microbiology- ch 10

True/False Although originally discovered in bacteria as a defense against bacteriophage infection, the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system can be used to edit the genome of any cell, whether microbial, plant, fungal, or animal.

True

True/False Examining the electrophoresis gel and reading from bottom to top, one base at a time, gives the sequence of DNA.

True

True/False Reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from an RNA template.

True

True/False The study of all the genomes in a particular ecological niche is called Metagenomics

True

True/False Transformation and transfection are methods used to introduce DNA into host cells.

True

True/False Vectors often contain a gene conferring drug resistance to their cloning host, in order to detect cells harboring the plasmid.

True

True/False When a ddNTP is incorporated into a growing DNA strand during DNA synthesis, elongation will stop.

True

True/False When running gel electrophoresis smaller DNA fragments will move farther down the gel than larger DNA fragments.

True

The various techniques by which scientist manipulate DNA in the lab are called a) genetic engineering b) gene probes c) gel electrophoresis d) biotechnology e) recombinant DNA technology

a) genetic engineering

Utilizing insulin made from recombinant DNA technology is beneficial because a) it will not cause an allergic reaction b) it has a longer-lasting effect than other forms of insulin c) it is quicker to produce d) it is more readily available than other forms of insulin e) it is cheaper to produce

a) it will not cause an allergic reaction

Primers are used for polymerase chain reaction normally contain _____ bases. a) 90 to 120 b) 15 to 30 c) 30 to 60 d) 60 to 90

b) 15 to 30

Which of the following regions of DNA would be of most value for forensic analysis? a) DNA sequences that differ among human, with a maximum of two different alleles b) DNA sequences that are quite variable with different alleles c) DNA sequences that are typically identical for all humans d) most DNA sequences are equally valuable for forensic analysis

b) DNA sequences that are quite variable with multiple different alleles

Place the steps used during ex vivo gene therapy in the correct order from start to finish. a) infuse transfected cells into patient b) isolate normal gene c) transfect stem cells from defective marrow with viral vector. d) extract bone marrow sample from patient with genetic defect e) clone gene into viral vector

1) b 2) e 3) d 4) c 5) a

True/False At high temperatures, two complementary DNA strands will anneal.

False

True/False Non-homologous DNA will attach to a DNA probe.

False

True/False One benefit of transgenic animals is that they will not automatically transcribe and translate eukaryotic genes and accurately carry out posttranslational modification of the protein.

False

True/False The process of introducing a needed normal gene into human cells is called DNA mapping.

False

True/False Unlike RNAi therapy, side effects from gene therapy are rare.

False

Choose the statement that best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering. a) restriction enzymes are used to purify DNA b) restriction enzymes are used to join different segments of DNA c) restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations d) restriction enzymes are used to replicate specific sequences of DNA e) restriction enzymes are used to sequence long streches of DNA

c) restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations

Transgenic animals a) are often obtained from germ line engineering b) all answers are correct c) can be engineered to become factories for manufacturing proteins d) will pass the genes onto their offspring e) commonly include mice

b) all answers are correct

Which of the following is a serious concern when performing PCR? a) PCR is very time-consuming process b) contaminating DNA may be introduced and amplified c) restriction enzymes are difficult to obtain in adequate quantities d) lab personnel may be exposed to radiation e) the high temperature needed my denature the DNA

b) contaminating DNA may be introduced and amplified

Labeled, known, short stretches of DNA used to detect a specific sequence of nucleotides in a mixture are known as a) genetic engineering b) gene probes c) gel electrophoresis d) biotechnology e) recombinant DNA technology

b) gene probes

All of the following are desirable features in a microbial cloning host, except a) the host can be grown in large quantities b) the host has a slow growth rate c) the host is capable of accepting plasmid vectors d) the host will secrete a high yield of proteins from expressed foreign genes e) the host has a well-delineated genome

b) the host has a slow growth rate

Which of the following drug is/are produced by genetic engineering and approved for human use? a) insulin b) Factor VIII c) all answers are correct d) human growth hormone e) tissue plasminogen activator

c) all answers are correct

Which type of DNA analysis is likely to be most effective when analyzing the ancient remains of a mummified body? a) analysis of cDNA b) whole genome sequencing c) analysis of mitochondrial DNA d) analysis of short tandem repeats

c) analysis of mitochondrial DNA

Which of the following techniques utilizes an electric current and the fact that DNA molecules are negatively charged? a) replication b) hybridization and gene probes c) electrophoresis d) restriction enzymes e) Southern blot

c) electrophoresis

The two strands of DNA can be separated in the laboratory by a) cooling DNA to freezing b) using the enzyme polymerase c) heating DNA to just below boiling d) heating DNA to boiling e) cooling DNA to just above freezing

c) heating DNA to just below boiling

All of the following are correct about DNA fingerprinting, except a) it can be used on hair and saliva b) it is routine to use it as trial evidence in the U.S. c) it cannot be used on specimens older than 5 years d) it can be used to analyze evidence when only minute amounts of DNA are found e) it displays the unique pattern of an individual's DNA fragments

c) it cannot be used on specimens older than 5 years

Which technique will hopefully be used to identify and devise treatments for diseases based on the genetic profile of the disease? a) PCR b) antisense technology c) microarray analysis d) genetic engineering e) DNA sequencing

c) microarray analysis

Both DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction require special _____ to initiate synthesis of a new DNA molecule. a) endonucleases b) thermophilic polymerase c) primers d) RNA promoters e) fluorescent nucleotides

c) primers

All of the following are characteristics that make plasmids good cloning vectors, except a) they are well characterized b) they are small c) they can accept a relatively large amount of foreign DNA d) they carry genetic markers, such as antibiotic resistance gene e) they can be transferred into appropriate host cells

c) they can accept a relatively large amount of foreign DNA

Recombinant strains of this organism are released to colonize plant roots to produce an insecticide to destroy invading insects. a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae b) Thermus aqucticus c) Pseudomonas syringae d) Pseudomonas fluorescens e) Escherichia coli

d) Pseudomonas fluorescens

The common material(s) used in microarrays are a) glass b) nylon c) silicon d) all answers are correct

d) all answers are correct

The PCR has been used in all of the following fields, except a) medicine b) evolutionary studies c) forensics d) none of the choices; it is useful for all e) gene mapping

d) none of the choices; it is useful for all

Which of the following would be of least value in DNA profiling? a) analysis of SNP's b) STR analysis c) mitotyping d) sequencing blood group alleles

d) sequencing blood group alleles

The primers in PCR are a) bacterial enzymes b) short RNA strands c) reverse transcriptase d) synthetic DNA oligonucleotides e) DNA polymerase

d) synthetic DNA oligonucleotides

In order to ensure compatibility between the target DNA and the plasmid DNA, a) desired protein is produced by cloning host b) target DNA is removed from cells and isolated c) cloning host is treated with calcium chloride and receives plasmid d) target DNA and plasmid are treated with the same restriction endonuclease e) gene is amplified by multiplication of cloning host

d) target DNA and plasmid are treated with the same restriction endonuclease

Amplification of DNA is accomplished by a) DNA sequencing b) Southern blot c) all answers are correct d) gene probes e) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

e) PCR

Which of the following is true of the analysis of DNA fragments using geo electrophoresis? a) DNA fragments are stained to visualize them b) DNA has an overall negative charge and moves to the positive pole c) an electric current through the gel causes DNA fragments to migrate d) larger DNA fragments move slowly and remain closer to the walls e) all answers are correct

e) all answers are correct

The deliberate removal of genetic material from one organism and combining it with the genetic material of another organism is a specific technique called a) genetic engineering b) gene probes c) gel electrophoresis d) biotechnology e) recombinant DNA technology

e) recombinant DNA technology