disapproval was that, I'm sure: perfunctory, routine. سرسری روتین

protean

When Picasso is described as a protean genius, it means that not only was he brilliant, but he changed the way he worked many times. Protean means able to change shape. Proteus was a Greek god who could tell the future, but when he was asked a question he didn't want to answer, he would change shapes. With someone or something protean, you get all the power of shape-shifting, plus some of the menace of a god you cannot control. taking on different forms "eyes...of that baffling protean grey which is never twice the same" Synonyms :variable The sharp smell of iodine from the algae, and the lime smell of calcareous bodies and the smell of powerful protean, smell of sperm and ova fill the air. But with its wildly protean sense of time, space and character-presence, it's still unlike anything else in films today. For the Beastie Boys, that means pilfering from the younger versions of themselves, which means in turn pilfering from the protean rhyme schemes and rap-along chants of the Furious 5 or the Cold Crush Brothers. By folding and unfolding the screen Ms. Islam generates different arrangements of vertical bars: a marvelously protean abstraction. شکل پذیر چند کاره

penurious

very poor, lacking money Like Mr. Eisenberg's previous plays, "Happy Talk" is centered on an imbalanced relationship between a shortsighted, affluent American and a relatively penurious foreigner. New England poems by New England writers: they made a penurious, infinite kind of New England sense. g the penurious daily existence of Vincent, who never sold a painting in his lifetime. The penurious nicotine levels proved frustrating and costly for South Korean vapers. فقیر

churlish

A churlish person is one whose middle name might as well be Rude. He's the one who was never taught to mind his manners and avoid telling vulgar jokes at the dinner table. Churlish has its origins in late Old English, but its modern-day meaning of "deliberately rude" developed in the 14th century. It's a fitting adjective to describe boorish or surly behavior. It can also describe a material that is difficult to work with, such as hard wood that's resistant to quick whittling. Our prolific pal Shakespeare coined the phrase, "as valiant as the lion, churlish as the bear." rude and boorish Synonyms:ungracious As in: How do you apologize to your twin brother for being churlish— for almost breaking his nose?This week. get my report card. As in: I don't understand how 1 went from annoyed to grumpy to downright churlish. "But it would be churlish to begrudge Basil's requests. After all, he did recapture our tapestry from Cluny. It was a very daring deed." No. Did your father and I raise you to be churlish? بی تربیت

clause

A clause is a group of words with a subject and verb. That kind of clause is handy when talking about grammar. Another kind of clause is a provision or stipulation in a legal contract. Clause is a noun that comes from the old French clause, which, if we trace it way back, comes from the Latin clausula, "the end, a closing termination." Around 1300, the "ending" implication of the word began to fade and was replaced by "article or section of a text." In the grammatical sense, every sentence must have at least one independent clause. And in the legal sense, documents like prenuptial agreements or job contract often contain clauses. a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) synonyms:article During the Jim Crow era, African Americans were denied the right to vote through poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and felon disenfranchisement laws, even though the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Sometimes it really is better to pied-pipe a preposition to the beginning of a clause than to strand it at the end. This sentence is encumbered, among other things, by a long stretch between the filler of the relative clause, the former United Nations diplomat, and the gap after tapped seven words later. In the second blooper, the problem does not lie in the relationship between clauses— it's cause-and-effect in both interpretations—but in exactly what causes what. بند جزئي از جمله

contentious

A contentious issue is one that people are likely to argue about, and a contentious person is someone who likes to argue or fight. Some issues are very controversial. They're also contentious, because people tend to argue about them, and the arguments will probably go on forever. Contentious issues get people angry and in a fighting mood. On the other hand, some people always seem to be in a fighting mood, no matter what the issue is. People like that are contentious too. inclined or showing an inclination to dispute or disagree, even to engage in law suits "a style described as abrasive and contentious" But I held my tongue after this retort. f Would I always be so contentious? "Liza says I am contentious, but now I'm caught in a web of my children—and I think I like it." The issue, like all issues involving race, was extremely contentious. It is the beauty of small areas of order—a large yard, a group of trees, three similar dormitories, a circle of old houses—living together in contentious harmony. دعوایی

malapropism

A malapropism occurs when you say one word but you mean another, like instead of saying a certain restaurant is prosperous, you say it is preposterous. As you can tell, malapropisms are often humorous, though sometimes the joke is on the speaker. The word malapropism, pronounced "mah-luh-PRAH-pih-zum," comes from the French phrase mal à propos, which means "ill-suited." Playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan must have been thinking of the French phrase when he created his character Mrs. Malaprop, who made audiences howl with laughter when she used the wrong word. Examples include saying "allegory" instead of "alligator," and "illiterate him from your memory" instead of "obliterate." the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar Were you able to find a malapropism in Huckleberry Finn? Booked Winnifred, the girl who beat you in the elementary school spelling bee, raises her hand: Ms. Hardwick, wasn't Nick supposed to present a malapropism to us today? she whines. As Eugene "Bull" Connor said in one of his classic malapropisms, "White and Negro are not to segregate together." Siegel observes that the Brothers routinely let loose streams of cascading puns, malapropisms, word associations, and seemingly pointless slapstick that are perplexingly bad and often aggressively anti-comedic, but taken collectively become overwhelming, and thereby hilarious. سوء استعمال کلمات

moratorium

A moratorium is the suspension of a particular activity--you could have a moratorium on fishing, baking, the use of candles, the wearing of matching socks. Generally, moratoriums go into effect when something becomes seen as being not okay for now, but might go back to being okay later. After the water fountain started to burble up green sludge, the principal put a moratorium on drinking any water at school until the fountains were fixed and the water tested. suspension of an ongoing activity a legally authorized postponement before some obligation must be discharged Many scientists find the call for a moratorium understandable, even necessary. Marc Mauer, the executive director of the Sentencing Project, notes that what is most remarkable about the moratorium campaign in retrospect is the context of imprisonment at the time. The main issue was still the self-imposed moratorium: Should scientists be restricted in their experiments with recombinant DNA? In many ways, the proposed scheme of restrictions is reminiscent of the Asilomar moratorium. به تعویق انداختن قانونی که به مردم اجازه میده دیرتر بدهیشون رو پرداخت کنن

prospect

A prospect is the possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great. Prospect is from the Latin word prospectus which means a "view or outlook." A prospect is still a way of looking ahead and expecting good things. It's like potential in that it's something that might be but isn't yet. There is also the potential for something bad to happen, but prospects usually look good. In the 1800s, when men in floppy brown hats started saying "There's gold in them there hills!" the noun became a verb — to prospect is to search for gold. Either way, when you have prospects, you have a golden future. he possibility of future success "his prospects as a writer are excellent" synonyms:chance Hazel put the gold prospecting sign back over her mementos. But Dr. Cigrand did not share her glowing assessment of the building and its prospects. So what are the prospects for time travel ? The prospect of lunch with the alcoholic English cider more than compensated for the habit of leaving the outside doors open to the westerly winds. چشم انداز پیش بینی

quisling

A quisling is a traitor, especially one who collaborates with an enemy occupying force for personal gain. The term arose because in World War II, Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian politician, volunteered to help the occupying Nazis rule Norway for Germany. Quisling was tried for treason and executed at the end of the war, and his name became synonymous with traitor and collaborator. The word quisling is not commonly used in the United States, however, probably because the American term for a traitor is "Benedict Arnold," the name of a Revolutionary War turncoat. someone who collaborates with an enemy occupying force synonyms: collaborationist, collaborator They are guilty because Xi is imposing Beijing rules on Hong Kong, with the help of a quisling administration, rendering peaceful protest a crime. In so doing, these quislings all helped foment the insurrectionist storming of the U.S. Unfortunately, Biden is living up to every stereotype of the quisling Democrat and taking this advice seriously. They're why these quisling lawmakers held their noses and accepted so much bad, sometimes criminal, behavior from this administration. خائن

hospitality

A reputation for hospitality means you're known for being kind and welcoming to visitors, which may also mean that you always have a full house at Thanksgiving. Hospitalitem is a Latin word meaning "friendliness to guests," so it's not hard to see where the word hospitality comes from. Showing hospitality involves making others feel comfortable and welcome in your home. If you're grumpy and prefer to be left alone, this word probably won't ever be used to describe you, nor are you likely headed for a career in the hospitality industry. kindness in welcoming guests or strangers synonyms: cordial reception They thought they would be people like themselves, men doing their military duty, anxious to return to their wives and children, and appreciative of any hospitality and kindness. The man answered, "Let's jus' call it good old-fashioned Southern hospitality being served up a long way from home." "Accept our hospitality! I hope you won't mind sleeping on the floor." I remembered the story; the giant who'd tried to kill Theseus with excess hospitality on his way to Athens. مهمان نوازی

tenant

A tenant is someone who lives in a place owned by someone else, usually paying rent. If you blast your music and let the cat pee in the corner, your landlord will not think that you're a very good tenant. Tenant is often used to mean "renter," but it can mean anyone who has the right to live in a particular place, either because he signed a lease, which is a rental agreement, because he owns the land, or because government gave him a title to it. If you live in a big apartment building, you should be aware of your rights as a tenant, which usually include things like having heat in the winter and proper fire escapes. someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else "the landlord can evict a tenant who doesn't pay the rent" synonyms:renter And walls covered by the last tenant with old newspapers to hide the holes. What was unique about Alex is that this farmer sold plots of land to some of the black tenants in the time before it was illegal for blacks to own property. It was not one of the tenants; she knew them all. Even the tenants were a more or less matched set. مستاجر

term

A term is a word or expression used with a particular meaning. "Rap," "punk," "grunge," and "heavy metal" are terms that describe particular styles of music. "Sweetie" is a term of endearment, at least to most people. Terms can also mean the conditions of an agreement: when you rent an apartment, you agree to certain terms — that you'll pay the rent, you won't have loud parties, etc. If you're "on good terms with someone," you like each other. Term can also be a defined period of time. Spring term at school is the spring semester, and you may be assigned a term paper — to demonstrate how brilliant you've become during that time period. It is best to use the term very cautiously when applying it to music, however. It was Mandana who begged and pleaded with her to carry my mom to term. They lay quiet for a while, then their focus shifted to helping Nixon get reelected to a second term. In the distasteful stillness, while he muttered and insisted that the terms should be observed, reluctant hands disarmed Sir Lancelot and tied him. مدت، اصطلاح

apostate

An apostate is someone who has deserted his cause. The word apostate originally comes from a Greek word that meant "runaway slave." Now, apostate has a religious or political tone to it, so someone might call you "a political apostate" if you ran for office as a Republican during one election and then ran as a Democrat in the following election. not faithful to religion or party or cause Synonyms:unfaithful Rather than protect individual women, apostates, intellectuals, cartoonists, novelists, and true liberals from the intolerance of religious imbeciles, they protect theocrats from criticism. Melville broke through American myopia, vanishing over many horizons, rubbing shoulders with apostates, seeing civility in savages, savagery in the civilized and ruinous obedience to mad tyrants. But the broader aim of the group, also known as ISIS, is to inspire alienated Muslims to enlist in a global battle against Christians, Jews, apostates and infidels. He's also one of art's great apostates, a man who abandoned a faith he helped to establish. مرتد

arriviste

An arriviste is someone who's moved up in the world quickly and ends up being resented. You might visit your hometown and feel like it's full of arrivistes who can pay exorbitant prices for enormous houses. When someone suddenly earns a whole lot more money than they did before, they find themselves in a new economic class. If the people who have belonged to this group for a long time (maybe they inherited their wealth from their grandparents, for example) are resentful of this person and their "new money," they might use the word arriviste. An arriviste is newly arrived in this world — as you can see in the French root, arriver, "to arrive." a person who has suddenly risen to a higher economic status but has not gained social acceptance of others in that class synonyms:nouveau-riche, parvenu, upstart Masters of power politics, engineers of genius, the Mexica were also upstarts and pretenders, arrivistes who falsely claimed a brilliant line of descent. They resemble the arrivistes of the Gilded Age, which began in the 1880s when industrial capitalists amassed staggering fortunes, except that there are so many of them and they seem to be relatively anonymous. Lea Michele, who plays Rachel, the aspiring Broadway diva, is the unlikely heroine, the most deliciously annoying high school arriviste since Reese Witherspoon played Tracy Flick in "Election." Even so, the company struggles with something of an arriviste aura among the best performers. تازه به دوران رسیده

attitude

An attitude is somewhere between a belief, a stance, a mood, and a pose. If you've got an attitude about something, it can be hard to change it because you think you're right. You'll often hear Happy Hour referred to as "Attitude Adjustment Hour," because cheap drinks are one of the best ways to change your attitude. If you're in a bad mood, cocktails can make it better (or worse). An attitude is a way of thinking that you can express just by standing a certain way. For example, putting your hands on your hips and rolling your eyes expresses one kind of attitude, while kneeling with your palms together expresses a very different one. a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways If it weren't for her attitude, it would be easier to deal with all this. It was an attitude that Mario knew meant the absolute end of everything. The children watched, rapt, but Penelope's attitude remained skeptical. That same attitude was the one my coach didn't like. نگرش روش و رفتار

histrionic

Anything that has to do with actors or acting can be called histrionic, like a Broadway actor's histrionic voice projection that would sound strange in everyday life but is perfect for the stage. The adjective histrionic, pronounced "his-tree-ON-ic," comes from the Latin words histrionicus and histrio which mean "actor." It can describe things that have to do with acting on the stage, but it can also describe a person who in regular life is a little too dramatic and even over-acts, like your friend whose histrionic rantings make a trip to the grocery store seem like a matter of life and death. overly dramatic or emotional adjective characteristic of acting or a stage performance; affected "histrionic gestures" synonyms:melodramatic I begin to see how the line is crossed, between histrionics and murder. McCandless's postcards, notes, and journals ... read like the work of an above average, somewhat histrionic high school kid—or am I missing something? Yet Grover drove through the whole grand catastrophe undistracted, as though the torching of a place simply did not matter to him, or as though it were no more than some histrionics he'd ordered up. In the best histrionic village style, Sourmelina unleashed soaring arias in which she lamented the death of her husband and castigated him for dying. احساسات نمایشی نمایشی هم معنی میده

outdated

Anything that's so old-fashioned that it's unstylish or not useful is outdated. You might love the way an antique car looks, but its outdated safety standards (no seat belts or airbags) make it dangerous to drive on the highway. The 70s bell-bottom jeans your aunt still wears might be embarrassingly outdated, but at least they function as pants. Your outdated computer, on the other hand, isn't even capable of getting online or connecting to your printer — in other words, it's obsolete, or completely useless. This adjective dates from the early 1600s, from the "mark as old fashioned" meaning of the verb date. old; no longer valid or fashionable "outdated equipment" Most of what's in here is"—he paused and opened the book in his hand—"outdated textbooks. Publication date on this one, 1919. Gee." They made fun of his tantrums, his outdated cane, and his apocalyptic predictions, and said he looked like a crow in his mourning. It's just a run-down stretch of outdated stores with merchandise that's been there since the Bay of Pigs. But the ghetto Catholic Church, so defensive, so fearful of contact with non-Catholics, was already outdated when I entered the classroom. منسوخ شده

choleric

Are you easy to tick off? Known to have a short fuse? Then, you could be described as choleric. Don't worry; it's not a disease related to cholera. Choleric just means you're testy and irritable. Before the advent of modern medicine, most folks believed that health and disease were the result of the balance of "humors" in the body. If you were quick to anger, you were thought to have too much choler in your system. You were called choleric. W. C. Fields, Richard Nixon, and Ebenezer Scrooge are just a few people famous for being choleric, easy to tick off. characterized by anger "a choleric outburst" synonyms: irascible The Elizabethans boiled it down to four types: You were choleric or sanguine or melancholy or aggressive. "The Four Temperaments," originally created in 1946 for Balanchine's New York City Ballet precursor, Ballet Society, was based on the medieval idea of four predominant temperaments: melancholic, sanguinic, phlegmatic, choleric. If this all sounds like a choleric doctoral dissertation, that's because it is, sort of. The Goldberg father is fat and choleric, the kind of man who takes off his pants the minute he gets home and nestles into a reclining armchair. بد خلق

consider

Consider is a verb that simply means to think about, look at, or judge. Consider, for a moment, the perks of house sitting for your pool-owning neighbors before you immediately refuse their request. Coming to us from the Latin word considerare, meaning "to look at closely" or "observe," consider is a very common word that describes something you likely do multiple times a day: You probably consider what to wear in the morning, weigh your options for lunch, take into account the weather when deciding to grab your umbrella. Your life is full of consideration and you didn't even know it! think about carefully; weigh "They considered the possibility of a strike" synonyms: debate, deliberate, moot, turn over The Baptists considered themselves above the rest of us. Of course they were wrong, Inej considered as she crossed the bridge over the black waters of the Beurskanal to the deserted main square that fronted the Exchange. Long evenings are devoted to considering this name or that. Qualities considered masculine are more valued than those considered feminine, and members of a society who personify the feminine ideal get less than those who exemplify the masculine ideal. در نظر گرفتن سنجیدن تفکر کردن

defer

Defer means to put off or delay. You can try to defer the inevitable by pushing "snooze" and falling back asleep, but eventually you're going to have to get up. If you're excellent at pushing things to a later date and a master at procrastination, then you already know how to defer. But defer can also mean to comply with another person's opinion or wishes. So when your boss finds out you deferred your work to shop online instead, you should probably defer when she asks you to come in and finish everything up over the weekend. hold back to a later time synonyms:hold over, postpone, prorogue, put off, put over, remit, set back, shelve, table The Court began insisting that federal judges defer more to state court rulings, which tended to be more indulgent of errors and defects in capital proceedings. Even her brother defers to her in a way I bet he wouldn't if she were normal-looking. Often he defers to their words, footnoting his own advice, even though he obviously thought the same things himself. In Seattle, Al Ulbrickson deferred the varsity turnout until October 21. به تعویق انداختن

fraught

Fraught means filled with something — often something bad. Your Thanksgiving was fraught with awkward moments when your family saw your blue hair, and it only got worse when you told them you'd quit law school to join the circus. Fraught is related to the word freight, and comes from the Middle English fraughten, meaning "to load with cargo." Think of a cargo ship loaded up with freight for a journey — it's full of supplies, just like Thanksgiving was filled with — or fraught with — awkward moments. Fraught can also describe a situation filled with distress. If relations between two countries are fraught, they are not getting along with each other. marked by distress She smiled up at him, but it was not her usual saucy smile, fraught with flirtatiousness, the smile that drove Matty nearly mad. Instead, it began to seem a place where one's views on the fraught politics of national security and weapons development loomed over one's career prospects. There was this tunnel that these two kids kept crawling through over and over and they never seemed to get tired, which made me think of Augustus Waters and the existentially fraught free throws. They lamented and tore their hair, the priests, as fraught and rhetorical as they were when they prayed, and after a few days their outcries made people uneasy. مملو

gross

Get ready, because gross has a few different meanings. When something is gross, it's disgusting. The noun, a gross, is the complete amount (before expenses), and the verb "to gross" is to bring in money. Two things will tell you which meaning is the right one with a word like gross: the part of speech and the context. If you're talking about awful, sickening, vile things, you're looking at the adjective gross. If you're referring to, say, how much money a movie made, that's the noun gross; but remember, the gross is how much the movie made in total, not how much it cleared in profit after expenses (the net). As a noun, gross can also be a unit of measurement: if your teacher orders a gross of pencils, he'll get a shipment of 12 dozen. The verb to gross means to pull in money, as in: the bake sale grossed 30 dollar. If anybody committed any of the grosser errors —such as putting metal on metal or colour on colour—he became electrified with passion. Even when the killing stopped, the gross injustices continued. "So it's hard to imagine her in some gross unlit dusty room." Girdle: such an ugly word, a word as gross as what it does. زشت و شرم آور پول آوردن درآمد خالص قبل از مالیات

burden

Getting hired as the assistant to a pastry chef seemed like a dream come true. But one week and 100 cupcakes later, it's become a hard-to-bear burden accompanied by a permanent stomachache. Burden is one of those words that doubles as a noun and a verb. Defined as something you carry or withstand with much difficulty when used as a noun, and as the act of weighing down, overloading, or oppressing when used as a verb, it's a word with a negative charge. Now that you know what it means, you're equipped to make sure you don't take on unnecessary burdens (getting pressured into always carrying your neighbor's groceries upstairs), or become one yourself! weight to be borne or conveyed synonyms:load, loading see more noun an onerous or difficult concern "the burden of responsibility" synonyms:encumbrance, incumbrance, load, onus "Did it matter? Have we not taught you how to act in public? Bite your tongue one minute and prevent a lifetime of burden." He wanted life to be normal again— football, even his homework, without that daily burden weighing him down. Babies and small children, who move slowly and demand much attention, were a burden on nomadic foragers. At my mother's insistence, she, too, began school; the burden of financing both our educations rested entirely on my mother, even though my father tried to help from time to time. بار مسئوليت بار کردن

disregard

If everyone at the city council meeting tends to disregard anything that's said by the eccentric gentleman with the parrot on his shoulder, it means that no one pays any attention to him. To disregard something is to ignore it, or to deliberately pay it no attention. Sometimes the word is used to mean "neglect," implying that something important is not being taken care of. Disregard can also be a noun; you could complain that your family has a complete disregard for your privacy when they gather outside your bedroom door to eavesdrop on your telephone conversations. lack of attention and due care synonyms:neglect For the first time the Dauntless's disregard for age does not seem like an opportunity. There was a time when my presence only confused people; I used to be just a regular weirdo, the kind of unfathomable entity that was easily disregarded, easily discarded. More serious infractions, or a blatant disregard of Klan warnings, resulted in beatings, whippings, and, occasionally, lynchings. The easiest way to disregard a woman's voice is to package her as a scold. بی اعتنایی

insufferable

If something is insufferable, it's unbearable and impossible, like the insufferable humidity of the "rain forest room" at the zoo on a hot summer day. You can see the word suffer in insufferable — and it's no coincidence. If it's unacceptable or too much to handle, it's insufferable. An egotistic co-worker is insufferable, and so is a blizzard that leaves six-foot drifts against the doors of your house, or insufferable working conditions in many of the factories that produce goods around the world. used of persons or their behavior "insufferable insolence" synonyms: impossible, unacceptable, unsufferable "No. Well, not at the time of her death. I was insufferable long before we lost her. Grief does not change you, Hazel. It reveals you." "I find him to be insufferable and cocky." "I found it in my jewelry box and liked the look of it, you insufferably territorial man." The days will be insufferable for me till your next envelope arrives, it goes without saying. غیرقابل تحمل

deserted

If something's deserted it's empty and abandoned. It's fun to spend an afternoon taking pictures of a deserted house with its overgrown yard and mysterious relics, but come nightfall it might feel a little spooky. The adjective deserted often describes an empty building that's been abandoned by its owners, but you can use it for anything that's remote or without any people around. You might get the chills when you walk down a deserted street at night. Deserted can also describe something that's much less crowded than normal. On Super Bowl Sunday, the shopping mall might be deserted — everyone is home, watching the game. forsaken by owner or inhabitants synonyms:abandoned, derelict, desolate The parking lot and locker room were deserted. The salon was deserted, except for Steven and Emilia, who were standing alone and forgotten at the altar. The roads were deserted except for an occasional hunting party in red hats and yellow jackets, and sometimes with a deer or an elk draped over the hood of the car. The flagstones of the deserted entrance hall were stained with blood. خلوت ترک کردن

reluctant

If the adjective reluctant applies to you, it means that you are undergoing some inner struggle and are unwilling or unable to decide. The word reluctant comes from the Latin reluctantem, which means "to struggle against." These days reluctant means "unwilling." If you're reluctant to dance to a terrible song, you're unwilling to shake your booty, and you might even have to struggle against your friends who try to get you on the dance floor. You might offer them a reluctant smile instead (and hope it doesn't look like a grimace). not eager unwilling to do something contrary to your custom For some reason, I found myself reluctant to talk about Denna. I dare not call her back and am reluctant to leave my warmth. It made no difference to Hera how reluctant any of them were or how innocent; the goddess treated them all alike. My finger was reluctant to touch the trigger. بی میل

turpitude

If you are guilty of turpitude, you should be ashamed of yourself. Turpitude is a word that represents depraved behavior. Prisons are filled with criminals who have engaged in acts of moral turpitude. Turpitude comes from the Latin word turpitudo, which means "repulsiveness." Corrupt politicians get booted out of office for acts of turpitude, like taking bribes in exchange for lucrative government contracts. Turpitude often follows the word moral, and acts of moral turpitude are usually crimes that are unusually sick or corrupt. a corrupt or depraved or degenerate act or practice "the various turpitudes of modern society" synonyms: depravity "You accused me of moral turpitude, Mr. Marsden. I am here to say I am not guilty." Another category of restriction: "persons convicted of a crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude." Fugacious, tourbillion, moiety, repugn, sacrosanct, censure, morass, El Dorado, and turpitude. When she painted a nude self-portrait, she was accused of moral turpitude and expelled. فساد

truculent

If you are quick to argue, always looking for a fight, and hard to please, you are truculent. You can also write a truculent essay, and fans upset by a loss can become truculent. This word has no connection to truck, but the similar sound is still a good way to remember it: truculent folks are like monster trucks, ready to run over anything that gets in their way. To be truculent is to be defiant, aggressive, and quarrelsome. A truculent student will get in trouble with teachers, and a truculent teacher might get fired. In a violent sport like football, it helps to be truculent, but it's usually not a great quality. defiantly aggressive "a truculent speech against the new government" Synonyms:aggressive Only the Negro and I were near enough to hear what he said but the policeman caught something in the tone and looked over with truculent eyes. Then, he danced on the Ford's roof, leaving footprints of steel in his truculent clog across the top of the car. And to Bran's astonishment, the truculent Umbers agreed to do as he commanded, though not without grumbling. Like him, you are tough, dark, vulnerable, moody—with a very definite tendency to sound truculent because you want no one to think you are soft. خشن

reckless

If you are reckless, you don't think or care about the consequences of your words or actions, like a reckless driver who speeds while texting, knitting, and eating a sandwich. The word reckless comes from the Old English word receleas, meaning "careless, thoughtless, heedless." If you have a reckless attitude, you aren't concerned about what happens to yourself or others who are affected by your actions. In this usage, reckless is the opposite of considerate. Reckless friends will invite people you don't know to your house because with your parents away, it's party time. Surprise! marked by defiant disregard for danger or consequences ""became the fiercest and most reckless of partisans"-Macaulay" "a reckless driver" synonyms:foolhardy, heady, rash I'd caught him off guard; I was stronger than he'd expected, or maybe just more reckless, and he lost his hold. Driving home, distraught and reckless, speeding, she'd nearly gone off the side of the road. The prosecutor argued that Herbert was not just tragically misguided and reckless; he was evil. Now that I am actuated by hopes more active—by anger at injustice and demand for benevolence—I fear I shall not be so reckless of my life. بی ملاحظه

tendentious

If you are writing a report on climate change and you ignore evidence that the earth is warming, the paper might be called tendentious. Tendentious means promoting a specific, and controversial, point of view. When something is tendentious, it shows a bias towards a particular point of view, especially one that people disagree about. It shares a root with the word tendency, which means "an inclination toward acting a certain way." If you have the tendency to talk in a tendentious manner about politics, people might tend to avoid you at parties. having or marked by a strong tendency especially a controversial one "Half the country" may oppose the moon mission, but here Chazelle offers a peculiar, tendentious, and self-revealing cinematic interpretation of that phrase in the form of a montage. It's tendentious to mention it in every review, but I am thinking about it while writing every line of every review. Indeed, "The Father" was written as a retort to "A Doll's House," which Strindberg described as "swinery," filled with logical potholes and tendentious argument. A Somerset Maugham story is always a story, not a literary experiment or tendentious social document. دارای گرایش ویژه و عمدی مخصوصا گرایش عکس

liquidate

If you liquidate something, you get rid of it. When a huge retailer has to close all of its stores, it liquidates everything, meaning the inventory and even the shelves and display cases are sold to bargain-hunters, to raise money for the company to pay its debts. Liquidate comes from the Latin liquidare, meaning "to melt," or "to clarify." A recipe might ask you to liquefy the butter, not liquidate it, because liquidate has to do with assets. To liquidate is to convert stocks or goods into cash by selling them, to finish business neatly, and to clear debts. If you liquidate your old baseball card collection, you will have money to put in your college fund. eliminate by paying off (debts) synonyms:pay off Her only relative was a niece in Boston, who arranged for a local lawyer to liquidate Mrs. Garner's property. The diagrams were convincing, but in the end Ajarry was another asset liquidated by order of the magistrate. Rumors reached us that Płaszów and all its sub-camps were to be liquidated and the inhabitants sent to Auschwitz, a huge Nazi concentration and death camp. Although he was convinced at that time of the urgency of liquidating the Conservative regime, the plot horrified him. تسویه کردن همه چیز یک شرکت رو بفروشی برای پرداخت بدهی

mettlesome

If you're spirited and brave, you're mettlesome. It takes a mettlesome person to hike the Appalachian Trail all alone. The adjective mettlesome is a great way to describe someone who's full of pride or courage — although it's also an old-fashioned, somewhat literary way to do it. Many classic children's books feature mettlesome main characters, like Huckleberry Finn and Ann of Green Gables. Though it sounds a bit like the nosy word meddlesome, mettlesome is rooted instead in mettle, "the stuff of which someone is made." aving a proud and unbroken spirit Synonyms:spirited Two mettlesome productions from feminist-leaning companies are pondering hard realities in the lives of modern women. And Juliet's mettlesome temper became the engine that fueled the drama, above all in Act III, in which she seldom leaves the stage. "Take care of my toes, master," exclaimed a stout citizen; "your horse is mettlesome." For a week did this mettlesome bird lift up his voice above all the meaner roosters on the hill; but one morning there was an ominous silence about the precincts where he was quartered. دلاور پر از شور و شوق

imbibe

Imbibe is a fancy word for "drink." If you need to imbibe ten cups of coffee just to get out of the house, you might have a caffeine problem. Although the verb imbibe means to take in liquids of any sort, if you don't specify the liquid, people are likely to infer you mean an alcoholic beverage. You can also use it figuratively. If you have imbibed every detail about every battle of the U.S. Civil War, you must find the subject interesting. My throat still burned, but I was filled with gratification that with all those brothers, I was the first to imbibe. Ms. Solomon doesn't mind if her dates imbibe, however they must respect her drinking boundaries. Open bars and Champagne toasts meant that even "normal" drinkers imbibed more than usual. A strange new refugee culture merges traditions of the Sufi pastoralists with Western values imbibed from aid workers. نوشیدن در کشیدن

intervening

Intervening means happening between other things. Middle school is an intervening phase between elementary school and high school. Intervening is an adjective that comes from the Latin intervenire, from inter-, meaning "between," and venire, meaning "come." That which is intervening comes between. The intervening period of your life between high school and college could involve a stint in the circus. You never know. occurring or falling between events or points in time "so much had happened during the intervening years" Synonyms:middle All of the intervening layers slipped away, and I lost myself in the game within the game. I hardly thought about lawn bowls in the intervening week, but by Tuesday I was set to return to battle. With memories of Phelan's bravado, and a giddy recklessness, I turned around, opened the cell door, and repeated myself with no intervening bars. However, if that happened the intervening matter would eventually heat up until it glowed as brightly as the stars. پیش آمدی که بین دو پیش آمد دیگست

juggernaut

Juggernaut means a massive force. If the army marching into your country is a juggernaut, you're doomed. If you're trying to market a new Cola product, you're up against corporate giant Coca-Cola, a beverage juggernaut if ever there was one. With its roots in Hindi, juggernaut originally referred to a crude statue from which the Hindu god, Brahma, turned into the living god, Krishna. There continues to be a festival in honor of this miracle, in which a statue of Krishna is carted through town. It is said that in times past, devotees would throw themselves under the cart's wheels a massive inexorable force that seems to crush everything in its way synonyms: steamroller And they would rather subscribe to the myth of Trayvon Martin, slight teenager, hands full of candy and soft drinks, transforming into a murderous juggernaut. Miss Montana swept her arm toward the juggernaut on the beach. He saw a great juggernaut of stars form in the sky and threaten to roll over and crush him. Desperately, I threw myself headfirst into the juggernaut. نیروی عظیم منهدم کننده

legislative

Legislative is an adjective that describes the act or process of passing laws. Congress is the legislative branch of the United States government. They're the ones who can pass bills, which the president can sign into law or veto. A legislator is someone charged with creating and passing new laws in the legislature. All of these words come from the same root words — lex and legis (meaning "law") and lator (meaning "proposer"). So a legislator is literally a proposer of law, and their actions are legislative in nature. If you are interested in the legislative process, you might consider going to law school and running for office. Or you might just enjoy a movie about politics instead. relating to a legislature or composed of members of a legislature President Chen Shui-bian's proindependence Democratic Progressive Party was expected to win the legislative runoff over the main opposition Nationalist Party, which favored closer ties with Beijing. He was going to be late for the legislative session. Incensed local lawmakers responded with monuments to legislative creativity. The May-Johnson Bill would meet its legislative doom thanks to opposition from the scientists and public skepticism about military control, energized by public missteps such as the destruction of the Japanese cyclotrons. قانون گذار

malice

Malice is the intention to cause harm. If someone feels malice toward you, look out! They've got bad intentions. Just like the Spanish mal, this is a word for badness or evil. Malice isn't just any evil, though: it's evil done intentionally by someone seeking to do harm. People feel malice for people they hate. Malice is even stronger than spite. Out of all the emotions and thoughts you can have, malice is one of the most dangerous. Just about every villain in every movie and TV show is full of malice. feeling a need to see others suffer synonyms:maliciousness, spite, spitefulness, venom Marcus's yellow eyes are troubled, his lack of malice so profound that I barely recognize him. Before the summer she would alternate between kindness and malice, with periods of indifference; but now she's harsher, more relentless. I labored on it, with, I now see, considerable malice. Slowly, slowly he began to crawl aside; but the Black Captain, in doubt and malice intent upon the woman before him, heeded him no more than a worm in the mud. بدخواهی

curmudgeon

Old, cranky, and more than a little stubborn, a curmudgeon is the gruff, grey-haired neighbor who refuses to hand out candy at Halloween and shoos away holiday carolers with a "bah humbug!" As fickle and stubborn as the type of person it describes, curmudgeon comes to us without a history, its origins undisclosed. It was originally believed to have come from coeur mechant, the French phrase for "evil heart," but that theory has been long discarded. Don't worry though, you'll know a curmudgeon when you see one: He'll be ill-tempered and miserly, eager to shake his fist and spout disagreeable opinions. a crusty irascible cantankerous old person full of stubborn ideas Dad says his uncle was a charming curmudgeon, which I think means grumpy with some niceness thrown in. The veteran character actor Ray Wise is on hand as the resident curmudgeon raging against modernity, the effect reminiscent less of Andy Rooney than of a demented codger shouting on the subway. Good on Sarandon for agreeing to star in this low-budget indie mystery and for making her pills-and-booze-dependent curmudgeon such a smart and memorable workaday creation. Not surprisingly, Conan is perhaps the closest to Letterman in the curmudgeon department. پیر یک دنده

prosaic

Prosaic means ordinary or dull. Most of us lead a prosaic everyday life, sometimes interrupted by some drama or crisis. This adjective is from Latin prosa "prose," which is ordinary writing intended to communicate ideas and information. Prose is often contrasted with poetry, which usually has a more imaginative and original style. lacking wit or imagination synonyms: earthbound, pedestrian, prosy They were too happy, precariously so, and she wanted to guard that bond; she feared that marriage would flatten it to a prosaic partnership. Not the prosaic biographical details, but beyond that. "Like I told you already, I'm irresponsible," she says before going into the details, which by high school standards are utterly prosaic. It isn't just prosaic factors like the weather that influence behavior. کسل کننده

venial

Some crimes are unforgivable. Others are venial — venial crimes and sins are excusable. They're not a big deal. In school, there are so many things that are against the rules: talking during class, tossing spitballs, pulling the fire alarm, stealing a basketball, etc. Something venial would be something against the rules but forgivable. For example, if you were late for school because your parents were in the hospital, that lateness is venial. If you burned the gym down, that could never be considered venial. When you see venial, think "forgivable," "excusable," and "no biggie." warranting only temporal punishment "venial sin" synonyms:minor Father Byrnes went on to discuss the difference between mortal and venial sins. Perhaps my ears deceived me; but if he did do that, it was a venial sin. His self-absorption is at worst a venial sin, and his book's failings should be charged to its editor. Gene Weingarten's entertaining and otherwise accurate list of venial sins in his Nov. 1 Washington Post Magazine column, "Gene engages in venial labor," reflected an error of canonical proportion. بخشیدنی

gerrymander

Some politicians change the boundaries of their voting districts in order to benefit themselves or their political party. To manipulate the boundaries like this — often viewed as unfair — is to gerrymander. The verb gerrymander first appeared in 1812 when Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry redrew district boundaries, hoping it would help his party in an upcoming senate election. Then somebody noticed that the new district looked like a salamander, so they combined Gerry and -mander to create the new word gerrymander. And then a newspaper printed a cartoon with a giant salamander making fun of Gerry, which is what happens to politicians who don't behave. divide unfairly and to one's advantage; of voting districts And wherever housing patterns loosened slightly, officials gerrymandered school districts to keep them racially homogeneous. Then the movie shows a May 2011 email in which he wrote, "We needed for legal and PR purposes a good looking map that did not look like an obvious gerrymander." His suggestions that we end gerrymandering and try to increase voter turnout, while laudable, seem tacked on and thin compared with the overall statistical rigor of his argument. On HBO's "Last Week Tonight," John Oliver tackled an issue that many consider the most pressing threat to our democracy: gerrymandering. بطور غیر عادلانه تقسیم کردن

alacrity

Someone with alacrity shows cheerful willingness and eager behavior, like a kid whose mother has told him he can buy anything in a candy store. While the noun alacrity normally refers to someone's peppy behavior, it can also describe a certain mood or tempo of a musical composition, indicating how the music should be played. Alacrity comes from the Latin alacritas, and the Italian musical term allegro is a near relation. liveliness and eagerness "he accepted with alacrity" synonyms:briskness, smartness The knight scrambled up, edging away with such alacrity that some of the watchers laughed aloud. Robbie obeyed with alacrity for somehow there was that in him which judged it best to obey Mrs. Weston, without as much as a scrap of hesitation. It lightened the heart, though we were too rundown to be able to show our relief in alacrity or zest of movement. With all their alacrity, it was afternoon when they got started. نشاط

fluctuate

Something that fluctuates varies or changes — it's the opposite of steady. Like the ups and downs of the stock market or the relationship status of a Hollywood starlet. Fluctuate is a verb that describes movement, sometimes irregular, but often rising and falling in a wave-like pattern. The tides fluctuate according to the weather and season, for example. Your emotions fluctuate depending on what happens throughout the day, and so does your weight. In fact, you usually weigh less in the morning, before you've eaten. You're also taller, since your spine compresses as you walk around. So your height fluctuates, too. move or sway in a rising and falling or wavelike pattern synonyms:vacillate, waver True or real: Those were definite words; opinion and conviction just weren't—opinions wavered and changed and fluctuated with the person, the situation. Mamou's picture kept freezing and unfreezing, occasionally turning into chunky blocks as the bandwidth fluctuated. I think that voice held him most with its fluctuating, feverish warmth because it couldn't be over-dreamed--that voice was a deathless song. To be honest, due to my nine months of experience, my shifts fluctuate from night to day week after week. نوسان بی ثبات بودن

integral

Something that is integral is very important or necessary. If you are an integral part of the team, it means that the team cannot function without you. An integral part is necessary to complete the whole. In this sense, the word essential is a near synonym. In mathematics, there are integrals of functions and equations. Integral is from Middle English, from Medieval Latin integralis "making up a whole," from Latin integer "untouched, entire." existing as an essential constituent or characteristic synonyms:built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, inherent They are a part of life here, just as integral to my initiation as learning to fight. Harm to civilians is an integral part of irregular warfare. And they do indeed contribute, in ways that are hard to define, to the integral, harmonious quality of the structure. Most of its successors are square, but the tradition of the free-standing bell tower, or campanile, remained so strong in Italy that they hardly ever became an integral part of the church proper. بخش مهم و اصلی

inspire

The Olympics often inspire people to take up a sport, but they can also inspire patriotism. Inspire means to excite, encourage, or breathe life into. Inspire comes from the Latin word that means to inflame or to blow in to. When you inspire something, it is as if you are blowing air over a low flame to make it grow. A film can be inspired by a true story. Studying for your test will inspire confidence in you. Successful people often have a role model who inspired them to greatness. Who inspires you? serve as the inciting cause of synonyms:instigate, prompt The personality of Mr. Tuffett was less inspiring: he was a disappointed man, a frustrated professor of education with no sympathy for young people. After all, her record doesn't exactly inspire confidence. It is about being able to operate in, mobilize, inspire, and manage a multidimensional and multicultural workforce. As indicated earlier, any effort to downsize dramatically our nation's prisons would inspire fierce resistance by those faced with losing jobs, investments, and other benefits provided by the current system. تشویق کردن به انجام کاری القا کردن

broad

The adjective broad boasts an extensive — you might even say broad — array of subtly different meanings including wide, spacious, far-reaching, vague, and unsubtle. It's kind of funny that the word broad can communicate such an expansive range of ideas since expansive is, in fact, a synonym for broad. This adjective can be used to describe actual physical spaces. A broad highway, for example, would be difficult to cross because of all the cars in the many lanes of the road. The word can also be used more figuratively. American history covers a broad range of topics and events. A broad-minded person is open to new ideas, while broad humor aims for a mass audience with obvious gags and stunts. His face was broader and flatter, with sunken eyes and tusks the size of bananas protruding from his mouth. There are lots of books that tackle broad themes, that analyze the world from great remove. All the while she'd been chopping fruit, and she made a broad gesture with her knife. He was getting so tall and broad, more like his brother every day. پهناور نامشخص مبهم

insurmountable

The adjective insurmountable describes some barrier that is incapable of being overcome. The Great Wall of China was meant to be an insurmountable deterrent to would-be invaders. Although the adjective insurmountable can be used to describe an actual physical barrier, it most often refers to a less tangible challenge. "The runner was disheartened because her competitor had an insurmountable lead in the race." "Because of insurmountable difficulties, the school's fall party had to be canceled. The water heater burst, raining gallons of water down on the gym, and flooding it. Since it was not a swimming party, the school wasn't able to clean up the mess in time to host the party." not capable of being surmounted or overcome "insurmountable disadvantages" synonyms:unsurmountable unconquerable At first, this too seemed like an insurmountable technological challenge. I fell asleep listening to his slow, even breaths, his stubbornness finally melting away in the face of insurmountable fatigue. "Has any of you ever encountered an insurmountable obstacle?" I was doing my best to catch up in my other classes, but some days the workload felt insurmountable. فائق نیامدنی

transparency

The condition of being clear or transparent is transparency. The transparency of your car's windshield might be affected by how badly your car needs to be washed. Something has transparency if you can see through it, like the ice on the top of a frozen lake or a glass. Transparency can also refer to a figurative kind of clearness or openness, which is what people mean when they talk about "government transparency." If you can see clearly, without anything being hidden, what you're looking at (or through) has transparency. Its root is the Latin word transparentem, which means "see light through." the quality of being clear and transparent synonyms:transparence, transparentness But to the wizard's eye there was a faint change, just a hint as it were of transparency, about him, and especially about the left hand that lay outside upon the coverlet. For Lutheran Pietists like Bach, illuminating the Gospel was paramount, as were metaphors of light and transparency. He abandoned the noiseless transparencies and pointed at the center of the spreading rings like a setter. A ripple spread outward in subsiding circles, breaking both the reflections and the transparency. شفافیت کیفیت یک چیز برای دانستن یا فهمیدن(روون)

mulct

The meaning of mulct is as nasty as it sounds; it means to fine someone or the money you collect as a result of a fine. No one wants to pay an extra mulct to the city, when it's the city who mismanaged the budget. Got mulct? Then somebody took your money. They "milked" you by mulcting you. And the money that they took? That's called mulct, too. Some people believe that there's no difference between being mulcted by the state and being shaken down by the mob. In fact, the word mulct is often used to mean having your money taken unfairly or as a kind of punishment or as extortion. to punish by a fine to defraud especially of money : SWINDLE to obtain by fraud, duress, or theft Any contravention of the edict shall entail a mulct of one hundred marks, one half payable to the fisc and one half to the party injured. The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also, a mulct or penalty thus imposed. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as, a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. The tax on advertisements checks information, fines poverty, mulcts charity, depresses literature, and impedes every species of mental activity, to realize £150,000 per annum. جریمه کردن کلاهبرداری

caucus

The noun caucus is a closed meeting of members from the same political party. The Iowa caucuses get a lot of attention during the presidential primary season. Who knows how we got the noun caucus? One theory is that it comes from an Algonquin word that means an elder or leader of the tribe. Another theory is that the word comes from a social and political club in Boston in the 1700s that was perhaps named for the Greek word for drinking cup. However the word slipped into American English, today it refers to a closed political meeting, often used to choose party leaders. meet to select a candidate or promote a policy see more a closed political meeting In the preceding days, he'd been pulling members of the committee aside in the caucus room to lobby them. A Deadly Wandering: A Mystery, a Landmark Investigation, and the Astonishing Science of Attention in the Digital Age We were in the process of building a massive grassroots campaign network—ultimately two hundred staffers in thirty-seven offices—the largest in the history of the Iowa caucuses. Becoming In Iowa, during a presidential election, it was held in early November, about eight weeks ahead of the January caucuses, and covered by the national media. Becoming We caucused among ourselves and lobbied all the residents of the house, and within weeks elected our own House Committee, defeating the upperclassmen. انجمن حزبی

concession

The noun concession comes in handy in negotiations — between countries, political parties, or even parents and their kids. Want a raise in your allowance? You may have to agree to do more chores as a concession before your parents will agree. Although a concession in an argument is the act of yielding or granting something, don't get confused and think that a concession stand is called that because the workers are granting you popcorn at the baseball stadium. Concessions at a ballpark or at another venue are called that because the stadium has granted the right to sell food to a certain provider. Chew on that the next time you're munching on peanuts at a game. the act of conceding or yielding synonyms:conceding, yielding The real, live, bought-from-the-VFW-booth Christmas tree was a concession of Ruth's. But when the movie was over, he leaned against the concession counter, talking Hannah's ear off as everyone else left. The single concession she made to recognizing his family's plight was that every Sunday morning Thula was allowed to send her children to the house for bowls of Cream of Wheat. Burnham claimed the agreement was a victory for the exposition, but in fact the fair's concessions were a breakthrough for organized labor, and the resulting contracts became models for other unions to emulate. امتیاز دادن اعطاء

regulate

The on-off spigot regulates the flow of water into your bathtub. When a government regulates an industry, they set standards the industry must follow. To regulate means to impose control. Regulate shares a root with the word, regular. When the transit authority regulates a train schedule, it makes sure trains arrive on a more regular schedule. The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated -- before a drug can be marketed, it must be tested. On a more personal level, if you want to regulate your digestive system, try eating more fiber... or prunes! bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations "We cannot regulate the way people dress" "This town likes to regulate" synonyms:govern, order, regularise, regularize The drugs became scarce, which prompted state correctional authorities to obtain them illegally, without complying with FDA rules that regulate the interstate sale and transfer of drugs. A few blocks of shaded streets and he was already at its heart—a pretty, quietly regulated downtown. Remarkably, several genes that regulate cell death would soon be implicated in human cancers. Pass laws regulate the movement of blacks in so-called white South Africa. منظم کردن کنترل کردن یک کاری با وضع قانون

survey

The verb survey means to look something over. When you buy your first home, it's a pleasure to stand on the porch and survey your property. Survey has several meanings, all of which come from Medieval Latin and Anglo words for looking over. As a noun, survey can mean a detailed study of something, but it also means a short summary with a broad view. A survey course gives an overview of a particular subject area, but doesn't make you an expert. Survey is also a verb. If you survey an area hit by an earthquake, you look closely at it to measure the damage. 1. consider in a comprehensive way 2. hold a review (of troops) 3. look over carefully or inspect 4. short descriptive summary (of events) George worked her way through the split in the curtain and surveyed the audience. The survey suggested they were on the road primarily for economic reasons, hoping to find work or trade in China. We sat with our legs over the edge of the roof, surveying our Khaki Kingdom one last time. Many people are surprised at how few individuals pollsters survey to get their results. نظر سنجی بررسی نقشه برداری

arrant

The word arrant intensifies. An arrant criminal is one heck of a criminal. Arrant nonsense is total nonsense. Do you struggle for adequate superlatives? If so, you might want to add arrant to your arsenal. It can be used to add emphasis to other words, most often negative words. Arrant rudeness is extreme rudeness. Arrant hypocrisy is very hypocritical. An arrant liar is a world-class liar. Arrant has a meaning similar to complete or utter. Like other intensifiers, arrant turns up the volume on another word. without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers "an arrant fool" synonyms:complete, consummate, double-dyed, everlasting, gross, perfect, pure, sodding, staring, stark, thoroughgoing, unadulterated, utte "The whole thing is arrant nonsense, of course," he said. For one thing it shows just how much arrant nonsense we actually accept in television." The Captive recapitulates the arc of Egoyan's career: early promise, followed by arrant misfires. The country that invented Donald Duck is the last to discover his cynicism—and what arrant cynicism it is. بدترین برای تاکید بر خصلت های منفی به کار میره

abolish

To abolish is to get rid of or annul. So when the principal yells at you for the 100th time for not having your shirt tucked in, it's safe to wish they'd just abolish the silly dress code. The word abolish might stir up some historical connotations, since in the U.S. it's commonly associated with bringing an end to slavery. In fact, those who opposed slavery were called "abolitionists." The word comes to us from the Latin word abolere, meaning "to destroy or cause to die out." These days abolish is used bring a final and official-sounding end to laws, codes, and unsavory practices. do away with "Slavery was abolished in the mid-19th century in America and in Russia" synonyms:get rid of The knife was good for cutting between worlds, but it couldn't abolish distance within them. "That book wasn't even written until a century after slavery was abolished." Notably, this was the first and only time in history that a large number of slaveholding societies voluntarily abolished slavery. By a 2-1 decision a federal court abolished segregated seating on Montgomery's—and Alabama's—buses. لغو کردن بر انداختن

clamor

To clamor is to make a demand — LOUDLY. It's usually a group that clamors — like Americans might clamor for comprehensive health care coverage. The noun clamor is often used specifically to describe a noisy outcry from a group of people, but more generally, the word means any loud, harsh sound. You could describe the clamor of sirens in the night or the clamor of the approaching subway in the tunnel. utter or proclaim insistently and noisily "The delegates clamored their disappointment" synonyms:clamour see more verb make loud demands "he clamored for justice and tolerance" As he was led away, the crowd chanted its disapproval, clamoring "More! More!" I shouted above the clamor of blade upon blade. Within months, the deuteron fiasco would be forgotten, and universities across the nation and in Europe and Asia would be clamoring for their own machines. They want to domi- nate us—in the sense that they want to be creating the companies of the future, ones that people all over the world will admire and clamor to work for. با صدای بلند درخواست کردن خروش

hector

To hector is to boss around or verbally bully someone. An older brother might hector his little sister until she hands over part of her Halloween candy. When you bombard someone with words, nagging and badgering until you get what you want, you hector. A teacher might feel the need to hector a class that consistently forgets to hand in homework assignments, and a playground bully might hector another child to give him her lunch money. The verb hector comes from the character in Greek mythology — Hector — who rallied the Trojans to keep fighting. be bossy towards synonyms:ballyrag, boss around, browbeat, bully, bullyrag, push around, strong-arm Saturday morning, as we discussed what to do about Namba and Weathers and whether to descend, Neal Beidleman was mustering Fischer's team from their tents and hectoring them to start down from the Col. P-49 continued to hector me the rest of the day. Mrs. French, the bio teacher, is hectoring a kid who hasn't done his homework. Beneath the tight-trimmed beard his heavy jaw clenched hard, yet he did not hector her about titles. گردن کلفتی کردن زورگو دعوایی

lease

To lease something is to borrow it in exchange for money. If you lease a car from a dealer, for example, you make payments and you get to drive the car, but at the end of the contract you have to give it back. As a noun, a lease is both the thing you are contracting to rent (the car itself is a lease) and the contract spelling out the terms of use — in other words, a rental agreement. Be sure to check the fine print on your apartment lease to avoid any unpleasant surprises when you move out — like owing money for painting over that hideous wallpaper in the living room. a contract granting use or occupation of property during a specified time for a specified payment femelu was about to sign a lease—if saving money meant living with mice, then so be it—when Ginika's friend told them of a room for rent, a great deal, as college life went. We signed the lease, then got friends and family to help us pack up and move into a two-bedroom apartment, two buildings down on the same block as the burned-out building. I'm making the request in Dell's name, because he is the person on the lease, and also because getting this kind of detailed plan from a kid would no doubt raise the flag of alarm. Black people found themselves yet again powerless and relegated to convict leasing camps that were, in many ways, worse than slavery. اجاره

slash

To quickly and violently cut something is to slash it. Sword fighters in a play might just clank their swords together, though they seem to slash each other. After the play is over, the snack stand might slash the price of popcorn. A vandal might slash the tires on people's cars, and a baker will sometimes slash the top of a loaf of bread. Both use a sharp knife, and make sweeping motions as they cut, but the similarities end there. Figuratively, slash can mean "reduce," so a sale at your grocery store might be announced with a sign reading "We slash prices!" This figurative meaning dates from the turn of the 20th century. cut with sweeping strokes; as with an ax or machete synonyms:cut down The dwarf waddled after him, slashing with the torch, jabbing it at the stone man's eyes. He grabbed Stheno's platter, scattering poisoned Cheese 'n' Wieners, and slashed Riptide across Euryale's waist, cutting her in half. Apart from the profound darkness of the sky and the slashing rain, the canopy obstructed everything ahead. "D-diffindo," she said, pointing her wand at Ron, who roared in pain as she slashed open the knee of his jeans, leaving a deep cut. بریده بریده کردن

relieve

To relieve is to ease a burden or take over for someone. An aspirin can relieve a headache, and a substitute can relieve the teacher who fell asleep on her desk after lunch. Relieve comes from the Latin word relevare meaning "to help" or "make light again." An ice pack might relieve a pain in your elbow, but you can also be relieved of your duties if you get fired (or taken out to lunch). A thief might even relieve you of your wallet. Like thief, relieve is the rare word that actually follows the "i" before "e" rule ("i" before "e" except after "c" or when sounded as "a" as in "neighbor" and "weigh"). Aren't you relieved? free from a burden, evil, or distress see more provide relief for But my grandfather seems almost relieved to see the building, like it's an old friend. I wasn't sure if I felt relieved, horrified, or disappointed. The British announcer, caught unawares, broke back in, excited and relieved, "That was Herr Hitler! The games are open!" On the one hand, I felt relieved that she didn't seem to suspect anything about the band. تسلی دادن

revise

To revise means to alter or improve a preliminary draft of something, usually a text. When you want your writing to be really great, you must revise it several times until it is perfect. The word revise sounds like the related word revisit, and revising a piece of work does in fact require revisiting it. Planning out a project includes estimating how much it will cost and when it will be done. If something unforeseen happens, you might have to revise your estimates of cost and completion date. You can also use revise as a noun. Once you finish the first draft of an essay, you can begin working on the revise. the act of rewriting something synonyms: rescript, revisal, revision He continually revised his estimates downward, from a maximum of 400 million years, to 100 million years, to 50 million years, and finally, in 1897, to a mere 24 million years. She fell into conversation with them so quickly and so naturally that Colin was already revising his Celebrity Living theorem. That drew a grin from Obsle—a quiet, approving grin that made me suddenly revise my estimation of the man. There is no way of sending a faster message to overtake them and revise the previous transmission. اصلاح کردن

vituperate

To vituperate is to speak or write in an extremely negative way about someone. Just as vituperation consists of negative, explosive, malicious outbursts, to vituperate is to communicate in this way. Negative political ads vituperate against opponents. When you insult someone and swear at them, you vituperate. People with a short temper tend to vituperate often — it's similar to railing, vilifying, and reviling. The root word is the Latin vituperationem, "blame or censuring," from vitium, "fault or defect." spread negative information about synonyms:rail, revile, vilify In their attitudes and actions, Republicans routinely curse the Constitution, profane America's ideals and vituperate its values. It is considered almost universally acceptable to abuse and vituperate the agency. He disappeared down the basement steps, and in another minute a harsh voice apparently vituperating him rose up, and when he rejoined his comrade his face was redder than ever. But, let us not revile and vituperate those, who are, to all intents and purposes, our brethren, as certainly as if they lived just over the Roxbury line, instead of Mason's and Dixon's. انتقاد سخت و ناجور اطلاعات منفی در مورد کسی پخش کردن

wrench

To wrench means to grab or pull something with a lot of physical force. See this teddy bear? If you want it, you'll have to wrench it out of my hands, because I'm not willing to give it up. Maybe you have a wrench at home, that is, a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or a pipe joint. If so, you also have a great way to remember what wrench the verb means. Just imagine you're twisting with a wrench, except instead of using a tool, you're using your hands. If something is heart wrenching, it makes you feel very sad. If you wrench a part of your body, you strain, pull or twist it, injuring yourself in some way. a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments "the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell" synonyms:pull, twist Powell varied this by wrenching at the edges of the original hole. I wrenched his mouth open and checked his throat. Sadness and death, she thought, and death and sadness, and it wrenched in her stomach against the soreness. Surprise and pain made the man loosen his grip on me slightly, and I wrenched away. کشیدن و پیچوندن آچار

quixotic

Use quixotic for someone or something that is romantic and unrealistic, or possessed by almost impossible hopes. Your quixotic task is easy to understand, if difficult to achieve: establish world peace. What a wonderful word quixotic is! While it is most often used to mean equally impractical and idealistic, it also has the sense of romantic nobility. Its source is from the great Spanish novel "Don Quixote," whose title character is given to unrealistic schemes and great chivalry. In the middle of a recession and high unemployment, it would be quixotic to imagine that you could quit your job and find another easily. not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic "as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood" synonyms:romantic, wild-eyed impractical He describes Kelling, in fact, as his intellectual mentor, and so his first step as police chief was as seemingly quixotic as Gunn's. A quixotic hero dreams the impossible dream. realtor. The man made a sweeping, quixotic bow, nearly falling from the horse. "It sometimes seems as if curbing entropy is our quixotic purpose in the universe," James Gleick wrote. ایده ی ایده آل و نشدنی

exorbitant

Use the adjective exorbitant when you want to describe something that is really just too much! You'll often hear people griping about exorbitant bank fees or exorbitant interest rates. The adjective exorbitant was originally a legal term to describe a case that was outside the bounds of the law. It comes from the Latin roots — the prefix ex, meaning "out of," and orbita, meaning "wheel track." You can see how the word now has come to be described as something that has gone way off the beaten track, especially in terms of price and value. greatly exceeding bounds of reason or moderation "exorbitant rent" Those willing to pay the exorbitant fees are shifted backward in time to view history firsthand. Undertakers charged the Osage exorbitant rates for a funeral, trying to gouge them, and this was no exception. Before he learned of exorbitant turkey expenditures from CNN, he was watching the highlights of last night's Republican primary debate. Walking down River Street, they stopped at every window and planned exorbitant purchases when they made their first million dollars. خیلی گران

jejune

Use the adjective jejune to describe something that is uninteresting or insignificant. Many people claim to find celebrity gossip jejune, but ask them about a recent movie star scandal and chances are they know all about it. Jejune can also describe something that's immature or simplistic. All that actress could say about her latest movie was that it was "Super fun"? That's a pretty jejune comment. Basically jejune means lacking substance. It originally comes from the Latin word jejunus, which means "fasting," so when something is jejune, it's figuratively empty — devoid of intellectual nourishment. lacking interest or significance or impact "jejune novel" synonyms:insipid "Just tell your favorite brother what the word 'jejune' means." "He just yelled. He didn't hit. I just happen to think his games are jejune." His comments in the catalogue interview are disturbingly inarticulate and jejune. The essay in the Tractatus is a very mediocre little tract, and most likely - so the orthodox view goes - a jejune compendium of Aristotelian thought by a none-too-bright Byzantine monk. بی مزه حوصله سر به بر

mellifluous

Use the adjective mellifluous to describe something that sounds sweet and smooth, like the honeyed voice of a late-night radio DJ. You might think that that mell in mellifluous has something to do with mellow. Actually, it's related to Melissa. In Greek mythology, Melissa was a nymph who discovered that you could eat the smooth, sweet stuff that bees make. Honeybees were named after her, and their tasty product was called meli. Mellifluous means to "flow as if with honey." leasing to the ear synonyms:dulcet, honeyed, mellisonant, sweet "Don't think ill of him," Scythe Curie told Rowan and Citra, her voice mellifluous, yet sharp at the same time. He chuckled mellifluously with resonant disdain and authority. "Try some serves," he said in his mellifluous American accent. The engines crooned mellifluously as McWatt throttled back to loiter and allow the rest of the planes in his flight to catch up. خوش صدا صدای شیرین گوش کردنی

martinet

Use the noun martinet to describe someone who is a stickler when it comes to following rules, such as the teacher who won't accept homework if it is written in a color other than blue. Pronounce martinet with the accent on the last syllable: "mar-ti-NET." Jean Martinet, the man for whom the word was coined, would insist you say his name correctly. He was a legendary drillmaster for the French army during the reign of Louis XIV. In 1779, a hundred years after Martinet's death, martinet came to mean any officer who was as strict and demanding in adhering to the rules as Martinet himself. someone who demands exact conformity to rules and forms synonyms: disciplinarian, moralist The Quiet One was replaced with a man who was a vicious martinet. I don't think this is too strictly enforced except when the place is run by an obsessive martinet like Amadeus von Linden. Though not dominated by martinets like my teacher, early mathematics education is generally poor. Elina Löwensohn plays the senior nurse and tour group leader, something of a martinet who disapproves of any impious or egotistical behaviour. ادم با انضباط وسخت گیر

evict

Use the verb evict to say that a tenant is being forced to move out of his home, usually through legal action. If you don't pay your rent, eventually your landlord will evict you. Evict became part of the English language back in the 1530s. Based on the Latin word evincere, meaning "recover property, overcome and expel, conquer," even then it had a legal process attached to it. Before you evict someone, you have to complete official paperwork, though some landlords may succeed in evicting tenants without following the legal steps. expel or eject without recourse to legal process "The landlord wanted to evict the tenants so he banged on the pipes every morning at 3 a.m." Synonyms:force out But the magistrate refused to hear the case, even going so far as to ask a court officer to evict me. She teased him because it was all so pretty and melodic, and "in the same phylum as Hall and Oates," and he threatened to evict her from his room. It's been such a long time since I last got evicted. What happens to these people denied housing assistance or evicted from their homes? بیرون کردن به شکل قانونی از خونه بیرون انداختن

veracity

Veracity sounds like some kind of disease you don't want to catch, but in fact, it means truthfulness. If you question the veracity of a statement or story, you wonder whether it is truthful or accurate. Veracity is linked to the adjective veracious or "truthful." But don't confuse veracious with voracious. A voracious person eats very large amounts of food. If you were veracious, or "truthful," you'd tell them they look fat. unwillingness to tell lies The veracity of this and other reports of relatively recent Ruess sightings, needless to say, is extremely suspect. But the strict veracity of Eratosthenes' immediate point is not as important as his method. The veracity of their words was another matter, but at least they believed them. A convenient distortion, and the least of my offenses against veracity. صحت

voluntary

Voluntary is an adjective that describes something you do because you want to, without being influenced or forced into it. Usually a voluntary act is something you consciously choose to do, like going into work even on a snow day. Voluntary comes from the Latin word voluntarius, which means "of one's free will." Voluntary can also describe a service given without any payment expected in return. For example, if your work for the community theater is voluntary, that means that you don't get paid for your time. If you're offering your voluntary help in this way, you might also be called a volunteer, someone who offers free help to assist others. of your own free will or design; done by choice; not forced or compelled The Athenian Empire began its life as a voluntary league, and the Habsburg Empire was born in wedlock, cobbled together by a string of shrewd marriage alliances. Jackson's political rhetoric, using words like "voluntary emigration," was meant to disguise his true intent. The voluntary use of such drugs was common and accepted. Jumping off a high dive, or riding a roller coaster with multiple loops, or passing a note to Scott Thomas—those were all voluntary thrills. داوطلبانه

excoriate

When it comes to "telling someone off," excoriate is reserved for the most severe cases. So, before you excoriate your little sister for borrowing your favorite jacket without permission, consider whether she truly deserves such harsh treatment. If you excoriate someone, you let that person know that you really, really disagree with them. This verb goes beyond mere criticism; it implies anger, a harsh and insulting tone, and even a scathing attack. Synonyms of excoriate include denounce, decry, and condemn. In a medical sense, excoriate means "to tear skin off by chafing." A bad rug burn can excoriate your skin. If someone excoriates you verbally, it might make you feel like you've been physically excoriated. express strong disapproval of synonyms: condemn, decry, objurgate, reprobate Sarai uncovered her eyes and found Great Ellen restored to human form, the excoriating hawk gaze replaced by a piercing but compassionate human one. The welfare poor were excoriated for their laziness, their persistence in reproducing in unfavorable circumstances, their presumed addictions, and above all for their "dependency." Louie sat by, listening as his bride was excoriated for marrying him, trying in vain to get her to hang up. But he was also a complicated man, a troubled man, a man uncertain of his own great genius, so he bore the scars of excoriating self-criticism and doubt. انتقاد شدید و بی رحمانه

blinkered

When someone is blinkered, they're narrow-minded, or have a limited understanding. Your brother is blinkered by his belief that only boys should belong to his secret club. The adjective blinkered describes anyone who lacks the ability to include different viewpoints and experiences in their own understanding of the world. Your might think your grandfather wouldn't make a good president because, despite being a nice guy, he's blinkered by his old-fashioned opinions. This figurative meaning comes from the blinkers or "blinders" worn by horses that force them to focus only on the path in front of them. lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view synonyms:narrow, narrow-minded His blinkered existence kept him focused on finding food and avoiding beatings. Wordless, blinkered, a nighttime thing, a dream thing. Excluding all but a certain sort of work from his study, Sierz's vision of the past theatrical decade struck me as slightly blinkered. The reader too is blinkered from the outset, permitted to see only what Ondaatje, a master of concealment, reveals as Nathaniel exhumes his parents' secrets from the mire of espionage and war. کوته فکر

turnover

When workers leave their jobs and are replaced by other workers, that is turnover. A totally different kind of turnover is a delicious baked good with a sweet filling. If an economist is talking about turnover, she probably means the rate at which a business loses employees or how many jobs they have to fill over the course of a year. If that same economist is placing an order at a bakery, she may instead mean the flaky, triangle-shaped pastry that's wrapped around a fruit filling. In the work world, having many turnovers is a negative thing. In the pastry world, a high rate of turnovers does not sound bad at all. 1.the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given time period to the average number of workers synonyms: employee turnover, turnover rate 2.the volume measured in dollars synonyms: dollar volume More than five thousand different people were employed at the Greeley beef plant during one eighteen-month period — an annual turnover rate of about 400 percent. Would there be many turnovers among workers at the new IBP plant? Someone asked. These reverberations of gangland strife at Rikers, plus the huge size of the galleries, the constant turnover of inmates and officers, ensured there was no chance of a cozy community developing. A spokesman for ConAgra recently acknowledged that the turnover rate at the Greeley slaughterhouse is about 80 percent a year. حجم معاملات کارگرهایی که بیکار کنی جایگزین کنی

prove

When you prove something, you show that it's true. If you say you love eating raw eggs, you may have to prove it by chugging a few. When someone asks you to prove something, you need evidence, also known as proof. Prove comes from the Latin root probare, "to test or prove worthy." The word's meaning is clear in this quote from writer Ernest Holmes: "There was a time when a man was so convinced that the world was round that he was determined to prove it." As a transitive verb, prove requires an object to receive the action, as in "How can you prove your claim?" It can also be intransitive, as in "You might prove to be right." stablish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment synonyms:demonstrate, establish, shew, show "Eh, you proved everyone wrong," she said, smiling. Whites should prove their commitment to dismantling not only mass incarceration, but all of the structures of racial inequality that guarantee for whites the resilience of white privilege. And then I thought, wait a minute—why was I even getting jealous and why did I care so much and how was I ever going to prove myself to Carmen? He received nothing from Fortune but the opportunity, for as the citizens of Syracuse were oppressed, they elected him as their captain, and from that rank he proved himself worthy of becoming their prince. اثبات کردن

restructure

When you restructure something, you organize it in a different way so it'll work better, like a practice schedule a coach restructures to get in more morning sessions before a big game. The verb restructure often refers to a company that is changing the way it operates in order to be more efficient. In many cases, this means laying off employees, closing locations, or working with creditors to change the speed at which debt is repaid. The goal of this kind of restructuring is for the company to stay in business through a rough time in its history. construct or form anew or provide with a new structure "After his accident, he had to restructure his life" synonyms: reconstitute If we are willing to contemplate nuclear war and the wholesale destruction of our emerging global society, should we not also be willing to contemplate a wholesale restructuring of our societies? Big Creek was to be restructured, he said, beginning with the junior class. This use and restructuring of previous systems for new purposes is very much like the pattern of biological evolution. Then he assisted Henry Ford II with restructuring the Ford Foundation, of which he would later serve as president. دوباره ساختن ساختار یک شرکت بازسازی ساختاری

alternative

When you're facing a fork in the road, you have two possibilities, or alternatives. You could take the left fork and see where it leads, or you could choose the path that goes to the right. Whenever there is an alternative, it involves a choice. A wealthy student has the choice of going to a public school, or the alternative, a private school. Alternative can also refer to a different way of doing things, outside the norm. You might say that a hermit who lives in remote a cave with a pet turtle is living an alternative lifestyle. one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen "there no other alternative" synonyms:choice, option serving or used in place of another "an alternative plan" synonyms:alternate, substitute Instead, Reich employed a method of driving music along through constantly evolving reiteration, which was quite alternative to the tried and tested Western formulas perfected over several hundred years. "The case at present must remain inexplicable; and may be truly urged as a valid argument against the views here entertained," he allowed most candidly, but he refused to entertain an alternative possibility. "The other alternative, Bailey, is that you are not perfect. And, of course, you're not." Many mathematical problems are so intractable, and experiments involving them so expensive, that this kind of probabilistic simulation is the only alternative to giving up on them. جایگزین انتخاب

halt

Whether it's used as a noun or a verb, the word halt means stop. You can remember this by remembering that when you step on the brake to halt your car (verb), it comes to a halt (noun). English draws on both Romance and Germanic languages, and halt is one that comes from the Old High German haltmachen, which means "to hold." The word suggests a stoppage in the midst of action, and a Chinese proverb states, "We are not so much concerned if you are slow as when you come to a halt." Consider, also, that a less-used definition of the word is that of "lame" or disabled, which still ties in with the idea of stopping. cause to stop "Halt the engines" "halt the presses" synonyms:arrest, hold He drew Honor to a halt at the edge of the moat, a deep trench lined with stone, its green waters choked by scum. Now he shuddered to a halt and turned around just in time to watch the other quad fly off the cliff and into the air. The study was halted, then resumed a few months later using consent forms. After that, however, the Uranium Committee's work ground to a halt. ایست

artless

Yes, artless could mean lacking in art, but more often it means lacking in superficiality or deceit. An artless person could never make a living as a con artist. Originally meaning "unskillful" or "uncultured," artless evolved into meaning not skilled or cultured in the art of deceit. If you are artless, you are natural and uncontrived. Young people, animals, the socially inept — these can all be artless in the way they express themselves. They seem to mean exactly what they say. simple and natural; without cunning or deceit "an artless manner" "artless elegance" Synonyms:careless Milo's eyes were liquid with integrity, and his artless and uncorrupted face was lustrous with a shining mixture of sweat and insect repellent. It is as artless, as plain, as binary, as leaning over the nightstand and turning a switch on or off.* He found him shooting jump shots from the top of the key, hard, artless shots with almost no arch. "You want something?" said Gloria, eyes wide in an apparently artless complexity that fooled her huge "nursemaid" not at all. ساده بی هنر

maudlin

You can use maudlin to describe something that brings tears to your eyes, or makes you feel very emotional. Tearjerkers like "Forrest Gump" and "Titanic" can be described as maudlin. Maudlin was a form of the name Mary Magdalene, a character from the Bible represented in paintings as a weeping sinner asking forgiveness from Jesus. Maudlin is often paired with sentimental, or even schlocky, to describe cry-fests, as in "I can't watch another second of that overly-sentimental, maudlin soap opera. Turn that schlock off." effusively or insincerely emotional "maudlin expressions of sympathy" synonyms:bathetic, drippy, hokey, kitschy, mawkish, mushy, sappy, schmaltzy, schmalzy, sentimental, slushy, soppy, soupy She tried to struggle up but slipped and fell again and lay there screaming maudlinly. Her soliloquies mawkish, her sentiments maudlin, malaise dripped like a fever from her pores. Now I'm going to be maudlin for the next few days, remembering times gone by. He enjoyed listening to Nately, whose maudlin, bittersweet lamentations mirrored much of his own romantic desolation and never failed to evoke in him resurgent tides of longing for his wife and children. غمناک و پر احساس

contagious

You should probably postpone dinner if your date's cold is contagious — that means it's easily spread and likely to get you sick. Contagious actually evolved from contagio, the Latin phrase for "contact." Those smart ancient Romans — they figured out that the sick and contagious can pass on their plague to those they touch or get close to. So the word contagious usually sends people running. But let's not forget that a smile or good deed can be just as infectious as a cough! (of disease) capable of being transmitted by infection synonyms:catching, communicable, contractable, transmissible, transmittable easily diffused or spread as from one person to another Phlegm and blood on a shirt couldn't be any more contagious. Either they think I'm a total freak or that death is contagious. Either way, I find their enthusiasm to be contagious. Simian hemorrhagic fever is highly contagious in monkeys. مسری

zeitgeist

Zeitgeist is the spirit or essence of a particular time. In the 1920s, flappers and speakeasies contributed to that era's Zeitgeist. Zeitgeist is a word that comes straight from German — zeit means "time" and geist means spirit, and the "spirit of the time" is what's going on culturally, religiously, or intellectually during a certain period. Think about how something like Woodstock symbolized the 1960s: Woodstock was part of the Zeitgeist of the 1960s. Whatever seems particular to or symbolic of a certain time is likely part of its Zeitgeist. the spirit of the time; the spirit characteristic of an age or generation Is it purely a matter of Zeitgeist, or is there some sensible explanation? Now, with a black president at the helm for the first time, even Hampton succumbed to the Zeitgeist of the era. Today Zeitgeist, as the glue that holds period' styles together and accounts for their inner unity, is rarely invoked. After all, I decided not to move to Amsterdam after Donald Trump's election but to stay in the United States and fight the Zeitgeist of anti-intellectualism and bigotry that Trump represents. روحیه یا طرزفکر یک عصر یا دوره

lay off

dismiss, usually for economic reasons "She was laid off together with hundreds of other workers when the company downsized" synonyms:furlough put an end to a state or an activity synonyms:cease, discontinue, give up, quit, stop بیکار کردن متوقف ساختن

bustling

full of energetic and noisy activity "a bustling city" Synonyms:active For a moment there is nothing but bustling and murmured compliments—and then Sophia screams. The cafeteria is bustling with little kids opening superhero or My Little Pony lunch boxes. Soon the building would be bustling with visitors to the fair. In this bustling, modern city, Maria now lived independently as an artist and businesswoman. شلوغ

amid

in news and reports when noisy, busy or confused events are happening we use amid among or surrounded by things the department that deals with communities and local government said in December that amid a "profound adjustment" in commercial property, it would review "outdated" legislation یک اتفاق شلوغ در اخبار در میان

insolvency

nsolvency is when someone is completely out of money. A company's insolvency means that it isn't able to pay its workers and may have to go out of business. A family's insolvency is a frightening thing — it might result in the loss of their home, for example, since they can't afford to pay their bills. The noun insolvency is more often used to describe the financial troubles of a business or other organization. If your tennis club faces insolvency, it may need to seek help from investors or close altogether. The adjective insolvent means "unable to pay one's debts," combining the roots in, "not," and solventem, "paying." the lack of financial resources bankruptcy, failure Not only did this monster help save upstart studio RKO from insolvency, it changed the face of screen fantasy forever. Not long ago the studio was languishing in insolvency, resulting in a four-year gap between 2008's Quantum of Solace and the 23rd Bond outing. Tdays before its death from insolvency in 2009 made it the subject of countless dry-eyed eulogies, Tavern on the Green is much, much improved. BauMax bordered on insolvency after an unsuccessful expansion in Turkey and Eastern Europe. ورشکستگی

benighted

Being called benighted is much like being called naive. It means lacking in knowledge or understanding—the kind you might have if you were older or more sophisticated. Although it sounds a lot like "being knighted", benighted has nothing to do with knights and, in fact, includes the word "night" (as in the opposite of day) and not "knight" (as in "of the Round Table"). One way to remember what benighted means is to think of a person "being nighted" or, put into the dark. A benighted person is in the dark about things: they don't know because they can't see. The Dark Ages are thought to have been a benighted time, full of primitive ideas. lacking enlightenment or knowledge or culture "this benighted country" "benighted ages of barbarism and superstition" synonyms:dark We were supposed to ignore those benighted sheep, as Dad called them. There were good people on this benighted world, the star decided, warmed and contented. Nelson, as usual, was the one who finally took pity upon our benighted stupidity and told us what was up: kukwela. He believed as firmly as Arthur did, as firmly as the benighted Christian, that there was such a thing as Right Finally, there was the impediment of his nature. گرفتار تاریکی جهل