大神版 GRE要你命3000 list 1-15

exuberant

exuberant [] 【考法1】 adj. 非常高兴的，热情洋溢的： joyously unrestrained and enthusiastic 【例】 Exuberant crowds rushed to greet the returning national champions. 激动的人群争先恐后地向凯旋归来的全国冠军表示问候 【近】 ebullient, effervescent, frolic, buoyant, bouncy, vivacious 【反】 austere 克制的；sullen 闷闷不乐的 【考法2】 adj. 大量的，充分的： produced in extreme abundance 【例】 an exuberant imagination 丰富的想象力 【近】 ample, lavish, lush, luxuriant, opulent, plentiful, prodigal, profuse, riotous 【反】 meager, scant, sparse 匮乏的

diocesan

【考法1】 adj. 主教管辖区的： of or relating to a diocese 【例】 national or diocesan authority 国家或教区权利 【反】 ecumenical 世界范围的

gangly

【例】The suspect is a gangly high school boy. 嫌犯是一个瘦高的中学生 【近】 gangling, lanky, rangy, spindling, spindly 【反】 stalwart 壮实的

garrulous

【例】garrulous traveling companions 多话的旅伴 【近】 talkative, chatty, loquacious, verbose, voluble 【反】 laconic, reserved, reticent, taciturn 缄默的 【派】 garrulity n. 啰嗦

absolute

【考法 1】 adj. 专制的： unconstrained by constitutional or other provisions 【例】 absolute ruler 专制的统治者 【近】 arbitrary, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, monocratic, tyrannical 【考法 2】 adj. 无限的： unqualified in extent or degree; total 【例】 absolute silence 鸦雀无声 【近】 complete, utter, deadly, downright, out-and-out 【反】 qualified 有限的，有保留的 【考法3】 adj. 完美的、纯净不掺杂的： free from imperfection free or relatively; free from mixture 【例】 absolute alcohol 无水酒精（纯酒精） 【近】 plain, refined, unadulterated, unalloyed, undiluted, unmixed 【反】 adulterated, alloyed, diluted, impure, mixed 掺杂的，不纯的 【考法4】 adj. 不容置疑的，确凿的： positive, unquestionable 【例】 absolute proof 确凿的证据 【近】 clear, deciding, decisive, definitive 【反】 inconclusive, indecisive, unclear 不明确的

malleable

【考法 1】 adj. 可塑的： capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer or by the pressure of rollers 【例】 a malleable metal 有延展性的金属 【近】 moldable, waxy 【考法 2】 adj. 易控制的： capable of being altered or controlled by outside forces or influences 【例】 The cult leader took advantage of the malleable, compliant personalities of his followers. 这个头目利 用了他的信徒们容易被控制和顺从的特征 【近】 ductile, elastic, fluid, modifiable, plastic, pliable, pliant, supple, variable 【反】 adamant, intractable, recalcitrant, refractory, ungovernable, unmanageable, unruly 难管制的

acme

【考法 1】 n. 顶点，极点： the highest point or stage, as of achievement or development 【例】 the acme of his career 他事业的巅峰 【近】 culmination, pinnacle, tip-top, high-water mark 【反】 bottom, nadir, rock bottom 最低点 【考法2】 n. 最佳典范： the most perfect type or example 【例】 a movie that has come to be regarded as the acme of the Hollywood musical 这部影片被认为是好莱坞 音乐剧的最佳典范 【近】 apotheosis, epitome, exemplar

amenity

【考法 1】 n. （环境，设备等的）舒适，人性化：something that conduces to comfort, convenience, or enjoyment 【例】the amenity of the new surroundings 新环境的宜人之处 【近】comfort, convenience, affability 【考法 2】n. 融洽，和谐：the quality of being pleasant or agreeable 【例】a discussion conducted in perfect amenity 在和谐融洽的气氛中进行的讨论 【近】agreeability, cordiality, harmony, accord, concord, consonance 【反】discordance, inharmony 不和谐

merited

【考法1】 adj. being what is called for by accepted standards of right and wrong 【例】 a merited bonus 应得的奖金‖The punishment, although harsh, was entirely merited. 虽然惩罚很 严厉，但的确是应得的 【近】 condign, deserved, due, fair, justified, right, warranted 【反】 undeserved, undue 不应得的；gratuitous, unjustified, unwarranted 没有根据的，无正当理由的

limber

【考法1】 adj. capable of being shaped: flexible 【例】 She shaped the basket out of limber branches. 她用柔软的树枝编了一个筐 【近】 flexible, lissome, lithesome, pliable, pliant, supple 【反】 inflexible, rigid, stiff, stiffened 僵硬的【记】 limb 胳膊的特点

intelligible

【考法1】 adj. capable of being understood 【例】 military codenames intelligible only to those high-rank commanding officers 只有高级指挥官才能理解的军事暗号 【近】 accessible, apprehensible, comprehensible, fathomable, lucid, understandable 【反】 abstruse, recondite, inscrutable, insensible 难以理解的 【派】 intelligibility n. 可理解性

lithe

【考法1】 adj. characterized by easy flexibility and grace 【例】 lithe dancers 灵活优雅的舞者 【近】 agile, featly, feline, gracile, lightsome, nimble 【反】 awkward, clumsy, graceless, ungainly 笨拙的 【考法2】 adj. easily bent or flexed 【例】 lithe branches 柔软的枝条 【近】 flexible, limber, lithe, pliable, pliant, supple 【反】 solid 坚硬的；inflexible, rigid, stiff, stiffened 僵硬的

frugal

【考法1】 adj. characterized by or reflecting economy in the use of resources 【例】 be frugal in her expenditures 节约她的开销 【近】 sparing, economical, provident, stingy 【反】 extravagant, prodigal, sumptuous 奢侈浪费的 【派】 frugality n. 节俭

bawdy

【考法1】 adj. 下流的，猥亵的： boisterously or humorously indecent 【例】 a bawdy joke 黄色笑话 || bawdy house 妓院 【近】 obscene, lewd, ribald, vulgar 【反】 decent, decorous 得体的 chaste, noble 纯洁的，高贵的

intransigent

【考法1】 adj. characterized by refusal to compromise or to abandon an extreme position 【例】 an intransigent attitude 不妥协的态度 【近】 adamant, headstrong, intractable, obstinate, pertinacious, stubborn, uncompromising, unyielding 【反】 compliant, pliable 易受影响的；tractable, yielding 容易驾驭的 【派】 intransigence n. 顽固 记】 in不 + transact 办理，交易，谈判→不作交易→不谈判不妥协；transigent 可看作transact的变体

intermittent

【考法1】 adj. coming and going at intervals, not continuous 【例】 intermittent rain in June 六月里断断续续的梅雨 【近】 episodic, erratic, occasional, periodical, recurrent, recurring 【反】 constant, continuous, incessant, unceasing 持续不断的 【考法2】 adj. lacking in steadiness or regularity of occurrence 【例】 The husband's intermittent employment put the family in a difficult position financially. 丈夫不稳定的工 作使得全家陷入了经济上的困境 【近】 aperiodic, casual, catchy, discontinuous, irregular, occasional, spasmodic, sporadic, unsteady 【反】 habitual 习惯的，惯常的；periodic, regular, repeated 定期的，有规律的，重复的inter 中间 + mit send送，传送之间是有间歇的

fluky

【考法1】 adj. coming or happening by good luck especially unexpectedly 【例】 a fluky coincidence that kept me safely at home when the blizzard hit 一个偶然的巧合让我在暴风雪来袭时安全地待在家里 【近】 fortuitous, lucky, providential 【反】 hapless, unfortunate, unlucky, ill-fated 不幸的 【考法2】 adj. happening by or depending on chance 【近】 casual, chance, inadvertent, incidental, unintended, unintentional 【反】 calculated, deliberate, intended, intentional, planned, premeditated 蓄意的，有预谋的 【派】 fluke n. 侥幸，偶然

fatuous

【考法1】 adj. complacently or inanely foolish 【例】 Emperor Yang in the Sui Dynasty is not only a rare fatuous tyrant but also an outstanding poet. 隋炀帝不仅仅是少有的昏暴之君，在文学上还是一位杰出的诗人 【近】 asinine, brainless, foolish, obtuse, silly, simple, stupid, unwitty, witless 【反】 sagacious, sapient 聪明的，睿智的；judicious, prudent, sensible, wise 谨慎的，明智的 fat + tu 音：土→又肥又土→愚昧形象；fat + 音：涂，又肥又糊涂

friable

【考法1】 adj. easily crumbled or pulverized 【例】 friable mineral rock 易碎的矿石 【近】 crumbly, delicate, feeble, fragile, frail, infirm, weak 【反】 sturdy, substantial 坚固的 记】 近于frail 和 fragile；fry 油炸，油炸的东西都是脆的，易碎的(如天津麻花

lofty

【考法1】 adj. elevated in character and spirit, noble 【例】 lofty ideals 崇高的理想 【近】 chivalrous, elevated, greathearted, high-minded, magnanimous, sublime 【反】 base, debased, ignominious, mean 可耻的 【考法2】 adj. rising to a great height 【例】 lofty mountains 高耸的山峰‖the ever-increasing lofty heights of the world's skyscrapers 不断攀升的 摩天大楼的高度 【近】 altitudinous, tall, towering 【反】 low 低的 【考法3】 adj. having a feeling of superiority that shows itself in an overbearing attitude 【例】 She acts all lofty and superior just because she went to Stanford University. 她之所以表现得这么自大和不可一世，只因为她考进了斯坦福 【近】 assumptive, bumptious, haughty, lordly, peremptory, pompous, presumptuous, supercilious, superior 【反】 humble, lowly, modest 谦逊的，低调的

frigid

【考法1】 adj. extremely cold 【例】 an unusually frigid winter of Wuhan 武汉一个反常的寒冬 【近】 cold, arctic, chilling, freezing, frosty, glacial 【反】 roasting, scalding, scorching, searing, seething, sizzling, sultry, sweltering, torrid 炎热的 【考法2】 adj. lacking warmth or ardor 【例】 a formal but frigid welcome 一个正式但冷漠的招呼 【近】 indifferent, cold, emotionless, passionless, unresponsive 【反】 ardent, amorous, cordial 饱含感情的 【派】 frigidity n. 严寒；冷漠

fecund

【考法1】 adj. fruitful in offspring or vegetation 【例】 fecund black soil 肥沃的黑土地 【近】 cornucopian, fertile, fruitful, lush, luxuriant, productive, prolific, rich 【反】 barren, infertile, sterile 贫瘠的 【派】 fecundity n. 多产 【记】 fec- 粪；音：肥垦地，肥坑地，粪坑地记】 fec- 粪；音：肥垦地，肥坑地，粪坑地<br/>【另】 fecal 粪便的，feces 粪，feculent 粪的，污秽的

fraught

【考法1】 adj. full of or accompanied by something 【例】 an experience fraught with peril 充满危险的经历 【近】 abounding, abundant, awash, flush, replete, thronging 【反】 scarce 稀缺的 【考法2】 adj. causing or characterized by emotional distress or tension 【例】 a fraught relationship between the two neighboring countries 两邻国间令人担忧的关系 【近】 uneasy, agitating, anxious, distressful, disturbing, restless, tense, unsettling, nail-biting 【反】 calming, relaxing 使人镇静的，使人放松的

fetid

【考法1】 adj. having a heavy offensive smell 【例】 Ammonia has a fetid odor that sickened the people. 氨气有着令人作呕的气味 【近】 foul, fusty, malodorous, noisome, reeking, smelly, stinky, strong 【反】 ambrosial, aromatic, balmy, fragrant, redolent, scented 芳香的【记】 feet ed 臭脚

fervid

【考法1】 adj. having a notably high temperature 【例】 set out when the fervid heat subsides 当酷热消散之后才出发 【近】 boiling, hot, scorching, searing, sultry, sweltering, torrid 【反】 arctic, chilling, cold, freezing, frigid, frozen, glacial, icy 冰冷的，寒冷的 【考法2】 adj. marked by great passion or zeal 【例】 a fervid patriot 热情洋溢的爱国者 【近】 ardent, fervent, impassioned, passionate, perfervid 【反】 cold, cool, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, unemotional 淡定的，不为所动的【记】 fever 发烧 + ed

frowsy

【考法1】 adj. having a slovenly or uncared-for appearance 【例】 frowsy hair 邋遢的头发 【近】 slovenly, unkempt, untidy 【反】 dapper, neat, tidy, spruce 整洁的 【考法2】 adj. having an unpleasant smell 【例】 The abandoned house was dank and frowsy and barely fit for human habitation. 这座废房子光线又暗，气味又难闻，几乎无法供人居住 【近】 fetid, noisome, smelly, stinky 【反】 ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, redolent 芳香的

full-bodied

【考法1】 adj. having importance, significance, or meaningfulness 【例】 a full-bodied study of genetic engineering 一项基因工程的重要研究 【近】 important, consequential, momentous, significant, weighty 【反】 trivial 不重要的 【考法2】 adj. having richness and intensity of flavor or aroma 【例】 full-bodied perfume in the cabin 车厢内浓郁的香水味 【近】 strong, concentrated 【反】 insipid 平淡无奇的

feckless

【考法1】 adj. having no real worth or purpose 【例】 years of feckless negotiations 长达数年的毫无成果的谈判 【近】 bootless, fruitless, futile, meaningless, purposeless, useless, worthless 【反】 effective, effectual, efficacious 有成效的 【考法2】 adj. careless and irresponsible 【例】 The young man was feckless and irresponsible. 这个年轻人既粗心又没有责任感 【近】 careless, heedless, inadvertent, irresponsible, slipshod, sloppy 【反】 careful, cautious, circumspect, discreet, wary 谨慎小心的 【记】 feck 源自effect + less；ineffective

loutish

【考法1】 adj. having the characteristics of a lout; awkward, stupid, and boorish 【例】 a boy with a loutish air 一个举止粗鲁的男孩 【近】 boorish, churlish, clumsy, crude, discourteous, uncouth, uncivilized, uncultured, unrefined 【反】 courteous, civilized, genteel, graceful, polished, refined, urbane 有教养的 【派】 lout n. 举止粗鲁的人

fretful

【考法1】 adj. inclined to be vexed or troubled 【例】 Adolescence is the most fretful stages of human development. 青春期是人类发展过程中最恼人的阶段 【近】 irritable, fractious, peevish, pettish, petulant 【反】 easygoing 随和的 【派】 fret v. 使烦躁

intuitive

【考法1】 adj. knowing or perceiving by intuition 【例】 The twins have an intuitive awareness of each other's feelings. 这对双胞胎天生就能感知彼此的感受 【近】 instinctive 【反】 acquired 后天习得的 【派】 intuition n. 直觉

licentious

【考法1】 adj. lacking legal or moral restraints ; having a strong sexual desire 【例】 a moralist who decried what she regarded as the licentious and corrupt culture of the entertainment industry 【近】 concupiscent, horny, lascivious, lecherous, libidinous, lubricious, salacious, wanton 【反】 frigid, undersex 性冷淡的 【派】 licentiousness n. 放荡 license有了执照与许可便可以放肆，甚至放荡

insentient

【考法1】 adj. lacking perception, consciousness, or animation 【例】 He refused to believe that the universe as we know it evolved from the random interactions of insentient particles of matter. 他拒绝相信我们所知的宇宙是经由无生命的粒子间的相互作用演化而来的 【近】 impassive, insensate, insensible, senseless, unresponsive 【反】 perceiving, sensible, sensitive 有知觉的 【考法2】 adj. not having or showing a deep understanding of something 【例】 an insentient therapist who failed to see what the teenager's real problem was 一个对这名青少年的真正问题所在一知半解的医生 【近】 impercipient, unwise 【反】 discerning, insightful 深邃的，有洞察力的； sagacious, sage, sapient 睿智的

fickle

【考法1】 adj. likely to change frequently, suddenly, or unexpectedly 【例】 a fickle lover 感情善变的情人 【近】 capricious, fluid, mercurial, mutable, temperamental, volatile 【反】 constant, immutable, invariable, stable, steady 稳定的，不变的 【考法2】 adj. not true in one's allegiance to someone or something 【例】 When the family's fortune disappeared, so did their fickle friends. 当这个家庭的财富消逝殆尽时，他们的那些虚伪的朋友也无影无踪了 【近】 disloyal, perfidious, recreant, traitorous, treacherous, unfaithful 【反】 faithful, loyal 忠诚的

frivolous

【考法1】 adj. marked by unbecoming levity 【例】 a frivolous young woman 一个举止轻浮的年轻女子 【近】 giddy, shallow, superficial 【反】 earnest, sober, serious 严肃的 【考法2】 adj. of little weight or importance 【例】 The frivolous comment was soon forgotten. 那个不值一提的评论很快就被遗忘了 【近】 trivial, flimsy, light, petty, trifling 【反】 consequential, eventful, meaningful, momentous, weighty 重要的 【派】 frivolity n. 轻浮，轻佻

liberal

【考法1】 adj. not bound by traditional ways or beliefs 【例】 parents who take a very liberal attitude toward letting their children stay out late 思想开放，同意让他们的小孩晚归的家长们 【近】 nonconventional, nonorthodox, nontraditional, open-minded, progressive, radical 【反】 conservative, conventional, hidebound, old-fashioned, stodgy, traditional 守旧的，传统的 【考法2】 adj. marked by generosity 【例】 a doctor who has been very liberal in dispensing low-cost care to patients who could not otherwise afford it 一个慷慨的医生，愿意帮助无法支付低额药费的病人 【近】 charitable, munificent, unselfish, unsparing, unstinting 【反】 closefisted, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious, stingy, tightfisted 吝啬的

feral

【考法1】 adj. not domesticated or cultivated 【例】 Animal experts discourage homeowners from trying to adopt feral animals as pets. 动物专家们不建议户主们将野生动物收养为宠物 【近】 undomesticated, untamed, wild 【反】 cultivated 人工培养的；domestic, tame 家养的，被驯化的 【考法2】 adj. having or showing the nature and appetites of a lower animal 【例】 The movie reveals just how thin the veneer of civilization is and how feral we are at bottom. 这部电影展示了所谓文明只不过是薄薄的一层纱，而内心深处我们仍然是野兽 【近】 animalistic, beastly, brutal 【反】 rational 理性的

intemperate

【考法1】 adj. not temperate or moderate 【例】 The tone of the article is very intemperate. 文章的论调很极端 【近】 excessive, extreme, immoderate, inordinate, overindulgent, unrestrained 【反】 equable 温和的；bridled, checked, constrained, controlled, curbed, governed, hampered, hindered, trammeled 受限制的，节制的

inconsequential

【考法1】 adj. not using or following good reasoning 【例】 an inconsequential line of argument 不合逻辑的论述 【近】 fallacious, illogical, invalid, irrational, unreasonable, unsound, weak 【反】 logical, rational, reasonable, sound, valid, well-founded, well-grounded 有理的，论证有力的 【考法2】 adj. of no significance 【例】 That's an inconsequential problem compared to the other issues. 和其他问题相比，这就是个无关痛痒的小事 【近】 fiddling, frivolous, inconsiderable, insignificant, minor, minute, negligible, nugatory, petty, slight, trivial 【反】 consequential, eventful, important, meaningful, momentous, significant, substantial, weighty 重要的

invective

【考法1】 adj. of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse 【例】 invective comments on female activists 对女权主义者的侮辱性评论 【近】 abusive, opprobrious, scurrile, scurrilous, truculent, vitriolic, vituperative 【反】 adulatory, flattery 阿谀奉承的；complimentary 称赞的 记】 in 不好的 + vector 矢量，动力→不好的力，动作→打人骂人

incongruent

【考法1】 adj. 不一致的： not conforming to the circumstances or requirements of a situation 【例】 Two triangles are incongruent. 两个三角形不全等。 【近】 conflicting, discordant, discrepant, dissonant, incompatible, incongruous, inconsonant 【反】 congruent, congruous, consistent 一致的

incorrigible

【考法1】 adj. 不可救药的，积习难改的： incapable of being corrected or amended 【例】 an incorrigible criminal deserving death penalty 一个应该被判死刑的恶习难改的罪犯 【近】 incurable, irrecoverable, irredeemable, irremediable, irretrievable, unrecoverable, unredeemable 【反】 curable, reclaimable, recoverable, redeemable, remediable, retrievable, savable 可以拯救的 【考法2】 adj. 无法管制的： difficult or impossible to control or manage 【例】 an incorrigible, spoiled child 被宠坏了的难管的孩子 【近】 headstrong, intractable, obstinate, refractory, stubborn, unmanageable, unruly, willful 【反】 compliant, docile, manageable, obedient, submissive, tractable 顺从的 in 不 + corrigible 可改正的，顺从的

inevitable

【考法1】 adj. 不可避免的，必然的： incapable of being avoided or evaded 【例】 The impact of the scandal on the election was inevitable. 丑闻对于选举的冲击是不可避免的 【近】 certain, ineluctable, inescapable, inevasible, sure, unalterable, unavoidable 【反】 evitable, avoidable 可避免的；uncertain, unsure 不确定的 【派】 inevitability n. 必然性

absurd

【考法1】 adj. 不合理的：ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous 【例】 an absurd argument 无稽之谈 【近】 wild, bizarre, ludicrous, insane, nonsensical, preposterous, half-baked 【反】 rational, sensible, realistic, reasonable 理性的，合理的

dire

【考法1】 adj. 不吉利的，不祥的： being or showing a sign of evil or calamity to come 【例】 a dire forecast of a plunge in stock prices 股市大跌不祥的预测 【近】 baleful, direful, foreboding, ill-boding, inauspicious, menacing, minatory, portentous, sinister, threatening 【反】 propitious , unthreatening 吉利的，吉祥的 【考法2】 adj. 可怕的，恐怖的： causing fear 【例】 a series of dire tremors that hinted at a volcanic eruption 一系列暗示火山爆发的恐怖的震动 【近】 alarming, dire, direful, dread, dreadful, fearsome, forbidding, formidable, frightening, frightful, ghastly, hair-raising, horrendous, horrible, horrifying, intimidating, redoubtable, scary, shocking, terrible, terrifying 【考法3】 adj. 迫切的：needing immediate attention; urgent 【例】 There is a dire need for food and medicine in the famine-stricken country. 在闹饥荒的国家迫切需要食物和药品。 【近】 immediate, burning, compelling, critical, crying, emergent, exigent, imperative, imperious, importunate, instant, necessitous, pressing, urgent 【反】 nonurgent, noncritical 不迫切的 【考法4】 adj. 悲惨的： causing or marked by an atmosphere lacking in cheer 【例】 With stock prices steadily falling, these are dire days on the trading floor. 股价稳步走低，交易大厅一片悲惨的景象。 【近】 cheerless, chill, depressing, depressive, desolate, disconsolate, dismal, drear, dreary, funereal, glum, lugubrious, miserable, morose, saturnine, somber, sullen, sunless, wretched 【反】 bright, cheerful, cheering, cheery, festive, gay, sunshiny 愉快的

coltish

【考法1】 adj. 不守纪律的：not subjected to discipline 【反】 disciplined 遵守纪律的 【考法2】 adj. 爱开玩笑的：given to good-natured joking or teasing 【例】Off camera the actor is high-spiritedly coltish, but turns serious once the camera starts rolling. 镜头下这个演员是很喜欢开玩笑，但是当镜头开启，他就马上变得严肃了起来。 【近】antic, frisky, frolicsome, larky, spotftul 【反】earnest, serious-minded, sober 严肃的

asymmetrical

【考法1】 adj. 不平衡的,不对称的：having no balance or symmetry 【例】the asymmetrical construction 非对称的建筑 【近】asymmetric, nonsymmetrical, unsymmetrical, unbalanced 【反】symmetrical 对称的；balanced 平衡的

depressed

【考法1】 adj. 不开心，情绪不高的： feeling unhappiness 【例】 I was depressed and didn't feel much like going to the party 【近】 crestfallen, dejected, despondent, gloomy, low-spirited, wretched 【反】 blissful, buoyant, gleeful, joyous, jubilant 情绪高的 【考法2】 adj. 生活境况悲催的： kept from having the necessities of life or a healthful environment 【例】 a depressed class of people whose living conditions are abominable even by third world standards 境况悲惨的一群人，即使用第三世界标准来看他们的生存条件也是很糟的 【近】 disadvantaged, underprivileged 【反】 advantaged, privileged 具有优势的、特权的

loath

【考法1】 adj. 不情愿的，讨厌的： unwilling or reluctant; disinclined 【例】 I was loath to accept the fact that he had been killed in a terrorist attack. 我很不情愿地接受了他在一场 恐怖袭击中丧生的事实 【近】 disinclined, indisposed, reluctant, reticent 【反】 eager 渴望的；disposed, inclined 有意向的

infelicitous

【考法1】 adj. 不愉快的，不幸的： not happy; unfortunate 【例】 an infelicitous moment 不幸的时刻 【近】 hapless, ill-fated, luckless, unfortunate, unhappy 【反】 happy 幸运的，令人高兴的 【考法2】 adj. 不适当的，不合时宜的： not appropriate or well-timed 【例】 made a very infelicitous remark 做出极不恰当的评价 【近】 inappropriate, indecorous, inept, malapropos, unfit, unseemly 【反】 apt, appropriate, becoming, proper 合适的 【派】 infelicity n. 不恰当

askew

【考法1】 adj. 不成直线，歪的：out of line, awry 【例】The picture hung askew. 画挂歪了。 【例】His tie was askew. 他的领带歪了。 【近】crooked, cockeyed, oblique, lopsided, skewed, aslant, slanted, slanting, listing, tilted, awry 【反】aligned 列成一行的；straight, erect 直的

anomalous

【考法1】 adj. 不普通的，不平常的 being out of the ordinary 【例】He is in an anomalous position as the only part-time teacher in XDF. 他和别人不一样的是，他是XDF 唯一 的兼职老师。 【近】aberrant, abnormal, atypical, phenomenal, singular, uncustomary, unwonted 【反】unexceptional, unextraordinary 普通的，平常的 【派】anomaly n. 反常 deviation or departure from the normal or common order, form, or rule. 【考法2】 adj. 反常的，不正常的departing from some accepted standard of what is normal 【例】an anomalous burst of anger from this usually easygoing person 一个随和的人的一反常态的暴怒 【反】natural 自然的；standard 标准的

insubordinate

【考法1】 adj. 不服从权威的： not submissiveto authority 【例】 Insubordinate soldiers are court-martialed. 抗命的士兵被送上了军事法庭 【近】 balky, contumacious, intractable, mutinous, recalcitrant, rebellious, refractory 【反】 amenable, docile, obedient, ruly, submissive, tractable 顺从的

contumacious

【考法1】 adj. 不服从的，倔强的： stubbornly disobedient; rebellious 【例】 Contumacious insurgents refuse to talk. 不愿服从命令的叛军拒绝对话 【近】 balky, contumacious, defiant, insubordinate, intractable, obstreperous, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, restive, ungovernable, unruly, untoward, wayward, willful 【反】obedient, docile, ruly 顺从的 【派】contumacy n. 不服从，反抗

disaffected

【考法1】 adj. 不满的，叛逆的： discontented and resentful especially against authority; rebellious 【例】 gangs of disaffected teenagers 一群叛逆的年轻人 || The soldiers were disaffected toward the government. 那些士兵对政府不满. 【近】 discontented, dissatisfied, malcontent, rebellious, insubordinate, contumacious 【反】 satisfied, contented 满足的 【派】 disaffect v. 使不安，使不满： to fill with discontent and unrest 【近】 dissatisfy, agitate, upset 【反】 mollify 平息，抚慰

circuitous

【考法1】 adj. 不直接的：not being forthright or direct in language or action 【例】We took a circuitous route to the airport so as to avoid the massive traffic jam. 我们走了一条迂回的路线 去机场来躲避堵车。 【近】indirect, circular, roundabout 【反】direct, straight, straightforward 直接的 【派】circuity n. 不直接：lack of straightforwardness 【反】straightforwardness, direction 直接 【考法2】 adj. 冗长的：using or containing more words than necessary to express an idea 【例】a circuitous explanation for what seems like a fairly basic concept 对一个非常基本的概念的冗长的解释 【近】circumlocutory, diffuse, long-winded, prolix, rambling, verbose, windy 【反】compact, concise, pithy, succinct, terse 简洁的

flaccid

【考法1】 adj. 不结实的，松弛的： not firm or stiff; lacking normal or youthful firmness 【例】 flaccid muscles 松弛的肌肉 【近】 droopy, floppy, lank, loose, slack, yielding 【反】 stiff, sturdy 结实的，坚硬的；resilient 有弹性的

barren

【考法1】 adj. 不育的： incapable of producing offspring 【例】 a poor, barren woman 一名可怜的不孕女子 【近】 fruitless, impotent, infertile, effete 【反】 prolific, fecund 多产的 【考法2】 adj. 不产生结果的，无效的： producing no results; unproductive 【例】 That line of investigation proved barren, so the police tried other avenues. 那个方向的调查已经被证 明是没有结果的了，所以警察开始尝试其他的途径 【近】 bootless, ineffective, inefficacious, unavailing, vain 【反】 effective, successful, productive, virtuous 有效的，成功的 【考法3】 adj. 贫瘠的： deficient in production of vegetation and especially crops 【例】 barren deserts and wastelands 贫瘠的沙漠和荒野 【近】 desolate, impoverished, waste 【反】 arable, fruitful, luxuriant, verdant 富饶繁茂的 【考法4】 adj. 极度匮乏的： utterly lacking in something needed, wanted, or expected 【例】 Their proposal for revitalizing the downtown business district is utterly barren of practical methods. 他 们意图重振中心商业区的计划缺乏能够起效的方法 【近】 bare, bereft, destitute, void 【反】 filled, flush, fraught, full, replete, rife 充沛的

diffident

【考法1】 adj. 不自信的： hesitant in acting or speaking through lack of self-confidence 【例】 He is diffident to express his opinions in public. 他在公共场合表达自己的观点时有点害羞 【近】 unassured, bashful, retiring, self-effacing, withdrawn 【反】 confident, assured, self-assured, self-confident 自信的 【考法2】 adj. 内向的： reserved in manner; unassertive 【例】 She was diffident about stating her opinion. 她很内向，表达自己的观点的时候有点害羞。 【近】 introverted 【反】 extroverted, outgoing 外向的

mannered

【考法1】 adj. 不自然的，做作的： having an artificial or stilted character 【例】 a mannered speech 做作的演讲 【近】 affected, artificial, assumed, factitious, fake, feigned, pretended, pseudo, sham, spurious 【反】 natural 自然的；artless, genuine, unfeigned 真诚的

arrhythmic

【考法1】 adj. 不规律的：lacking rhythm or regularity 【例】arrhythmic pulse 不规律的脉搏 【近】irregular, disorderly 【反】regular, orderly 规律的

consummate

【考法1】 adj. 专业的，有造诣的： extremely skilled and accomplished 【例】 a consummate liar 一个老练的骗子 【近】 accomplished, finished, virtuosic, versed, veteran 【反】 amateur 业余的 【考法2】 adj. 无纰漏的，完美的： complete in every detail; perfect 【例】 The difficult aria displayed her consummate skill. 高难度的咏叹调展示了她完美的技巧 【近】 flawless, impeccable, perfect 【反】 defective 有漏洞的 【考法3】 adj. 最高档次的，最大规模的： of the greatest or highest degree or quantity 【近】 maximum, paramount, supreme, top, utmost 【反】 minimal 最少量的

bumptious

【考法1】 adj. 专横傲慢的，自以为是的： having a feeling of superiority that shows itself in an overbearing attitude 【例】 a bumptious young man whose family wealth gave him a sense of entitlement 一个傲慢的富二代 || be bumptious over one's inferiors 对下级态度傲慢 【近】 assumptive, haughty, imperious, overweening, peremptory, pompous, presuming, presumptuous, self-assertive, supercilious 【反】 humble, modest, unarrogant, unpretentious 谦虚的，低调的

exacting

【考法1】 adj. 严格的，苛求的： making severe demands; rigorous 【例】 an exacting instructor 一位严苛的导师 【近】 choosy, demanding, fastidious, finical, fussy, pernickety, persnickety, picky 【派】 exact v. 强求，索取： to force the payment or yielding of 【例】 exact tribute from a conquered people 从征服的人民手中强取贡品 【反】 condone, forgive 赦免免除债务 【考法2】 adj. 费时间花心思的： requiring much time, effort, or careful attention 【例】 editing and proofreading will always be an exacting task 编辑和校对是花时间花心思的工作 【近】 arduous, burdensome, challenging, grueling, killing, laborious, onerous, taxing, toilsome 【反】 light, unchallenging, undemanding 要求不高的

earnest

【考法1】 adj. 严肃认真的： characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind, grave 【例】 an earnest machine operator 一丝不苟的机器操作员 【近】 grave, serious, solemn, staid, sober 【反】 facetious, frivolous, flip, flippant, playful 轻浮的

cardinal

【考法1】 adj. 主要的，非常重要的： of foremost importance; paramount 【例】 the cardinal rule of medicine: do no harm 药物的首要标准就是无害 【近】 dominant, overbearing, overriding, paramount, preeminent, primal, supreme 【反】 minor 次要的

methodical

【考法1】 adj. 井然有序的，有条理的： arranged or proceeding in regular, systematic order 【例】 a methodical summary that included lists of points to memorize 一份包含了记忆重点的有条理的总结 【近】 neat, orderly, organized, regular, systematic, systematized 【反】 disorganized, haphazard, irregular, unsystematic 杂乱的，混乱无序的

beneficent

【考法1】 adj. 仁慈的，好慈善的： characterized by or performing acts of kindness or charity 【例】beneficent couple who are regular volunteers at an orphan 一对在孤儿院做义工的慈善的夫妇 【近】 kind, altruistic, benevolent, philanthropic, benign, compassionate, sympathetic 【反】 atrocious, barbarous, truculent, vicious 残忍的 【考法2】 adj. （对个人或社会）有益的： promoting or contributing to personal or social well-being 【例】 the beneficent effect of sunshine 日光浴的益处 【近】 helpful, advantageous, favorable, kindly, profitable, salutary 【反】 detrimental, harmful, noxious, toxic 有害的 【派】 beneficently adv. 仁慈地

conscientious

【考法1】 adj. 仔细的，一丝不苟的： taking, showing, or involving great care and effort 【例】 a conscientious researcher 一丝不苟的研究者 【近】 careful, exact, heedful, meticulous, painstaking, scrupulous 【反】 careless, remiss 粗心大意的 【考法1】 adj. 有良心的，正直的： governed by or conforming to the dictates of conscience 【例】 a conscientious police officer 一名有良心的警察 【近】 conscionable, ethical, honest, moral, upright, principled, scrupulous 【反】 unscrupulous 不正直的 【派】 conscience n. 良心

cogent

【考法1】 adj. 令人信服的：appealing forcibly to the mind or reason: convincing 【例】 Six Sigma is one of the most cogent methods for modern enterprises to control quality and optimizing process. "六西格玛"方法是现代企业进行质量控制和工艺优化最令人信服的方法之一。 【近】 convincing, compelling, conclusive, telling, persuasive, satisfying 【反】 unconvincing, unpersuasive 不令人信服的 【考法2】 adj. 相关的：pertinent, relevant 【例】a cogent analysis 一项相关的研究 【近】apropos, germane, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative 无关的

astounding

【考法1】 adj. 令人吃惊的，出乎意料的：causing astonishment or amazement 【例】The richness and variety of the undersea environment are astounding．富饶而多样的海底环境是令人惊奇 的。 【近】amazing, astonishing, blindsiding, dumbfounding, shocking, startling, stunning, stupefying 【反】unsurprising 平常的

formidable

【考法1】 adj. 令人害怕的： causing fear, dread, or apprehension 【例】 a nation that possesses formidable nuclear deterrence 一个拥有可怕核威慑力量的国家 【近】 direful, dreadful, fearsome, forbidding, ghastly, horrible, intimidating, redoubtable, terrifying 【反】 comforting 给人安慰的 【考法2】 adj. 艰难的： requiring considerable physical or mental effort 【例】 running a marathon is a formidable undertaking 跑马拉松是个困难的任务‖They have recently made a formidable decision. 他们最近做出了一个艰难的决定 【近】 arduous, challenging, demanding, exacting, grueling, heavy, laborious, sweaty, toilsome, tough, strenuous 【反】 easy, effortless, facile, mindless, simple 轻松的，简单的

bracing

【考法1】 adj. 令人振奋的，给人带来活力的： giving strength, vigor, or freshness 【例】 a bracing news from the frontline 来自前线的振奋人心的消息 【近】 invigorating, rejuvenating, reviving, stimulating 【反】 vapid 乏味的 【派】 brace v. 支持，使充满活力

despicable

【考法1】 adj. 令人鄙视的： arousing or deserving of one's loathing and disgust 【例】 even within the prison population, pedophiles are regarded as particularly despicable 即使在囚犯内部，恋童癖者也被认为极其让人鄙视的。 【近】 contemptible, detestable, dishonorable 【反】 admirable, commendable, creditable, meritorious, praiseworthy 值得赞扬的 【考法2】 adj. 不荣耀的，不得体的： not following or in accordance with standards of honor and decency 【例】 the cad's despicable behavior toward women 公车售票员对女性不得体的举动 【近】 currish, dirty, execrable, ignominious, sordid, wretched 【反】 honorable, lofty, noble, upright, venerable, virtuous 崇高的

counterfeit

【考法1】 adj. 仿制的，假冒的： made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive 【例】 counterfeit money 假币 【近】 forged, bogus, spurious, pseudo, feigned, artificial, phony 【反】 authentic, genuine 真实的 【考法2】 vt. 仿制： to make a fraudulent replica of 【例】 counterfeit the signature 仿造签名 【近】 copy, forge, imitate, simulate, mimic 【考法3】 vt. 伪装成：to present a false appearance of 【例】 to counterfeit a happy expression while visiting a sick friend 在看望患病的朋友时装出一副高兴的样子 【近】 affect, assume, fake, pretend

mimic

【考法1】 adj. 仿真的，仿造的： being such in appearance only and made with or manufactured from usually cheaper materia 【例】 Police were concerned that the mimic gun, although intended only as a toy, might be confused with the real thing in certain situations. 尽管仿真枪只是玩具，但警方担忧在某些情况下它会被误认为是真枪 【近】 artificial, bogus, factitious, fake, false, imitative, mock, sham, simulated, substitute, synthetic 【反】 genuine, natural, real 真实的 【考法2】 v. 做滑稽的模仿（以取笑）： to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】 The comedian was famous for mimicking the President's distinctive lisp. 这个演员因能滑稽地模仿总统 特有的口齿不清而闻名 【近】 burlesque, caricature, do, imitate, mock, parody, send up, spoof, travesty 【考法3】 v. 模仿： to use (someone or something) as the model for one's speech, mannerisms, or behavior 【例】 began to learn their language by mimicking the sounds they made 通过模仿发音来学习语言 【近】 ape, copy, copycat, emulate, mimic, simulate 【派】 mimicry n. 模仿

fallow

【考法1】 adj. 休耕的： left untilled or unsown after plowing 【例】 The field was lying fallow. 那田地正在休耕中 【近】 untilled, uncultivated 【考法2】 adj. 闲置的： not being in a state of use, activity, or employment 【例】 The coal mine has been lying fallow since the drop in prices made it unprofitable. 自从煤价下跌造成亏损，这个煤矿就一直处于停工状态 【近】 dead, dormant, inert, inoperative, latent, unused, vacant 【反】 functioning, occupied, operative, running, working使用中的；active 活跃的

contagious

【考法1】 adj. 传染的： communicable by contact; catching 【例】 contagious diseases 传染病 【近】 infectious, pestilent, transmissible 【反】 incommunicable 不传染的 【考法2】adj. （情绪等）唤起共鸣的：exciting a similar feeling or reaction in others 【例】 The enthusiasm of the new club members was contagious. 新成员的热情具有很强的感染力 【近】 catching, epidemic, spreading 【派】 contagiousness n. 可传染性

careworn

【考法1】 adj. 伤心焦虑的： showing the effect of grief or anxiety 【例】 a careworn face 忧心忡忡的脸 【反】 lighthearted 心情愉快的

diplomatic

【考法1】 adj. 使用策略的，机智的： employing tact and conciliation especially in situations of stress 【例】 be very diplomatic with awkward clients 总是有办法对付难缠的顾客 【近】 diplomatic, politic 【反】 gauche, impolitic, tactless, undiplomatic, untactful 笨拙的，不机智的

exceptional

【考法1】 adj. 例外的，特别的，非凡的： being an exception; uncommon; extraordinary 【例】 exceptional bravery 非凡的勇敢 【近】 aberrant, abnormal, anomalous, exceeding, extraordinary, peculiar, unwonted 【反】 commonplace, prosaic, customary, normal, ordinary, typical, unextraordinary, usual 平凡常见的

estimable

【考法1】 adj. 值得尊敬的： deserving of esteem; admirable 【例】 an estimable adversary 一位值得尊敬的对手 【近】 prestigious, reputable, applaudable, commendable, creditable, meritorious, praiseworthy 【反】 contemptible, infamous, censurable, discreditable, illaudable, reprehensible 令人鄙视的

lamentable

【考法1】 adj. 值得惋惜的，悲哀的： inspiring or deserving of lament or regret; deplorable or pitiable; mournful 【例】 The lamentable cries of the women for their lost sons were heard throughout the village. 女人们由于 丧子之痛的哀嚎响彻整个山谷 【近】 deplorable, distressful, grievous, heartbreaking,, lugubrious, plaintive, plangent, sorrowful, woeful 【反】 cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial 欢乐的，快乐的

inadvertent

【考法1】 adj. 偶然发生的： happening by chance 【例】 an inadvertent encounter with a rattlesnake 偶遇响尾蛇 【近】 casual, fluky, incidental, unintentional, unplanned, unpremeditated, unwitting 【反】 calculated, deliberate, intended, intentional, planned, premeditated 有计划的，有预谋的 【考法2】 adj. 疏忽的，不留意的： marked by unintentional lack of care 【例】 The military has said it was an inadvertent error. 军方表示这是个疏忽大意的错误 【近】 careless, feckless, heedless, irreflective, thoughtless, uncaring 【反】 advertent, careful, heedful, mindful 留意的，小心的

mesmeric

【考法1】 adj. 催眠的，催眠术的： of, relating to, or induced by mesmerism 【近】 hypnotic 【反】 awaking 觉醒的 【考法2】adj. 令人着迷的，难以抗拒的： attracting and holding interest as if by a spell 【例】 the mesmeric recital 迷人的独奏 【近】 attractive, alluring, captivating, charming, drawing, enchanting, riveting 【反】 disgusting, loathesome, repellent, repulsive 令人厌恶的；unappealing, unattractive 没有吸引力的 【派】 mesmerism n. 催眠术，难以抗拒的魅力；mesmerize v. 催眠

dubious

【考法1】 adj. 充满不定性的，值得怀疑的： giving rise to uncertainty; questionable or suspect as to true nature or quality 【例】 a dubious assertion 一个值得怀疑的论调 【近】 debatable, doubtful, disputable, equivocal, problematic, questionable, shaky 【反】 certain, incontestable, undeniable 确定的，毋庸置疑的；reliable 可靠的 【考法2】 adj. （对事实等）持怀疑态度的： not feeling sure about the truth, wisdom, or trustworthiness of someone or something 【例】 dubious about a diet that claims I can eat all I want and still lose weight 对于一份声称可以一边随心所欲地吃和一边减肥的节食方案表示怀疑 【近】 distrustful, skeptical, suspicious, unsure 【反】 convinced, positive, sure 表示肯定态度的，确信的 【考法3】 adj. 迟疑不决的，不愿行动的： slow to begin or proceed with a course of action because of doubts or uncertainty 【例】 I'm dubious about our plan to go hang gliding without having had any training. 我对于不做任何训练就去玩滑翔感到很迟疑 【近】 undecided, disinclined, loath, reluctant, reticent 【反】 disposed, inclined 倾向于......的 【派】 dubiety n. 可疑，怀疑

brisk

【考法1】 adj. 充满生机，有活力的： marked by much life, movement, or activity 【例】 brisk and concise response 轻快而简洁的回答 【近】 animated, bouncing, bustling, frisky, kinetic, sprightly, vibrant 【反】 lackadaisical, languid, leaden, dead, inactive, lifeless 没有生机的 【考法2】 adj. 刻薄的，言辞或方式尖刻辛辣的： keen or sharp in speech or manner 【例】 a brisk greeting 尖刻的祝贺【记】 音：搏 + risk 冒险，搏风险的人特点：敏锐，活泼，轻快

ecumenical

【考法1】 adj. 全球基督教会的： of, relating to, or representing the whole of a body of churches 【近】 catholic 【反】 diocesan 主教管辖特定小教区的 【考法2】 adj. 世界范围的，普遍性的： worldwide or general in extent, influence, or application 【例】 an ecumenical scope 国际视野 【近】 universal, cosmopolitan, global, planetary, worldwide 【反】 provincial, insular 狭隘的

concave

【考法1】 adj. 凹的：curved like the inner surface of a sphere 【例】a concave lens 凹透镜 【近】dented, depressed, dished, indented, recessed 【反】bulging, convex, protuberant 凸的

indifferent

【考法1】 adj. 公平的： marked by impartiality 【例】 They believed their art teacher could offer an indifferent judgment on their works' merits. 他们相信艺 术老师会对他们作品的价值做出公正的评价 【近】 disinterested, equal, impartial, just, nonpartisan, objective, unbiased, unprejudiced 【反】 biased, one-sided, partial, prejudiced 有偏好的；unjust 不公平的 【考法2】 adj. （质量、档次等）中规中矩的，一般的： of average to below average quality 【例】 an indifferent but drinkable cup of coffee 一杯尚可入口的咖啡 【近】 average, common, fair, intermediate, mediocre, medium, moderate, ordinary, passable, so-so 【反】 exceptional, extraordinary 极好的；inferior, poor 低档次的 【考法3】 adj. 不感兴趣的，冷漠的： marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something 【例】 indifferent about the result of CET-4 对四级成绩不感兴趣 【近】 aloof, apathetic, detached, incurious, nonchalant, numb, pococurante, remote, unconcerned, uninterested 【反】 attentive, concerned, interested 关切的，有兴趣的 【派】 indifference n. 漠然

disinterested

【考法1】 adj. 公正的，无偏见的： free from selfish motive or interest: unbiased 【例】 a disinterested decision 公正的决定 【近】 equal, evenhanded, impartial, just, nonpartisan, dispassionate, objective, square, unbiased, unprejudiced 【反】 biased, inequitable, nonobjective, one-sided, partial, partisan, prejudiced, unjust 不公正的，有偏见的 【考法2】 adj. 没有兴趣的： having or showing a lack of interest or concern 【例】 The city's philistines, naturally disinterested in art, voted to cut the museum's budget. 城市里对艺术本来就不感兴趣的俗人们，投票表决要缩进博物馆的预算。 【近】 apathetic, incurious, insouciant, nonchalant, perfunctory, unconcerned 【反】 concerned, interested 关心的，感兴趣的

barefaced

【考法1】 adj. 公然的，厚颜无耻的： undisguisedly bold; brazen 【例】 a barefaced lie 一个公然的谎言 【近】 apparent, plain, bald, evident, manifest, obvious, perspicuous 【反】 secret, furtive, clandestine, surreptitious 秘密的

axiomatic

【考法1】 adj. 公理的： based on or involving an axiom or system of axioms 【例】 Euclidean geometry is based on five axiomatic principles. 欧几里得几何学是在五条公理的基础上建立 的 【近】 dictum, fundamental, maxim 【考法2】 adj. 不言自明的： taken for granted, self-evident 【例】 an axiomatic truth 一个不言而明的真理 【近】 self-evident, prima facie 【反】 controversial 有争议的 【派】 axiom n. 公理

concerted

【考法1】 adj. 共同完成的：planned or accomplished together 【例】The ITER project, commendable though it is, should be merely a component of a concerted effort. "国际 热核聚变实验堆"计划虽然是值得称赞的，但是它仅仅是（人类）齐心协力的一部分。|| A victory results from the concerted effort of the entire team. 一项成功来自于整个团队的齐心协力。 【近】collaborative, combined, cooperative, united 【反】separate 分开的；individual, single, sole, solitary 单独的

inherent

【考法1】 adj. 内在的，本质的： involved in the constitution or essential character of something 【例】 a disposition inherent in human nature 人性内在的倾向 【近】 constitutional, elemental, essential, inborn, ingrained, innate, intrinsic 【反】 adventitious 外来的，偶然的；extraneous, extrinsic 外在的 【派】 inherently adv. 内在地

convex

【考法1】 adj. 凸起的： having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere 【例】 A convex function has the property that a line joining any two points on its graph lies on or above the graph. 凸函数具有如下的性质：其图像上任何两点连线的任何部分都不低于连结两点的函数曲线 【近】 bulging 【反】 dent, concave 凹陷的

disjunctive

【考法1】 adj. 分离的： marked by breaks or disunity 【例】 a disjunctive narrative sequence 分散的叙述顺序 【近】 discrete, separate, disconnected, disunited 【反】 combined, connected, jointed, mixed, united 连接的，混合的

innovative

【考法1】 adj. 创新性的： characterized by, tending to, or introducing innovations 【例】 an innovative macro-economic strategy 创新性的宏观经济战略 【近】 creative, ingenious, inventive, original 【反】 conservative, hidebound 保守的 【派】 innovation n. 创新

egoistic

【考法1】 adj. 利己的，以自我为中心的： being centered in or preoccupied with oneself and the gratification of one's own desires 【例】egoistic behaviors others detest 令他人厌恶的利己行为 【近】egocentric, self-centered, individualistic, navel-gazing 【反】altruistic, selfless 利他的，无私的 【派】ego n. 自大，自我；egoism n. 利己主义；egoist n. 以自我为中心的人

acrimonious

【考法1】 adj. 刻薄的，充满仇恨的： having or showing deep-seated resentment 【例】 the acrimonious debate between the two candidates 候选人之间言辞激烈的辩论 【近】 embittered, hard, rancorous, resentful, sore

anterior

【考法1】 adj. 前面的：coming before in time or development 【例】finish the work anterior to the schedule 提早完成任务 【例】tests anterior to the college entrance examination 高考前的考试 【近】antecedent, foregoing, former, forward, precedent, preceding, prior 【反】after, ensuing, following, posterior, subsequent, succeeding 后面的，后来的

dexterous

【考法1】 adj. 动作灵活的： ready and skilled in physical movements 【例】 a dexterous surgeon 技术娴熟的外科医生 || The dexterous watchmaker was able to repair the antique watch's delicate gears and parts. 手巧的手表匠能够修理古董手表的精密的齿轮和部件。 【近】 deft, handy 【反】 ham-fisted, ham-handed, handless, heavy-handed, unhandy 手笨的 【考法2】 adj. 头脑灵活的： mentally adroit and skillful: clever 【近】 adroit, clever, cunning 【反】 dull, foolish, silly, fatuous, unwise 傻的

assiduous

【考法1】 adj. 勤勉的，专心仔细的：marked by careful unremitting attention or persistent application; busy 【例】tended his garden with assiduous attention 专心仔细地照看他的花园 【例】The project required some assiduous planning. 项目需要细心的规划。 【近】diligent, industrious, sedulous 【反】idle, inactive, unbusy, unemployed, unoccupied 空闲的 【派】assiduity n. 勤勉：persistent application or diligence; unflagging effort.

diligent

【考法1】 adj. 勤勉的，辛勤的： characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort: painstaking 【例】 A new bride is diligent for three days. 新娶媳妇三日勤。|| a student who has been unceasingly diligent in pursuit of a degree in mathematics. 一个不断勤奋追求数学学位的学生 【近】 assiduous, industrious, sedulous, engaged, hopping, tied-up 【反】 idle, inactive, unbusy, unemployed, unoccupied 空闲的

laborious

【考法1】 adj. 勤奋的： hard-working; industrious 【例】 The volunteers have been commendably laborious in their cleanup of the beach. 清理海滩的志愿者们 的勤奋努力值得赞扬‖He was gentle and kindly, living a laborious life in his Paris flat. 他是一个温柔、好心的人， 住在巴黎的公寓里过着勤奋的生活 【近】 active, assiduous, bustling, diligent, engaged, industrious, occupied, sedulous 【反】 idle, inactive, indolent, inert, slothful 懒散的 【考法2】 adj. 费力的： marked by or requiring long, hard work 【例】 the laborious task of cleaning up the oil spill 清除泄露石油的艰苦工作 【近】 arduous, challenging, demanding, difficult, exacting, formidable, grueling, heavy, labored, rigorous, rough, rugged, severe, strenuous, sweaty, toilsome, tough 【反】 easy, effortless, facile, light, mindless, simple, undemanding 轻松的，容易的

cursory

【考法1】 adj. 匆忙的，不注意细节的： acting or done with excessive or careless speed 【例】 a cursory glance at the headline 匆匆地瞥了一眼标题 【近】 headlong, overhasty, pell-mell, precipitate, precipitous, rash 【反】 fastidious, thorough, deliberate, unhurried, unrushed 极关注细节的，彻底的，不匆忙的 courteous adj. very polite in a way that shows respect

incarnate

【考法1】 adj. 化身的，人体化的： invested with bodily nature and form 【例】 He referred to her as devil incarnate. 他把她视作恶魔的化身 【近】 embodied, materialized, personified, typified 【考法2】 v. （思想、理论的）具化，体现： to constitute an embodiment or type of 【例】 the general view that Hitler incarnated extreme egotism 通常认为希特勒代表了极端的以自我为中心 【近】 epitomize, incorporate, manifest, materialize, personalize, personify, substantiate, symbolize 【反】 disembody 使（灵魂等）脱离躯体 【派】 incarnation n. 化身

anonymous

【考法1】 adj. 匿名的：not named or identified 【例】He made an anonymous phone call to the police. 他给警察打了一个匿名电话。 【例】The donor wishes to remain anonymous. 捐赠者希望保持匿名身份。 【近】incognito, innominate, unnamed, unidentified, untitled 【反】dubbed, named, termed 有名字的 【考法2】 adj. 无特色的 lacking individuality, distinction, or recognizability 【例】the anonymous faces in the crowd 大众脸

foolproof

【考法1】 adj. 十分简单以至于不会失败的： so simple, plain, or reliable as to leave no opportunity for error, misuse, or failure 【例】 Anything foolproof is impossible and what truly counts is probability. 没有万无一失的事情，真正的问题在于概率 【近】 guaranteed, infallible, safe, unfailing, fail-safe 【反】 fallible 容易出错的

droll

【考法1】 adj. 古怪有趣的，离奇可笑的： amusingly odd or whimsically comical 【例】 a droll man with a strong dialect 带着浓郁口音的有意思的人 【近】 antic, comic, farcical, funny, hilarious, laughable, humorous, ridiculous, ludicrous, uproarious, whimsical 【反】 lame, unamusing, uncomic, unfunny, unhumorous, unhysterical 不幽默的 【派】 drollness n. 古怪

baroque

【考法1】 adj. 华丽装饰的，过分雕琢，复杂的： characterized by extravagance, complexity, or flamboyance 【例】 a baroque prose 一篇辞藻华丽的散文 【近】 byzantine, complicated, convoluted, elaborate, fancy, intricate, knotty, labyrinthine, lavish, tangled 【反】 austere, plain, simple 朴实无华的 【考法2】 adj. （程度）过分的： going beyond a normal or acceptable limit in degree or amount 【例】 Eventually even the movie seems bored by its baroque violence. 到最后这电影也因为其中过度的暴力元素而显得让人厌烦 【近】 exorbitant, extravagant, lavish, overdue 【反】 moderate, modest, temperate 适度的

mangy

【考法1】 adj. 卑劣的： mean; contemptible 【例】 a mangy trick 卑鄙的手段 【近】 base, contemptible, debased, despicable, detestable, execrable, mean, sordid, squalid 【反】 lofty, noble, upright, venerable, virtuous 正直的，有道德的

mean

【考法1】 adj. 卑贱的： ignoble; base 【例】 a mean trick to play on a credulous person 耍在一个轻信别人的人身上的卑劣诡计 【近】 base, contemptible, despicable, detestable, dirty, dishonorable, execrable, ignominious, sordid 【反】 lofty, noble, venerable, virtuous 高尚的 【考法2】 adj. 吝啬的： giving or sharing as little as possible 【例】 a mean child who hoarded all her toys 一个把她所有的玩具都藏了起来的小气孩子 【近】 closefisted, mingy, miserly, niggardly, parsimonious, penurious, tightfisted, ungenerous 【反】 generous, liberal, munificent 慷慨的；extravagant, lavish, prodigal, profligate, spendthrift 浪费的 【考法3】 v. 打算，怀有目的： to have in mind as a purpose or goal 【例】 I mean to win this race. 我一定要赢这场比赛 【近】 aim, aspire, calculate, contemplate, design, intend, meditate, plan 【考法4】v. 意味着： to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate 【例】 The national anthem means various things to various people. 对于不同的人来说，国歌的意义不尽相同 【近】 connote, denote, express, import, signify, spell 【派】 meaningful adj. 有意义的

dreary

【考法1】 adj. 单调乏味的：having nothing likely to provide cheer, comfort, or interest 【例】 The day is cold, rainy, and dreary. 天气寒冷，阴暗而沉闷 【近】 desolate, gloomy, sullen, dull, monotone, pedestrian, somber 【反】 jocund 令人欢乐的 【考法2】 adj.令人不悦的： causing unhappiness 【例】 decided to see a professional counselor in order to save their dreary marriage 决定咨询专业人士以拯救他们悲剧式的婚姻 【近】 depressing, dismal, heartbreaking, mournful, pathetic, melancholy 【反】 cheering 令人激动高兴的 【派】 drearily adv. 令人厌烦地

erudite

【考法1】 adj. 博学的： characterized by erudition; learned 【例】 an erudite scholar 渊博的学者 【近】 knowledgeable, learned, lettered, literate, scholarly, well-read 【反】 ignorant, unlettered, benighted, illiterate, uneducated, unscholarly 无知的

ad-lib

【考法1】 adj. 即兴的： made or done without previous thought or preparation 【例】 not bad for an ad-lib comedy routine 对即兴喜剧表演来说已经不错了 【近】 extemporary, impromptu, improvisational, offhanded 【反】 considered, planned, premeditated, rehearsed

brassy

【考法1】 adj. 厚脸皮的，不知羞耻的： displaying or marked by rude boldness 【例】 brassy reporters 厚颜无耻的记者 【近】 audacious, bold-faced, brazen, impertinent, impudent, insolent 【反】 diffident, unassertive, retiring, timid 羞怯的，谦逊的 【考法2】 adj. 华而不实地炫耀的： cheap and showy; flashy 【反】 furtive 隐秘的 【记】 brass 铜，象铜墙一样厚的脸皮

accessible

【考法1】 adj. 可以到达的： situated within easy reach 【例】 the town accessible by rail 有铁路通达的城镇 【近】 handy, reachable 【反】 inconvenient, unhandy, unreachable, untouchable 【考法 2】 adj. 可理解的： capable of being understood or appreciated 【例】 The information ought to be made more accessible. 信息应该更清晰易懂。 【近】 apprehensible, fathomable, legible, scrutable 【反】 abstruse, incoherent, incomprehensible, inscrutable, insensible 深奥的 【考法3】 adj. 能够获得的： possible to get 【例】 The data is not currently accessible. 数据目前还不可用。 【近】 available, attainable, obtainable, procurable 【反】 unattainable, unavailable, unobtainable

ductile

【考法1】 adj. 可塑的，有延展性的： easily molded or shaped, malleable 【例】 Gold is a kind of ductile metal. 金是一种有延展性的金属 【近】 malleable, moldable 【反】 inflexible 僵硬的 【考法2】 adj. 易受影响的： easily led or influenced 【例】 a ductile personality 易受他人影响的性格 【近】 pliant, yielding, supple 【反】 adamant, intractable, refractory, obdurate 倔强的，不易改变立场的

appreciable

【考法1】 adj. 可感知的,明显的：capable of being perceived or measured; perceptible 【例】the appreciable changes in temperature 气温明显的变化 【例】There doesn't seem to be any appreciable difference between this piece and that one. 这个和那个看上去没什么差别。 【近】apprehensible, perceptible, detectable, discernible, palpable, distinguishable, sensible 【反】impalpable, imperceptible, inappreciable, indistinguishable, insensible, undetectable 不能感知的

combustible

【考法1】 adj. 可燃的：capable of igniting and burning 【例】release a combustible gas 释放出可燃性气体 【近】burnable, combustive, flammable, ignitable, inflammable 【反】incombustible, nonburnable, noncombustible, nonflammable, noninflammable, unburnable 不可燃的; fireproof 防火的 【考法2】 adj. 容易激动的：easily excited 【例】a high-strung combustible temper 一碰就火的性格 【近】excitable, agitable, touchy

edible

【考法1】 adj. 可食用的： fit to be eaten 【例】 No chemicals in the laboratory is edible. 实验室中的任何化学试剂都不能食用 【近】 eatable, comestible, consumable, digestible, esculent 【反】 inedible 不可食用的 【派】 edibility n. 可食用

meet

【考法1】 adj. 合适的： precisely adapted to a particular situation, need, or circumstance: very proper 【例】 In this case, splitting the winnings of the contested lottery ticket seems like a meetsolution. 在这种情况 下，平分有争议的彩票奖金或许是个合适的解决方案 【近】 applicable, appropriate, apt, becoming, befitting, felicitous, fitting, proper, right, suitable 【反】 improper, inapplicable, inapposite, inappropriate, inapt, infelicitous, malapropos 不合适的

coeval

【考法1】 adj. 同时代的，同龄的：of the same or equal age, antiquity, or duration 【例】Two stars thought to be coeval because they have nearly the same mass and brightness. 两个星星同龄因为他们的质量和亮度几乎相同。 【近】coetaneous, coexisting, concurrent, contemporaneous, simultaneous, synchronic, synchronous 【反】asynchronous, noncontemporary, nonsimultaneous 不同时的

commensurate

【考法1】 adj. 同样大小的：equal in measure or extent 【例】Five yards is commensurate with fifteen feet. 5 码等于15 英尺。 【近】equal, tantamount 【反】unequal, disparate, preponderant 不相同的，（重量，重要性，数量上）超过的 【考法2】 adj. 相称的，相当的：corresponding in size or degree; proportionate 【例】a job commensurate with her abilities 一份与她能力相称的工作 【近】commensurable, commensurate, proportionate 【反】disproportionate 不相称的

elliptical

【考法1】 adj. 含糊不清的： of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style) 【例】 give an elliptical response to the inquiry 就问题给出一个含糊其辞的回答 【近】 ambiguous, arcane, cryptic, enigmatic, equivocal, inscrutable, murky, nebulous, occult, opaque, vague 【反】 clear, explicit, unambiguous, unequivocal 清晰明确的 【考法2】 adj. 椭圆的：of, relating to, or shaped like an ellipse 【近】 oval, ovate 【反】 circular, round 圆形的 【派】 ellipse n. 椭圆

appealing

【考法1】 adj. 吸引人的 attractive, inviting 【例】The large salary made Goldman Sachs's offer more appealing to him. 高薪使高盛的工作对他更有吸引力。 【近】alluring, captivating, charismatic, charming, enchanting, engaging, entrancing, luring, seductive 【反】repellent, repelling, repugnant, repulsive, unalluring 令人厌恶的，不吸引人的

arresting

【考法1】 adj. 吸引人的：attracting and holding the attention; striking 【例】an arresting spectacle 吸引人的奇观 【近】absorbing, engaging, engrossing, enthralling, fascinating, gripping, immersing, intriguing, riveting 【反】boring, drab, tedious, monotonous, uninteresting 乏味的，单调的

bland

【考法1】 adj. 味道平淡的： not irritating or stimulating; soothing 【例】 stick to bland diet to lose weight 坚持清淡的饮食以减肥 【近】 mild, light, soft, soothing, tender 【反】 pungent, tangy, zesty 味道刺激的 【考法2】 adj. 无趣的： dull, insipid 【例】 a bland story with naïve plot 一个情节幼稚的无聊故事 【近】 banal, sapless, insipid 【反】 riveting, enchanting 诱人的 【考法3】 adj. 温和的，和蔼的： not harsh or stern especially in nature or effect 【例】 bland food that was good for babies and invalids 对婴儿和病患有益的温和的食物 【近】 balmy, benign, bland, delicate, mellow, nonabrasive 【反】 abrasive, caustic, coarse, hard, harsh, rough, scathing, stern 刺激性的

congenial

【考法1】 adj. 和善的，友好的： having or marked by agreement in feeling or action 【例】 a congenial host who invited us for a feast 一位邀请我们美餐一顿的和善主人 【近】 agreeable, amicable, compatible, unanimous, united 【反】 discordant, incompatible 不和睦的，不和谐的 【考法2】 adj. 令人愉悦的： giving pleasure or contentment to the mind or senses 【例】 a couple relaxing in the congenial atmosphere of a luxury health SPA 一对沉浸在奢华水疗寓所中令 人愉快气氛里的夫妻 【近】 delightful, dulcet, felicitous, palatable 【反】 unpleasant 令人不悦的 【派】 congeniality n. 友善

affable

【考法1】 adj. 和蔼的，温和的： characterized by ease and friendliness 【例】 an affable manner 随和的举止 【近】 cordial, genial, hospitable, sociable, good-natured, good-tempered, well-disposed 【反】 irascible, testy, ill-tempered, unamiable, ungenial 易怒的，不随和的

congruent

【考法1】 adj. 和谐一致的： being in agreement, harmony, or correspondence; congruous 【例】 a theory congruent with the known facts 一个与已知事实相一致的理论 【近】 consonant, compatible, consistent, harmonious, accordant 【反】 disagreeable 不一致的；conflicting, incompatible 冲突的，不可协调的 【考法2】adj. 全等的：coinciding exactly when superimposed 【例】These two triangles are congruent. 这两个三角形是全等的 【近】identical, exact 【反】disparate 迥异的 【派】congruity n. 和谐一致

consonant

【考法1】 adj. 和谐一致的：being in agreement or harmony; free from elements making for discord 【例】 His performance was rarely consonant with his reputation. 他的表现与名气大不相符 【近】 harmonious, compatible, congenial, consistent, congruous, correspondent 【反】 conflicting, dissonant, discrepant, inconsistent 不和谐的，不一致的 【派】 consonance n. 和谐，一致

metaphysical

【考法1】 adj. 哲学上的，理论上的： dealing with or expressing a quality or idea 【例】 a work that deals with such metaphysical questions as the very nature of knowledge 一部探讨诸如"知 识的本性是什么"的理论问题的著作 【近】 conceptual, ideal, ideational, notional, theoretical 【反】 concrete 具体的，实实在在的 【考法2】 adj. 非尘世的： of, relating to, or being part of a reality beyond the observable physical universe 【例】 a metaphysical world beyond the one in which we live 在我们居住的世界之上的"超然世界" 【近】 ethereal, heavenly, otherworldly, paranormal, preternatural, transcendental, unearthly, unworldly 【反】 mundane 世俗的；natural 自然界的

erratic

【考法1】 adj. 善变的： not staying constant 【例】 business at the fast-food restaurant has been so erratic lately that the manager never knows how much staff to have on hand 快餐店的生意最近非常起伏以至于经理也不清楚需要多少人手 【近】 changing, fluctuating, irregular, unequal, unstable, unsteady, varying 【反】 changeless, constant, stable, steady, unchanging, unvarying 不变的 【考法2】 adj. 异常的，不同寻常的： different from the ordinary in a way that causes curiosity or suspicion 【例】 the key to the code was the erratic punctuation the killer used 解开密码的关键是杀手使用的不同寻常的标点符号 【近】 bizarre, eccentric, offbeat, outlandish, out-of-the-way, peculiar, quaint, queer, remarkable, screwy, spaced-out, way-out, weird

jubilant

【考法1】 adj. 喜悦的： exultingly joyful 【例】 The nominee delivered a jubilant speech before the cheering crowd. 在欢呼的人群面前，被提名人发表了 充满喜悦的演说 【近】 exulting, glorying, rejoicing, triumphant 【反】 lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的

facetious

【考法1】 adj. 喜欢开玩笑的，轻浮的： joking or jesting often inappropriately 【例】 Stop being facetious! This is the life-and-death moment. 别开玩笑了！这可是生死攸关的时刻 【近】 humorous, jocose, jocular, waggish, witty 【反】 earnest, sincere 真挚的，真诚的；lugubrious 哀怨的

didactic

【考法1】 adj. 喜欢说教的： designed or intended to teach 【例】 Parents' speech to their kids often seems to be painfully didactic. 父母对他们孩子的话都是让人痛苦的说教。 【近】 homiletic, preachy, moralistic, sententious 【反】 undidactic 不喜欢说教的

adamant

【考法1】 adj. 固执的，不可动摇的：unshakable or insistent especially in maintaining a position or opinion, unyielding; inflexible 【例】 adamant about staying here 执意留下来 【近】 hardheaded, headstrong, intransigent, pertinacious, obdurate, uncompromising 【反】 vacillatory, incline to yield, amenable, compliant, relenting, yielding 动摇的，易屈从的

intrinsic

【考法1】 adj. 固有的，内在的： of or relating to the essential nature of a thing 【例】 the intrinsic worth of a gem 宝石的内在价值 【近】 congenial, constitutional, immanent, inborn, inherent, innate, native, natural 【反】 adventitious, extraneous, extrinsic 外在的

indigenous

【考法1】 adj. 土产的，本地的： originating and living or occurring naturally in an area or environment 【例】 the culture of the indigenous people of that country 那个国家原著民的文化 【近】 aboriginal, endemic, native 【反】 exotic, extraneous, foreign 外来的；nonnative 非本地的 【考法2】 adj. 与生俱来的，先天的： being a part of the innermost nature of a person or thing 【例】 The drive to create is indigenous to humanity. 人类创造的动力是与生俱来的 【近】 constitutional, essential, immanent, inborn, inbred, ingrained, innate, integral, intrinsic, natural 反】 adventitious, extrinsic 外在的；acquired, studied 后天习得的

endemic

【考法1】 adj. 地方性的： prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality, region, or people 【例】 an endemic disease 地方性疾病 【近】 aboriginal, indigenous, native, domestic 【反】 exotic, foreign, nonindigenous, nonnative 国外的，外来的

dogged

【考法1】 adj. 坚持的，坚决的： continuing despite difficulties, opposition, or discouragement；showing no signs of slackening or yielding in one's purpose 【例】 gain respect through sheer dogged determination 凭借单纯的坚决赢得了尊重 || A madman who spent his life in dogged pursuit of power 一个一生都坚持追求权力的疯子 【近】 insistent, persevering, pertinacious, tenacious, determined 【反】 easily discouraged 容易气馁的；yielded 屈服的 【考法2】 adj. 固执的，任性的： sticking to an opinion, purpose, or course of action in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion 【例】 Your dogged adherence to a really lame argument is embarrassing. 你固执的坚持一个站不住脚的观点令人很尴尬。 【近】 adamant, hardheaded, headstrong, inflexible, intransigent, mulish, obdurate opinionated, ossified, pertinacious, self-opinionated, self-willed stubborn, unbending, uncompromising, unrelenting, unyielding, willful 【反】 acquiescent, amenable, compliant, complying, flexible, pliable, pliant, relenting, yielding 顺从的

crestfallen

【考法1】 adj. 垂头丧气的，沮丧的： dispirited and depressed; dejected 【例】 be crestfallen at the failure 因失败而垂头丧气 【近】 downcast, dispirited, low, gloomy, melancholic, sorrowful, woeful 【反】 elated, buoyant, excited, exhilarated, exultant 激动的，欢悦的

magnificent

【考法1】 adj. 壮丽的： strikingly beautiful or impressive 【例】 a magnificent cathedral 宏伟壮观的大教堂 【近】 august, epic, glorious, grand, imperial, imposing, massive, monumental, noble, regal, splendid 【反】 humble, unimpressive 平凡的 【派】 magnificence n. 壮丽，壮观

convoluted

【考法1】 adj. 复杂的，费解的： complicated; intricate 【例】 a convoluted way of describing a simple mechanism 用令人费解的方法解释一个简单的原理 【近】 complex, knotty, involved, sophisticated, twisted, tangled, labyrinthine 【反】 straightforward 直截了当的

exotic

【考法1】 adj. 外来的，不同寻常的： excitingly or mysteriously unusual 【例】 famous for her exotic tastes 她以有异域风情著称 【近】 outlandish, strange 【反】 indigenous, familiar, nonglamorous, plain-Jane, unexotic 本地的，平常的

adventitious

【考法1】 adj. 外来的，后天的： coming from another source and not inherent or innate 【例】 Moral considerations are adventitious to the study of art. 道德的考量对于艺术研究来说是不必要的。 【近】 alien, extraneous, external, foreign, supervenient 【反】 constitutional, essential, intrinsic, inborn, inbred, innate, inherent 天生的

knotty

【考法1】 adj. 多结的，复杂的，困难的：marked by or full of knots especially: so full of difficulties and complications as to be likely to defy solution 【例】 The candidates cautiously gave their views on an array of knotty issues. 候选人就一系列的困难问题谨 慎地给出了自己的看法 【近】 baroque, byzantine, complicated, convoluted, intricate, involved, labyrinthine, sophisticated, tangled 【反】 easy, effortless, plain, simple 容易的，明显的

blatant

【考法1】 adj. 大声喧哗的： noisy, especially in a vulgar or offensive manner 【例】 blatant radios 喧闹恼人的电台 【近】 boisterous, clamant, clamorous, vociferous 【反】 quiet, reticent, taciturn 沉默少语的 【考法2】 adj. （让人生厌地）惹人注目的： very noticeable especially for being incorrect or bad 【例】 a blatant lie 明目张胆的谎言 || a blatant error in simple addition 简单的加法运算中的一个明显错误 【近】 conspicuous, flagrant, glaring, patent, striking, pronounced 【反】 subtle, unimpressive 细微的

medley

【考法1】 adj. 大杂烩，混合物： an unorganized collection or mixture of various things 【例】 a medley of snack foods available on the buffet table 自助餐桌上供应着各式各样的小吃 【近】 agglomerate, collage, hodgepodge, jumble, montage, motley, muddle, salad, shuffle, variety, welter parley: conference, motley: adj. 富于变化的

leery

【考法1】 adj. 怀疑的，不信任的： suspicious or distrustful; wary 【例】 be leery of strangers 对陌生人的怀疑 【近】 dubious, distrustful, skeptical, suspicious, wary 【反】 credulous 轻信的

audacious

【考法1】 adj. 大胆的，（但往往）愚勇的： fearlessly, often recklessly daring; bold 【例】 an audacious plan 一个冒进的计划 【近】 bold, adventurous, brash, brassy, brazen, rash, reckless 【反】 cautious, circumspect, guarded, wary 小心谨慎的 【考法2】 adj. 蔑视（法律、礼节）的，无礼的： contemptuous of law, religion, or decorum 【近】 impertinent, impudent, insolent 【反】 timid, meek 温顺的 【考法3】 adj. 乐于冒险的： inclined or willing to take risks 【例】 audacious adventurers risking everything they had for a shot at glory 为了荣誉而孤注一掷的冒险家们 【近】 daring, emboldened, enterprising, nervy, venturesome 【考法4】 adj. 大胆创新的： marked by originality and verve 【例】 an audacious interpretation of two dramas 对两部戏剧的创造性阐述 【派】 audacity n. 胆量，不敬

abundant

【考法1】 adj. 大量的： marked by great plenty (as of resources) 【例】 a abundant land 一片富饶的土地 【近】 ample, cornucopian, teeming, replete, abounding 【反】 infrequent, rare, uncommon, inadequate, scanty, scarce 稀少的，罕见的

cherubic

【考法1】 adj. 天使般可爱的：innocent-looking usually chubby and rosy 【例】A representation of Cupid as a naked, cherubic boy usually is used as a symbol of love. 丘比特作为小天使 般的少年裸体画像被用作爱的象征 【反】fiendish, devilish 恶魔般的

ingenuous

【考法1】 adj. 天真淳朴的： lacking in cunning, guile, or worldliness 【例】 Photographs captured the ingenuous smiles of young children at play. 摄影家捕捉到了演出中孩子们 天真无邪的笑脸 【近】 artless, innocent, guileless, naïve, simple, unaffected, unpretending, unsophisticated 【反】 artful, cunning, sly 狡猾的；assuming, hypocritical 虚伪做作的；sophisticated, worldly 世故的，老练的 【考法2】 adj. 坦白的： openly straightforward or frank 【例】 her ingenuous thirst for knowledge 她对知识毫不掩饰的渴望 【近】 candid, frank, open, plain, unconcealed 【反】 ambiguous, equivocal, evasive 含糊其辞的

lavish

【考法1】 adj. 奢侈大量的： characterized by or produced with extravagance and profusion 【例】 lavish buffet 奢侈的自助餐 【近】 copious, exuberant, gushing, lush, luxuriant, opulent, profuse, riotous 【反】 moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate 适度的，合理的 【考法2】v. 挥霍，浪费： to give readily and in large quantities; to use up carelessly 【例】 a great actor who lavished his talent in lousy movies 将才华浪费在低劣电影上的影星 【近】 blow, dissipate, fritter, misspend, squander, waste 【反】 conserve 节约

benign

【考法1】 adj. 好心的，仁慈的：showing kindness and gentleness 【例】 a benign coach 一名仁慈的教练 【近】 beneficent, gentle, kind 【反】 abrasive, caustic, coarse, hard, harsh, rough, scathing, stern 粗暴的，严厉的 【考法2】 adj. 无害的： not causing or being capable of causing injury or hurt 【例】 Don't worry; his eccentricities are entirely benign. 别担心，他那些古怪行为不会给人带来伤害 【近】 harmless, innocent, innocuous, inoffensive 【反】 baleful, deleterious, detrimental, harmful, injurious, pernicious 有害的

aberrant

【考法1】 adj. 异常的，非常规的： deviating from the usual or natural type 【例】 This behavior might be aberrant enough to draw attention. 这样的行为已经异常得足以引起人们的注意。 【近】 abnormal, anomalous, peculiar, singular, unwonted，uncustomary 【反】 normal, natural, regular, standard, typical 正常的，标准典型的

aggressive

【考法1】 adj. 好斗的： having a quality of anger and determination that makes it ready to attack others 【例】 aggressive behavior 具有攻击性的行为 【近】 fierce, assaultive, combative, militant, confrontational, go-getting, self-assertive, truculent, pugnacious 【反】 even-tempered, nonbelligerent, pacific, uncombative, uncontentious 心平气和的，不好斗的 【考法2】 adj. 强有力的，强烈的： marked by or uttered with forcefulness 【例】 an aggressive campaign to win the African-American vote 一次能够获得非裔美国人选票的强有力的竞 选 【近】 dynamic, energetic, full-blooded, vigorous

amiable

【考法1】 adj. 好脾气的，友好易相处的：being friendly, sociable, and congenial 【例】an amiable teacher not easily annoyed 一个不易惹恼易相处的老师 【近】friendly, affable, amicable, genial, easy to get along with 【反】disagreeable, ill-natured, ill-tempered, unamiable, ungenial, ungracious, unpleasant 坏脾气的，令人不愉 快的

aloof

【考法1】 adj. 孤高的，不合群的：removed or distant either physically or emotionally 【例】an aloof church 一座孤零零的教堂； stood apart with aloof dignity 带着超然的尊严站在一旁 【近】detached, offish, unsociable, withdrawn, standoffish 【反】sociable 好社交的

conservative

【考法1】 adj. 守旧的，不愿改变的： favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change 【例】 a conservative political stance 一个守旧的政治立场 【近】 hidebound, reactionary, die-hard 【反】 radical, aggressive 激进的 【考法2】 adj. 不招摇的，低调的： not excessively showy 【例】 dressing in conservative outfits so as to make a good impression at job interviews 身着低调得体的套装 以期待在面试时留下一个好印象 【近】 muted, repressed, low-key, understated, unpretentious 【反】 flamboyant, ostentatious, splashy 浮夸的，张扬的 【考法3】 adj. 谨慎小心的： having or showing a close attentiveness to avoiding danger or trouble 【例】 He made conservative investments, and so he wasn't ruined when the market went into a free fall. 他 只做了一份谨慎保守的投资，以防市场崩盘时不至于破产 【近】 alert, heedful, cautious, circumspect, gingerly, guarded, wary, vigilant 【反】 heedless 不谨慎的，莽撞的

epic

【考法1】 adj. 宏大的，超凡脱俗的： surpassing the usual or ordinary, particularly in scope or size 【例】 his genius was epic 他聪明过人 【近】 august, grandiose, imposing, magnificent, majestic, monumental 【反】 humble, unheroic, unimpressive, modest 适度的，印象不深的

dispassionate

【考法1】 adj. 客观公正的，不易被情绪或偏见影响的：devoid of or unaffected by passion, emotion, or bias 【例】 Journalists should aim to be dispassionate observers. 记者们应该朝着成为一个公正的观察者努力。 【近】 disinterested, equal, equitable, evenhanded, impartial, just, nonpartisan, objective, unbiased, unprejudiced 【反】 biased, inequitable, nonobjective, one-sided, partial, partisan, prejudiced, unjust 有偏见的，不公正的

lenient

【考法1】 adj. 宽大仁慈的： inclined not to be harsh or strict; merciful, generous, or indulgent 【例】 the lenient sentences 仁慈的审判 【近】 clement, gentle, merciful, mild, sparing, tender, tolerant 【反】 harsh, merciless, severe, strict 残酷的，严厉的 【派】 lenience n. 仁慈

dolorous

【考法1】 adj. 忧伤的： causing, marked by, or expressing misery or grief 【例】 He lifted a pair of sapphire, dolorous eyes. 他抬起了一双忧郁的蓝宝石般的眼睛 【近】 agonized, bemoaning, bewailing, deplorable, grievous ,miserable, plaintive, rueful, sorrowful, woeful 【反】 happy, joyful, jovial, jubilant 高兴的

clement

【考法1】 adj. 宽容的，善良的：tolerant and kind in the judgment of and expectations for others 【例】 Clement judge reduced the sentence. 仁慈的法官减轻了刑罚。 【近】 charitable, lenient, merciful 【反】 harsh, severe, stern, strict 严厉的,严格的 【派】 clemency n. 仁慈 【考法2】 adj. 气候温和的：marked by temperatures that are neither too high nor too low 【例】 Hawaii is known for its delightfully clement climate. 夏威夷以它宜人的温和气候著称。 【近】 mild, genial, gentle, balmy, equable 【反】 harsh, inclement, severe 严酷的

commodious

【考法1】 adj. 宽敞舒适的comfortably or conveniently spacious: roomy 【例】a commodious closet 宽敞的衣橱 【近】spacious, roomy 【反】constricted, cramped, snug, constringed 狭窄的

affluent

【考法1】 adj. 富裕的： having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions 【例】 affluent society 富裕的社会 【近】 opulent, loaded, deep-pocketed, silk-stocking, well-endowed, well-off, well-to-do 【反】 needy, impecunious, impoverished, indigent, penurious 贫困的

measly

【考法1】 adj. 少得可怜的，微不足道的： so small or unimportant as to warrant little or no attention 【例】 gave the parking attendant a measly tip 给了停车保安少得可怜的小费 【近】 inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, minute, paltry, peanut, petty, slight, trifling, trivial 【反】 big, consequential, considerable, significant 大量的，重要的 grisly adj. inspiring repugnance; gruesome

errant

【考法1】 adj. 居无定所的： traveling from place to place 【例】 the errant gunslinger as a standard character in western novels 在西部题材小说中，叛逆的持枪歹徒是经典形象 【近】 ambulant, fugitive, nomadic, perambulatory, roaming, roving, vagabond, vagrant, wandering 【考法2】 adj. 误入歧途的，犯错误的： straying from the proper course or standards 【例】 errant youngsters 误入歧途的青少年【近】 misbehaving, mischievous 【反】 behaved, behaving, nice, orderly 行为规矩的

elephantine

【考法1】 adj. 巨大的： having enormous size or strength 【例】 an elephantine meteor crate 巨大的陨石坑 【近】 huge, colossal, enormous, gargantuan, gigantic, massive, prodigious, tremendous 【反】 microscopic, minute, tiny , infinitesimal 细微的 【考法2】 adj. 笨拙的： clumsy, ponderous 【例】 elephantine movements 笨拙的行动 【近】 awkward, graceless, maladroit 【反】 graceful 优雅的

colossal

【考法1】 adj. 巨大的：of a size, extent, or degree that elicits awe or taxes belief; immense 【例】a colossal waste of public money 对公共财产的巨大浪费 【近】huge, giant, titanic, gargantuan, mammoth, tremendous, elephantine, prodigious 【反】tiny, micro, minute, miniature, minuscule, wee, infinitesimal 微小的

inimical

【考法1】 adj. 带有敌意的： reflecting or indicating hostility 【例】 a cold, inimical voice 冰冷而不友好的声音 【近】 antagonistic, hostile, opposing, unfriendly 【反】 amiable, amicable, friendly, hospitable 友好的；amenable 服从的 【考法2】 adj. 危及某人利益的，不利的： opposed to one's interests 【例】 Laws were designed to enhance national security but some regard as inimical to cherished freedoms. 法律旨在维护国家安全，但有人认为它危及了人们最为珍贵的权力——自由 【近】 counter, disadvantageous, negative, prejudicial, unfavorable 【反】 advantageous, favorable, positive, supportive, well-disposed 有利的，利好的

minatory

【考法1】 adj. 带来威胁的，有凶兆的： being or showing a sign of evil or calamity to come 【例】 The novel's protagonist is haunted by a minatory black specter. 小说的主人公被不详的黑色幽灵所骚扰 【近】 baleful, direful, doomy, foreboding, ill-boding, inauspicious, menacing, portentous, sinister, threatening 【反】 unthreatening 不威胁的；reassuring 令人安心的 menace 威胁；minority 少数人是最有威胁的，财富与权力，甚至真理也掌握在少数人手中；mine + territory 我的地盘，谁也不准进来→威胁；monitor 监控并威胁

bathetic

【考法1】 adj. 平凡的，陈腐的： characterized by exceptional commonplaceness 【例】 a bathetic funeral scene 平凡的葬礼场面 【近】 trite, cliché, commonplace, hackneyed, stale, stereotyped 【反】 offbeat 离奇的 exceptional 不平常的，非凡的 【派】 bathos n. 平凡的事物 【记】 bathos 突降,陈腐 bath- 是深的字根,pathetic 悲惨可怜

mediocre

【考法1】 adj. 平庸的，质量中等偏下的： moderate to inferior in quality; ordinary 【例】 Without a desire for success, life is at best mediocre. 没有对成功的强烈渴望，人生最多也就是碌碌无为 【近】 average, common, commonplace, fair, indifferent, medium, ordinary 【反】 outstanding, excellent, exceptional, extraordinary, impressive, superior 优秀的 【派】 mediocrity n. 平庸者；平庸

egalitarian

【考法1】 adj. 平等主义的： affirming, promoting, or characterized by belief in equal political, economic, social, and civil rights for all people 【例】 the egalitarian principle guiding his endeavor 引导他奋斗的平等主义原则 【近】 disinterested, impartial, unprejudiced, unbiased, objective 【反】 inequitable, discriminating, unfair 有偏见的，不公平的 【派】 egalitarianism n. 平等主义

expansive

【考法1】 adj. 广阔的： having a great expanse or extent 【例】 expansive beach 广阔的沙滩 【近】 broad, extended, far-reaching, rangy 【反】 limited, narrow 有限的 【考法2】 adj. 健谈的，外向的： open and communicative; talkative or effusive 【例】 Wine made the guest expansive. 宾客们酒后变得话多。 【反】 reserved, taciturn, withdrawn, diffident 内向的

condign

【考法1】 adj. 应得的，恰当的：deserved, appropriate 【例】condign punishment 应得的惩罚 || A suspension without pay is condign punishment for breaking the company's code of business ethics 停职是违反公司商业道德准则应得的惩罚。 【近】due, deserved, merited, justified, warranted 【反】undeserved, undue, unmerited 不应得的

contentious

【考法1】 adj. 引起争论的： likely to cause contention; argumentative 【例】 contentious contents in a movie 电影中引发争论的内容 【近】 controversial, disputatious, polemical, scrappy 【考法2】 adj. 好争论的，好战的：exhibiting an often perverse and wearisome tendency to quarrels and disputes 【例】 The Tartars were a contentious people who terrorized much of Asia and eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. 鞑靼是一个好斗的民族，他在中世纪时期统治了大片亚洲和东欧的土地 【近】 belligerent, bellicose, combative, truculent, litigious, pugnacious 【反】 dovish, peace-loving 爱好和平的

awry

【考法1】 adj. 弯曲或扭曲的： in a turned or twisted position or direction 【例】 Her sunglass is awry. 她墨镜戴歪了 【近】 askew, aslant, lopsided, slanted 【反】 aligned, direct, even, straight 成行的，笔直的 【考法2】 adj./adv. 走样的（地），出差错的（地）： off the correct or expected course 【例】 Operation Redwing was initially launched by US special-operation troops in hopes of capturing or killing a Taliban leader but went awry. 由美军特种部队发起、代号为"红翼"的军事行动的起初目的是捕获或击杀一名塔利班头目，然而行动在执行过程中出现了差错 【近】 amiss, aside, astray, erroneous 【反】 right, well 无差错的 wry: v. twist, writhe adj. having a bent or twisted shape or condition

mandatory

【考法1】 adj. 强制的： forcing one's compliance or participation 【例】 GRE test is mandatory for all students, regardless of their nationality, who wish to apply for graduate schools in the United States. GRE 是每个申请美国研究生院的学生（无论国籍）所必须参加的考试 【近】 compulsory, forced, imperative, incumbent, involuntary, necessary, obligatory, peremptory, required 【反】 elective, optional, voluntary 可自由选择的，选修的

chromatic

【考法1】 adj. 彩色的： relating to colors or color 【例】the chromatic paintings of Matisse and the other Fauvists 马蒂斯和其他野兽派画家的彩色画 【近】colored , colorful, motley, multicolored, multihued, varicolored, variegated, kaleidoscopic 【反】colorless, pallid, blanched 无色的；monochromatic, monochromic, monotone, self-colored 单色的

indispensable

【考法1】 adj. 必不可少的，不可或缺的： impossible to do without 【例】 She was becoming indispensible to him. 对他而言她逐渐变得不可替代 【近】 critical, crucial, imperative, necessary, necessitous, needed, required, requisite, vital 【反】 dispensable 可替代的；redundant, superfluous, surplus 多余的

committed

【考法1】 adj. 忠诚的： loyal to a belief, organization, or group, and willing to work hard for it 【例】remain committed to one's youthful ideal 坚持不懈地追求自己年轻时的理想 【近】loyal, faithful, allegiant 【反】disloyal 不忠诚的 【派】noncommittal adj. 不明确的：giving no clear indication of attitude or feeling 【例】a noncommittal reply 一个不明确的回答 【反】confirmable 确定的

avid

【考法1】 adj. 急切渴望的： marked by keen interest and enthusiasm 【例】 avid movie fans 急切的影迷 【近】 agog, ardent, eager, keen, impatient, thirsty 【反】 apathetic, indifferent 不在乎的 【考法2】 adj. 贪婪（钱财）的： having or marked by an eager and often selfish desire especially for material possessions 【例】 She stared at the jewels with an avid glint in his eye. 她带着贪婪的目光注视着那些珠宝 【近】 acquisitive, avaricious, covetous, greedy, rapacious 【派】 avidity n. 贪婪 【记】 a video→audio video 音乐，电影，电视使许多人很热心；vivid 生动大胆活跃，都有vigorously的意思 【另】 fervid 热的, 热心的

macabre

【考法1】 adj. 恐怖的： suggesting the horror of death and decay; gruesome 【例】 Impressively, Plants vs. Zombies presented a supposedly macabre themeinsuch anenjoyableway. 令 人难忘的是，《植物大战僵尸》将一个本应该十分恐怖的主题用一种如此欢乐的方式呈现出来 【近】 appalling, atrocious, dreadful, ghastly, gruesome, hideous, horrific, nightmarish, terrific 【反】 agreeable, delightful, enjoyable, pleasant 令人愉悦的 音：妈可怕,妈可怖，我的妈呀，好可怕，可怖；remarkable 非常的

apt

【考法1】 adj. 恰当的,合适的：exactly suitable; appropriate 【例】apt remark/ choice/ description 恰当的评述、选择、描述 【近】apropos, germane, relative, relevant, appropirate 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative 无关的；inappropriate, improper, unseemly 不恰当的，不合时 宜的 【考法2】 adj. 有...倾向的，可能的：having a tendency : likely 【例】He is apt to fly out in rage. 他容易发脾气。 【近】likely, inclined, tending, given 【反】unlikely 不可能的；disinclined 没有...倾向的 【考法3】 adj. 聪明的keenly intelligent and responsive 【例】an apt pupil 一个聪明的小学生 【例】He is apt at mathematics. 他擅长数学。 【近】brilliant, clever, quick-witted, ready-witted, smart 【反】foolish, dull, dumb, stupid, unintelligent 傻的

malicious

【考法1】 adj. 恶意的： given to, marked by, or arising from malice; deliberately harmful 【例】 spread malicious gossips 散播恶意的流言蜚语 【近】 bad, cruel, despiteful, evil, malevolent, malign, mean, nasty, spiteful, vicious, virulent, wicked 【反】 benevolent, benign, benignant, charitable, kind, kindly 善良的，仁慈的【记】 mal 坏；malice

malign

【考法1】 adj. 恶意的： having or showing a desire to cause someone pain or suffering for the sheer enjoyment of it 【例】 Both parties to the divorce showed a malign desire to make each other's future life utterly miserable. 离 婚双方都表露出了恶毒的愿望，希望对方未来的生活陷入彻底的悲剧之中 【近】 bad, cruel, despiteful, evil, malevolent, malicious, mean, nasty, spiteful, vicious, virulent, wicked 【反】 benevolent, benign, benignant, charitable, kind, kindly 善良的，仁慈的 【考法2】 vt. 诽谤： to utter injuriously misleading or false reports about: speak evil of 【例】 the belief that it is possible to win an election without maligning anyone 一种信念，那就是要赢得一场选 举就不得不诽谤他人 【近】 asperse, blacken, calumniate, defame, libel, smear, traduce, vilify 【反】 acclaim, applaud, eulogize, extol, laud, praise 赞美；defend, vindicate 辩护

malodorous

【考法1】 adj. 恶臭的： having an unpleasant smell 【例】 American musteline will eject amalodorous fluid when startled. 美洲鼬科动物受惊吓时会喷出有恶臭味 的液体 【近】 fetid, foul, frowsy, funky, fusty, musty, noisome, rank, reeky, smelly, stinking, stinky 【反】 ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, perfumed, redolent, savory, scented, sweet 芳香的，有香味的 【派】 malodorn. 恶臭

diabolic

【考法1】 adj. 恶魔一般的： of, relating to, or characteristic of the devil 【例】 The police quickly mobilized to track down the diabolical serial killer. 警察迅速调动起来来追查出这个恶魔般的连环杀人狂。 【近】 demoniac, demonian, demonic, devilish, satanic 【反】 angelic, seraphic 天使般的

dulcet

【考法1】 adj. 悦耳的，令人愉悦的： pleasing to the ear; melodious; generally pleasing or agreeable 【例】 dulcet tones from harps and flutes 竖琴和长笛发出的悦耳音调 【近】 sweet, agreeable, delightful, euphonic, mellifluous, tuneful, winsome 【反】 cacophonous, grating 刺耳的

euphonious

【考法1】 adj. 悦耳的： pleasing or agreeable to the ear 【近】 mellifluous, melodious, canorous, harmonizing, symphonious, tuneful 【反】 cacophonous, discordant, disharmonious, dissonant, tuneless, unmelodious 刺耳的

invidious

【考法1】 adj. 惹人反感的： tending to cause discontent, animosity, or envy 【例】 the invidious task of arbitration 令人反感的仲裁任务 【近】 abhorrent, detestable, obnoxious, odious, repugnant, repellent 【反】 agreeable, gratifying, pleasant 令人高兴的 【考法2】 adj. 羡慕嫉妒恨的： having or showing mean resentment of another's possessions or advantages 【例】 Inevitably, his remarkable success attracted the invidious attention of the other sales representatives. 不可避免地，他巨大的成功引来了其他销售代表羡慕嫉妒恨的眼光 【近】 covetous, envious, jaundiced, jealous, resentful, green-eyed另】 envious 嫉妒的, 羡慕的

jovial

【考法1】 adj. 愉快的： markedly good-humored especially as evidenced by jollity and conviviality 【例】 a jovial host 快活的主人 【近】 blithesome, festive, gay, gleeful, jocular, jocund, jolly, mirthful 【反】 lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的

blithe

【考法1】 adj. 愉快高兴的： of a happy lighthearted character or disposition 【例】 Everyone loved her for her blithe spirit. 所有人都喜欢她开朗的性格 【近】 bright, buoyant, gay, jocular, jocund, jovial 【反】 dour, gloomy, morose, saturnine, sulky, sullen 忧郁的 【考法2】 adj. 无忧无虑的： having or showing freedom from worries or troubles 【例】 He has a blithe attitude about ever having to earn a living because he knows there's a trust fund in his future. 他对生活无忧无虑，因为他知道他的未来有信托基金可以倚靠 【近】 debonair, insouciant, lighthearted 【反】 careworn 焦虑的

fateful

【考法1】 adj. 意义重大的： involving momentous consequences 【例】 make a fateful decision to declare war 做出了宣战的重大决定 【近】 critical, crucial, important, momentous, significant 【反】 inconsequential, insignificant, petty, paltry, trivial, unimportant 不重要的 【考法2】 adj. 带来灾难的，毁灭性的： bringing death or disaster 【例】 a fateful journey 一趟致命的旅行 【近】 calamitous, cataclysmic, catastrophic, deadly, destructive, disastrous, fatal, ruinous

accidental

【考法1】 adj. 意外发生的，偶然的： occurring unexpectedly or by chance 【例】 The discovery of gold was entirely accidental. 黄金的发现纯属偶然。 【近】 incidental, fortuitous, unintended, unintentional, unpremeditated, unwitting 【反】 calculated, deliberate, intended, planned, premeditated 预先计划好的 【考法2】 adj. 附带的，不重要的： not being a vital part of or belonging to something 【例】 Its commercial value was accidental. 它的商业价值微乎其微。 【近】 alien, extraneous, external, adventitious 【反】 inherent, innate, intrinsic 内在的，固有的

brash

【考法1】 adj. 愚勇的，鲁莽的： foolishly adventurous or bold 【例】 that brash motorcyclist likes to show off by riding on only one wheel 那个鲁莽的摩托车手喜欢炫耀单轮骑车 【近】 audacious, brassy, daredevil, madcap, reckless, temerarious 【反】 circumspect, guarded, heedful, prudent, wary 【考法2】 adj. 缺乏判断力的，不明智的： showing poor judgment especially in personal relationships or social situations 【例】 He was reprimanded for his brash comments to the media about the team's coaching staff. 他因对媒体说了一些有关教练组的不明智的评论被指责。 【近】 imprudent, injudicious, tactless, undiplomatic 【反】 advisable, discreet, tactful 明智的 【记】 同rash

melodramatic

【考法1】 adj. 感情夸张的，伤感的： exaggeratedly emotional or sentimental; histrionic 【例】 Our office drama queen yet again made the melodramatic declaration that she was contemplating suicide. 我们办公室的"影后"又一次在危言耸听了：这回她说她准备自杀 【近】 dramatic, hammy, histrionic, mannered, pretentious, stagy 【反】 nondramatic, nontheatrical 平淡无奇的，非戏剧性的

eleemosynary

【考法1】 adj. 慈善的： of, relating to, or supported by charity 【例】 an eleemosynary foundation funded by the Bill Gates 由比尔·盖茨夫妇资助的慈善基金 【近】 benevolent, charitable, humane, humanitarian, philanthropic 【反】 parsimonious 吝啬的

indolent

【考法1】 adj. 懒惰的： averse to activity, effort, or movement 【例】 The sweltering afternoon made us indolent. 炎热的午后使我们懒散不愿行动 【近】 lazy, idle, shiftless, slothful, sluggish 【反】 diligent, industrious 勤奋的 【派】 indolence n. 懒惰 indoor 整天呆在家里不出去工作 in 不 + do 做 + lent 音:懒，不做事犯懒redolent adj. 芳香的

devoted

【考法1】 adj. 投入的，忠诚的： characterized by loyalty and devotion 【例】 Good teachers are devoted to learning. 好老师会专心学习。 【近】 constant, loyal, allegiant, dedicated, devout, loyal, pious, staunch, steadfast 【反】 disloyal, faithless, perfidious, unfaithful 不忠诚的；recreant, traitorous, treacherous 背叛的 【考法2】 adj. 示爱的，恩爱的： feeling or showing love 【例】 a devoted couple will enjoy sharing their lives with one another. 一对恩爱的情侣喜欢和对方一起度过自己的人生。 【近】 adoring, affectionate, fond, tender, tenderhearted 【反】 unloving 无爱心的，冷漠的

dilatory

【考法1】 adj. 拖延的，磨蹭的： tending or intended to cause delay, characterized by procrastination 【例】 dilatory tactics 拖延战术 || The homeowner is claiming that local firefighters were dilatory in responding to the call. 业主声称本地的消防队员对（火警）电话的有拖延。 【近】 delaying, procrastinating, dragging, lagging, tardy 【反】 rapid, fast, fleet, precipitate, rocketing, swift hasty, hurrying, scurrying 快速的 【记】 di双倍 + late 迟到，延迟二倍，拖拖拉拉

censorious

【考法1】 adj. 挑剔指责的： highly critical. 【例】 censorious comment 尖刻的评论 【反】 eulogistic 赞美的

fastidious

【考法1】 adj. 挑剔的，极仔细的，追求完美的： possessing or displaying careful, meticulous attention to detail 【例】 be fastidious about personal hygiene and appearance 极其注意个人卫生和外表 【近】 demanding, exacting, fussy, hypercritical, squeamish 【反】 undemanding 不挑剔的；cursory 粗略的，敷衍的；indiscriminate, uncritical 不加区分的

extravagant

【考法1】 adj. 挥霍的： given to spending money freely or foolishly 【例】 has always been extravagant with her money 挥金如土 【近】 profligate, spendthrift, squandering, thriftless, unthrifty, wasteful 【反】 frugal, conserving, economical, penny-pinching, scrimping, skimping, thrifty 节省的 【考法2】 adj. 过度的，不必要的： going beyond a normal or acceptable limit in degree or amount 【例】 the book doesn't quite merit the extravagant praise that it has received 这本书被盛赞过度 【近】 baroque, exorbitant, immoderate, inordinate, lavish, overdue, overmuch, overweening, plethoric, unconscionable, unmerciful 【反】 middling, moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate 适当适度的

contiguous

【考法1】 adj. 接壤，相邻的： sharing an edge or boundary; touching 【例】 contiguous nations at war 交战中的邻国 【近】 adjacent, abutting, neighboring, juxtaposed, verging 【反】 apart, separate 分开的 【派】 contiguity 接壤

jocular

【考法1】 adj. 搞笑的，欢乐的： characterized by joking, playful 【例】 a jocular man who could make the most serious people laugh 这个搞笑的人可以使得最严肃的人都开 怀大笑 【近】 blithesome, festive, gleeful, jocund, jovial, mirthful 【反】 lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的 joke

condescending

【考法1】 adj. 摆出高人一等的姿态的：displaying a patronizingly superior attitude 【例】treat sb. in a condescending manner 以屈尊俯就的态度对待某人 【近】patronizing 【派】condescension n. 屈尊俯就：patronizing attitude or behavior

mendacious

【考法1】 adj. 撒谎的，虚假的： telling or containing lies 【例】 mendacious tales about his adventures 关于他冒险的虚假传说 【近】 dishonest, deceitful, fallacious, lying, spurious, untruthful 【反】 authentic, honest, truthful, veracious 真实的，诚实的

dissolute

【考法1】 adj. 放荡的，无节制的： lacking moral restraint; indulging in sensual pleasures or vices. 【例】 lead a dissolute life 过着放荡无节制的生活 【近】 dissipated, libertine, rakish, reprobate 【反】 abstinent, abstemious, temperate, ascetic, stoic, spartan, self-denying 自制节制的；pure, uncorrupt, uncorrupted 纯洁的，未堕落的

acute

【考法1】 adj. 敏锐的： marked by keen discernment or intellectual perception especially of subtle distinctions, penetrating 【例】 an acute thinker 思维敏锐的思想者 【近】 delicate, fine, keen, perceptive, sensitive 【考法 2】 adj. 严重的，急性的： needing immediate attention 【例】 acute appendicitis 急性阑尾炎 【近】 exigent, imperative, compelling, urgent 【反】 mild, noncritical, nonurgent 轻微的，不严重的 【考法3】 adj. （程度、影响）极强： extreme in degree, or effect 【例】 experiencing acute distress over the misunderstanding with her best friend 因误会她的死党陷入了深深的痛苦 【近】 dreadful, excruciating, profound 【反】 light, moderate, soft 程度温和的

inchoate

【考法1】 adj. 新生的： in an initial or early stage 【例】 inchoate feelings of affection for a man 刚刚产生的好感 【近】 aborning, beginning, inceptive, incipient, initial, nascent 【反】 adult, full-blown, full-fledged, mature, ripe 成熟的，成型的；moribund 将死的 【考法2】 adj. 未完全成型的： imperfectly formed or developed 【例】 a vague, inchoate notion 模糊而不成形的想法 【近】 amorphous, formless, shapeless, undeveloped, unformed, unshaped

extraneous

【考法1】 adj. 无关的： having no relevance 【例】 an extraneous digression 无关的跑题 【近】 impertinent, inapplicable, irrelative, accidental, adventitious, external 【反】 applicable, apposite, apropos, germane, pertinent, relative, relevant 相关的 【考法2】 adj. 非主要因素的： not forming an essential or vital part 【例】 the architect's streamlined modern style shuns any sort of extraneous ornamentation 建筑师流线型的现代设计避免了一切多余的装饰 【近】 accidental, adventitious, alien, external, foreign 【反】 essential, inherent, innate, intrinsic 本质的，核心的

incontrovertible

【考法1】 adj. 无可争议的： not open to question 【例】 incontrovertible facts 无可非议的事实 【近】 certain, inarguable, incontestable, indisputable, indubitable, positive, sure, undeniable, unquestionable 【反】 arguable, controversial, debatable, disputable, problematic, questionable, refutable 有争议的 【派】 incontrovertibility n. 无可争议

callous

【考法1】 adj. 无同情心的, 冷漠的： emotionally hardened; unfeeling 【例】a callous indifference to the suffering of others 对他人的痛苦的漠不关心 【近】affectless, uncharitable, unsparing, remorseless, indurate, ruthless 【反】sympathetic, compassionate, merciful, tender, warmhearted 有同情心的

amorphous

【考法1】 adj. 无固定形状的having no definite form: shapeless 【例】an amorphous cloud mass 一团无定形的云 【近】shapeless, unformed, unshaped 【考法2】adj. 不可归类的being without definite character or nature : unclassifiable 【例】an amorphous segment of society 不可归类的社会阶段 【近】unclassifiable

intangible

【考法1】 adj. 无法感知的，无形的： incapable of being perceived by the senses 【例】 intangible value of a good reputation 良好声誉的无形价值 【近】 impalpable, imperceptible, imponderable, inappreciable, indiscernible, insensible, invisible 【反】 corporeal 肉体的，有形的；palpable, tactile, tangible, touchable 可感知的

innocuous

【考法1】 adj. 无害的： producing no injury 【例】 The government enacted a more strict regulation on innocuous preservatives. 政府对无害防腐剂制定了更为严格的规定 【近】 anodyne, benign, harmless, inoffensive, nontoxic, safe 【反】 damaging, detrimental, harmful, injurious, noxious, pernicious 有害的 【考法2】 adj. 乏味的，不会引起敌意的： not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility 【例】 He made an innocuous remark to avoid conflict. 为了避免冲突，他做了一个中庸的评价 【近】 bland, inoffensive, insipid, neutral, sapless 【反】 provoking 刺激性的 in 无 + noc- 坏的，毒的；innoxious 无害，无毒的<br/>【另】 nocent 有害的, noxious 有害的，有毒的，innoxious 无害，无毒的, obnoxious 不愉快的, 讨厌的<br/>

interminable

【考法1】 adj. 无尽头的： having or seeming to have no end 【例】 A large audience fell asleep during the interminable sermon. 许多观众都在冗长的布道演说上睡着了 【近】 continual, ceaseless, endless, everlasting, perpetual 【反】 completed 完成的

infinite

【考法1】 adj. 无尽的，无限的： having no boundaries or limits 【例】 the idea of an infinite universe 无限宇宙的概念 【近】 endless, boundless, limitless, immeasurable, unfathomable 【反】 finite 有限的；bounded, circumscribed, confined, definite, limited, restricted 有界限的，受限的 【派】 infinity n. 无限

insouciant

【考法1】 adj. 无忧虑的，不在乎的： free from concern, worry, or anxiety 【例】 an insouciant shrug 无所谓地耸耸肩 【近】 carefree, casual, indifferent, nonchalant, unconcerned 【反】 anxious, careworn 焦虑的；concerned, worried 关注的，担心的 【派】 insouciance n. 不在乎 in + soul

footloose

【考法1】 adj. 无拘无束的，自由的： having no attachments or ties; free to do as one pleases 【例】 After having been chained for so long, the suddenly footloose dog ran about the yard tirelessly. 这只长期被锁链束缚的小狗因为突然之间获得了自由，在院子里不知疲倦地奔跑 【近】 loose, unbound, unconfined, unfettered, unrestrained, untrammeled 【反】 bound, confined, restrained, tied 有束缚的

aboveboard

【考法1】 adj. 无欺诈的，光明正大的： free from all traces of deceit or duplicity 【例】 This transaction was totally aboveboard, so there was no reason to question it. 这项交易完全公开公 正，没有必要质疑。 【反】 chicanery, surreptitious, underhanded 偷偷摸摸的

inexorable

【考法1】 adj. 无法劝阻的，不为所动的： not to be persuaded, moved, or stopped 【例】 the seemingly inexorable rise in unemployment 看起来无法阻止其高攀的失业率 【近】 inflexible, adamant, obdurate, relentless, rigid, unyielding 【反】 flexible 易受影响的；yielding 屈服的 【派】 inexorably adv. 势不可挡地

airtight

【考法1】 adj. 无瑕疵的： having no noticeable weakness, flaw, or loophole 【例】 an airtight argument 滴水不漏、无懈可击的论断 【考法 2】 adj. 密封的，不透气的：impermeable to air or nearly so 【例】 an airtight seal 不透气的封口

inanimate

【考法1】 adj. 无生命的： not having the qualities associated with active, living organisms 【例】 He thinks that inanimate objects have a life of their own. 他认为无生命的事物其实也是有生命的 【近】 dead, lifeless, insensible, insentient, senseless, unfeeling 【反】 animate, living 有生命的

bootless

【考法1】 adj. 无用的： useless, unprofitable, futile 【例】 The meeting turns out to be a bootless attempt. 这个会议被证明是一次徒劳的尝试 【近】 barren, ineffective, futile, abortive, fruitless, vain 【反】 worthy, virtuous 有价值的

intrepid

【考法1】 adj. 无畏的： characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance 【例】 an intrepid explorer 无畏的探险家 【近】 audacious, brave, bold, courageous, dauntless, fearless, gallant, valiant, valorous 【反】 apprehensive 恐惧的；cowardly, craven, gutless, pusillanimous, timorous 怯懦的，胆小的 【派】 intrepidity n. 无所畏惧

insensible

【考法1】 adj. 无知觉的： having lost consciousness, especially temporarily 【例】 The security guard was knocked insensible by a sudden blow. 保安被突如其来的一击敲晕了 【近】 anesthetic, insensate, senseless, unfeeling, unconscious 【反】 conscious 神志清醒的 【考法2】 adj. 漠不关心的： not emotionally responsive 【例】 insensible to workers' requests 对工人的要求无动于衷 【近】 apathetic, bloodless, callous, dull, impassive, indifferent, nonchalant, phlegmatic 【反】 concerned 关切的 【考法3】 adj. 粗俗的，没品味的： lacking in refinement or good taste 【例】 She married an insensible brute upon whom the niceties of life were completely lost.她嫁给了一个毫无品味的凡夫俗子，从此她的生活再无任何情趣 【近】 crass, crude, incult, lowbred, tasteless, uncouth, uncultivated, uncultured, unpolished, unrefined, vulgar 【反】 civilized, cultivated, cultured, genteel, polished, refined, smooth, tasteful 有品位的

abject

【考法1】 adj. 无精打采的： cast down in spirit, spiritless 【例】 a man made abject by suffering 被生活折磨得无精打采的人 【近】 spiritless 【反】 spirited, excited, exultant 狂喜的，令人兴奋的 【考法2】 adj. （地位、身份）悲惨、凄凉的： sunk to or existing in a low state or condition 【例】 abject poverty 让人绝望的贫穷 【考法3】 adj. 卑微的，讨好的： expressing or offered in a humble and often ingratiating spirit 【例】 abject flattery 卑躬屈膝般的恭维； an abject apology 讨好般的、真心的道歉 【近】 base, humble, menial, servile, slavish

labile

【考法1】 adj. 易变的，不稳定的： continually undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change; unstable 【例】 labile mineral 不稳定的矿物质‖an emotionally labile person 一个多愁善感的人 【近】 capricious, fluctuating, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, temperamental, unsettled, unsteady, variable, volatile 【反】 constant, immutable, invariable, stable, stationary, steady 稳定的

abject

【考法1】 adj. 无精打采的： cast down in spirit, spiritless 【例】 a man made abject by suffering 被生活折磨得无精打采的人 【近】 spiritless 【反】 spirited, excited, exultant 狂喜的，令人兴奋的 【考法2】 adj. （地位、身份）悲惨、凄凉的： sunk to or existing in a low state or condition 【例】 abject poverty 让人绝望的贫穷 【考法3】 adj. 卑微的，讨好的： expressing or offered in a humble and often ingratiating spirit 【例】 abject flattery 卑躬屈膝般的恭维； an abject apology 讨好般的、真心的道歉 【近】 base, humble, menial, servile, slavish abject 可怜的，deject 使沮丧，eject 逐出 喷射，inject 注射 注入，interject 插嘴, 突然插入<br/>，object 物体 反对，project 发射 放映 工程，reject 拒绝，subject 主题，traject 传导

jejune

【考法1】 adj. 无趣乏味的： not interesting; dull 【例】 jejune lectures 无聊的讲座 【近】 arid, drab, dreary, leaden, monotonous, ponderous, tedious, weary 【反】 absorbing, engaging, engrossing, gripping, interesting, intriguing, involving, riveting, thought provoking 促人深思的，吸引人的 【考法2】 adj. 幼稚的： having or showing the annoying qualities (as silliness) associated with children 【例】 an essay filled with jejune, simplistic opinions about international politics 充满着有关国际政治的幼稚、简 单看法的文章 【近】 adolescent, immature, infantile, juvenile, kiddish, puerile 【反】 adult, grown-up, mature 成熟的

incandescent

【考法1】 adj. 明亮灿烂的： strikingly bright, radiant, or clear 【例】 incandescent light bulbs 明亮的灯泡 【近】 beaming, brilliant, dazzling, effulgent, glowing, lucent, luminous, lustrous, radiant, refulgent, shining 【反】 dim, dull, lackluster 黯淡的 【考法2】 adj. 热情饱满的： characterized by glowing zeal 【例】 It makes me incandescent with fury. 它让我愤怒不已 【近】 ardent, demonstrative, emotional, fervid, impassioned, passionate, torrid, vehement 【反】 cold, cool, dispassionate, emotionless, impassive, unemotional 无感情的，漠然的

judicious

【考法1】 adj. 明智的，慎重的： having or exhibiting sound judgment; prudent 【例】 a judicious choice 明智的抉择 【近】 intelligent, judgmatic, prudent, tactical, wise 【反】 daft, imprudent, inadvisable, inexpedient, indiscrete, impolitic, unwise 愚蠢的，轻率的

levelheaded

【考法1】 adj. 明智的： characteristically self-composed and sensible 【例】 a levelheaded assessment of the problem 对于问题的一个明智的评估 【近】 informed, justified, logical, rational, reasonable, sensible, sober, valid, well-founded 【反】 foolish 愚蠢的；groundless, invalid, unfounded, unjustified, unsound 没有根据的，理由不充分的

dingy

【考法1】 adj. 昏暗的，肮脏的： darkened with smoke and grime; dirty or discolored. 【例】 A dingy room is always Dickensian image of the poor. 一个肮脏而昏暗的房间经常作为狄更斯时代的穷人形象。|| The bed sheets were pretty dingy so we threw them in the laundry pile. 床单太脏了以至于我们把它扔进了脏衣服堆。 【近】 darkened, dirty, bedraggled, bemired, besmirched, dusty, mucky, muddy, nasty, smudged, soiled, sordid, stained, sullied 【反】 clean, cleanly, immaculate, spotless, stainless, unsoiled, unstained, unsullied 干净的【记】 音：顶饥，最需要顶饥的是那些要饭的，肮脏，面色无光，破烂的；音：钉紧， 钉紧的(房子)里是肮脏，破旧，变色的，因为已经长久不用了

choleric

【考法1】 adj. 易怒的，暴躁的：easily angered; bad-tempered. 【例】choleric disposition 易怒的性情 || men of the choleric type take to kicking and smashing 易怒的人喜欢踢和 打碎东西 【近】crabby, cranky, irascible, peevish, petulant, bad-tempered, hot-tempered, short-tempered, testy 【反】difficult to provoke, pacific, placid, calm, serene, tranquil, composed, nonchalant 难以被激怒的，平静的 【派】choler n. 易怒：ready disposition to irritation : irascibility also : anger 【考法2】 adj. 生气的：feeling or showing anger: angry, irate 【例】I absolutely get choleric when a salesman calls during the dinner hour. 当一个推销员午休时间打来电话的 时候我彻底愤怒了。 【近】angered, apoplectic, ballistic, enraged, furious, incensed, inflamed, enflamed, infuriated, irate, ireful, outraged, rankled, riled, wrathful 【反】angerless, delighted, pleased

brittle

【考法1】 adj. 易碎的，脆弱的，易坏的： easily broken, cracked, or snapped 【例】 as brittle as glass 像玻璃一样脆弱 【近】 crispy, crumbly, flaky, friable 【考法2】 adj. 不热心的，不真心的： lacking in friendliness or warmth of feeling 【例】 a brittle apology that was anything but heartfelt 一个毫不真诚的道歉 【近】 chilly, frigid, frosty, glacial, unfriendly, unsympathetic 【反】 cordial, genial, warmhearted 热心的 【记】 break + bottle 是易碎的

fragile

【考法1】 adj. 易碎的： easily broken or destroyed 【例】 a fragile piece of glass 一块易碎的玻璃 【近】 breakable, feeble, frail, friable, frangible, infirm, unsound, weak 【反】 tough, durable 抗打击的 【考法2】 adj. 易受伤的，脆弱的： easily injured without careful handling 【例】 Babies are extremely fragile, so remember to care for them gently. 小孩子特别容易受伤，所以要记得温柔地对待他们 【近】 delicate, sensitive 【派】 fragility n. 脆弱

manifest

【考法1】 adj. 显然的，明显易懂的： clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious 【例】 He is a manifest poseur. 他显然是个装模作样的人 【近】 apparent, clear, distinct, evident, lucid, obvious, palpable, patent, perspicuous, plain, transparent 【反】 cryptic, enigmatic, indistinct, mysterious, obfuscated, obscure, unclear 晦涩的，难懂的 【考法2】 v. 显现，显露： to make evident or certain by showing or displaying 【例】 His frustration is often manifested by a minor facial tic. 他的沮丧通常会从脸部的细微抽搐中表现出来 【近】 bespeak, betray, demonstrate, display, evince, expose, reveal 【反】 conceal, hide 隐藏 【派】 manifesto n. 宣言，声明

conspicuous

【考法1】 adj. 显而易见的，吸引人的： obvious to the eye or mind, attracting attention 【例】 a conspicuous change in her appearance 她外貌的明显改变 【近】 apparent, clear, distinct, evident, manifest, plain, patent, noticeable 【反】 hidden, concealed 隐藏的 【派】 conspicuousness n. 显然性

catholic

【考法1】 adj. 普遍的，包容的： not limited or specialized in application or purpose 【例】 a catholic taste in music 对于音乐的兼容并包的品味 【近】 unlimited, unqualified, unrestricted, unspecialized, all-around (also all-round) 【反】 narrow, limited, restricted, specialized 狭隘的

cosmopolitan

【考法1】 adj. 有世界性眼光的，包容的： having worldwide rather than limited or provincial scope or bearing 【例】 a cosmopolitan traveler 云游四海的旅行者 【近】 universal, catholic, global, worldwide 【反】 insular, provincial 狭隘的 【派】 cosmopolitism n. 世界主义，天下主义

confident

【考法1】 adj. 有信心的，自信的：having or showing assurance and self-reliance 【例】Thicker and fuller hair would make a man more confident at work. 越来越浓密的头发让男人在工作中 更加自信。 【近】assured, self-assured, self-confident 【反】diffident 不自信的

lucid

【考法1】 adj. 有光亮的： suffused with light 【例】 Those lucid bands that spread across the arctic sky are known as aurora borealis, or the northern lights. 那些蔓延在北极的天空中光带就是北极光 【近】 beaming, brilliant, dazzling, glowing, incandescent, lucent, luminous, lustrous, radiant, refulgent, splendid 【反】 dim, dull, lackluster 黯淡无光的 【考法2】 adj. 神志清醒的： having full use of one's mind and control over one's actions 【例】 decided to make out her will while she was still lucid 决定趁着她神志还清醒，列出她的遗愿 【近】 balanced, clearheaded, normal, right, sane, stable 【反】 brainsick, crazy, insane, lunatic, mad, maniac 疯狂的 【考法3】 adj. 表达清晰的, 简单易懂的： easily understood 【例】 The teaching assistant tried to make his instructions as lucid as possible so that everyone would understand what to do. 助教努力使自己的指令容易理解，从而让所有人都知道应该要干什么 【近】 apprehensible, clear, comprehensible, intelligible, palpable, patent, pellucid, plain, understandable 【反】 ambiguous, enigmatic, equivocal, indistinct, obfuscated, obscure, unclear 模糊不明确的

lustrous

【考法1】 adj. 有光泽的： having a shiny surface or finish 【例】 lustrous black hair 乌黑光亮的头发 【近】 brilliant, burnished, gleaming, glistening, glossy, polished, refulgent, rubbed, shining, sleek, splendid 【反】 dim, dull, lackluster, lusterless 昏暗的

deleterious

【考法1】 adj. 有害的： harmful often in a subtle or unexpected way 【例】 deleterious to health 对健康有害的 【近】 adverse, baleful, baneful, detrimental, mischievous, nocuous, noxious, pernicious 【反】 beneficial, salutary, salubrious, wholesome, benign, harmless, innocuous 有益的，安全无害的

baleful

【考法1】 adj. 有害的： harmful or malignant in intent or effect 【例】 a policy with baleful effects 一个带来不良后果的政策 【近】 harmful, pernicious, detrimental 【反】 beneficent 有益的 【考法2】 adj. 凶兆的： foreboding or threatening evil 【例】 a baleful look 面露凶色 【近】 direful, doomy, ominous, ill-boding, minatory, portentous, sinister 【反】 unthreatening 不构成威胁的 【考法3】 adj. 致命的： likely to cause or capable of causing death 【例】 a medicine that is beneficial in small doses but baleful in large 是药三分毒 【近】 deadly, fatal, lethal 【反】 healthy, wholesome 有益健康的

elastic

【考法1】 adj. 有弹性的： easily resuming original shape after being stretched or expanded 【例】 elastic rubber band 弹性橡胶圈 【近】 bouncy, flexible, malleable, resilient, stretchable, supple 【反】 rigid, stiff 僵化的 【考法2】 adj. 能（迅速从伤痛中）恢复的： capable of recovering quickly especially from depression or disappointment 【例】 owe her success to an elastic optimistic nature 将她的成功归因于能迅速走出悲伤的乐观品质 【近】 adaptable, adjustable, buoyant, pliable, volatile 【反】 established, fixed, immutable 不变的 【派】 inelastic adj. 无弹性的，非弹性的

ascendant

【考法1】 adj. 有影响力的，主宰的：dominant in position or influence; superior. 【例】This idea was in the ascendant. 这种思想处于主导地位。 【近】superior, dominant, sovereign 【反】having no influence/ power 没有影响力的 【考法2】 adj. 上升的：moving upward : rising 【例】The teacher told the students to write even numbers in ascendant order. 老师让学生们按升序写出偶数。 【反】declining 下降的

dappled

【考法1】 adj. 有斑点的，花的： marked with small spots or contrasting with the background; mottled, spotted 【例】 a dappled fawn 一只小花鹿 【近】 blotchy, mottled, specked, piebald, splotched, stippled 【反】 unspotted 没有斑点的 【考法2】 adj. 色彩斑斓的： having blotches of two or more colors 【例】 a forest that was vibrant with the dappled foliage of autumn 充满秋天的生机、色彩斑斓的森林 【近】 marbled, mottled, piebald, pinto, splotched, spotted

buoyant

【考法1】 adj. 有浮力的： capable of floating 【例】 a buoyant balloon 一个能浮起来的气球 【反】 leaden 沉重的 【考法2】 adj. 心情好的： having or showing a good mood or disposition 【例】 in a buoyant mood 轻松快乐的心情 【近】 blithe, chipper, eupeptic, lightsome, upbeat, winsome, effervescent 【反】 dour, gloomy, morose, saturnine, sullen 沮丧的

conducive

【考法1】 adj. 有益的，有促进的：tending to promote or assist 【例】be conducive to education 于教育有利的 【例】The state's long-standing low tax is conducive to entrepreneurship. 政府长期的低税率有利于创业者。 【近】facilitative, useful 【反】unhelpful, useless 无用的

intimate

【考法1】 adj. 有紧密联系的，亲密无间的： marked by very close association, contact, or familiarity 【例】 intimate friends since childhood 孩童时期以来的密友 【近】 familiar, close, confidential 【反】 distant, remote 疏远的 【考法2】 adj. 不为人知的： not known or meant to be known by the general populace 【例】 They broke up after she shared intimate information with all 500 of her closest friends. 在她把那些不为人知的消息告诉了她500 个朋友之后，他们分手了 【近】 confidential, esoteric, nonpublic, secret 【反】 open, public 公开的 【考法3】 n. 密友： a person who has a strong liking for and trust in another 【例】 Usually quite aloof in public, he's actually quite relaxed with his intimates. 通常他在大众面前显得比较孤 傲，但和好朋友在一起时他却是个很放松的人 【近】 acquaintance, amigo, comrade, confidant, friend, insider, mate 【反】 stranger 陌生人；enemy, foe 敌人 【考法4】 v. 迂回地交流，间接地沟通： to communicate delicately and indirectly 【例】 intimate a wish to leave 暗示想离开 【近】 allude, connote, hint, imply, indicate, infer, suggest 【反】 articulate 清晰明确地说

ingrained

【考法1】 adj. 本质的，根深蒂固的： forming a part of the essence or inmost being; firmly established 【例】 ingrained prejudice against foreigners 对外国人根深蒂固的偏见 【近】 constitutional, immanent, inborn, indigenous, inherent, innate, intrinsic 【反】 adventitious 外来的，偶然的；extraneous, extrinsic 非本质的，外在的 【派】 ingrain 灌输，使根深蒂固

astute

【考法1】 adj. 机敏的，有洞察力的：having or showing shrewdness and perspicacity 【例】Astute salesmen know how to invest emotionally. 精明的推销员知道如何进行感情投资。 【近】canny, smart, shrewd, perspicacious, clear-eyed, clear-sighted, savvy, hardheaded 【反】unknowing 无知的

disjointed

【考法1】 adj. 机能失调的： being thrown out of orderly function 【例】 a disjointed society 混乱的社会 【近】 chaotic, disorderly 【反】 orderly, regular, systematic 有序的，规律的，系统的 【考法2】 adj. 不连贯的： not clearly or logically connected 【例】 a disjointed speech about a hodgepodge of things 关于一大堆杂事的不连贯的演讲 【近】 disconnected, unconnected 【反】 coherent, connected 连贯的

eminent

【考法1】 adj. 杰出的： exhibiting eminence especially in standing above others in some quality or position 【例】 an eminent young scientist 一名杰出的青年科学家 【近】 famous, celebrated, distinguished, famed, notable, prominent, renowned 【反】 mediocre, undistinguished 中庸的，平凡的 【派】 eminence n. 杰出，显赫

meticulous

【考法1】 adj. 极为谨慎的： marked by extreme or excessive care in the consideration or treatment of details 【例】 He was so meticulous about everything. 他对所有事都一丝不苟 【近】 careful, conscientious, exact, fussy, heedful, painstaking, punctilious, scrupulous 【反】 careless, feckless, heedless, thoughtless 疏忽大意的

abysmal

【考法1】 adj. 极低的或极可怜的： immeasurably low or wretched 【例】 abysmal living conditions 极可怜的生活条件 近 bottomless 反 shallow shoal 【考法2】 adj. （程度）很深的、极端的： immeasurably great 【例】 abysmal ignorance 极端的无知；an abysmal cliff 深不见底的悬崖 【近】 profound 【反】 skin-deep, superficial 肤浅的

draconian

【考法1】 adj. 极其残酷的；十分严厉的： exceedingly harsh; very severe 【例】 abolish a draconian legal code 废除一部严酷的法典 【近】 rigid, ironhanded, strict, stringent 【反】 mild, genial, lenient 温和的

atrocious

【考法1】 adj. 极坏的, 极其残忍的：extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel 【例】Murder is an atrocious crime. 犯罪是一种极其恶劣的犯罪活动。 【近】heinous 【反】benign, kind, kindhearted, benignant, good-hearted, humane, sympathetic, tenderhearted 善良的，好的 【考法2】 adj. 让人极为不满意的 extremely unsatisfactory 【例】The service on plane was atrocious. 飞机上的服务让人极为不满意。 【反】satisfactory 令人满意的； wonderful 精彩的，极好的【记】 音：戳死，杵死，处死，都是残忍的杀死；音：龌龊死，一个人龌龊卑鄙到死，极坏；a +<br/>truck 卡车；美国有象火车头一样的大卡车，横冲直撞很残忍，很多交通事故与大卡车有关

agog

【考法1】 adj. 极度感兴趣的： showing urgent desire or interest 【例】 Children were agog over new toys. 孩子们见到了新玩具极其兴奋。 【近】 avid, ardent, enthusiastic, solicitous, voracious 【反】 apathetic, indifferent, uneager, unenthusiastic 漠不关心的，无情的

apoplectic

【考法1】 adj. 极度愤怒的：extremely angry; furious 【例】He became apoplectic about wasteful government spending. 他对于政府的浪费开销变得怒不可遏。 【例】The coach was so apoplectic when the player missed the free throw that he threw his clipboard onto the court. 教练对球员罚篮不进非常气愤以至于把战术板扔到了球场上。 【近】choleric, enraged, furious, incensed, indignant, infuriated, irate, ireful, outraged 【反】angerless, delighted, pleased 不生气的，高兴的【记】 apo 音：阿婆 + complicated 阿婆情况复杂了，中风了，因为愤怒气着了

integral

【考法1】 adj. 构成整体所必需的： essential to completeness 【例】 an integral part of the undergraduate curriculum 本科生课程的必修部分 【近】 critical, essential, indispensable, necessary, requisite, vital 【反】 redundant, superfluous, surplus 多余的 【考法2】 adj. 完整的： not lacking any part or member that properly belongs to it 【例】 the belief that athletics are essential to an integral life 坚信运动是完整的人生所不可或缺的一部分 【近】 comprehensive, entire, full, grand, intact, perfect, plenary, total, whole 【反】 imperfect, incomplete 不完美的，不完整的；partial 部分的

limp

【考法1】 adj. 柔软的，松散的： lacking firm texture, substance, or structure 【例】 Her hair hung limp about her shoulders. 她的头发软沓沓地垂在肩上 【近】 droopy, flaccid, floppy, lank, yielding 【反】 firm, stiff, sturdy, tense 坚硬的；resilient 有弹性的 【考法2】 adj. 软弱的，没有精神的： lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless 【例】 The team's limp performance has many people calling for the head coach's resignation. 队伍不给力 的表现让许多人呼吁教练下课 【近】 enervated, lackadaisical, languid, languishing, languorous, spiritless 【反】 ambitious, enterprising 有雄心壮志的； animated, energetic, motivated 精力充沛的，有积极性的 【考法3】 vi. 跛行，艰难地行走： to move or proceed haltingly or unsteadily 【近】The project limped along with half its previous funding. 项目靠着之前一半的资金艰难地进展 【近】blunder, bumble, lumber, plod, struggle, stumble, trudge

lissome

【考法1】 adj. 柔软的： easily bent; supple 【例】 Rattan is such a lissome material that it can be used for all manner of furniture and baskets. 藤是一 种非常柔软而有韧性的材料，因此可以被用于形形色色的家具和篮子之中 【近】 flexible, limber, lithe, pliable, pliant, supple 【反】 solid 坚硬的；inflexible, rigid, stiff, stiffened 僵硬的 【考法2】 adj. 敏捷的，轻盈的： having the ability to move with ease; limber 【例】 a lissome ballerina 身姿矫捷的女芭蕾舞演员 【近】 agile, featly, feline, gracile, lithesome, nimble 【反】 awkward, clumsy, graceless, ungainly 笨拙的

exemplary

【考法1】 adj. 榜样的，值得效仿的： constituting, serving as, or worthy of being a pattern to be imitated 【例】 as a hospital volunteer he has given exemplary service to his community 他作为医疗志愿者为社区起到了模范的作用 【近】 monitory, archetypal, imitable, paradigmatic, quintessential 【派】 exemplify v. （通过榜样）示范，显示： to show or illustrate by example 【考法2】 adj. 作为警告的： serving as or offering a warning 【例】 armies have traditionally used public execution as an exemplary punishment for the crime of desertion 军队通常将公开处决作为玩忽职守罪的惩罚，以儆效尤 【近】 admonishing, admonitory, monitory, premonitory, warning

diaphanous

【考法1】 adj. 模糊的，非实在的： vague or insubstantial 【例】 only a diaphanous hope of success 只有一丝成功的希望 【近】 vague, obscure, unexplicit, insubstantial, immaterial 【反】 substantial 实在的；clear, distinct 清晰的 【考法2】 adj. （质地精致得）几乎透明的： of such fine texture as to be transparent or translucent 【例】 The bride wore a diaphanous veil. 新娘戴着透明的面纱。 【近】 transparent, translucent, transpicuous, gossamer 【反】 opaque, impermeable of light 不透明的, 不透光的

ancillary

【考法1】 adj. 次要的：of secondary importance 【例】The company hopes to boost its sales through ancillary products. 公司想通过辅助产品来增加销量。 【近】subordinate, subsidiary 【反】main 主要的；paramount 最主要的 【考法2】 adj. 辅助的，补充的 : auxiliary, supplementary 【例】the need for ancillary evidence 对补充证据的需要 【例】Some practice in the deft use of words may well be ancillary to the study of natural science. 熟练使用文 字的练习对于自然科学的研究也是有帮助的。 【近】auxiliary, supplementary

jocund

【考法1】 adj. 欢快的，高兴的： sprightly and lighthearted in disposition, character, or quality 【例】 old friends engaged in jocund teasing 老朋友相见，互相打趣调侃 【近】 blithesome, jocose, jocular, jolly, jovial, mirthful, sunny 【反】 lachrymose, saturnine 悲哀的；dour, dreary, morose, serious 阴郁的【记】 joke；音：找坑的，整天在BBS上灌水挖坑，还四处找坑挖，真是快乐啊

assertive

【考法1】 adj. 武断的，强烈自信的：inclined to bold or confident assertion; aggressively self-assured. 【例】You will have to make many personal judgments when being assertive. 当武断的时候你不得不做出很多个 人选择。 【近】assertory, self-assured, self-assertive, peremptory 【反】diffident 不自信的

lopsided

【考法1】 adj. 歪的，倾斜的： leaning to one side 【例】 The portrait in the foyer was lopsided. 门厅里的画像挂歪了 【近】 askew, aslant, crazy, listing, oblique, pitched, skewed, slanted, tipping, uneven 【反】 even, level, straight 平的 【考法2】 adj.不平衡的，不协调的： lacking in balance, symmetry, or proportion 【例】 The arrangement of the furniture was lopsided. 家具的摆放太不协调了‖a lopsided score of 4-0 四比零的压倒比分 【近】 asymmetric, disproportional, irregular, off-balance, unbalanced, unequal 【反】 balanced 平衡的；symmetrical 对称的

figurative

【考法1】 adj. 比喻的： expressing one thing in terms normally denoting another with which it may be regarded as analogous 【例】 The word here is used in its figurative sense. 这个词在这里取它的比喻义 【近】 extended, metaphorical 【反】 literal 字面上的，逐字逐句的

everlasting

【考法1】 adj. 永恒的，持久的： lasting forever; eternal 【例】 To his everlasting credit, he never once gave in to temptation. 他人品非常好，从来没有受到诱惑。 【近】 ageless, enduring, eternal, immortal, imperishable, perennial, perpetual, undying 【反】 impermanent, mortal, temporary, transient, ephemeral 短暂的

eternal

【考法1】 adj. 永恒的： having infinite duration; everlasting; perpetual 【例】 eternal love 永恒的爱 【近】 ageless, everlasting, immortal, imperishable, perennial, perpetual, undying 【反】 ephemeral 短暂的

categorical

【考法1】 adj. 没有例外的，无条件限制的，绝对的： being without exception or qualification; absolute 【例】 a categorical denial 完全的否认 【近】 definite, downright, fair, utter, thorough, unalloyed, unconditional, unqualified 【反】 conditional, qualified 有条件的

languid

【考法1】 adj. 没精打采的，虚弱的： lacking energy or vitality; weak 【例】 be languid for weeks after surgery 术后的几周都无精打采的 【近】 debilitated, effete, enervated, feeble, frail, infirm, lackadaisical, spiritless, debilitated, sapped, enfeebled 【反】 animated, energetic, vehement, vivacious 有精力的；mighty, powerful, stalwart, stout, strong 强壮的

lethargic

【考法1】 adj. 没精打采的，行动迟缓的： of, relating to, or characterized by lethargy, sluggish 【例】 a big nice meal always makes me feel lethargic and sleepy 一顿大餐吃完总是让我既慵懒又想睡 【近】 dull, inert, quiescent, sluggish, torpid 【反】 dynamic, energetic, robust, vigorous 有精力的；active 活跃的

antic

【考法1】 adj. 滑稽可笑的：characterized by clownish extravagance or absurdity 【例】The clown came on with many antic gestures. 小丑上场表演许多滑稽动作。 【近】chucklesome, comedic, comic, droll, farcical, laughable, ludicrous, hilarious 【反】humorless, unamusing, uncomic, unfunny, unhumorous 不好笑的grave 庄重的；serious, solemn, somber 严肃的

animate

【考法1】 adj. 活的：having or showing life 【例】The lecture was about ancient worship of animate and inanimate objects. 演讲是关于对生命体和非生命体 的古代崇拜。 【近】breathing, live, living 【反】dead, expired, deceased, lifeless, nonliving 无生命的 【考法2】 adj. 有活力的：having much high-spirited energy and movement 【例】Animate dance will get the blood pumping. 有活力的舞蹈会让人热血沸腾。 【近】bouncing, brisk, energetic, sprightly, vivacious 【反】inactive, lackadaisical, languid, listless, leaden 没有活力的，无精打采的 【考法3】 v. 使有活力，支持：to give spirit and support to 【例】The writer's humor animates the novel. 作者的幽默使小说富有生命力。 【近】brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, ginger (up), pep up, vitalize 使有活力 【反】damp, dampen, deaden 使没活力 【派】animation 生命力，活力：the quality or condition of being alive, active, spirited, or vigorous. 【反】lassitude, lethargy 疲倦,疲乏 【考法4】 v. 使行动，驱使：to move to action 【例】a criminal animated by greed 一个受贪婪驱使的罪犯 【近】goad, prod, spur, galvanize, stimulate 【考法 5】 v. 使活灵活现，使栩栩如生：to make or design in such a way as to create apparently spontaneous lifelike movement 【例】Kongfu Panda's very realistic panda was animated by CG. 《功夫熊猫》电影里面的熊猫是通过CG 技术 使熊猫变得活灵活现

meteoric

【考法1】 adj. 流星般迅速而短暂的： similar to a meteor in speed, brilliance, or brevity 【例】 a meteoric rise to fame 一夜成名 【近】 ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, momentary, rapid, transient, transitory 【反】 enduring, lasting, permanent, prolonged 持久的

aseptic

【考法1】 adj. 消毒的，无菌的：preventing infection 【例】Surgery must be in aseptic environments. 手术必须处在无菌环境下 【近】sterile, germfree 【反】germy, unsterile 有细菌的；contaminated, tainted 被污染的 【考法2】adj. 缺乏活力的：lacking vitality 【近】inactive, lackadaisical, languid, listless, spiritless 【反】active, animated, energetic, energetic, vivacious 有活力的 【考法3】 adj. 冷漠的：emotion, or warmth 【例】aseptic essays 没有感情的文章；an aseptic smile 漠然的微笑 【近】affectlessness, emotionlessness, impassiveness, impassivity, insensibility, numbness, phlegm 【反】emotion, feeling, sensibility 有感情

esoteric

【考法1】 adj. 深奥难懂的： difficult for one of ordinary knowledge or intelligence to understand 【例】 esoteric terminology 少数人知道的专业术语 【近】 abstruse, arcane, hermetic, recondite 【反】 shallow, superficial 肤浅的 【考法2】 adj. 少数人知道的： not known or meant to be known by the general populace 【例】 The actor must have had some esoteric motive for leaving stage. 该演员淡出舞台肯定有不为人知的原因。 【近】 confidential, inside, intimate, nonpublic, privy, secret 【反】 common accepted, generally known, open, public 公开的，普遍接受的

measured

【考法1】 adj. 深思熟虑的，审慎的： deliberated, calculated 【例】 a measured response to the terrorist attack 就恐怖袭击做出的深思熟虑的反应 【近】 advised, calculated, considered, knowing, reasoned, studied, thoughtful, weighed 【反】 casual 随意的 ；uncalculated, unconsidered, unstudied 没仔细考虑过的

deliberate

【考法1】 adj. 深思熟虑的： characterized by or resulting from careful and thorough consideration 【例】 a deliberate decision 一个慎重的决定 【近】 calculated, considered, reasoned, thoughtful 【反】 impetuous, haste, casual, unadvised, uncalculated, unconsidered, unstudied 随意的，未经过深思的

clarion

【考法1】 adj. 清楚响亮的：loud and clear 【例】clarion call for democracy 对民主的高声呼吁 || The Internationale is a clarion call to the labouring people of the world. 《国际歌》是唤起全世界劳动人民的响亮号角。 【反】soft and indistinct 柔和模糊的

latent

【考法1】 adj. 潜在的，不活跃的： present or potential but not evident or active 【例】 a latent infection 潜伏性传染病‖He has a latent talent for acting that he hasn't had a chance toexpress yet. 他有着表演的天赋，只不过他还没有机会来表现这一才能 【近】 dormant, fallow, inert, inoperative 【反】 apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, plain 明显的；active 活跃的 【派】 latency n. 潜伏期

extinct

【考法1】 adj. 灭绝的： no longer existing or living 【例】 extinct species 灭绝的物种 【近】 bygone, bypast, defunct, expired, nonextant, vanished 【反】 alive, extant, existing, living, resuscitated 现存的 【派】 extinction n. 灭绝 【反】 perpetuation 永存

deft

【考法1】 adj. 灵巧的，熟练的： characterized by facility and skill 【例】 He finished off the painting with a few deft strokes of the brush. 他简单熟练的几笔便完成了画作。 【近】 cunning, adroit, dexterous, expert, masterful, virtuoso 【反】 awkward, maladroit, ham-handed, amateur, artless, unprofessional, unskillful 笨拙的，不精通的

flexible

【考法1】 adj. 灵活的，可变的： capable of being readily changed 【例】 Our schedules are highly flexible. 我们的计划是非常灵活的 【近】 adaptable, adjustable, alterable, changeable, elastic, fluid, malleable, modifiable, pliable, variable 【反】 fixed, immutable, inflexible, invariable 确定的，不可变的；stiff, rigid 僵化的 【考法2】 adj. 易受影响的： susceptible to influence or persuasion 【例】 Their boss was flexible and lenient. 他们的老板既好说话，又很仁慈 【近】 docile, manageable, tractable 【反】 adamant, headstrong, intractable, mulish, recalcitrant, refractory, stubborn, obstinate 倔强的 【派】 flexibility n. 灵活性

ebullient

【考法1】 adj. 热情奔放的： zestfully enthusiastic 【例】 The ebullient dancers left an enduring impression on us. 热情洋溢的舞者给我们留下了难以磨灭的印象 【近】 boiling, exuberant, effervescent, vivacious, brash 【反】 tepid, torpid 无精打采的 【派】 ebullience n. 热情洋溢【记】 源自boiling 沸腾的，激昂的；bull 公牛，象斗牛场的公牛一样亢奋

conversant

【考法1】 adj. 熟悉的： having frequent or familiar association 【例】 conversant with the accounting system 熟知会计系统 【近】 acquaint, aware, familiar, informed, versed 【反】 ignorant, unfamiliar 无知的，不熟悉的 【派】 conversance n. 熟知，造诣

cunning

【考法1】 adj. 狡猾的： marked by or given to artful subtlety and deceptiveness 【例】cunning tactics 狡猾的战术 【近】artful, crafty, devious, foxy, sly, tricky, wily 【反】artless, naïve, unsophisticated 天真无邪的 【考法2】 adj. （手工）灵巧的： skillful with the hands 【例】 Only the most cunning cabinetmaker could have crafted such a beautifully proportioned chest of drawers. 只有手工超凡的家具工才能打造出如此精致协调的衣柜 【近】 clever, deft, handy 【反】 heavy-handed, ham-handed 笨拙的 【考法3】 n. 欺诈，欺骗： the inclination or practice of misleading others through lies or trickery 【例】 used cunning and subterfuge to work her way up the corporate ladder 通过欺骗在公司中步步攀升 【近】 artifice, deception, fraud 【反】 ingenuousness, sincerity 真诚

cognizant

【考法1】 adj. 知道的，意识到的：fully informed; conscious; aware 【例】We are cognizant of the problem. 我们已经意识到了问题。 【近】aware, conscious, witting, apprehensive, sensible 【反】oblivious, unconscious, unaware, unmindful 没意识到的 【派】incognizance n. 不认识，没有知识

derelict

【考法1】 adj. 玩忽职守的, 不认真的： lacking a sense of duty; marked by a carelessly easy manner 【例】 the guards were judged derelict in their duty 守卫们被判玩忽职守罪 【近】 disregardful, lax, neglectful, neglecting, remiss, slack 【反】 extremely careful, attentive, conscientious, nonnegligent 特别仔细的 【考法2】 n. 被社会遗弃的人： a destitute homeless social misfit 【例】 a section of the city that seemed to be frequented mostly by derelicts 流浪汉的集中区 【近】 deserted, desolate, disused, forgotten, forsaken, rejected 【反】 pillar of society 社会的栋梁

extant

【考法1】 adj. 现存的： still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct 【例】 the most charming writer extant 目前活着的作家中最有魅力的一位 || extant manuscripts 未毁坏的手稿 【近】 current, immediate, ongoing, present-day, existent 【反】 destroyed, extinct ,lost, missing, dead, extinct, nonextant 丢失的，不存在的

cloying

【考法1】 adj. 甜得发腻的，感情用事的：excessively sweet or sentimental 【近】lovey-dovey, maudlin, mawkish, saccharine, sentimental 【反】unsentimental 【例】the cloying sentiments of so many Mother's Day cards 这么多母亲节贺卡（所蕴含）的甜蜜感情

diurnal

【考法1】 adj. 白天发生或行动的： occurring or active during the daytime rather than at night 【例】 diurnal animals 昼行性动物 【反】 nocturnal 夜晚的 【考法2】 adj. 每天的： occurring, done, produced, or appearing every day 【例】 a love as constant and certain as the diurnal tides 像每天潮汐一样始终如一的爱情 【近】 daily, day-to-day, 【考法3】 adj. 期刊： a publication that appears at regular intervals 【例】 A microfilm contains a collection of diurnals. 一个微缩胶片里包含很多期刊的合集。 【近】 bulletin, magazine, periodical, review, serial, journal

chauvinistic

【考法1】 adj. 盲目爱国的： having or showing excessive favoritism towards one's own country 【例】 At times I have also been aggressive, chauvinistic and hot-tempered. 我曾经非常好斗，愤青，还脾气 暴躁。 【近】 jingoist, jingoistic, nationalistic, superpatriotic

forthright

【考法1】 adj. 直率的，说话率真的： free in expressing one's true feelings and opinions 【例】 her forthright way of dealing with people 她率真的为人处事方式 【近】 candid, forthcoming, frank, honest, open, outspoken, straightforward 【反】 dissembling 虚伪的 【考法2】 adj. 直接的，不绕弯子的： free from ambiguity or evasiveness: going straight to the point 【例】 was forthright in appraising the problem 直截了当地评价这个问题 【近】 direct, plain, straight 【反】 circuitous, indirect, roundabout 不直接的，绕弯子的

apposite

【考法1】 adj. 相关的，合适的highly pertinent or appropriate: apt 【例】to enrich his essay with some very apposite quotations from famous people 用名人名言来丰富他的文章 【近】appliacable, apropos, germane, pointed, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative, pointless 无关的

ephemeral

【考法1】 adj. 短暂的： lasting a very short time 【例】 ephemeral pleasures 暂时的压力 【近】 evanescent, fleeting, impermanent, temporary, transient, transitory, fugacious, fugitive 【反】 eternal, permanent, perpetual, enduring, everlasting, ceaseless, immortal, undying 永久的

daft

【考法1】 adj. 神经错乱的： having or showing a very abnormal or sick state of mind 【例】 The king was clearly daft, talking to trees and rocks. 国王俨然已经疯了，对着树和石头说话。 【近】 bedlam, demented, deranged, lunatic, psychotic, unbalanced, unsound 【反】 balanced, sane 头脑正常的 【考法2】 adj. 不明智的： showing or marked by a lack of good sense or judgment 【例】 a daft plan, doomed to wretched failure and merciless ridicule 一个不明智的决定，最终难逃悲催的结局和无情的嘲讽的下场 【近】 fatuous, featherheaded, nonsensical, preposterous, senseless 【反】 judicious, prudent, sagacious, sapient, wise 明智的

ascetic

【考法1】 adj. 禁欲的：practicing strict self-denial as a measure of personal and especially spiritual discipline 【例】This is an ascetic diet of rice and beans. 这是一顿禁欲的隐私，只有米饭和豌豆。 【近】abstemious, abstinent, self-denying 【反】sumptuous, luxurious 奢侈的；licentious, sybaritic, voluptuous 放荡的，沉溺于酒色的 【考法2】 n. 禁欲者：a person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self-discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion. 【例】We normally see an ascetic meditating in a Yogic pose. 我们通常会看见一个苦行者以瑜伽的姿势来冥想。 【近】stoic, spartan 【反】sybarite, hedonist, voluptuary 奢侈逸乐的，人享乐主义者，酒色之徒

discrete

【考法1】 adj. 离散的，不连续的：constituting a separate entity 【例】 a discrete variable 离散变量 【近】 detached, disconnected, unattached, unconnected, separate 【反】 continuous 连续的；attached, connected, joined, linked 连接的 desecrate vt. 玷污，亵渎

excursive

【考法1】 adj. 离题的；散漫的： passing from one topic to another 【例】 an excursive story line that some readers of Melville's novel find very rewarding 一些梅尔维尔小说的读者非常喜欢松散的故事主线 【近】 desultory, digressive, meandering, rambling, wandering

inveterate

【考法1】 adj. 积习的： firmly established by long persistence 【例】 the inveterate tendency to overlook the obvious 总是忽视显而易见事物的习惯 【近】 chronic, entrenched, ingrained, rooted, settled, hard-cored 【反】 adventitious 偶然的 【记】 in + veteran 老兵, 老手, 富有经验的人, 退伍军人

exquisite

【考法1】 adj. 程度强烈的： extreme in degree, power, or effect 【例】 suffered exquisite pain 遭受强烈的痛感 【近】 acute, dreadful, excruciating, explosive, ferocious, fierce, furious, intensive, keen, profound, terrible,vehement, vicious 【反】 light, moderate, soft 适当的 【考法2】 adj. 精致精巧的： having qualities that appeal to a refined taste 【例】 exquisite pen-and-ink drawings of city scenes 精巧的城市钢笔画 【近】 dainty, delicate, elegant, recherché, select

inane

【考法1】 adj. 空洞的： lacking significance, meaning, or point 【例】 inane comments 空洞的评论 【近】 empty, insubstantial, pointless, senseless 【反】 meaningful, significant 有意义的；deep, profound 深刻的

commonsensical

【考法1】 adj. 符合常识的，有依据的：displaying common sense，based on sound reasoning or information 【例】The only commonsensical solution would be to divide the children into groups according to age. 唯一合理 的解决办法就是按照年龄把孩子分成组。 【近】justified, logical, rational, reasonable, reasoned, valid, well-founded, levelheaded 【反】groundless, illogical, invalid, irrational, nonrational, nonsensical, nonvalid, unfounded, uninformed, unjustified, unreasonable, unreasoned, unsound 无逻辑的，不合理的；preposterous 荒谬的

maladroit

【考法1】 adj. 笨拙的： lacking or showing a lack of nimbleness in using one's hands 【例】 a maladroit movement 笨拙的动作 【近】 awkward, bumbling, clumsy, fumbled, gauche, graceless, heavy-handed, inept, unhandy 【反】 adroit,ambidexterous, deft, dexterous, handy 灵巧的

clumsy

【考法1】 adj. 笨拙的：lacking or showing a lack of nimbleness in using one's hands；a lack of skill and tact 【例】turn out to be a clumsy sleight of hand 弄巧成拙 【近】awkward, ham-handed, heavy-handed, maladroit, unhandy, bungling, inept, maladroit 【反】adroit, deft, dexterous, dexterous, handy 熟练的，灵巧的 【考法2】 adj. 不文雅的：lacking social grace and assurance；showing an inability to move in a graceful manner 【例】be clumsy on the dance floor 在舞池表现不优雅的 【近】awkward, graceless, ungainly, gauche, inelegant, rustic, ungraceful 【反】graceful, urbane, refined 【考法3】 adj. 不精致的hastily or roughly constructed 【例】A clumsy mock-up of the real thing 一个粗糙的实物模型 【近】rough, unrefined 【反】refined 精致的

cumbersome

【考法1】 adj. 笨重的，难处理的： difficult to handle because of weight or bulk 【例】 a cumbersome piece of machinery 一件笨重的机器 【近】 unhandy, ponderous, heavy, unwieldy, onerous ,thorny 【反】 light, weightless 轻的；handy 容易处理的

concise

【考法1】 adj. 简洁的：marked by brevity of expression or statement 【例】a clear and concise account of the accident 一个清楚间断的事故描述 || Concise Design of Spacecraft Automatic System 航天器自动控制系统简要设计 【近】aphoristic, compendious, curt, laconic, pithy, succinct, terse, elliptical 【反】circuitous, circumlocutory, diffuse, long-winded, prolix, verbose, windy, wordy 冗长的

laconic

【考法1】 adj. 简洁（以至于显得粗鲁或难以理解）的： using or involving the use of a minimum of words: concise to the point of seeming rude or mysterious 【例】 His mentor's comment tends to be laconic but very much to the point. 他导师的点评很简短，但是却总 能说到点子上 【近】 apothegmatic, brief, capsule, compact, compendious, curt, pithy, succinct, summary, telegraphic, terse 【反】 circuitous, circumlocutory, diffuse, prolix, rambling, verbose, windy, wordy 冗长的

kindred

【考法1】 adj. 类似的；具有相似或相近的起源，本性或性质的： having a similar or related origin, nature, or character 【例】 finally found people who were kindred spirits when she joined the hiking club 她加入登山俱乐部的时候终于发现了志向相同的人 【近】 agreeable, amicable, compatible, congenial, frictionless, unanimous, united 【反】 disagreeable, discordant, disharmonious, disunited, incompatible, inharmonious, uncongenial 不一致 不和谐的

insolent

【考法1】 adj. 粗野的，无礼的： audaciously rude or disrespectful 【例】 an insolent child with no respect or regard for anyone 对他人不敬的无礼的小孩 【近】 arrogant, audacious, bold, haughty, supercilious, impertinent, impudent 【反】 courteous, polite 有礼貌的；respectful 恭敬的；meek, mousy, timid 胆小的 【派】 insolence n. 无礼

distraught

【考法1】 adj. 精神狂乱的，极疯狂的： deeply agitated, as from emotional conflict; insane 【例】Her distraught mother had spent all night waiting by the phone. 她母亲忧心如焚，在电话旁守了一个晚上。 【近】agitated, delirious, distracted, frenzied, hysterical 【反】collected, composed, recollected, self-collected, self-composed, self-possessed 镇静的，平静的

exigent

【考法1】 adj. 紧急的： requiring immediate aid or action 【例】 exigent circumstances 紧急情况 【近】 compelling, dire, emergent, exigent, imperative, importunate, necessitous, pressing, urgent 【反】 deferrable, noncritical, nonurgent 可拖延的，不紧急的

lank

【考法1】 adj. 细长瘦弱的： long, straight, and limp; not stiff in structure 【例】 a woman with long, lank hair 有着长而稀疏头发的女子 【近】 emaciated, lean, slender, svelte, tenuous, thin 【反】 fat, fleshy, gross, obese 肥胖的 【考法2】 adj. 不僵硬的，柔软松弛的： not stiff in structure 【例】 Right after a shower, her lank hair hung down to her shoulders. 刚出浴的她柔软的头发搭在她的肩上 【近】 droopy, flaccid, floppy, lank, yielding 【反】 inflexible, rigid, stiff, sturdy, tense 僵硬的；resilient 有弹性的

chronic

【考法1】 adj. 经常发生的，复发的：marked by long duration or frequent recurrence 【例】chronic disease 慢性病 【近】frequent, usual, routine 【反】sporadic 偶然发生的；infrequent 不经常的 【考法2】 adj. 习惯性的，不可能改变的：being such by habit and not likely to change 【例】a chronic smoker who has quit many times 一个戒了很多次烟的老烟民 【近】inveterate

anemic

【考法1】 adj. 缺乏力量、活力、精神的：lacking force, vitality, or spirit 【例】an anemic economic recovery. 毫无活力的经济复苏 【例】Investors are worried about the stock's anemic performance. 投资者担心股市低迷的表现。 【近】sapless, infirm, feeble, decrepit, wan, pale, pallid, effete, lethargic 【反】vigorous, spirited 精力充沛的；forceful 有力量的

insensitive

【考法1】 adj. 缺乏机智圆滑的，缺乏社交技巧的： lacking tact 【例】 so insensitive as to laugh at someone in pain 如此缺乏社交技巧以至于嘲笑处于悲痛中的人 【近】 gauche, impolite, insensible, tactless 【反】 considerate 为他人着想的 【考法2】 adj. 不敏感的，麻木的： not responsive or susceptible 【例】 insensitive to either criticism or commendation 对批评和表扬都不在乎 【近】 anesthetized, dead, numb, senseless, unfeeling 【反】 sensitive, tender 敏感的

awkward

【考法1】 adj. 缺乏灵活性和技巧的： lacking dexterity or skill 【例】 awkward with a needle and thread 缺乏灵巧的针线活技术 【近】 handless, maladroit 【反】 adroit, deft, dexterous, proficient, skilled 灵巧的 【考法2】 adj. （处理问题）缺乏手段和智谋的： showing or marked by a lack of skill and tact (as in dealing with a situation) 【例】 Her awkward handling of the seating arrangements resulted in many hurt feelings. 她那缺乏智谋的座次安排伤害了许多人的感情 【近】 botched, bungling, fumbled, inept, inexpert, maladroit 【考法3】adj. 臃肿笨拙的，不优雅的： lacking ease or grace (as of movement or expression) 【例】 an awkward design 一份粗劣的设计 【近】 clumsy, gauche, graceless, gawkish 【反】 elegant, graceful, polished, lithe, coordinated 优雅的 【考法4】 adj. 令人尴尬的： causing embarrassment 【例】 the awkward situation of having to listen as your host and hostess quarrel loudly in the next room 不得不听着你的主人和她太太在隔壁大声争吵的尴尬境地 【近】 discomfiting, disturbing, disconcerting, embarrassing, flustering 【考法5】 adj. （因过大过重或设计问题）难以操作的： difficult to use or operate especially because of size, weight, or design 【例】 The manual can opener is too awkward to hold. 那个手动启瓶器太难握了 【近】 ponderous, ungainly, unhandy, unwieldy, bunglesome, cranky 【反】 handy 容易操纵的

callow

【考法1】 adj. 缺乏老练、不成熟的： lacking in adult experience or maturity 【例】 callow young man 未经世事的年轻人 【近】 green, immature, inexperienced, juvenile, unfledged, unripened, puerile 【反】 adult, experienced, grown-up, mature, ripe 成熟的

diffuse

【考法1】 adj. 罗嗦的： being at once verbose and ill-organized 【例】 a diffuse report 冗长的报告 【近】 circuitous, circumlocutory, long-winded, prolix, verbose, windy, rambling 【反】 concise, pithy, succinct, terse, laconic 简洁的 【考法2】 adj. 不集中的，扩散的： not concentrated or localized 【例】 diffuse lighting 散射光 【反】 concentrated 集中的 【考法3】 v. 扩展，散开： extend, scatter 【例】 The photographer uses a screen to diffuse the light. 摄影师用一个屏幕来分散光线。 【近】 spread, extend, disperse, disseminate, scatter 【反】 concentrate, center, centralize, focus 集中

incogitant

【考法1】 adj. 考虑不周的，不体谅的： thoughtless; inconsiderate 【例】 an incogitant litterbug 不体谅人的乱扔垃圾者 【近】 discourteous, disrespectful, ill-mannered, impertinent, inconsiderate, rude, thoughtless, ungracious 【反】 civil, considerate, courteous, genteel, gracious, thoughtful 体谅他人的，举止得体的 cogitate思考

ingenious

【考法1】 adj. 聪明的，有创造才能的： marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution 【例】 Ingenious designers soon came up with a solution to the battery problem. 聪明的设计者们很快便提出了 电池问题的解决方案 【近】 artful, clever, imaginative, innovative, inventive, original 【反】 awkward 笨拙的；uncreative, unimaginative 无创造力或想象力的

carnal

【考法1】 adj. 肉体的，物质的： relating to the physical 【例】 seen with carnal eyes 用肉眼看 || carnal remains 遗体 【近】 corporal, corporeal, fleshly, material, somatic 【反】 spiritual 精神的 【考法2】 adj. 世俗的： worldly 【例】 a carnal mind 凡心 【近】 earthborn, mundane, temporal, terrestrial, worldly

caustic

【考法1】 adj. 腐蚀性的： capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action : corrosive 【例】 The chemical was so caustic that it ate through the pipes. 化学性质如此具有腐蚀性，以至于把管道都腐 蚀了。 【反】 palliating 减缓的 【考法2】 adj. 挖苦讽刺的，刻薄的： marked by incisive sarcasm 【例】 caustic movie reviews 尖酸刻薄的影评 【近】 acerbic, acrid, barbed, mordant, pungent, sardonic, satiric, scathing, sharp 【反】 genial, smooth, kind, innocuous 和蔼的，（言论，行为等）无害的

corrosive

【考法1】 adj. 腐蚀性的： tending to destroy slowly by chemical action 【例】 Concentrated sulfur acid is highly corrosive. 浓硫酸有极强的腐蚀性 【近】 erosive, caustic 【反】 noncorrosive 无腐蚀性的 【考法2】 adj. 讽刺性的： bitingly sarcastic 【例】 corrosive satire 讽刺性的作品 【近】 sarcastic, barbed, acerbic, satiric, acrid, barbed, mordant, tart 【派】 corrosion n. 侵蚀

discretionary

【考法1】 adj. 自主决定的： left to discretion : exercised at one's own discretion 【例】 In many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge. 在很多饭店，标准的服务价格取代了随意支付的小费。 【近】 elective, voluntary 【反】 compulsory, mandatory, nonelective, nonvoluntary, obligatory, required 强制性的，非自愿的

infamous

【考法1】 adj. 臭名昭著的： having an extremely and deservedly bad reputation 【例】 an infamous city for smuggling and prostitution 因走私而和卖淫而臭名昭著的城市 【近】 notorious, opprobrious 【反】 distinguished, esteemed, prestigious, reputable 声名显赫的，受尊敬的 【派】 infamy n. 声名狼藉

flamboyant

【考法1】 adj. 艳丽夺目的，炫耀的，充满装饰的： marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior; ornate 【例】 Las Vegas showgirls wearing flamboyant headdresses 打扮花哨的拉斯维加斯舞女 【近】 flaring, florid, garish, ornate, ostentatious, showy 【反】 natural 自然的；conservative, quiet, understated 低调的 【派】 flamboyance n. 炫目，炫耀

lush

【考法1】 adj. 茂盛的： growing vigorously especially with luxuriant foliage 【例】 lush grass 茂盛的草 【近】 booming, exuberant, flourishing, lively, luxuriant, rampant, thriving, verdant, vivacious 【反】 blighted, faded, sere, withered 干枯的，凋谢的 【考法2】 adj. 多产的： producing abundantly 【例】 His lush fields were the envy of neighboring farmers. 他富饶多产的土地让邻居羡慕嫉妒恨 【近】 cornucopian, fecund, fruitful, productive, prolific, rich 【反】 barren, dead, infertile, sterile, unproductive 贫瘠的 【考法3】 adj. （声音、味道）优美的，令人愉悦的： appealing to the senses 【例】 the lush sounds of the orchestra 管弦乐队奏出的悦耳声音 【近】 ambrosial, luscious, palatable, savory, sensuous, tasteful, tasty, voluptuous 【反】 flat, flavorless, insipid, stale, tasteless 乏味的

decrepit

【考法1】 adj. 虚弱的，衰老的，破旧的： weakened, worn out, impaired, or broken down by old age, illness 【例】 a decrepit old man 一个虚弱的老年人 【反】 vigorous, sturdy, sound, robust, hale 健壮的

frail

【考法1】 adj. 虚弱的： physically weak 【例】 Working for three days without any sleep made him extremely frail. 连续三天的彻夜工作使他极为虚弱 【近】 weak, effete, enervated, feeble, fragile, infirm, languid, unsubstantial 【反】 robust 充满活力的 【考法2】 adj. （意志）薄弱的： easily led astray; morally weak 【例】 frail and pathetic humanity 容易误入歧途的可悲人性 【近】 characterless, invertebrate, nerveless, spineless 【反】 faithful, resolute 意志坚定的，有坚定信念的 【考法3】 adj. （希望）渺茫的： slight, unsubstantial 【例】 a frail hope of success 成功的机会渺茫 【近】 fragile, negligible, slight, small 【反】 good 很有希望的 【派】 frailty n. 虚弱，（意志）脆弱

infirm

【考法1】 adj. 虚弱的： weak in body, especially from old age or disease 【例】 her aging, infirm husband 她上了年纪、身体虚弱的丈夫 【近】 debilitated, effete, enervated, feeble, frail, languid, sapped, unsubstantial 【反】 hale, mighty, powerful, rugged, stalwart, stout, strong 强壮的，有力的 【考法2】 adj. 不果断的，优柔寡断的： lacking firmness of will, character, or purpose 【例】 She has little patience with the "infirm of purpose". 她对那些优柔寡断的人没什么耐心 【近】 faltering, irresolute, vacillating, wavering 【反】 resolute 果断的

fictitious

【考法1】 adj. 虚构的： not real and existing only in the imagination 【例】 His wartime exploits turned out to be entirely fictitious, as he had never even been in the military. 他吹嘘的战时英勇行为是彻底虚构的，因为他根本就没有参过军 【近】 chimerical, fabricated, fabulous, fictional, imagined, invented 【反】 actual, existing, real 事实的

brazen

【考法1】 adj. 蛮横大胆的，厚颜无耻的： marked by contemptuous boldness 【例】 a brazen disregard for the rules 蛮横大胆的对规则漠视 【近】 bold-faced, impertinent, impudent, insolent 【反】 modest, self-effacing, diffident, retiring, timid 谦虚的，胆小的 【考法2】 v. 大胆自信地去面对或从事： to face or undergo with bold self-assurance 【例】 brazened out the crisis 沉着面对危机 || Some people prefer to brazen a thing out rather than admit defeat. 有的人不愿承认失败，而是宁肯厚着脸皮干下去。 【近】 confront, outface, defy 【反】 dodge, duck, shirk, sidestep 躲开，避谈 【记】 z=s；脸象黄铜一样厚，硬

eccentric

【考法1】 adj. 行为出格的，不循规蹈矩的： deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct 【例】 an eccentric millionaire 行为怪异的百万富翁 【近】 strange, bizarre, erratic, idiosyncratic, odd, offbeat, outlandish, quaint, weird 【反】 ordinary, regular 常规的 【派】 eccentricity n. 离心率；古怪

dapper

【考法1】 adj. 衣冠整洁的： being strikingly neat and trim in style or appearance 【例】 The students all looked very dapper in their uniforms. 学生们穿着校服显得非常整洁。 【近】 natty, sharp, snappy, spruce 【反】 frowsy, unkempt, slovenly, unkempt 不整洁的

crux

【考法1】 n. 中心，关键点： the basic, central, or critical point or feature 【例】 the crux of the problem 问题的核心所在 【近】 core, substance, kernel, gist, pivot 【反】 trifle, triviality 无价值之物

laudatory

【考法1】 adj. 表示赞扬的： of, relating to, or expressing praise 【例】 a laudatory review of the new play 对新剧目的赞扬性的评论 【近】 adulatory, commendatory, complimentary, extolling, eulogistic, panegyric 【反】 derogatory, depreciatory, disparaging, pejorative 贬低的 【派】 laudable adj. 值得赞扬的

fluent

【考法1】 adj. 表达流利的： able to express oneself clearly and well 【例】 a very fluent speaker who always communicates his points well 一个总能明确指出要点的流利演说家 【近】 eloquent, silver-tongued, well-spoken 【反】 inarticulate, ineloquent, unvocal 说话不清的 【考法2】 adj. 不费力的： involving minimal difficulty or effort 【例】 a fluent performance of one of the oldest magic tricks in the book 一场毫不费力的魔术，表演的是书本上最老的魔术之一 【近】 effortless, facile, fluid, painless, ready, simple, smooth 【反】 arduous, demanding, exacting, formidable, grueling, hard, laborious, murderous, rough, toilsome, tough 【派】 fluency n. 流畅，流利

explicit

【考法1】 adj. 表达清晰的： fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity 【例】 explicit instructions 表达清晰的指示说明 【近】 clear-cut, definite, specific, unambiguous, unequivocal, univocal 【反】 obscure, implicit, implied, inferred, ambiguous, circuitous, equivocal, indefinite, unspecific, vague 模糊的 【考法2】 adj. 成熟的，完全形成的： fully developed or formulated 【例】 explicit plan 成熟的计划 【反】 inchoate 未完成形成的

effete

【考法1】 adj. 衰弱的： depleted of vitality, force, or effectiveness 【例】 an effete monarchy 奄奄一息的君主制 【近】 consumed, debilitated, decadent, degenerate, depleted, drained, exhausted, feeble 【反】 hale, sound, robust 强健的，充满活力的 【考法2】 adj. 缺乏信念的，懦弱的： lacking strength of will or character 【例】 The government is too effete to take out the powerful special interests that really ruin this state. 政府过于懦弱，不敢去摧毁那些祸害这个国家的特殊利益集团 【近】 frail, invertebrate, nerveless, spineless 【反】 backboned, firm, hard, strong, tough 刚毅的 【派】 effetely adv. 衰弱地

feeble

【考法1】 adj. 衰弱的： markedly lacking in strength 【例】 The heartbeat was feeble and irregular. 心跳虚弱而不规则 【近】 debilitated, effete, enervated, faint, fragile, frail, infirm, languid, sapped 【反】 mighty, powerful, robust, stalwart, stout, strong 强壮的，强健的 【派】 enfeeble vt. 使衰弱

awash

【考法1】 adj. 被淹没的： containing, covered with, or thoroughly penetrated by water 【例】 The streets were awash from the heavy rains. 街道因为大雨被水淹没了 【近】 doused, drenched, saturated, sodden, soggy, soaked, afloat 【反】 dry, arid, dehydrated, drained 干燥的 【考法2】adj. （如洪水般）泛滥的： filled, covered, or completely overrun as if by a flood 【例】 The program is currently awash in submissions and will not be accepting any more until next term. 该 项目的申请人数过多，因此下一轮之前不会再接受任何申请 【近】 abounding, abundant, flush, fraught, replete, swarming, teeming, thronging 【反】 dearth, insufficient, scant 匮乏的

corrugated

【考法1】 adj. 褶皱的： shaped into a series of regular folds that look like waves 【例】 corrugated paper 褶皱的纸 【近】 wrinkled, creased, folded 【反】 smooth 光滑的 【派】 corrugation n. 褶皱，折痕

curt

【考法1】 adj. 言词简略、直接（以至显得粗鲁）的： being or characterized by direct, brief, and potentially rude speech or manner 【例】 his curt reply 他简略而略显粗鲁的回答 【近】 abrupt, bluff, brusque, downright, unceremonious 【反】 circuitous, mealymouthed 迂回的 【考法2】 adj. 言简意赅的： marked by the use of few words to convey much information or meaning 【例】 on a daily basis she e-mailed to her commanders curt reports on the situation 她每天向长官做简短汇报 【近】 aphoristic, compendious, elliptical, laconic, pithy, sententious, succinct, terse 【反】 diffuse, long-winded, prolix, verbose 冗长啰嗦的

ingratiating

【考法1】 adj. 讨人喜欢的： capable of winning favor 【例】 They adopted the orphan who had a most ingratiating smile. 他们收养了那名有着最惹人喜欢的笑容 的孤儿 【近】 disarming, endearing, insinuating, winsome 【反】 disagreeable 令人厌恶的 【考法2】 adj. 逢迎的，意在奉承的： intended or adopted in order to gain favor 【例】 an repulsive ingratiating smile 令人反感的阿谀奉承的微笑 【近】 adulatory, deferential, fawning, flattering, toady 【派】 ingratiate v. 讨好

loquacious

【考法1】 adj. 话多的： given to fluent or excessive talk 【例】 Sometimes the loquacious talk show host barely lets her guests get a word in. 有时候多话的脱口秀主持 人让她的客人一句话都插不进来 【近】 chatty, conservational, gabby, garrulous, talkative, voluble 【反】 laconic, reserved, reticent, taciturn, uncommunicative 话少的 【派】 loquaciousness, loquacity n.话多 logue, locu speak

culpable

【考法1】 adj. 该受谴责的，有罪的： deserving of blame or censure as being wrong, evil, improper, or injurious 【例】 culpable behaviors 值得谴责的行为 【近】 blameworthy, censurable, guilty, reprehensible, sinful, reproachable 【反】 inculpable, innocent 无罪的 【派】 culpability n. 有罪

elaborate

【考法1】 adj. 详细的，复杂的： marked by complexity, fullness of detail, or ornament 【例】 an elaborate manual 内容详尽的使用手册 【近】 circumstantial, complex, complicated, intricate, knotty, minute, particular, particularized, sophisticated 【反】 sketchy, brief, compendious, summary 概要性的 【考法2】 vt. 详细阐述： to expand something in detail 【例】 The defense committee asked the PhD candidate to elaborate one critical assumption in his thesis. 答辩委员会要求答辩的博士进一步说明他毕业论文中的一个关键假设 【近】 develop, expand, amplify, explain 【反】 abstract, abbreviate, condense, simplify 简化；downplay, ignore, neglect, overlook 忽视，忽略

meek

【考法1】 adj. 谦恭的： showing patience and humility; gentle 【例】 He was a meek, mild-mannered fellow. 他是个谦逊、温文尔雅的的人 【近】 humble, modest, unassuming, unpretentious 【反】 arrogant, bumptious, haughty, imperious, pompous, presumptuous, supercilious 自大的 【考法2】 adj. 顺从的： easily imposed on; submissive 【例】 He may be self-effacing, but he certainly isn't meek. 他可能是个很低调的人，但他绝非软骨头 【近】 compliant, docile, manageable, obedient, submissive, tractable 【反】 adamant, headstrong, intractable, obstinate, refractory, stubborn, unruly, unyielding 倔强的，不顺从的

circumspect

【考法1】 adj. 谨慎的；小心的：careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences: prudent 【例】 The banks should have been more circumspect in their dealings. 银行本应该在它们的交易当中更加谨慎。 【近】alert, careful, gingerly, guarded, heedful, prudent, cautious, chary, wary 【反】careless, incautious, unmindful, unwary 不小心，不谨慎的；audacious, reckless 大胆的，鲁莽的

fallacious

【考法1】 adj. 谬误的，不合逻辑的： containing or based on a fallacy 【例】 the once-common fallacious claim that girls just weren't any good at math 曾经广为流传的一个谬论：女孩子无论如何就是学不好数学 【近】 illogical, invalid, irrational, mad, reasonless, sophistic, unreasonable 【反】 sound 论证有力的；valid 合乎逻辑的 【考法2】 adj. 欺骗性的： tending to deceive or mislead 【例】 fallacious testimony 不真实的证词 【近】 beguiling, deceiving, deceptive, deluding, delusive, delusory, false, fraudulent, misleading 【反】 authentic, veritable 真实的 【派】 fallacy n.逻辑谬误

luxurious

【考法1】 adj. 豪华的： showing obvious signs of wealth and comfort 【例】 The luxurious apartment was filled with the latest electronic gadgets and fine works of art. 豪华的公寓 里充斥着最新式的电子产品和精美的艺术作品 【近】 deluxe, lavish, luxuriant, luxury, opulent, palatial, plushy, silken, sumptuous 【反】 ascetic, austere, spartan 简朴的 【考法2】 adj. 奢侈的： given to or marked by excessive gratification of one's desires 【例】 squandered his family fortune in the relentless satisfaction of his luxurious tastes 为满足他奢侈的品味 而挥霍家族的财产 【近】 decadent, indulgent, overindulgent, self-indulgent, sybaritic 【反】 abstemious, abstinent 克制的 【派】 luxury n. 豪华；奢侈，奢侈品

meager

【考法1】 adj. 贫乏的： deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent; scanty 【例】 meager cultural resources 贫乏的文化资源 【近】 exiguous, niggardly, poor, scanty, scarce, skimpy, slender, slim, sparing, sparse, stingy 【反】 abundant, ample, bountiful, copious, generous, liberal, plenteous, plentiful 大量的，富足的

favorable

【考法1】 adj. 赞许的：expressing approval 【例】 Favorable reviews for the movie were few . 关于电影的正面评价极少 【近】 admiring, applauding, commendatory, complimentary, positive 【反】 adverse, disapproving, negative 否定的 【考法2】 adj. 有利的：tending to promote or facilitate 【例】 mild climate favorable to his health 有利于他健康的温和气候 【近】 advantageous, benefic, beneficial, favoring, good, helpful, salutary 【反】 unfavorable, disadvantageous, untoward, unpropitious 不利的

incipient

【考法1】 adj. 起初的，初现的： beginning to come into being or to become apparent 【例】 an incipient economic recovery 刚刚出现的经济复苏 【近】 aborning, beginning, inceptive, inchoate,initial, nascent 【反】 adult, full-blown, full-fledged, mature, ripe 成熟的，成型的；moribund 将死的

dominant

【考法1】 adj. 起支配地位的： commanding, controlling, or prevailing over all others 【例】 the dominant culture 主流文化 【近】 ascendant, leading, outweighing, paramount, prevalent, principal, supreme 【反】 subordinate （等级上）低的 【考法2】 adj. （基因）显性的： of, relating to, or exerting ecological or genetic dominance 【反】 recessive 隐形的 【派】 dominate v. 占主导地位，统治；dominance n. 主导，主流；（基因的）显性

emollient

【考法1】 adj. 起缓和作用的： making less intense or harsh 【例】 soothe us in our grieves with emollient words 用安慰的话语抚平我们的悲伤 【近】 appeasing, assuaging, mollifying, mitigating, relieving 【反】 aggravating, intensifying 使（局势、情况）加剧恶化的

ethereal

【考法1】 adj. 轻巧精致的： resembling air in lightness, highly refined; delicate 【例】 the bakery's scrumptious pastries have a wonderfully ethereal consistency 面包师可口的糕点有着一种奇妙的蓬松轻巧的质感 【近】 fluffy, gossamer, light 【反】 heavy, leaden, ponderous 沉重的 【考法2】 adj. 天国的： of, relating to, or suggesting heaven 【例】 a land of ethereal beauty and tranquility 具有缥缈的美感和宁静的一片土地 【近】 elysian, empyreal, heavenly, supernal 【反】 chthonic, hellish, infernal, Tartarean 地狱的 【考法3】 adj. 非物质的，精神（上）的： not of this world; spiritual; not composed of matter 【例】 that ethereal attribute that every performer should have—charisma 每位演奏者都应该具有一种精神上的特质——那就是个人魅力 【近】 bodiless, formless, incorporeal, insubstantial, nonmaterial, nonphysical, spiritual 【反】 bodily, corporeal, material, physical, substantial 物质的，有实体的

accessory

【考法1】 adj. 辅助的，附属的： having a secondary, supplementary, or subordinate function. 【例】 accessory features such as call-waiting 类似呼叫等待的附属功能 【近】 accessory, peripheral, supplementary 【反】 of primarily importance, chief, main, principal 主要的 【考法2】 n. 帮凶： one associated with another in wrongdoing 【例】two accessories, the driver of the getaway car and the dishonest bank teller, were charged in the robbery case 两个帮凶，逃逸车辆的司机和不诚信的银行出纳，在抢劫案中被控告 【近】abettor, confederate

acrid

【考法1】 adj. 辛辣的，刺鼻的： sharp and harsh or unpleasantly pungent in taste or odor : irritating 【例】 acrid smell of tobacco 烟草刺鼻的味道 【考点2】 adj. 刻薄的： marked by the use of wit that is intended to cause hurt feelings 【例】 acrid temper 刻薄的性情 【反】 gentle 温和的

florid

【考法1】 adj. 辞藻华丽的，花哨的： full of fine words and fancy expressions 【例】 gave a florid speech to attract attention 做了个辞藻华丽的演说以吸引眼球 【近】 bombastic, flowery, grandiloquent, magniloquent, rhetorical 【考法2】 adj. 装饰华丽的： elaborately and often excessively decorated 【例】 a florid architectural style 华丽的建筑风格 【近】 baroque, bedizened, flamboyant, fussy, luscious, ornate 【反】 austere, plain, severe, stark, unadorned 朴素的，简单的

migratory

【考法1】 adj. 迁移的： having a way of life that involves moving from one region to another typically on a seasonal basis 【例】 migratory birds heading south for the winter 为了越冬而往南飞的候鸟 【近】 migrant, mobile, nomad, nomadic, traveling 【反】 nonmigrant, resident, sedentary 常居一处的，不迁移的

maudlin

【考法1】 adj. 过于感伤的： effusively or tearfully sentimental 【例】 Some naive students display an almost maudlin concern for the welfare of animals while ignoring basic social inequity. 一些幼稚的学生忽视根本的社会不公平问题，而对动物的权益表现出一种多愁善感的忧虑 【近】 lachrymose, mawkish, mushy, overemotional, sentimental, tearful 【反】 blithe,cheerful, jocund, jovial, jubilant 高兴的；apathetic,impassive, indifferent 冷漠的 mandolin 曼德林，一种类似小提琴的乐器，听起来象二胡，令人感伤

inquisitive

【考法1】 adj. 过分好奇的： inordinately or improperly curious about the affairs of others 【例】 big sunglasses to frustrate inquisitive journalists 让狗仔队企图无法得逞的大墨镜 【近】 curious, inquiring, investigative, prying 【反】 indifferent , unconcerned, uninterested 不感兴趣的；incurious 无好奇心的 【派】 inquisitiveness n. 好奇

finicky

【考法1】 adj. 过分讲究的，挑剔的： extremely or excessively particular, exacting, or meticulous in taste or standards 【例】 have a reputation for being finicky eater 有着挑食的名声 【近】 demanding, exacting, fastidious, fussy, nice, particular 【反】 undemanding, unfussy 不挑剔的

mawkish

【考法1】 adj. 过度伤感的： excessively and objectionably sentimental 【例】 a mawkish love story 令人伤感的爱情故事 【近】 lachrymose, maudlin, mushy, overemotional, sentimental, tearful 【反】 blithe,cheerful, jocund, jovial, jubilant 高兴的；apathetic, impassive, indifferent 冷漠的

exorbitant

【考法1】 adj. 过度的： exceeding the customary or appropriate limits in intensity, quality, amount, or size 【例】 exorbitant prices 过高的价格 【近】 extravagant, intolerable, lavish, overdue, overweening, unconscionable 【反】 middling, moderate, modest, reasonable, temperate 适度的，合适的

archaic

【考法1】 adj. 过时的，久远的：no longer current or applicable; antiquated 【例】archaic laws 过时的法律 【近】antiquated, outdated, outmoded, prehistoric, superannuated 【反】fashionable 流行的；up-to-date, fresh, modern, new, novel 新的 【派】archaism 古语：the use of archaic diction or style 【反】modern diction 新语

distal

【考法1】 adj. 远离中心的，（神经）末梢的： situated away from the point of attachment or origin or a central point 【例】 the distal end of nerve 神经末梢 【反】 proximal 接近中心的

disparate

【考法1】 adj. 迥然不同的：fundamentally distinct or different in kind; entirely dissimilar 【例】 This couple of seemingly disparate topics have something in common. 这两个看似无关的主题其实有些相同之处。 【近】 dissimilar, distinct, distinguishable, diverse, nonidentical, unalike 【反】 alike, identical, indistinguishable, kindred, like, parallel, same, similar 相似的，相同的【记】 dis + par- 平等→不等，dis + compare 比较起来不同；separate 分居，一对男女说，还是先分开一段时间后再重聚吧,我们实在不是一种人，disparate 差异太大

labyrinthine

【考法1】 adj. 迷宫似的，复杂曲折的： of, relating to, resembling, or constituting a labyrinth; extremely complex or tortuous in structure 【例】 The labyrinthine political situation of Middle East left us totally befuddled. 中东地区复杂迷离的政治局势 让我们彻底迷惑了 【近】 baroque, byzantine, complicate, complicated, convoluted, intricate, involved, knotty, sophisticated, tangled 【反】 easy, effortless, plain, simple 容易的，明显的

limpid

【考法1】 adj. 透明清澈的： characterized by transparent clearness 【例】 limpid streams 清澈的小溪 【近】 crystal, clear, lucent, pellucid, transparent 【反】 cloudy, murky, opaque, unclear, turbid 模糊不清的 【考法2】 adj. 镇定的，淡定的： free from emotional or mental agitation 【例】 the limpid outlook of a man who is at peace with himself as he awaits death 一个人在平静等待死亡的过程当中所体现出来的淡然的世界观 【近】 collected, composed, cool, level, peaceful, placid, possessed, sedate, serene, smooth, tranquil 【反】 agitated, discomposed, disturbed, flustered, perturbed 焦躁的

evanescent

【考法1】 adj. 逐渐消失的，短暂的： tending to vanish like vapor 【例】 Beauty is as evanescent as a rainbow. 容颜易老，年华易逝。 【近】 ephemeral, fleeting, impermanent, temporary, transient, transitory 【反】 ceaseless, endless, enduring, eternal, everlasting, immortal, permanent, perpetual, timeless, undying, unending, abiding, lasting, perpetual 持久的 effervesce v. 冒泡、兴奋

demotic

【考法1】 adj. 通俗的，大众化的： popular, common 【例】 demotic entertainments 大众化的娱乐 【反】 profound 深奥的

acerbic

【考法1】 adj. 酸涩的心情、心境或者语调： marked by the use of wit that is intended to cause hurt feelings 【例】 acerbic commentary 尖酸的评论 【近】 pungent, sardonic, satiric, scalding, scathing 【反】 sweet, saccharin 甜的，糖精（甜） 【派】 acerbity n. 酸

barbarous

【考法1】 adj. 野蛮的，凶残的： mercilessly harsh or cruel 【例】 insulted by barbarous language 被粗暴的语言侵犯 【近】 brutal, atrocious, fiendish, heartless, savage, truculent, vicious 【反】 merciful, benevolent , humane, sympathetic 仁慈的 【考法2】 adj. 未开化的： uncivilized 【例】 some barbarous behaviors such as eating with your fingers 一些没有教养的举止，比如直接用手拿东西吃 【近】 wild, uncultivated 【反】 civilized, decent, decorous 举止得体的

furtive

【考法1】 adj. 鬼鬼祟祟的；秘密的： done by stealth 【例】 a furtive glance at her 朝她投去的隐秘一瞥 【近】 secret, clandestine, covert, stealthy, surreptitious 【反】 aboveboard 光明正大的；candid, forthright 坦率的 【派】 furtively adv. 秘密地

indurate

【考法1】 adj. 铁石心肠的，冷酷无情的： having or showing a lack of sympathy or tender feelings 【例】 an indurate heart that admits no love or mercy 一颗不认可爱或仁慈的冷酷心灵 【近】 affectless, callous, heartless, inhumane, merciless, obdurate, pitiless, ruthless, unsparing, cold-blooded 【反】 charitable, compassionate, humane, kindhearted, merciful, tender 仁慈的 【考法2】 vt. 使变硬： to become physically firm or solid 【例】 Great heat indurates clay. 高温使黏土变硬 【近】 concrete, congeal, firm, freeze, set, solidify 【反】 liquefy 液化；soften 柔化 【考法3】 vt. 使习惯于：使习惯于，如艰苦或尴尬之境况： to make able to withstand physical hardship, strain,or exposure 【例】 Such a brutal upbringing could only callous his soul and indurate his heart to the suffering of others. 这样一种残暴的培养方式只会让他的灵魂变得麻木，让他的心灵对于他人所受的折磨无动于衷 【近】 fortify, inure, season, steel, strengthen, toughen 【反】 enfeeble, weaken, undermine 弱化，使虚弱【记】 endure 忍耐，容忍；in 内 + dur- 忍，里面忍耐，因为坚强，坚硬<br/>【另】 during在.期间， durable 耐久的,duress 强迫， endure 忍耐, indurate 坚硬，obdurate 冷酷无情的, 顽固的，perdure 持久，继续

byzantine

【考法1】 adj. 错综复杂的： complicated or secretive, having many parts or aspects that are usually interrelated 【例】 a bill to simplify the byzantine tax structure 一项试图简化繁琐税收制度的提案 【近】 convoluted, intricate, involved, labyrinthine, sophisticated, tangled 【反】 straightforward, plain, simple, uncomplicated 直截了当的，不复杂的

dour

【考法1】 adj. 闷闷不乐的,死气沉沉的： sullen, gloomy 【例】 The captain's dour look depressed us all. 船长闷闷不乐的脸色使我们倍感低落 【近】 morose, sulky, surly, moody 【反】 gay 欢快的 【考法2】 adj. 严厉的： harsh and threatening in manner or appearance 【例】 His dour criticism made us regret having undertaken the job. 他严厉的批评让我们后悔接下这活儿了 【近】 strict, sharp, austere, exacting, fierce, gruff, intimidating, rough, stark, stern 【反】 benign, gentle, mild, tender 温和的

dank

【考法1】 adj. 阴湿的： slightly or moderately wet 【例】 vegetables tended to go bad quickly in the dank cellar 蔬菜在潮湿的地下室很容易变坏 【近】 damp, wettish

covert

【考法1】 adj. 隐蔽的，秘密的： not openly shown, engaged in, or avowed 【例】 covert alliance 秘密联盟 【近】 cloistered, hidden, secret, sheltered 【反】 open, overt, aboveboard 公开的 【考法2】 n. 隐秘掩护所： a place where a person goes to hide or to avoid others 【例】 set up a covert from which to watch wildlife without being detected 设立了一个隐蔽的野生动物观测点 【近】 concealment, hermitage, hideaway, nest, lair

clandestine

【考法1】 adj. 隐藏的，秘密的：kept or done in secret, often in order to conceal an illicit or improper purpose 【例】their clandestine love affair 他们的秘密恋情 【近】secret, covert, furtive, surreptitious, sneaky, stealthy, undercover, underground, underhand, underhanded 【反】open, overt, public 公开的； aboveboard 光明正大的

arduous

【考法1】 adj. 难以做到，费劲的：hard to accomplish or achieve: difficult 【例】a long and arduous undertaking 一项长期艰苦的任务 【例】an arduous journey across miles of desert 艰苦的沙漠之旅 【近】grueling, laborious, taxing, onerous, burdensome 【反】easy, simple, unchallenging, undemanding, facile, effortless 不费劲的【记】 hard 艰苦的，困难的 = h + ard， hard 要死，很难费力

evasive

【考法1】 adj. 难以发现、捕捉、分离的；含糊其词的： hard to find, capture, or isolate; equivocal 【例】 an evasive statement 模棱两可的陈述 【近】 fugitive, slippery 【反】 unequivocal 明确的

abstruse

【考法1】 adj. 难以理解的： difficult to comprehend : recondite 【例】 the abstruse calculations 复杂深奥的计算 【近】 arcane, esoteric, hermetic (also hermetical), recondite 【反】 accessible, patent, shallow, superficial 可了解的，肤浅的

ineffable

【考法1】 adj. 难以表达的： incapable of being expressed 【例】 ineffable ecstasy 无法用语言表达的狂喜 【近】 indefinable, indescribable, inexpressible, unspeakable, unutterable 【反】 communicable 可传达的；expressible 可描述的 【派】 ineffability n. 不可描述性

demanding

【考法1】 adj. 难取悦的，难满足的： not easily satisfied or pleased 【例】 His mother could be demanding at times. 他母亲有时候很难取悦。 【近】 exacting, fastidious, finical, finicking, fussy, picky 【考法2】 adj. 费时间花心思的： requiring much time, effort, or careful attention 【例】 the demanding assignment kept them working all night long 那项劳神的任务使得他们熬夜 【近】 arduous, burdensome, challenging, exacting, grueling, killing, laborious, onerous, persnickety, taxing, toilsome 【反】 light, unchallenging, undemanding 不费劲的，轻而易举的

dormant

【考法1】 adj. 静止的，不活跃的： in a state of rest or inactivity; inoperative; in abeyance 【例】 volcanoes which have been dormant for thousand years 休眠了上千年的火山 【近】 dead, latent, lurking, abeyant, quiescent, inert 【反】 active, busy, operating 活跃的 【考法2】 adj. （动物）冬眠的： having biological activity suspended 【例】 The bears lay dormant in their den during the winter. 在冬季，熊在他们的穴里冬眠 【近】 asleep, resting, napping, slumbering 【反】 awake 清醒的 【派】 dormancy n. 不活跃；冬眠

derivative

【考法1】 adj. 非原创的： lacking originality: banal 【例】 their dull, derivative debut album 他们毫无新义的首张专辑 【近】 secondhand 【反】 original, innovative, precursory 原创的，先驱的

antediluvian

【考法1】 adj. 非常古老的，过时的：extremely old and antiquated 【例】He has antediluvian notions about the role of women in the workplace. 他对职场女性抱有老掉牙的看法。 【例】an antediluvian automobile 古董级的汽车 【近】aged, age-old, prehistoric, antique, aged, immemorial 【反】modern, new, recent 新的 【考法2】 n. 保守的人：a person with old-fashioned ideas 【例】an antediluvian who thought a woman without talent is virtuous 一个认为"女子无才便是德"的保守的人 【近】reactionary 【反】modern, trendy 潮人

lethal

【考法1】 adj. 非常有害的，致命的： extremely harmful; devastating 【例】 This dagger is lethal. 这把匕首是致命的武器‖launched a lethal attack 发动了致命的进攻 【近】 baleful, deadly, deathly, fatal, mortal, murderous, pestilent, terminal, vital 【反】 innocuous 无害的； healthy, salubrious, wholesome 有益健康的

chary

【考法1】 adj. 非常谨慎的： very cautious 【例】 chary investors who weren't burned by the dot-com bust 那些没有受到互联网萧条影响的谨慎投资者 们 【近】 alert, cautious, circumspect, conservative, gingerly, guarded, heedful, wary 【反】 rash, bold 卤莽的

crucial

【考法1】 adj. 非常重要的，决定性的： extremely significant or important 【例】 a crucial step in his professional career 他职业生涯中具有决定性的一步 【近】 critical, decisive, key, pivotal, vital 【反】 inconsequential, insignificant, trivial 不重要的

amenable

【考法1】 adj. 顺从的，服从的：readily brought to yield, submit, or cooperate 【例】a high-spirited and rebellious girl not at all amenable to persuasion. 一个泼辣而反叛的女孩根本不听从劝告。 【近】compliant, docile, submissive, tractable, obedient 【反】intransigent, contumacious 不妥协的；intractable, recalcitrant, refractory 倔强的；uncontrollable, ungovernable, unruly 难管束的

compliant

【考法1】 adj. 顺从的：ready or disposed to comply: submissive 【例】a corrupt regime aided by a compliant television station 一个在顺从的电视台帮助下的腐败政府 【近】amenable, conformable, docile, submissive, tractable 【反】balky, contumacious, disobedient, incompliant, insubordinate, intractable, noncompliant, obstreperous, rebel, rebellious, recalcitrant, refractory, unamenable, ungovernable, unruly, willful, wayward 顽固，难驾驭的

diehard

【考法1】 adj. 顽固的，保守的/ n. 顽固的人，保守的人： strongly or fanatically determined or devoted/ someone who opposes change and refuses to accept new ideas 【例】 Some diehard smokers belied the doctors' suggestion. 一些顽固的烟民违背了医生们的建议。 【近】 conservative, hidebound, old-fashioned, reactionary, ultraconservative 【反】 liberal, nonconservative, open-minded, liberal 自由的，开放的

apocalyptic

【考法1】 adj. 预言的，启示的：of a revelatory or prophetic nature 【例】No one listened to her apocalyptic predictions. 没有人听她的预言。 【近】prophetic, predictive, prognostic, farsighted 【考法2】 adj. 重要的，转折点的 of, relating to, or being a major turning point 【例】the apocalyptic Battle of Stalingrad leading to the ultimate defeat of Nazi Germany 具有转折点意义的斯大林格勒战役导致了最后纳粹德国的战败 【反】trivial, petty, minor, immaterial, inconsequential, insignificant 不重要的 【考法3】 adj. 夸大的 wildly unrestrained : grandiose 【例】apocalyptic tone 夸大的语气【记】 来自apocalypse 圣经中的启示录,公元前2世纪至公元2世纪左右的犹太教或基督教的预言作品<br/>，宣扬世界末日迫近和正义者得拯救的内容；apo + collapse 崩溃，大灾难<br/>【另】 prophetic 预言的 【记】 来自apocalypse 圣经中的启示录,公元前2世纪至公元2世纪左右的犹太教或基督教的预言作品

lackluster

【考法1】 adj. 黯淡无光泽的： lacking brightness, luster, or vitality 【例】 lackluster hair 黯淡无光的头发 【近】 dim, dull, flat, lusterless 【反】 burnished, glistening, glossy, lustrous, polished, shiny, sleek 光亮的

inert

【考法1】 adj. （人）懒惰缺乏活力的；（物品）惰性的： sluggish in action or motion; deficient in active properties 【例】 inert ingredients in drugs 药品中的惰性成分 【近】 dead, dormant, lethargic, idle, inactive, passive, torpid 【反】 active, dynamic 充满活力的；passionate 饱含激情的 【派】 inertia n. 惰性

indelible

【考法1】 adj. （印记等）无法擦除的： impossible to remove, erase, or wash away 【例】 indelible ink 难以擦拭的墨水 【近】 ineffaceable, ineradicable, inerasable, ingrained 【反】 eradicable, erasable, removable, washable 可抹去的 【考法2】 adj. 无法忘怀的： not easily forgotten 【例】 most indelible experiences 最难以磨灭的经历 【近】 impressive, memorable, unforgettable 【反】 forgettable 容易被忘记的

abstemious

【考法1】 adj. （吃喝等）有节制的，节俭的： marked by restraint especially in the consumption of food or alcohol, sparring 【例】 an abstemious diet 有节制的饮食， abstemious meals 节俭的晚餐 【近】 continent, temperate, self-abnegating, self-denying 【反】 indulgent 放纵的

inclement

【考法1】 adj. （天气等）恶劣的： lacking mildness 【例】 inclement weather conditions 恶劣的气象条件 【近】 bleak, harsh, severe, stormy, tempestuous 【反】 bright, clear, cloudless, fair, sunny, sunshiny, unclouded 天气晴好的 【考法2】 adj. 无情的，严酷的： showing no clemency; unmerciful 【近】 bitter, brutal, intemperate, rigorous 【反】 charitable, clement, lenient, merciful 仁慈的 【派】 inclemency n. 严酷无情】 in + clement 和蔼的, 仁慈的；in 不好的 + climate 天气

devout

【考法1】 adj. （对于宗教）虔诚的： devoted to religion or to religious duties or exercises 【例】 a devout Buddhist 虔诚的佛教徒 【近】 pious, religious, sainted 【反】 antireligious, impious 不虔诚的 【考法2】 adj. 忠诚的： firm in one's allegiance to someone or something 【例】 Devout Mavericks fans never lost faith in Nowitzki. 忠诚的小牛队球迷从来没有对诺维斯基失去信心。 【近】 constant, loyal, allegiant, dedicated, devout, loyal, pious, staunch, steadfast 【反】 disloyal, faithless, perfidious, unfaithful 不忠诚的；recreant, traitorous, treacherous 背叛的

indulgent

【考法1】 adj. （对己）放纵的，（对他人）纵容的： showing, characterized by, or given to indulgence 【例】 indulgent aristocrats 生活放纵的贵族 【近】 decadent, forbearing, lenient, luxurious, tolerant, sybaritic 【反】 ascetic 禁欲的；draconian 严酷的 【派】 indulgence n. 放纵

mercurial

【考法1】 adj. （情绪）善变的： characterized by rapid and unpredictable changeableness of mood 【例】 his mercurial temperament 他善变的脾气 【近】 capricious, changeful, fluctuating, fluid, mutable, temperamental, uncertain, variable, volatile 【反】 certain, constant, immutable, invariable, settled, stable, steady, unvarying 稳定的，不变的

lugubrious

【考法1】 adj. （故作夸张的）悲哀的： mournful, dismal, or gloomy, especially to an exaggerated or ludicrous degree 【例】 his lugubrious tear-stained face 他忧郁而带着泪痕的脸庞 【近】 deploring, doleful, dolorous, lamentable, melancholy, morose, plaintive, rueful, saturnine, sullen, woeful 【反】 cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial 快乐 音：路孤悲，考G道路上孤单悲凉

considerable

【考法1】 adj. （数量上）可观（而值得注意）的： sufficiently large in size, amount, or number to merit attention 【例】 a considerable amount of fortune 一笔可观的财富 【近】 extensive, substantial, large-scale 【考法2】adj. 值得考虑的，重要的：worth consideration; significant 【例】 a considerable artist 一位举足轻重的艺术家 【近】 important, significant, consequential, momentous, weighty 【反】 trivial 不值一提的；insubstantial, negligible, nominal, trifling 不要重的，可忽视的

mellifluous

【考法1】 adj. （曲调）优美的： smooth and sweet 【例】 a mellifluous voice 甜美的嗓音 【近】 dulcet, euphonious, mellifluent, mellow, melodious 【反】 cacophonous, raspy 刺耳的

flush

【考法1】 adj. （肤色）健康红润的： having a healthy reddish skin tone 【近】 blooming, florid, glowing, red, rosy, rubicund, sanguine 【反】 ashen, doughy, livid, pale, pallid, wan 苍白的，病态的 【考法2】 adj. 富有的： having goods, property, or money in abundance 【例】 She's very flush now that she has her inheritance. 自从继承了那份遗产，她变得十分富有 【近】 affluent, loaded, opulent, wealthy 【反】 destitute, impoverished, indigent, needy, impecunious 贫穷的 【考法3】 adj. 大量的： marked by abundance 【例】 a field flush with flowers 充满了鲜花的原野 【近】 abounding, abundant, awash, fraught, lousy, replete, swarming, teeming, thronging 【反】 inadequate, insufficient, scant, scarce, short 匮乏的，不足的 【考法4】 vi. 冲洗： to pour liquid over or through in order to cleanse 【例】 flush a wound with iodine 用碘酒冲洗伤口 【近】 irrigate, rinse, sluice, wash

equable

【考法1】 adj. （脾气、性情）温和的： not easily disturbed; serene 【例】 equable temperament 温和的性情 【近】 balmy, genial, gentle, moderate, temperate 【反】 harsh, inclement, intemperate, severe 严厉的 【派】 equanimity n.温和 【反】 agitation, excitability 激动

insular

【考法1】 adj. （观念、想法等）孤立狭隘的： being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint 【例】 the insular thinking of peasant communities 农民阶级的狭隘思想 【近】 confined, local, narrow, parochial, provincial, regional, restricted 【反】 cosmopolitan, ecumenical 有国际视野的；catholic （兴趣等）广泛的；receptive 善于接受的

discursive

【考法1】 adj. （谈话内容）杂乱的： moving from topic to topic without order 【例】 a long, discursive article 冗长杂乱的文章 || The speaker's discursive style made it difficult to understand his point. 演讲者讲话杂乱，很难让人理解他的观点。 【近】 desultory, digressional, excursive, meandering, rambling, wandering 【反】 keen on title, concentrated 关注主题的，集中的

blasé

【考法1】 adj. （过度放纵之后）厌倦享乐的，腻烦的： apathetic to pleasure or excitement as a result of excessive indulgence or enjoyment 【例】 Years of extravagance has made him totally blasé. 长期的奢华生活已使他彻底麻木 【近】 indifferent, jaded, unconcerned, world-weary 【反】 zealous, fanatic 狂热的 curious 好奇的

insipid

【考法1】 adj. （食品）清淡无味的： lacking flavor or zest; not tasty 【例】 a rather insipid soup 味道清淡的汤 【近】 flat, flavorless, mild, sapless, savorless, tasteless 【反】 piquant 辛辣的 【考法2】 adj. lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge 【例】 an insipid story of the prince and the princess 一个关于王子和公主的无聊故事 【近】 banal, bland, driveling, prosaic, tedious, uninteresting, vapid 【反】 enchanting 引人入胜的【记】 in 不 + sip 吸吮→不好吸的→乏味的<br/>【另】 sip(吸吮)音：吸噗，吸啤(酒)，吸葡(萄洒)，吸品，吸一口茶品一品

ambrosial

【考法1】 adj. （食物或者气味）特别美味的：something extremely pleasing to taste or smell 【例】The ambrosial aroma of the roast stimulated our appetites. 烤肉的美味香气刺激了我们的食欲。 【近】savory, aromal, aromatic, perfumed, redolent, odorous 【反】fetid, noisome, stenchy, malodorous, rancid 恶臭的

daredevil

【考法1】 adj./n. 大胆鲁莽的(人)： foolishly adventurous or bold 【例】 His daredevil stunts are sure to end in disaster someday. 玩火者必自焚。 【近】 audacious, brash, madcap, overbold, reckless, temerarious 【反】 circumspect, guarded, heedful, prudent, wary 小心谨慎的 【考法2】 adj. 不考虑后果的： having or showing a lack of concern for the consequences of one's actions 【例】 a daredevil driver who thinks that racing on city streets is a harmless game 不计后果的司机认为在大街上飙车对人无害 【近】 foolhardy, irresponsible, harum-scarum 【反】 responsible 负责任的

equivalent

【考法1】 adj./n. 等价的，相等的： equal in force, amount, or value 【例】 that huge mansion is the equivalent of five ordinary houses 那栋巨大的公馆有五套一般户型的房子那么大 【近】 coequal, coordinate, counterpart, peer, rival, parallel

inalienable

【考法1】 adj.不可剥夺的，不能让与的： cannot be transferred to another or others 【例】 inalienable rights of the citizen 公民不可予夺的权利 【近】 untransferable 【反】 alienable 可与让的

copious

【考法1】 adj.丰富的，大量的： large in quantity; abundant 【例】 a copious harvest 大丰收 【近】 plentiful, abundant, ample, gushing 【反】 sparse, dearth, scant 稀少的，缺乏的

apocryphal

【考法1】 adj.假的：of doubtful authenticity : spurious 【例】an apocryphal story about the president's childhood 一个假的关于总统童年的故事 【近】spurious, unauthentic, ungenuine 【反】factual, true, truthful, authentic 真的

lachrymose

【考法1】 adj.催人泪下的，悲伤的：tending to cause tears, mournful 【例】The lachrymose mourners at the funeral required a steady supply of tissues. 葬礼上多愁善感的哀悼者 对纸巾提出了巨大的需求 【近】doleful, lamentable, lugubrious, melancholy, mournful, tearful, teary, weepy, woeful 【反】cheerful, delighted, jocund, jovial 欢乐的，快乐的

inept

【考法1】 adj.愚笨的，荒谬的： displaying a lack of judgment, sense, or reason 【例】 an inept and irresponsible remark on his paper 对他文章的荒谬而不负责任的评论 【近】 absurd, foolish, fatuous, preposterous, stupid, witless, unwise 【反】 judicious, prudent sagacious, sapient, smart, wise 聪明的，明智的 【考法2】 adj.不恰当的，不合时宜的： not appropriate for a particular occasion or situation 【近】 amiss, graceless, improper, inapposite, infelicitous, malapropos, perverse, unseemly, unsuitable 【反】 appropriate, becoming, felicitous, fitting, genteel, proper, seemly, suitable 恰当的 【考法3】 adj. 不称职的，无能力的： generally incompetent 【例】 a hopelessly inept defense attorney 严重不靠谱的辩护律师 【近】 incapable, inexpert, unfitted, unskillful, unqualified 【反】 capable, competent 有能力的；proficient, masterful 精通的，技艺精湛的 【派】 ineptitude n. 不合适

ineluctable

【考法1】 adj.无法逃避的，必然的： not to be avoided, changed, or resisted 【例】 Although death is an ineluctable fate for any and every individual organism, it lays the foundation of the metabolism that perpetuates the planetary ecosystem. 尽管死亡对于任何单个的有机体而言是不可避免的宿 命，但它奠定了能使整个行星生态系统永不衰竭的新陈代谢的基础 【近】 certain, inescapable, inevasible, inevitable, unavoidable 【反】 avoidable, evadable 可避免的；uncertain, unsure （结果等）不确定的 【派】 ineluctability n. 不可避免【记】 同inevitable；in 否定 + reluctate 不愿意，勉强；不愿意也不行→逃不了的

ambiguous

【考法1】 adj.有多种理解方式的；不确定的：open to more than one interpretation；doubtful or uncertain 【例】Students have ambiguous feelings about their role in the world. 学生们为他们在世界中的角色感到迷茫。 Frustrated by ambiguous instructions 因为不明确的指示而受挫 【近】doubtful, equivocal, unclear, uncertain 【反】distinct, pellucid, patent, blatant, explicit, lucid, perspicuous 清楚的，明显的

apropos

【考法1】 adj.相关的：being both relevant and opportune 【例】The actor announced to reporters that he would only answer to apropos questions about the movie. 演员向记者表示，他只回答那些和电影有关的问题。 【近】appliacable, apropos, germane, pointed, relative, relevant 【反】extraneous, irrelevant, impertinent, irrelative, pointless 无关的 【考法2】 prep. 关于，有关：having to do with 【例】to make a number of telling observations apropos the current political situation 做了很多关于当前政治形势有力的观察 【近】apropos, apropos of, as far as, as for, as regards (also as respects), as to, concerning, of, on, regarding, respecting, touching, toward (or towards)

facile

【考法1】 adj.表面的，浅尝辄止的：having or showing a lack of depth of understanding or character 【例】 propose a facile solution to a complex problem 给一个复杂的问题提议一个肤浅的解决方案 【近】 cursory, shallow, simplistic, superficial 【反】 deep, profound 深刻的；comprehensive, exhaustive 全面的，详尽的 【考法2】 adj.容易的，唾手可得的： easily accomplished or attained 【例】 a facile victory 一场轻松易得的胜利 【近】 cheap, easy, effortless, painless, royal 【反】 arduous, demanding, difficult, formidable, hard, laborious, toilsome, tough 费力的，困难的

bravura

【考法1】 adj/n. 优秀演技： brilliant technique or style in performance 【例】 a truly bravura performance of the ballet 一场极其精彩的芭蕾舞演出 【近】 adroit, artful, dexterous, masterful, virtuoso 【反】 amateur, artless, unprofessional, unskillful 【记】 brave 有brilliant意思；bravo 喝彩

asunder

【考法1】 adv. 分离成多部分或多片：into separate parts or pieces 【例】broken asunder 打碎 【例】Buildings were burst asunder. 建筑物已经被炸成碎片了。 【近】piecemeal 【反】in a piece 完整一片；together 在一起 【考法2】 adv. 分离：apart from each other in position 【例】A quite conscience sleeps in thunder, but rest and guilt live far asunder. 平静的良心能在雷声中入睡，而 安宁和负罪则无法毗邻。 【例】Our opinions are wide as the poles asunder. 我们的意见完全相反。 【近】apart 【反】together 在一起

aloft

【考法1】 adv. 在空中：in the air especially : in flight (as in an airplane) 【例】The balloon stayed aloft for days 气球在空中停留了很多天。 【近】overhead 【反】grounded 着陆地

lampoon

【考法1】 n 讽刺： a harsh satire usually directed against an individual 【例】 a lampoon of the movie business at the time 对当时电影产业的一种讽刺 【近】 burlesque, caricature, farce, mockery, parody, ridicule, spoof, travesty 【反】 eulogy, ode, paean 颂歌

fiasco

【考法1】 n. a complete failure 【例】The Hitler's plot ended in a fiasco. 希特勒的阴谋最终以失败告终 【近】catastrophe, debacle, disaster, failure 【反】blockbuster, éclat, success 成功

fender

【考法1】 n. a cushioning device, such as a bundle of rope or a piece of timber, used on the side of a vessel or dock to absorb impact or friction 【例】 a fender on the SUV 运动越野车的一个防护板 【近】 buffer, bumper, cocoon, cushioning, pad【记】 源自defend 防护，防卫的东西<br/>【另】 fend 保护，挡开，defend 防护

flock

【考法1】 n. a great number of persons or creatures massed together 【例】 a flock of ill-disposed reporters at the press conference 新闻发布会上一群不怀好意的记者 【近】 army, drove, herd, legion 【考法2】 vi. to congregate or travel in a flock or crowd 【例】 Vacationers flocked to the towns along the shore in order to escape the August heat. 度假的人们一起涌向海岸，以躲避八月里的热浪 【近】 mob, swarm, throng

fledgling

【考法1】 n. a person who is just starting out in a field of activity 【例】 At hockey he's still a fledgling and needs to work on his basic skating skills. 在冰球场上他还是一个菜鸟，还需要在基本的滑冰技术上加强练习 【近】 apprentice, beginner, freshman, neophyte, novice, tyro, recruit, rookie 【反】 veteran 老兵，身经百战的人 【派】 fledge v. 鸟类长羽毛【记】 fly + edge, 飞的边缘，小鸟已经长到能飞的边缘，马上就能飞了

furor

【考法1】 n. a state of intense excitement or ecstasy 【例】 The decision to raise tax has caused a great furor among the working class. 提高税收的决定引起了工人阶级的强烈反响 【近】 delirium, frenzy, fever, fury, hysteria, outrage, rage, uproar, wrath 【反】 serenity, tranquility 平静，宁静 【反】 delight, pleasure 愉悦

frenzy

【考法1】 n. a violent mental or emotional agitation 【例】 She is subject to these frenzies several times a year. 她每年都要暴怒几次 【近】 delirium, fever, furor, fury, hysteria, insanity, rage, rampage, uproar 【反】 sanity 理智 【派】 frenetic adj. 疯狂的

flaw

【考法1】 n. an imperfection, often concealed, that impairs soundness 【例】 The absence of flaw in beauty is itself a flaw. 完美无瑕本身就是瑕疵 【近】 blight, blotch, defect, fault, imperfection, mar, scar, spot 【考法2】 v. to reduce the soundness, effectiveness, or perfection of 【例】 That crack has flawed the vase to the extent that its value in the antiques market is greatly reduced. 那道裂缝让这个花瓶在古董市场上大大地掉价 【近】 blemish, break, compromise, cripple, harm, hurt, impair, injure, spoil, vitiate 【反】 fix, mend, repair, revamp 修复，改造 【派】 flawed adj. 有瑕疵的；flawless adj. 完美无瑕的

fervor

【考法1】 n. great warmth and intensity of emotion 【例】 A blind patriotic fervor is called chauvinism. 盲目的爱国热情就被称为沙文主义 【近】 ardor, enthusiasm, passion, zeal, zealotry 【反】 apathy, indifference, impassiveness, unconcern 冷漠

fury

【考法1】 n. intense, disordered, and often destructive rage 【例】 The gods unleashed their fury on the offending mortal. 诸神将怒火降在了对那些对神明不敬的凡人身上 【近】 anger, indignation, ire, mad, rage, wrath 【反】 forbearance 容忍；delight, pleasure 快乐，愉悦 【派】 furious adj. 狂暴的，暴怒的

faultfinder

【考法1】 n. one who is given to petty criticism and constant complaint 【例】 No sooner had we finished decorating the church than the parish faultfinder decided that she didn't like it. 我们一完成教堂的装修工作，教区里挑剔的人就说她不喜欢 【近】 carper, castigator, caviler, censurer, critic, disparager, hypercritic, nitpicker

fetter

【考法1】 n. something that limits one's freedom of action or choice 【例】 a fetter that prevents us from trying something new 阻碍我们尝试新事物的枷锁 【近】 circumscription, constraint, curb, limitation, restraint, stricture 【考法2】 v. to restrain from motion, action, or progress 【例】 be fettered by family responsibilities 被家庭责任所束缚 【近】 chain, clog, enfetter, hamper, manacle, restrain, shackle, trammel 【反】 enfranchise, free, liberate, unbind, unfetter, unshackle 解放；facilitate 促进 【派】 enfetter v. 束缚【记】 feet + er 脚上挂的东西<br/>

fringe

【考法1】 n. something that resembles such a border or edging 例】 "Don't act on the fringes of the law," warns the customs officer. 海关人员警告说："不要打法律的擦边球" 【近】 border, boundary, circumference, edge, margin, perimeter, periphery, skirt 【反】 center, core 中心，核心 【考法2】 v. to be adjacent to 【近】 abut, border, neighbor, skirt, verge

friction

【考法1】 n. the rubbing of one object or surface against another 【例】 lubricant that significantly reduces friction 能显著减少摩擦的润滑剂 【近】 abrasion 【考法2】 n. the clashing between two persons or parties of opposed views 【例】 There is a friction between the professor and students. 教授和学生之间存在不和 【近】 disagreement, conflict, contention, dissidence, schism, war 【反】 accord, harmony, peace, concord 和谐 【派】 frictional adj. 产生摩擦的

flippancy

【考法1】 n. unbecoming levity or pertness especially in respect to grave or sacred matters 【例】 The flippancy of your answer annoyed me. 你轻率的回答让我很恼火 【近】 facetiousness, flightiness, frivolousness, frothiness, levity, silliness 【反】 earnestness, gravity, seriousness, soberness, solemnity, solemnness 严肃，认真

batch

【考法1】 n. 一批次的量： a number of things considered as a unit 【例】 a batch of cookies 一批次烘烤的饼干 【近】 array, collection, package, parcel, group 【考法2】 n. 一小群人： a usually small number of persons considered as a unit 【例】 Show the next batch of applicants in, please. 请带下一批申请人进来 【近】 band, body, cluster, party

caprice

【考法1】 n. 一时冲动的决定： an impulsive change of mind 【例】 an out-of-character caprice led him to take the day off from work and go to the beach 一时冲动让他决 定休假一天，去海滩度假 【近】 crank, fancy, vagary, vagrancy, whimsy 【考法2】 n. 反复无常，善变： an inclination to change one's mind impulsively. 【例】 his knack for picking racetrack winners appears to owe as much to caprice as it does to a canny assessment of horseflesh 他赌马屡赌虑赢，要归功于自己的反复无常而不是对于赛马本身独到精明的评估。 【近】 freakishness, impulsiveness, whimsicalness 【反】 confirmation 确认 【派】 capricious adj. 反复无常的，善变 【反】 steadfast, resolute, constant, pertinacious 坚定不变的

consensus

【考法1】 n. 一致同意： general agreement; unanimity 【例】 The board has finally reached a consensus. 董事会最终达成了一致 【近】 accord, assent, agreement, harmony, unanimity, unison 【反】 disagreement 不同意见

eclipse

【考法1】 n. 下降，衰退： a change to a lower state or level 【例】 the eclipse of the town from a grand seaside resort to a tacky tourist trap 从壮丽辉煌的海边旅游圣地退化成了俗气的坑人景点 【近】 decadence, degeneration, degradation, deterioration, ebb, fall 【反】 ascent, rise, upswing 上升，崛起 【考法2】 vt. 使声望下降，使黯然失色： to obscure or diminish in importance, fame, or reputation 【例】 Her score eclipsed the old record. 她的分数使旧的纪录黯然失色 【近】 adumbrate, obscure, overshadow 【考法3】 vt.（在数量、品质上）超越： to be greater, better, or stronger than 【例】 The brilliant young pianist now eclipsed even his own mentor in musical artistry. 极富天赋的小钢琴家如今甚至已超越了他的音乐导师 【近】 beat, exceed, excel, outshine, outstrip, surpass, transcend 【反】 fall behind 落后

equity

【考法1】 n. 不偏不倚，公平： lack of favoritism toward one side or another 【例】 the lower wages paid to women for equal work violated the notion of equity 同等工作付给女性更低的报酬违背了公平的理念 【近】 disinterestedness, equity, evenhandedness, fairness, impartiality, neutrality, nonpartisanship 【反】 bias, favoritism, nonobjectivity, one-sidedness, partiality, partisanship, prejudice 歧视，偏见 【派】 equitable a.公平的 【反】 biased, discriminatory 偏袒的，差别对待的

deadpan

【考法1】 n. 不动情的言行举止，无动于衷： impassively matter-of-fact, as in style, behavior, or expression 【例】 a deadpan comedy 一个没有笑点的喜剧 【近】 catatonic, expressionless, impassive, inexpressive, stolid, vacant 【反】 demonstrative, expressive 有表现力的

acumen

【考法1】 n. 不同寻常的洞察力和鉴别力： exceptional discernment and judgment especially in practical matters 【例】 the business acumen 商业方面的洞察力 【近】 keenness, shrewdness, canniness, clear-sightedness, hardheadedness 【反】 unable to discerning 不能辨别的

disinclination

【考法1】 n. 不喜欢，厌恶，不情愿： a lack of willingness or desire to do or accept something；a lack of willingness or desire to do or accept something 【例】 showing a marked disinclination 表现出明显的不情愿 【近】 aversion, disfavor, disliking, disrelish, mislike, unwillingness 【反】 appetite, favor, fondness, liking, partiality, preference, relish, inclination 喜欢；willingness 情愿

alibi

【考法1】 n. 不在场的证明；托辞，借口： an excuse usually intended to avert blame or punishment (as for failure or negligence) 【例】 He always has a very creative alibi for undone homework. 他对于不完成作业总是有各种新奇的借口。 【近】 defense, justification, plea, reason

malcontent

【考法1】 n. 不满分子： one who is in active opposition to an established order or government 【例】 The chaos was caused by a handful of malcontents. 混乱是由一小撮不满分子引起的 【近】 complainer, faultfinder, grouch, rebel 【考法2】 adj. 不满的： dissatisfied with the existing state of affairs 【例】 The film follows three malcontent teenagers around Paris. 电影围绕着三个不满现实的青少年在巴黎展 开 【近】 discontented, discontent, disgruntled, displeased, dissatisfied, ungratified 【反】 contented, fulfilled, gratified, pleased, satisfied 满意的

malaise

【考法1】 n. 不舒服： a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, as at the beginning of an illness 【例】 He complained of depression, headaches and malaise. 他抱怨说感到沮丧、头痛和身体不适 【近】 debility, decrepitude, disease, feebleness, infirmity, infirmness, sickliness, unhealthiness

maven

【考法1】 n. 专家： one who is experienced or knowledgeable: expert 【例】 As an investment maven, he was doing well even when the market was doing poorly. 作为一名投资高 手，他在市场不景气的时候也能赚钱 【近】 ace, adept, connoisseur, expert, maestro, master, professional, proficient, virtuoso 【反】 amateur, dabbler, dilettante 业余爱好者

abeyance

【考法1】 n. 中止，搁置： temporary inactivity 【例】 hold the plan in abeyance 使计划暂停 【近】 doldrums, quiescence, moratorium, latency, dormancy, suspension, cold storage, deep freeze 【反】 continuance, fulfillment 继续，履行

dais

【考法1】 n. 主席台， 嘉宾席： a raised platform, as in a lecture hall, for speakers or honored guests. 【例】 the speaker took his place at the front of the dais 演讲者在主席台就坐 【近】 podium, rostrum, tribune

lassitude

【考法1】 n. 乏力，没精打采： a state or feeling of weariness, diminished energy, or listlessness 【例】 Symptoms of anaemia include general fatigue and lassitude. 贫血的通常症状包括体虚和乏力 【近】 collapse, exhaustion, frazzle, languor, listlessness, stupor, torpor, prostration 【反】 verve, vim,animation,vitality 有活力

fracas

【考法1】 n. 争吵，吵闹： a physical dispute between opposing individuals or groups; a rough and often noisy fight usually involving several people 【例】 The police were called in to break up the fracas.警察奉命去制止骚乱 【近】 battle, clash, combat, conflict, contest, hassle, skirmish, struggle, tussle【记】 frac 碎片 + case 盒子 到处是碎片和盒子

marvel

【考法1】 n. 令人惊奇的事物： one that evokes surprise, admiration, or wonder 【派】 The robot is a marvel of modern engineering. 机器人是工程领域的奇迹 【近】 flash, miracle, phenomenon, prodigy, splendor 【考法2】 v.（因为壮观、美丽等而）表示惊讶： to feel amazement or bewilderment at or about 【派】 marvel at the tranquility of Chopin's nocturne 惊叹于肖邦夜曲中体现出来的宁静和祥 【近】 gape, gaze, goggle, wonder 【派】 marvelous adj.令人惊奇的

cronyism

【考法1】 n. 任人唯亲，对好朋友的偏袒： favoritism shown to old friends without regard for their qualifications 【例】 officials practicing cronyism 任人唯亲的官员 【近】 favoritism

legend

【考法1】 n. 传奇，传说： a popular myth of recent origin 【例】 Some ancient civilizations had legends about spirits that inhabited trees and rocks. 许多古老的文明 都有着关于寄居于树木、岩石之中的灵魂的传说 【近】 fable, myth, mythos 【考法2】 n. 图例： an explanatory list of the symbols on a map or chart 【例】 The legend in the science textbook indicated that the accompanying picture had been enlarged by 1000%. 科学课本上彩图的图例告诉我们这幅图片被放大了十倍 【近】 cutline 【派】 legendary adj. 如传奇般闻名的

camouflage

【考法1】 n. 伪装： behavior or artifice designed to deceive or hide 【例】 the soldiers must wear protective jungle camouflage while on patrol 士兵们在巡逻的时候必须穿上迷彩 服来保护自身安全 【近】 costume, guise, cloak, dress up 【反】 unmask 揭露

euphemism

【考法1】 n. 婉言，委婉的说法： the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant 【例】 using "eliminate" as a euphemism for "kill" "杀死"的委婉说法是"灭掉"

doldrums

【考法1】 n. 低迷，中断： a state or period of inactivity, stagnation, or slump 【例】 August is a time of doldrums for many enterprises. 对于许多企业来说八月是一个低迷期‖The economy is in the doldrums. 经济低迷 【近】 abeyance, dormancy, latency, quiescence, moratorium 【反】 continuation 持续 【考法2】 n. 情绪不佳：a state or spell of low spirits 【例】 The team had been in the doldrums ever since losing the championship. 整个队伍自从输了锦标赛以来一直情绪不佳 【近】 dejection, depression, desolation, despondence, dolefulness, gloom, melancholy, unhappiness 【反】 bliss, ecstasy, elation, exhilaration, exuberance, exultation, jubilation, rapture, felicity

domicile

【考法1】 n. 住所，住宅： a residence; a home 【例】 an alternate domicile in emergency 紧急情况下的住所 【近】 home, dwelling, habitation, abode, house, lodging 【考法2】 v. 提供住处： to establish in or provide with a domicile 【例】 The university domiciles students in a variety of buildings in and around its urban campus. 大学在城区校园周围为学生提供了多样化的宿舍 【近】 accommodate, bestow lodge, harbor, put up 【反】 banish, expel 驱逐

intoxicant

【考法1】 n. 使人陶醉的东西（尤指酒精饮料）： an agent that intoxicates, especially an alcoholic beverage 【近】 alcohol, liquor, stimulant 【反】 refresher 使人清醒的东西 【派】 intoxicating adj. 使人陶醉的

dearth

【考法1】 n. 供应不足： an inadequate supply 【例】 a dearth of evidence 证据不足 【近】 want, deficit, insufficiency, paucity, pinch, scantiness, scarcity, undersupply 【反】 plethora, spate, copiousness, abundance, adequacy, amplitude, opulence 过剩，丰富

convenience

【考法1】 n. 便利，方便： fitness or suitability for performing an action or fulfilling a requirement 【例】 the convenience of living in megacity 住在大城市的便利 【近】 accommodation, amenity, ease, facility 【反】 burden, millstone 负担 【派】 convenient adj. 方便的，便捷的

fail-safe

【考法1】 n. 保险措施： a measure taken to preclude loss or injury 【例】 There are so many fail-safes built into the system that a highly unlikely series of mistakes would have to be made before failure could occur. 系统中嵌入了大量的保险措施，因此在系统崩溃之前，必须要发生一系列几乎不可能出现的错误 【近】 caution, palladium, preventive, safeguard 【考法2】 adj. 万无一失的： having no chance of failure 【例】 a fail-safe device 自动防故障装置‖Men have traditionally regarded flowers as the fail-safe gift for Valentine's Day. 男士们长期以来认为鲜花是情人节永远不会错的礼物 【近】 certain, foolproof, sure, unfailing 【反】 fallible 容易犯错的

disciple

【考法1】 n. 信徒，追随者： one who accepts and assists in spreading the doctrines of another, follower 【例】 A circle of dedicated disciples who conscientiously wrote down everything the prophet said. 一圈忠实的信徒认真的记下了先知所说的话。 【近】 acolyte, adherent, convert, epigone, partisan, votary 【反】 leader, coryphaeus 领导者

faction

【考法1】 n. 派系： a party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self-seeking 【例】 affiliated with one faction 附属于某个党派‖North-Ocean Faction 北洋派 【近】 bloc, body, clique, coalition, sect, wing 【派】 factional adj.派系的，派别的

exponent

【考法1】 n. 倡导者，支持者： one that speaks for, represents, or advocates 【例】 Exponents of space exploration earnestly called for more missions to the outer reaches of the solar system. 太空探险的支持者强烈要求对太阳系的外边缘进行探索。 【近】 advocator, backer, booster, champion, espouser, friend, promoter, proponent 【反】 adversary, antagonist, opponent 反对者 【考法2】 n. 实践者： one who brings an art or science to full realization 【例】 has long reigned as the nation's leading exponent of modern dance 被认为是该国现代舞的集大成者 【近】 expounder, guru, interpreter, practitioner, high priest

downpour

【考法1】 n. 倾盆大雨： a heavy fall of rain 【例】 power failure due to the downpour 暴雨导致的电力中断 【近】 deluge, downfall, cloudburst, rainstorm 【反】 drizzle, sprinkle 细雨

bravado

【考法1】 n. 假装勇敢： a pretense of bravery 【例】 I remembered his youthful bravado. 我还记得他的年少鲁莽。 【考法2】 n. 虚张声势： blustering swaggering conduct 【例】 strove to prevent our courage from turning into bravado 努力阻止我们的勇气蜕变成虚张声势 【记】 brave + do 作出来的勇敢

lullaby

【考法1】 n. 催眠曲： a song to quiet children or lull them to sleep 【例】 sang a lullaby to the baby every night 每晚都给孩子唱摇篮曲 【近】 berceuse, cradlesong 【考法2】 vt. 使镇静，使安心： to free from distress or disturbance 【例】 reclining peacefully on the deck, lullabied by the gentle motion of the ship 躺卧在甲板上，随着船轻轻的颠 簸放松下来 【近】 allay, balm, becalm, compose, lull, quiet, salve, settle, soothe, still, tranquilize 【反】 agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 打扰，扰乱

forbearance

【考法1】 n. 克制；忍耐： tolerance and restraint in the face of provocation; patience 【例】 reach the end of my forbearance 到了让我忍无可忍的地步 【近】 patience, temperance, tolerance, toleration 【反】 impatience 不耐烦 【考法2】 n. 友好仁慈的态度： kind, gentle, or compassionate treatment especially towards someone who is undeserving of it 【例】 The judge showed forbearance, and gave the teenaged first offender a suspended sentence. 法官网开一面，给了初犯的少年犯一个缓刑 【近】 charity, clemency, leniency, mercifulness, quarter 【反】 vindictiveness 恶意

apathy

【考法1】 n. 冷漠，缺乏情感：lack of feeling or emotion 【例】People have shown surprising apathy toward these important social problems. 人们对于这些重要的社会 问题显示出了令人惊讶的冷漠。 【近】affectlessness, emotionlessness, impassiveness, impassivity, insensibility, numbness, phlegm 【反】emotion, feeling, sensibility 有感情 【考法2】 n. 缺乏兴趣，不关心：lack of interest or concern 【例】She heard the story with apathy. 她毫无兴趣的听完了这个故事。 【例】Her poor grades are proof enough of her apathy concerning all matters academic. 她可怜的分数足以证明 他对所有学术问题都没兴趣。 【近】disinterestedness, disregard, incuriosity, insouciance, nonchalance, unconcern 【反】concern, interest, regard 关心，有兴趣，在意

foreword

【考法1】 n. 前言： a preface or an introductory note, as for a book, especially by a person other than the author 【例】 The foreword of this book is co-written by Jason and Franklin. 这本书的序由Jason和Franklin共同写成 【近】 beginning, introduction, overture, preamble, preface, prelude, prologue 【反】 epilogue, coda 尾声；finale 终场

bulge

【考法1】 n. 凸起： a protuberant or swollen part or place 【例】 bulging eyes 暴鱼眼 【近】 convexity, projection, protrusion, protuberance, swell 【反】 depressed region, cavity, dent, indent, recess, pit 凹陷，坑 【考法2】 n. 比赛中的优势地位： the more favorable condition or position in a competition 【例】 somehow she got the bulge on him in the race for the statehouse 她在州议员竞选中领先了他 【近】 high ground, inside track, upper hand, whip hand 【反】 disadvantage, drawback, handicap, liability 劣势 【考法3】 n. 暴涨，突增，在数目或数量上突然而且是临时性的增加： a sudden, usually temporary increase in number or quantity 【例】 The baby boom created a bulge in school enrollment. 生育高峰造成学校入学人数的暴涨。 【考法4】 v. 充满： to be copiously supplied 【例】 this guidebook to San Francisco positively bulges with useful information 这本对旧金山的指南包含了很 多有用信息 【近】 brim, bristle, overflow, swarm, teem

dent

【考法1】 n. 凹陷，凹痕： a depression in a surface made by pressure or a blow 【例】 a dent in the side of a car 汽车侧面一处凹陷 【近】 cavity, depression, hollow, indenture, recess 【反】 bulge, convexity, projection, protrusion, protuberance 凸起 【考法2】 v. （数量、程度上）变小，变弱： to make smaller in amount, volume, or extent 【例】 hopefully this vacation won't dent our bank account too much 但愿这次旅行不会让我们银行存款缩水太多 【近】 abate, downscale, downsize, dwindle 【反】 aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, enlarge, escalate 增大，增强

lash

【考法1】 n. 击打： a hard strike with a part of the body or an instrument 【例】 suddenly felt the lash of her drunken husband's hand on her cheek 突然感觉到脸颊被醉酒的丈夫扇了一耳光 【近】 bang, bash, bat, beat, clap, hit, knock, punch, slam, slap, smash, stinger, stroke, swat 【考法2】 v. 猛击，撞击： to strike against with force or violence 【例】 All night long a barrage of rain lashed the windows. 倾盆大雨整夜敲击着窗户 【近】 baste, hammer, lace, lambaste, punch 【考法3】 vt. 捆扎： to bind with or as if with a line 【例】 Secure the anchor by lashing it to the rail. 通过将锚绑在栏杆上使其稳固。 【反】 unbind 解开

chasm

【考法1】 n. 分歧，意见、利益或忠诚上的明显差异： a pronounced difference of opinion, interests, or loyalty. 【近】 contradiction, dissent, disjunction, discord, conflict, rift, rivalry, dichotomy

debut

【考法1】 n. 初次登台，出道： a first public appearance 【例】 made her single debut 完成了她的处女秀 【反】 farewell performance 告别演出

altruism

【考法1】 n. 利他主义：unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others 【例】Ambition that is masked as altruism. 在利他主义掩盖下的野心。 【反】egoism 利己主义 【派】altruistic adj.利他的 【反】egotistic, self-centered, self-concerned, selfish 自私的

cacophony

【考法1】 n. 刺耳的声音： loud, confused, and usually inharmonious sound 【例】 the cacophony of a pet store full of animals 宠物商店里各种动物叽叽呱呱的声音 【近】 blare, bluster, clamor, decibel, din, discordance, racket 【反】 quiet, silence, still, stillness 安静

divestiture

【考法1】 n. 剥夺：the act of taking away from a person 【例】 Melodramas were popular because they offered the audience a divestiture of neutrality. 情节剧之所有受到欢迎是因为他们给观众一个缺乏中立的（世界）。 【近】 deprivation, dispossession 【反】 acquisition 获得；endowment 捐赠

expedition

【考法1】 n. 动作迅速： speed in performance; promptness 【例】 deal with the order with the greatest possible expedition 以可能的最快的速度处理订单 【近】 passage, peregrination, travel, trek 【反】 foot-dragging 脚步拖沓

inducement

【考法1】 n. 动机，刺激源： a motive or consideration that leads one to action 【例】 offered an expensive watch as an inducement to ratify the proposal 赠送名贵手表以求计划得到批准 【近】 goad, impulse, incentive, motive, spur, stimulus 【反】 deterrent 抑制物 【考法2】 n.劝说，游说： the act of reasoning or pleading with someone to accept a belief or course of action 【例】 He gave up smoking only after a prolonged inducement by all the other family members. 在所有家庭成员坚持不懈的劝说之下，他终于愿意戒烟了 【近】 conversion, convincing, persuading, suasion 【派】 induce v. 导致，产生

mettle

【考法1】 n. 勇气： vigor and strength of spirit or temperament 【例】 troops who showed their mettle in combat 在战场上表现出坚强勇气的部队 【近】 bravery, courage, dauntlessness, fortitude, guts, nerve, pluck, spirit, spunk, valor 【反】 cowardice, cravenness, gutlessness, pusillanimity, spinelessness 胆小，怯懦 【考法2】 n. 毅力，耐力： staying quality: stamina 【例】 Those trucks had proved their mettle in army transport. 那些卡车通过在军队运输中的表现证明了它们的 耐用性 【近】 durability, endurance, stamina, persistence, resolution 【派】 mettlesome adj. 有毅力的源自metal 金属般的勇气；mental 精神 nettle: miff meddle: interfere

deprivation

【考法1】 n. 匮乏： the condition of being deprived; privation 【例】 serious sleep deprivation caused by long work hours 由长时间工作导致的严重睡眠不足 【反】 fecundity 丰饶

bargain

【考法1】 n. 协议： an agreement between parties settling what each gives or receives in a transaction 【例】 They made a bargain that one would help the other next week. 他们达成了一项协议：下周其中一人将帮助另外一人 【近】 accord, compact, contract, covenant, deal, pact, settlement 【考法2】 vi. 讨价还价： to negotiate over the terms of a purchase 【例】 bargain over the price 讨价还价 【近】 haggle, negotiate

jeopardy

【考法1】 n. 危险： risk of loss or injury; peril or danger 【例】 the city's firefighters routinely put their lives in jeopardy 消防队员们早就把生命置之度外了 【近】 distress, endangerment, imperilment, peril 【反】 safeness, safety, secureness, security 安全

approbation

【考法1】 n. 同意：an expression of warm approval 【例】The proposal met his approbation. 这项建议得到了他的同意。 【近】approval, favor 【反】disapproval, disapprobation, disfavor 不同意

effrontery

【考法1】 n. 厚颜无耻，放肆大胆： flagrant disregard of courtesy or propriety and an arrogant assumption of privilege 【例】 had the effrontery to insult her father 胆敢辱骂她的父亲 【近】 audacity, brashness, brazenness, insolence, nerve, presumption, temerity 【反】 decorum, propriety, courtesy, grace 得体；timidity 胆小

comity

【考法1】 n. 友好，社会和谐：friendly social atmosphere ：social harmony 【例】group activities promoting comity 促进和谐氛围的团队活动 || comity of nations 国际礼节 【近】compatibility, concord, peace 【反】conflict, discord, dissension 冲突，不和

camaraderie

【考法1】 n. 友情： a spirit of friendly good-fellowship 【例】 There is great camaraderie among the teammates. 组员之间有着深厚的情谊。 【近】 brotherhood, comradeship, fellowship 【反】 enmity 敌意

alacrity

【考法1】 n. 反应迅速，乐意： promptness in response : cheerful readiness 【例】 accepted the invitation with alacrity 欣喜地接受了邀请 【近】 amenability, gameness, obligingness, willingness 【反】 dilatoriness, hesitance and reluctance 拖延，犹豫和不情愿

anarchist

【考法1】 n. 反抗权威的人：a person who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power 【同】rebel, insurgent 【派】anarchy n. 混乱 ：a state of lawlessness or political disorder due to the absence of governmental authority 【近】chaos, disarray, topsy-turviness, commotion, turmoil 【反】order 有序

chameleon

【考法1】 n. 变色龙，善变的人：a person who dexterously and expediently changes or adopts opinions 【例】 at the summer resort he acquired a reputation as a social chameleon—someone who could be whatever his hosts wanted him to be 在度假胜地，他解释了一个被称为社交多面手的人，那人可以变成主人想要的任何角色 【近】 chancer, opportunist, temporizer, timeserver, trimmer, weathercock

insurgent

【考法1】 n. 叛乱分子： one who breaks with or opposes constituted authority or the established order 【例】 Insurgents armed with assault rifles and grenades ambushed a US convoy, resulting in heavy casualties. 持有突击步枪和手榴弹的叛乱分子偷袭了美军车队，造成重大伤亡 【近】 rebel, anarchist, antagonist, malcontent, mutineer 【派】 insurgency n. 叛乱 resurgent 复活复兴 in进 + surge 巨浪，巨浪冲进来了→叛乱

accolade

【考法1】 n. 同意，赞赏： an expression of approval 【反】 disapprobation 不赞成 【例】 won virtually every accolade that the film world has to offer 赢得了电影界几乎一致的赞赏 【近】 applause, credit, distinction 【考法 2】 v. 赞扬： to praise or honor 【反】 excoriation, criticism, reprobation, castigation, cutting remark, derogation, reproof. denigration, denunciation, swearword 批评，谴责

cachet

【考法1】 n. 同意： an indication of approval carrying great prestige 【例】 A Mercedes carries a certain cachet. 每一辆奔驰都有认证标志。 【考法2】 n. 声望： prestige 【例】 being rich...doesn't have the cachet it used to 富甲一方再也不像过去拥有那么高的声望了

kudos

【考法1】 n. 名望，名声： fame and renown resulting from an act or achievement 【例】 Employees enjoy the kudos that the job brings as much as the financial rewards. 正如同喜欢工作带来 的经济回报一样，雇员们也很享受工作所带来的名声和荣誉 【近】 credit, distinction, homage, honor, laurels 【反】 infamy, notoriety 不好的名声 【考法2】 n. 夸奖，赞扬： acclaim or praise for exceptional achievement 【例】 The attorney did pro bono work because it was the right thing to do, and not for any future kudos that it might bring. 这名律师之所以为慈善机构和穷人所提供免费服务，是因为他觉得这是正确的事情，而非为了任何可 能因此而产生的赞扬 【近】 acclaim, accolade, applause, credit, distinction, homage, honor, laud, laurels 【反】 belittlement, denigration, deprecation, derogation, diminishment, disparagement 贬损

descendant

【考法1】 n. 后代： one deriving directly from a precursor or prototype 【例】 They are descendants of the original English and Scottish settlers. 他们是最早一批英格兰和苏格兰定居者的后裔。 【反】 forbears 祖先

earshot

【考法1】 n. 听力所及的范围： the range within which one may hear a person's unaided voice 【例】 wait until he was out of earshot 等到他听不见的时候 【近】 hail, hearing, sound

incantation

【考法1】 n. 咒语： a spoken word or set of words believed to have magic power 【例】 Hovering over the sick child, the witch doctor muttered mysterious incantations. 巫医在生病的小孩子身边走来走去，嘴里念着神秘的咒语 【近】 abracadabra, bewitchment, charm, conjuration, enchantment, glamour, hex, invocation

elegy

【考法1】 n. 哀歌（诗），挽歌（诗）： a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation 【例】 an moving elegy played at the funeral 葬礼上演奏的催人泪下的挽歌 【近】 dirge, lamentation, requiem 【反】 ode 颂歌，颂词

affinity

【考法1】 n. 喜欢，亲切感： a habitual attraction to some activity or thing 【例】 always had an affinity for nurturing living things 喜欢培养活物 【近】 bent, penchant, predilection, predisposition, proclivity, propensity 【反】 aversion, repugnance, antipathy 厌恶 【考法2】 n. 相似： the fact or state of having something in common 【例】 a study showing an affinity between obesity and socioeconomic status 一项表现了肥胖程度和社会经济水平之间相似性的研究 【近】 association, bearing, kinship

din

【考法1】 n. 喧闹声，嘈杂声： a loud continued noise 【例】 The din of the engines was deafening. 引擎的嘈杂声震耳欲聋。|| There's always a great din from the cafeteria during lunch. 午餐时间经常从咖啡店里传来很大的喧闹声。 【近】 blare, bluster, cacophony, chatter, clamor, discordance, racket, rattle, roar 【反】 quiet, silence, still 安静 【考法2】 v. 重复： to say or state again 【例】 Safety lessons dinned into us over and over. 我们一遍又一遍的进行安全教育。 【近】 iterate, rehearse, reiterate【记】 中国人dinner，dine时是很喧哗的，想想请客时的情景

cache

【考法1】 n. 囤货，藏货： a supply stored up and often hidden away 【例】 maintain a cache of food in case of emergencies 保存着食物的隐藏处以防万一 【近】 stash, stockpile, store, deposit, hoard, reserve 【考法2】 v. 隐藏： to put into a hiding place 【例】 cached the fugitive slaves in their cellar until they could make their way to Canada 将奴隶们藏匿在房间的地下室直到他们能够顺利逃去加拿大 【近】 conceal, ensconce, secrete, squirrel away 【反】 display, exhibit 展示

bigot

【考法1】 n. 固执己见者，有偏见的人： a person obstinately devoted to his own opinions and prejudices 【例】 He is a bigot, or "a slave of dogma". 一个固执己见的人，换而言之就是——教条主义的奴隶 【近】 dogmatist, partisan 【反】 depreciator, disparager 贬低他人的人 【派】 bigoted 固执己见的

candor

【考法1】 n. 坦白，直率，诚挚： unreserved, honest, or sincere expression 【例】 the members of the rock band speak with candor about their recent squabbling 摇滚乐队成员对于他们最近的内讧直言不讳 【近】 bluntness, forthrightness, frankness, unreservedness, straightforwardness 【反】 artifice, mendacity, dissembling, dissimulation, indirection 谎言，不直接

dupe

【考法1】 n. 复制品，复刻： something that is made to look exactly like something else 【例】 He built a dupe of the original model, which is locked in a vault. 他做了个保险柜里模型的复刻品 【近】 clone, duplicate, facsimile, imitation, mock, replica 【反】 archetype, original, prototype 原型 【考法2】n. 易受骗的人： one that is easily deceived or cheated 【例】 The swindler was able to escape with all of the dupe's money. 骗子成功带着受骗人的财产逃跑了 【近】 fool, victim, gull 【反】 connoisseur 行家，鉴赏家 【考法3】 vt. 欺骗： to deceive (an unwary person) 【例】 The public is easily duped by extravagant claims in advertising. 大众极易被广告中夸大的介绍误导 【近】 bamboozle, beguile, cheat, cozen, delude, gull, hoax, hoodwink 【派】 dupable adj. 易受骗的

epithet

【考法1】 n. 外号，绰号： a descriptive or familiar name given instead of or in addition to the one belonging to an individual ；a disparaging or abusive word or phrase 【例】 King Richard I of England was given the very laudatory epithet "the Lion-Hearted" 英王理查一世因英勇大胆被赞誉为"狮心理查" 【近】 alias, cognomen, sobriquet

aspect

【考法1】 n. 外表，容貌：appearance to the eye or mind 【例】His face had a frightening aspect. 他的脸很吓人。 【近】appearance, look, figure, presence, mien

diversity

【考法1】 n. 多样性： variety or multiformity 【例】 the diversity of species 物种的多样性 【近】 diverseness, multifariousness, multiplicity, variousness , miscellaneousness 【考法2】 n. 分歧，不同点：the quality or state of being different 【例】 There is no fundamental diversity between the two ideologies. 这两种思想意识之间并没有根本的分歧。 【近】 contrast, disagreement, discrepancy, disparateness, disparity, dissimilarity, dissimilitude, distinction, otherness, unlikeness 【反】 alikeness, analogy, likeness, resemblance, sameness, similarity 相同，相似

edifice

【考法1】 n. 大厦；大建筑物： a large or massive structure 【例】 The Capitol is one of the most impressive edifices in the United States. 国会山是美国最令人印象深刻的建筑之一 【近】 building, erection, palace 【反】 cottage 小棚舍 【考法2】 n. 基础，基本构架： the arrangement of parts that gives something its basic form 【例】 The edifice of the argument is quite simple, once you get past the fancy language. 只要你看透了表面花哨的语言，你会发现这段论证的基本构架是非常简单的 【近】 architecture, configuration, framework, skeleton, structure

deluge

【考法1】 n. 大暴雨： a drenching rain 【反】 drizzle 毛毛雨 【考法2】 n. 大量： a great flow of water or of something that overwhelms 【例】 received a deluge of offers 收到了一大堆offer 【近】 inundation, overflow, spate, torrent

inferno

【考法1】 n. 大火： an intense fire 【例】 A raging inferno posed a serious threat to the downwind villages. 肆虐的大火给下风向的村庄带来了 严重的威胁 【近】 conflagration, holocaust 【考法2】 n. 地狱： a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell 【例】 the inferno of war 地狱般的战场 【近】 hell, underworld 【反】 paradise, heaven, nirvana 天堂，乐土

catastrophe

【考法1】 n. 大灾难： the final event of the dramatic action especially of a tragedy 【近】 apocalypse, calamity, cataclysm, debacle, tragedy 【考法2】 n. 彻底的失败： utter failure : fiasco 【例】 the party was a catastrophe 该派对就是一个杯具 【近】 bummer, debacle, disaster, fiasco, fizzle, washout 【反】 blockbuster, hit, smash, success, winner 大胜

legion

【考法1】 n. 大量的人，（尤指）军团： a large body of men and women organized for land warfare 【例】 joined the French Foreign Legion 加入了法国外籍军团 【近】 army, battalion, flock, herd, horde, mob, swarm, throng 【考法2】 adj. 大量的：many, numerous 【例】 The problems are legion. 问题不计其数 【近】 beaucoup, multifold, multitudinous, numerous 【反】 few, lack in number 少量的

bombast

【考法1】 n. 夸大的言辞： grandiloquent, pompous speech or writing 【例】 "Their eloquence is all bombast", said Charles Kingsley. "他们的雄辩是虚张声势"，查理斯·金斯利如此说道 【近】 braggadocio, grandiloquence, exaggeration 【反】 understatement 保守的观点 【派】 bombastic adj. 夸大的

finesse

【考法1】 n. 娴熟技巧： mental skill or quickness 【例】 The musician shows wonderful finesse. 那位音乐家展现出了非凡的技艺 【近】 adeptness, adroitness, cleverness, dexterity, proficiency 【反】 awkwardness, ineptitude, gaucherie, ungainliness 笨拙 【考法2】 v. 精心策划： to plan out usually with subtle skill or care 【例】 finesse the schedule 精心安排日程 【近】 contrive, frame, machinate, maneuver, manipulate 【考法3】 v.（巧妙地）躲避： to get or keep away from (as a responsibility) through cleverness or trickery 【例】 He tried to finesse the blame for the foreign policy fiasco, even though he was secretary of state at the time. 他竭尽所能躲避因失败的对外政策而可能遭到的指责，尽管他是时任国务卿 【近】 avoid, dodge, eschew, evade, shun 【反】 confront 直面

inventory

【考法1】 n. 存货清单： a detailed, itemized list, report, or record of things in one's possession, especially a periodic survey of all goods and materials in stock 【例】 The dealership has an unusually large inventory of pre-owned vehicles. 销售商手中有着一份巨大的二 手车库存单 【近】 budget, pool, repertoire, reservoir, stock 【考法2】 n. a short statement of the main points 【例】 They decided to offer the public an informative inventory of everything that is known about the virus at this time. 他们决定向公众提供一份极富价值的报告，它涵盖了目前为止关于这种病毒的所有认识 【近】 abstract, brief, epitome, outline, résumé, summarization, synopsis

clot

【考法1】 n. 密集的一群：a number of things considered as a unit 【例】A clot of daisies occupied one corner of the flower bed. 一簇雏菊占据了花床的一角。 【近】array, assemblage, band, block, bunch, cluster, clutch, collection, constellation, grouping, huddle, knot, lot, muster, package 【考法2】 v. 堵塞：to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】Within a few years the pipe began to clog up. 没有几年，管子就开始堵塞了。 【近】block, choke, clog, gum up, jam, obstruct, occlude, stop up, stuff 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unstop 【考法3】 v. 凝结：to turn from a liquid into a substance resembling jelly 【例】Scabs form over cuts when your blood starts to clot. 当血液开始凝结的时候，伤口处会形成血痂。 【近】congeal, jell, jelly

fable

【考法1】 n. 寓言故事： a story intended to teach a basic truth or moral about life 【例】 This classic Christmas film is essentially a fableshowing how every person's life has meaning. 这部经典的基督教电影本质上来说是一个寓言，它告诉我们每个人的生命都是有意义的 【近】 apologue, parable 【考法2】 n. 神话，传说： a legendary story of supernatural happenings 【例】 According to an ancient fable, the waters of the mountain spring are the tears of a woman weeping for her lost children. 根据一个古老的传说，这条山中的泉水是一名失去孩子的母亲所流下的眼泪 【近】 legend, mythos, tale 【考法3】 n. 谎言： a statement known by its maker to be untrue and made in order to deceive 【例】 The stories of lost cities of gold may have been fables deliberately concocted by Native Americans to dupe the Spanish. 所谓的"失落的黄金之都"的故事也许只是美洲土著们杜撰出来忽悠西班牙人的 【近】 fabrication, falsehood, lie, mendacity, prevarication, story 【反】 fact 事实；truth 真相 【派】 fabulous adj. 寓言般的，难以置信的

breach

【考法1】 n. 对伦理、法律准则的破坏： a breaking of a moral or legal code 【例】 cheating on the exam was a serious breach of the military academy's honor code 考试作弊是对军校的荣誉准则的严重破坏 【近】 malefaction, transgression, trespass, violation, wrongdoing 【考法2】 v. 违背： to fail to keep 【例】 a builder being sued by a homeowner for breaching a contract 建筑商因违约被房主起诉 【近】 contravene, fracture, infringe, transgress 【反】 obey, observe, comply with, conform to 遵守【记】 ch=k break

mentor

【考法1】 n. 导师： a trusted counselor or guide 【例】 not only an lecturer but also a spirit mentor 不仅是授课者，还是精神导师 【近】 advisor, coach, counselor, guide, instructor, teacher 【反】 disciple, pupil 弟子；apprentice 学徒 【考法2】 vt. 教导，指导： to give advice and instruction regarding the course or process to be followed 【例】 We're looking for volunteers to mentor students in career planning. 我们在寻找能指导学生职业规划的 志愿者 【近】 coach, counsel, lead, pilot, shepherd, show, tutor 【反】 comply, follow, observe 遵从

deference

【考法1】 n. 尊崇，顺从： a readiness or willingness to yield to the wishes of others 【例】 He is shown much deference by his colleagues. 他的同事很尊敬他。 【近】 acquiescence, compliancy, docility, obedience, submissiveness 【反】 contempt, defiance, disobedience, intractability, recalcitrance 轻视，不服从 【派】 deferential adj. 表示尊重的，恭敬的：showing or expressing deference 【反】 imperious, impudent 专横无礼的

foible

【考法1】 n. 小缺点： a minor flaw or shortcoming in character or behavior 【例】 admired their teacher despite his foibles 尽管有些小缺点，但还是很敬佩他们的老师 【近】 demerit, dereliction, failing, fault, frailty, shortcoming, sin, vice, want, weakness 【反】 merit, virtue 优点，美德

lapse

【考法1】 n. 小过失： a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention 【例】 a lapse in table manner 餐桌礼仪的小过错 【近】 blunder, fumble, gaffe, miscue, oversight, peccadillo 【考法2】 v. 结束，终止： to come to an end 【例】 The contract will lapse at the end of the year. 合同将于年底到期 【近】 cease, conclude, die, end, expire, finish, stop, terminate 【反】 continue, persist, hang on 持续

figurine

【考法1】 n. 小雕塑： a small statue 【例】 His collection of figurines includes toy soldiers from every war that America has fought. 他收藏的小雕塑包括了所有美国参与过的战争中的兵人模型 【近】 figure, statuette 【反】 colossus 巨像

inch

【考法1】 n. 少量，很短的距离： a very small distance or degree 【例】 give them aninch, and they'll take a mile 得寸进尺‖Inch by inch, we're making progress toward our fund-raising goal. 我们在慢慢地接近筹款的目标 【近】 ace, hairbreadth, skip, neck, step 【考法2】 v. 慢慢移动： to move or cause to move slowly or by small degrees 【例】 The car inched carefully across the snow-covered bridge. 汽车慢慢地通过被大雪覆盖的桥梁 【近】 crawl, creak, creep, limp, plod, slouch, snail 【反】 dart, fleet, flit, scurry 飞奔，疾行

barb

【考法1】 n. 尖锐而严厉的批评： a biting or pointedly critical remark or comment 【例】 delivered one last barb to his ex-girlfriend as he stalked away 在他转身离去之前，给他前女友留下了最后一句尖锐的批评 【近】 affront, criticism, offense, outrage, sarcasm, slight 【反】 praise, applause, compliment 称赞

convention

【考法1】 n. 常规，习俗： general agreement on or acceptance of certain practices or attitudes 【例】 By convention, north is at the top of most maps. 按照常规，北方在大多数地图上指向上 【近】 custom, ritual, manner 【反】 deviation 背离习俗 【考法2】 n. 公约，协议： a general agreement about basic principles or procedures 【例】 Under this circumstance Geneva convention does not comply. 此情形下《日内瓦公约》无效 【近】 treaty, agreement, compact, contract 【考法3】 n. 大会，集会： a coming together of a number of persons for a specified purpose 【例】 attended a convention of mathematicians in California 参加了加州数学家的一次集会 【近】 assembly, congress, council, gathering 【派】 conventional adj. 传统习俗上的

fantasy

【考法1】 n. 幻想： imaginative fiction featuring especially strange settings and grotesque characters 【例】 indulge in a fantasy 沉迷于幻想 【近】 chimera, conceit, daydream, delusion, dream, hallucination, illusion, vision 【反】 actuality, fact, reality, truth 事实，现实 【考法2】 vt. 产生幻想： to form a mental picture of 【例】 He regularly fantasies romantic encounters that he knows will never happen. 他会定期意淫一些永远不可能发生的浪漫邂逅 【近】 dream, envisage, envision, fantasize, imagine, picture 【派】 fantastic adj. 梦幻般的，极好的

detritus

【考法1】 n. 废品，碎屑，遗骸： a product of disintegration, destruction, or wearing away: debris 【例】 the detritus of war 战争的遗骸 【近】 debris, residue, wreck 【反】 valuable product 有用的物品

debris

【考法1】 n. 废墟： discarded or useless material 【例】 the unsightly debris left after mining operations had ceased 采煤工程中止后留下难看的废墟 【近】 dross, dust, litter, offal, refuse, effluvium junk

founder

【考法1】 n. 建立者： one that founds or establishes 【例】 founders of the nation 国父们 【近】 architect, author, creator, father, generator, initiator, originator, sire 【反】 terminator 终结者 【考法2】 vi. 完败： to fail utterly 【例】 The theater company foundered after its corporate funding dried up. 在其基金告罄之后，这个戏剧公司彻底失败了 【近】 collapse, flunk, miss, strike out, wash out 【反】 succeed, work out 成功 【考法3】 vi. 沉没：to become submerged 【例】The ship struck a reef and foundered. 船因触礁而沉没 【近】sink, submerge, submerse, go down 【反】float 漂浮

inception

【考法1】 n. 开端，开始： an act, process, or instance of beginning 【例】 This seemed like a good program at its inception, but it isn't working out as planned. 一开始这像是个 不错的项目，但是它没有按照我们的预期发展 【近】 beginning, birth, commencement, dawn, genesis, kickoff, launch, nascence, onset, outset, start, threshold 【反】 close, conclusion, end, termination,omega 结束，终止 【派】 inceptive adj. 开端的，初生的

barrage

【考法1】 n. 弹幕： a heavy curtain of artillery fire directed in front of friendly troops to protect them 【例】 Troops are advancing under the shield of barrage. 部队在弹幕的掩护下前进 【近】 bombardment, fusillade 【考法2】 n. 有压倒之势的、集中的倾泻（如言语）： an overwhelming, concentrated outpouring, as of words 【例】 The announcement was met with a barrage of criticism and protests. 此公告一出，批评和抗议的声音四起 【近】 salvo, hail, cannonade, shower, storm, volley 【考法3】 v. （同时）袭来： to attack with a rapid or overwhelming outpouring of many things at once 【例】 The athlete was barraged with requests for an autograph. 请求运动员签名的呼声如排山倒海般袭来 【近】 bomb 【记】 bar 阻拦 栅栏 + rage 疯狂→疯狂阻击，拦截

civility

【考法1】 n. 彬彬有礼：courteous behavior; politeness 【例】They greeted us with civility. 他们有礼貌地招呼我们。 【近】politeness, courtesy, politeness, genteelness, gentility, graciousness 【反】discourteousness, discourtesy, impoliteness, incivility, rudeness, surliness, ungraciousness 无礼，粗鲁

allegiance

【考法1】 n. 忠诚： devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause 【例】 They swore their allegiance to the USA. 他们宣誓效忠美国。 【近】 commitment, dedication, piety, faithfulness, steadfastness 【反】 inconstancy, infidelity, perfidiousness, treachery

fidelity

【考法1】 n. 忠诚： the quality or state of being faithful 【例】 They have never wavered in their fidelity to the cause of liberation. 他们从不动摇对于解放事业的忠诚 【近】 adherence, allegiance, commitment, devotion, faith, loyalty, piety 【反】 disloyalty, infidelity, perfidy 不忠； treachery 背叛 【派】 infidel n. 异教徒

apprehension

【考法1】 n. 忧虑，恐惧：suspicion or fear especially of future evil 【例】She had a strong apprehension about her sister's health 她非常担心她姐姐的健康。 【近】dread, foreboding, misgiving, anxiousness, unease, uneasiness, worry 【反】composure, equanimity 镇定；unconcern 冷漠 【考法2】 n. 逮捕：seizure by legal process : arrestment 【例】apprehension of the thief 逮捕小偷 【近】arrest 【反】discharge 释放 【考法3】 n. 理解：the knowledge gained from the process of coming to know or understand something 【例】a good apprehension of how computer systems work 对计算机是如何工作的有很好的理解 【近】understanding, comprehension 【反】incomprehension

boon

【考法1】 n. 恩惠，福利： benefit, favor 【例】 The new solar battery booster is a boon for photographers. 这个光伏充电器是摄影家的福音 【近】 gift, benevolence, present, windfall 【反】 misfortune, scourge 灾祸 【考法2】 adj. 喜欢集体行动的： likely to seek or enjoy the company of others 【近】 convivial, extroverted, gregarious, social, outgoing 【反】 reclusive 隐居

lament

【考法1】 n. 悼词： a composition expressing one's grief over a loss 【例】 her lament for her grandmother 她为她祖母写的悼词 【近】 dirge, elegy, requiem 【考法2】 n. 抱怨： an expression of dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment 【例】 the career woman's lament that there aren't any good men left 职场女性的抱怨：好男人都死光了 【近】 carp, complaint, fuss, grievance, gripe, grouch, grouse, grumble, moan, murmur 【考法3】 vi. 哀悼，表达痛苦或遗憾： to express sorrow or regret; mourn 【例】 lament an innocent death 为无辜的死者而悲痛 【近】 bemoan, deplore, grieve, moan, mourn, wail 【反】 delight, exult, joy, rejoice 感到高兴

dodder

【考法1】 vi. 蹒跚，颤巍巍地行进：to progress feebly and unsteadily 【例】 He could only dodder along after the operation. 他手术后只能步履蹒跚的走。 【近】 careen, lurch, teeter, totter, waddle

discord

【考法1】 n. 意见不一致，不和谐： lack of agreement or harmony (as between persons, things, or ideas) 【例】 No discord, no concord. 不打不成交。 【近】 conflict, disaccord, discordance, disharmony, dissension, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】 accord, agreement, concord, harmony, peace 和谐 【派】 discordant adj. 不和谐的，刺耳的： disagreeable in sound; harsh or dissonant 【近】 dissonant, cacophonous, disharmonic, disharmonious 【反】 concordant, harmonious 和谐的

dissension

【考法1】 n. 意见不合：difference of opinion; disagreement 【例】 Although we have dissension, we are friend all the same. 虽然我们意见不和，但我们还是朋友。|| There is a continued dissension among historians on the exact spot of Columbus's first landing. 关于哥伦布第一次的准确登陆地点这个问题，总是存在分歧。 【近】 conflict, disaccord, discordance, discordancy, disharmony, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】 accord, agreement, concord, concordance, harmony, consensus, unanimity 不和谐，不一致

euphoria

【考法1】 n. 感觉极其愉快： a state of overwhelming usually pleasurable emotion 【例】 The initial euphoria following her victory in the election has now subsided. 选举成功带来的最初的欢愉感现在已经消失。 【近】 elation, exhilaration, intoxication, transport, rapture, rhapsody 【反】 depression 沮丧

cynic

【考法1】 n. 愤世嫉俗者： a person who believes all people are motivated by selfishness. 【例】 A cynic might think that the governor visited the hospital just to gain votes. 一个愤青认为州长去医院探视仅仅是为了拉票。 【近】 misanthrope, naysayer, pessimist

complaisance

【考法1】 n. 愿意顺从，讨好，彬彬有礼：disposition to please or comply: affability 【例】She speaks with complaisance. 说话彬彬有礼。|| The complaisance of his girlfriend is such that she meekly goes along with everything he says. 他的女朋友讨好他，对他言听计从。 【例】【近】 affability, amenability, amiability, good-naturedness 【反】 obstinacy 固执；churlishness 粗野

jog

【考法1】 n. 慢跑： a movement, pace, or instance of jogging (as for exercise) 【考法2】 vi. 唤起： to rouse or stimulate 【例】 an old photo that might jog your memory 一张也许会唤起你回忆的老照片 【近】 arouse, excite, incite, instigate, pique, remind, stimulate, stir 【反】 allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 缓和

languor

【考法1】 n. 懒惰： physical or mental inertness 【例】 He enjoyed the languor brought on by a hot summer afternoon. 他很享受夏日午后的慵懒 【近】 collapse, exhaustion, frazzle, lassitude, listlessness, stupor, torpor, prostration 【反】 verve, vim,animation,vitality 有活力 【考法2】 n. 衰弱： weakness or weariness of body or mind 【例】 The tropical heat sapped our strength, leaving us in a state of unaccustomed languor. 热带的炎热气候 消磨着我们的力量，让我们感到一阵虚弱的不适 【近】 debilitation, enervation, enfeeblement, fragility, infirmity 【反】 robustness, strength, vivacity 强壮，有力

influx

【考法1】 n. 涌入： a coming in 【例】 They anticipated an influx of tourists next month. 他们预期下个月会有大批游客涌入 【近】 affluence, flux, income, inflow, inpouring, inrush 【反】 exodus 大批离去；outflow, outpouring 流出

cowardice

【考法1】 n. 懦弱，不坚定： lack of courage or resolution 【例】 cowardice in the face of danger 面对危险时的懦弱 【近】 cravenness, dastardliness, gutlessness, poltroonery, pusillanimity, spinelessness 【反】 courage, guts, pluck , intrepidness, nerve, stoutness, valiance, valor 勇气 【派】coward n. 懦夫

census

【考法1】 n. 户口普查： an official survey of the population of a country that is carried out in order to find out how many people live there and to obtain details of such things as people's ages and jobs 【近】 tale, tally

manuscript

【考法1】 n. 手稿： a book, document, or other composition written by hand 【例】 beautiful Latin manuscript on the school's diplomas 学校毕业证书上美丽的手写拉丁文 【近】 calligraphy, penmanship, script 【反】 print, type, typewriting 打字稿

buttress

【考法1】 n. 扶墙： a projecting structure for supporting or giving stability to a wall or building 【近】 anchor, mainstay, pillar, reliance, standby 【考法2】 vt. 提供支撑的证据或者信息： to provide evidence or information for (as a claim or idea) 【例】 a mass of circumstantial evidence buttresses the prosecutor's case 大量支持起诉人案件的证据 【近】 bolster, corroborate, reinforce, substantiate, shore up 【反】 contravene, challenge 反对，质疑

mastery

【考法1】 n. 技艺超群，精通： possession or display of great skill or technique 【例】 She has mastery of several languages. 她熟练掌握多种语言 【近】 deftness, dexterity, finesse, prowess, virtuosity 【反】 amateurishness 业余 【派】 masterful adj. 精通的

damper

【考法1】 n. 抑制因素： one that deadens, restrains, or depresses 【例】 Rain put a damper on our picnic plans. 下雨打破了我们的野餐计划。 【反】 ameliorator 促进物

dirge

【考法1】 n. 挽歌： a slow, solemn, and mournful piece of music 【例】 This funeral dirge is for the dead friend. 这首葬礼挽歌是写给故去的朋友的。 【近】 elegy, requiem【记】 die + 音：歌，死亡之歌

donor

【考法1】 n. 捐赠人，给体： one that gives, donates, or presents something 【例】 donors of funds to research foundations 研究基金的捐赠人 【近】 donator, presenter, contributor, subscriber, patron, sugar daddy 【反】 acceptor 受体

largesse

【考法1】 n. 捐赠物： something given to someone without expectation of a return 【例】 The alumna's huge bequest was an unexpected largess. 校友们的巨额遗赠是一笔意料之外的财富 【近】 bestowal, donation, giveaway, present 【考法2】 n. 慷慨： liberality in giving or willingness to give 【例】 be noted for his largesse 因慷慨而闻名 【近】 bountifulness, generosity, munificence, openhandedness, philanthropy 【反】 miserliness, parsimony, penury, stinginess 小气

conjecture

【考法1】 n. 揣测的结果： a conclusion deduced by surmise or guesswork 【例】 That was only a conjecture, not a fact. 那只是猜测而非事实 【近】 speculation, supposition, surmise, theory 【反】 fact 事实；axiom 公理 【考法2】 v. 猜测，估计（大小、数量等）： to decide the size, amount, number, or distance of (something) without actual measurement 【近】 calculate, estimate, guess, gauge 【反】 prove 证明 【考法3】 v. （没有依据地）认为： to form an opinion from little or no evidence 【例】 conjecture that this disease is caused by a defective gene 揣测这种疾病是由基因缺陷导致的 【近】 assume, imagine, presume, speculate, suppose

compendium

【考法1】 n. 摘要：a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge: abstract 【例】a compendium of information 资料概要 【近】abstract, brief, overview 【派】compendious adj. 简洁而全面的：concise and comprehensive 【例】his compendious knowledge of this subject 他关于这一学科全面的知识 【近】concise, brief, laconic, compendiary, succinct 【考法2】 目录：各种项目的列表或集合：a list or collection of various items. 【例】Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》 【近】compilation, miscellany

asylum

【考法1】 n. 收容所/ 保护所：an inviolable place of refuge and protection giving shelter to criminals and debtors/ something (as a building) that offers cover from the weather or protection from danger 【例】an insane asylum 疯人院 【例】The embassy serves as an asylum for that country's nationals in need of help. 大使馆作为那国需要帮助的公民的保护所。 【近】harbor, haven, refuge, sanctuary, sanctum

apostasy

【考法1】 n. 放弃宗教信仰：renunciation of a religious faith 【例】Some people completely abandon the faith after apostasy. 有些人在放弃自己的宗教信仰后就再也不相信任何其他宗教信仰了。 【考法2】 n. 变节，背叛：abandonment of a previous loyalty : defection 【例】He was looked down upon for apostasy. 他因为背叛而受到鄙视。 【近】defection, perfidy, treacherousness, recreancy 【反】fidelity, allegiance, loyalty, piety 忠诚，虔诚

abandon

【考法1】 n. 放纵： carefree, freedom from constraint 【例】 added spices to the stew with complete abandon 肆无忌惮地向炖菜里面加调料 【近】 unconstraint, uninhibitedness, unrestraint 【考法2】 v. 放纵： to give (oneself) over unrestrainedly 【例】 abandon oneself to emotion 感情用事，abandon herself to a life of complete idleness 放纵自己过着闲 散的生活 【近】 indulge, surrender, give up 【考法3】 v. 放弃： to withdraw from often in the face of danger or encroachment 【例】 abandon the ship/homes 弃船，离家 【反】 salvage 救援 【考法4】 v. 停止做某事： to put an end to (something planned or previously agreed to) 【例】 the bad weather forced NASA to abandon the launch 坏天气迫使NASA 停止了发射 【近】 abort, drop, repeal, rescind, revoke, call off 【反】 keep, continue, maintain, carry on 继续

deportation

【考法1】 n. 放逐： the removal from a country of an alien whose presence is unlawful or prejudicial 【例】 deport all illegal immigrants 驱逐所有非法移民 【近】 banishment, displacement, expatriation, expulsion, relegation

curmudgeon

【考法1】 n. 脾气坏的爱抱怨的人： an irritable and complaining person 【例】 a terrible old curmudgeon 一个坏脾气老头 【近】 crosspatch, fusser, griper, grouser, growler, grumbler, whiner 【反】 agreeable person 令人愉快的人

autonomy

【考法1】 n. 政治上的独立： the quality or state of being self-governing 【例】 The province has been granted autonomy. 这个省份被授予了自治权 【近】 self-governance, sovereignty 【反】 dependence, subjection 附属，依赖 【考法2】 n. 自我主导的自由，尤其是精神独立： self-directing freedom and especially moral independence 【例】 a teacher who encourages individual autonomy 一个鼓励精神独立的老师 【近】 independence, liberty, free will 【反】 constraint, duress 限制 【派】 autonomous adj. 自治的

enmity

【考法1】 n. 敌意： positive, active, and typically mutual hatred or ill will 【例】 an unspoken enmity between two factions 两个派系间心照不宣的仇恨 【近】 animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, feud, gall, hostility, rancor 【反】 amity, comity 友好；concord 和睦

animus

【考法1】 n. 敌意：a usually prejudiced and often spiteful or malevolent ill will, enmity 【例】She felt no animus toward those who had wronged her. 她对那些冤枉了她的人没有敌意。 【近】animosity, antagonism, antipathy, hostility, rancor 【反】friendliness, amity, amenity 友好

adversary

【考法1】 n. 敌手，对手： one that contends with, opposes, or resists : enemy 【例】 political adversary 政敌 【近】 antagonist, foe, opponent 【反】 ally, amigo, friend 联盟，朋友

dogma

【考法1】 n. 教条，信条： a doctrine or body of doctrines concerning faith or morals formally stated and authoritatively proclaimed by a church 【例】 People are beginning to question the old dogmas. 人们开始质疑旧的信条。|| The newspaper seeks to be independent of political dogma. 这份报纸力求不受政治信条影响。 【近】 credo, doctrine, gospel 【反】 heresy, heterodoxy 异端学说 【派】 dogmatic 独断的，武断的： characterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of unproved principles 【例】 a dogmatic critic 独断的评论家 【近】 dictatorial, dictative, authoritarian, authoritative, magisterial

epilogue

【考法1】 n. 文学作品的结局： a concluding section that rounds out the design of a literary work 【反】 preface 序文 【考法2】 n. 戏剧的收场白： the final scene of a play that comments on or summarizes the main action 【近】 coda

flag

【考法1】 n. 旗帜，象征： a piece of fabric that is used as a symbol (as of a nation) or as a signaling device 【例】 We respect the flag of our fathers. 我们尊敬父辈们的旗帜 【近】 banner, ensign, pendant, pennant 【考法2】 v. 变得衰弱： to become unsteady, feeble, or spiritless 【例】 We flagged as we neared the end of the long mountain trail. 当我们终于快到达漫长山路的终点时，已经筋疲力尽 【近】 decay, decline, deteriorate, emaciate, fade, fail, languish, sag, waste, wilt, wither 【反】 thrive 繁荣；revitalize, revive 恢复活力 【派】 unflagging adj. 坚持不懈的

marsh

【考法1】 n. 沼泽，湿地： an area of soft, wet, low-lying land 【例】 The marshes along the coast support a remarkable profusion of plants and animals. 沿着海岸线一带 的沼泽为大量的动植物提供了栖息所 【近】 bog, fen, marshland, mire, moor, morass, quagmire, slough, swamp, wetland 【派】 marshy adj.潮湿的

cipher

【考法1】 n. 无影响或无价值的人：a person of no importance or influence 【例】The intern is a mere cipher in the company. 这个实习生在公司里是个无足轻重的小人物。 【近】dwarf, half-pint, insect, insignificancy, lightweight, morsel, nonentity, nothing, nullity, snippersnapper, whippersnapper, zero 【反】big shot, big wheel, bigwig, eminence, figure, personage 【考法2】 v. 计算（价值）：to determine (a value) by doing the necessary mathematical operations 【例】We were surprised by how much we had spent on the cruise after we had ciphered out the grand total. 当我们算出我们沉船游览的总花费时，我们都惊呆了。 【近】compute, work out 【考法3】 n. 密码： a method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning 【例】convert their messages into cipher 把他们的信息转换成密码 【近】code, secret message

impuissance

【考法1】 n. 无权，虚弱： lack of power or effectivenes 【例】 In spite of their impuissance the group remains highly active. 尽管手中无权，但这个组织仍然十分活跃 【近】 impotence, powerlessness, weakness 【反】 clout, potency, power, puissance 权势 【派】 impuissant adj. 无权无势的，无能的

ecstasy

【考法1】 n. 无法自控的情绪： a state of being beyond reason and self-control 【例】 an ecstasy of rage 无法自控的愤怒 【近】 mania, rhapsody 【反】 self-control 自控，自制；composure, sangfroid 镇定 【考法2】 n. 狂喜： intense joy or delight 【例】 be in ecstasy over the offer from Harvard University 因被哈佛的录取而欣喜如狂 【近】 delight, elation, euphoria, exhilaration, rapture, transport 【反】 depression, melancholy 沮丧

juggernaut

【考法1】 n. 无法阻挡的力量， 摧毁一切的强大力量： an overwhelming, advancing force that crushes everything in its path 【例】 the juggernaut of industrialization 工业化无法阻挡的力量 【近】 steamroller jugger 罐子里的人 + naut 员，有个故事是瓶子里有个精灵，有强大的力量与魔法；这个词是看作是罐子里的精灵

coma

【考法1】 n. 昏迷，深度无知觉：a state of profound unconsciousness caused by disease, injury, or poison 【例】The girl lay in a coma for three days after the accident. 那个女孩在事故之后已经昏迷了三天了。 【近】insensibility, blackout, knockout 【反】consciousness, awareness 有知觉 【考法2】 n. 迟钝，冷漠： a state of mental or physical sluggishness : torpor 【近】sluggish, torpor 【反】activity, animation 有活力；alacrity 敏捷

aspirant

【考法1】 n. 有抱负者, 有野心者：one who aspires, as to advancement, honors, or a high position 【例】a bevy of ever-smiling aspirants for the Miss America title 一群想当美国小姐的少女 【例】Envy can make oneself backward, self-confidence can tells him to be a aspirant. 妒忌能使自己落后，自信能使自己上进。 【近】seeker 【反】noncandidate 非候选人 【考法2】 adj. 想成为...的：seeking to attain a desired position or status 【例】The pilot was an aspirant astronaut. 这个飞行员想成为航天员。

doyen

【考法1】 n. 有经验的人，资深人士： a person considered to be knowledgeable or uniquely skilled as a result of long experience in some field of endeavor 【例】 a doyen in the industry 业界的元老 【近】 authority, expert, master, maven, veteran, virtuoso 【反】 amateur, layman 业余爱好者，门外汉；tyro, novice, neophyte, rookie, fledgling 新手 【考法2】 n. （加入时间较长的）高级会员： the senior member of a group 【例】 He's the doyen of the admission committee, and his opinion has considerable weight. 他是招生委员会里的老人了，所以他的话往往格外有分量 【近】 elder, senior 【反】 junior 新人

lumber

【考法1】 n. 木材： tree logs as prepared for human use 【例】 A huge amount of lumber will be needed to build the house. 建这栋房子需要大量的木材 【近】 timber, wood 【考法2】 vi. 笨拙地行动： to walk or move with heavy clumsiness 【例】 The elephant lumbered through the jungle. 大象缓缓地穿越丛林 【近】 flounder, plod, stumble, trudge 【反】 glide, slide 轻松地滑动 【考法3】 vi. 使负担（从而拖累）： to place a weight or burden on 【例】 lumber the expedition with unnecessary equipment and supplies 不必要的仪器和补给品给此次远征徒增 了许多负担 【近】 burden, encumber, freight, lade, laden, saddle, weight 【反】 disburden, discharge, disencumber, unlade, unload 卸下，解脱

epigram

【考法1】 n. 机智的短诗，警句： a short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation 【例】 Benjamin Franklin's most famous epigram, "Remember that time is money" 本杰明·富兰克林最著名的警句就是，时间就是金钱 【近】 adage, aphorism, apothegm, byword, maxim, proverb

clout

【考法1】 n. 权力，影响力：influence ; pull 【例】The queen may have privilege but she has no real political clout. 女王有特权, 但无真正的政治影响力。 【近】power, influence, capacity, heft, leverage 【反】impuissance, impotence 无力

luminary

【考法1】 n. 杰出人物： a person who has achieved eminence in a specific field 【例】 Buddhist luminary 佛学大师‖Luminaries from the worlds of sports, entertainment, and politics were at the gala. 全球体育界、娱乐圈和政界的名人都出席了此次盛会 【近】 celebrity, eminence, figure, icon, notability, star, superstar 【反】 nobody, nonentity 小人物

bliss

【考法1】 n. 极度快乐： extreme happiness; ecstasy 【例】 Ignorance is bliss ——The Matrix. 无知者，幸也（电影《黑客帝国》） 【近】 beatitude, joy, ecstasy, elation 【反】 grief, misery 悲痛 【考法2】 n. 极乐世界： a dwelling place of perfect happiness for the soul after death 【例】 the road to eternal bliss 通往永恒乐土的道路 【近】 heaven, paradise 【反】 hell 地狱 【派】 blissful adj. 带来幸运的

jingoist

【考法1】 n. 极端爱国激进分子（通常表现为好战的对外政策）： extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy 【例】 jingoists who cry for war 叫嚣着鼓吹开战的激进分子 【近】 chauvinist, nationalist, superpatriot, war hawk 【反】 dove, pacifist, peacenik 反战派人士

cameo

【考法1】 n. 栩栩如生的描绘： 一种简洁的、生动的描述或刻画： a brief, vivid portrayal or depiction 【例】 a literary cameo 文学描写 【考法2】 v. 客串： to make a brief but dramatic appearance, as in a film 【例】 She cameoed as Anne Boleyn in A Man for All Seasons. 在所有季节的人中她客串安妮·波列思。

goggle

【考法1】v. 凝视： to look long and hard in wonder or surprise 【例】goggled at the characters on the stele 凝视碑文的字眼 【近】 blink, gawk, gaze, peer, stare 【反】 glance, glimpse 瞥视

bully

【考法1】 n. 欺凌弱小者： a person who habitually treats others in an overbearing or intimidating manner 【例】 they had to deal with the local bullies 他们要对付当地恶霸 【近】 bullyboy, hector, intimidator 【反】 underdog 被欺负的人 【考法2】 adj. 最好的，最棒的： of the very best kind 【例】 that's a bully idea for reviving the town's retail center 真是个重整镇上零售中心的好主意 【近】 awesome, fabulous, fantastic, superb, marvelous, unsurpassed, excellent

duplicity

【考法1】 n. 欺骗，口是心非： deliberate deceptiveness in behavior or speech 【例】 accidentally reveal their duplicity 不经意间暴露了他们的口是心非 【近】 artifice, deceit, craft, cunning, fraudulence, guile 【反】 honesty, artlessness, forthrightness, guilelessness, ingenuousness, sincerity 诚实，坦诚

anesthetic

【考法1】 n. 止痛剂 : something (as a drug) that relieves pain 【例】The dentist waited until the anesthetic took effect. 牙医等止痛药生效。 【近】analgesic, anodyne 【考法2】 adj. 无感觉的，麻木的：lacking awareness or sensitivity 【例】be anesthetic to their feelings 对他们的感受麻木不仁 【反】sensate 有感觉的

canon

【考法1】 n. 正教，标准： a basis for judgment; a standard or criterion 【例】 the canons of polite society 文明社会的法规 【近】 dogma 【考法2】 n. 真经，真典： the authentic works of a writer 【反】 apocrypha 伪经 【派】 canonical adj. 正教的： conforming to a general rule or acceptable procedure : orthodox 【反】 heterodox, nontraditional 非正统的 【派】 canonize v. 作为神圣的来对待，使神圣化： to treat as sacred; glorify 【近】 adore, adulate, idolize, deify, worship 【反】 abase, degrade, demean, humiliate 贬低

integrity

【考法1】 n. 正直： steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code, devotion to telling the truth 【例】 After a thorough investigation into "Climategate", the panel concluded that the integrity of scientific community is still sound. 经过对"气候门事件"的彻底调查，专家组认为学术界的信誉和道德仍然是值得信赖的 【近】 conscience, honesty, incorruptibility, rectitude, righteousness, scrupulousness 【反】 baseness 卑鄙；deceit, deceitfulness, dishonesty, lying, mendacity, untruthfulness 欺骗 【考法2】 n. 完整性： the quality or condition of being whole or undivided 【例】 trying to maintain the integrity of the falling empire 尽力维持日趋西山的帝国的统一 【近】 completeness, entireness, perfection, wholeness

confluence

【考法1】 n. 汇合，混合：the coming together of two or more things to the same point 【例】a happy confluence of beautiful weather and spectacular scenery during our vacation 旅途中美好的天气 和壮丽的景色令人欣喜的汇合 【近】conjunction 【反】divergence 分叉

chagrin

【考法1】 n. 沮丧，懊恼： disquietude or distress of mind caused by humiliation, disappointment, or failure 【例】 He thought for a minute, anger and chagrin mixing with the embarrassment on his face. 他考虑了一 会儿，脸上出现了愤怒、懊恼和尴尬的复杂表情。 【反】 elation, cheerfulness, proud satisfaction, delight 兴高采烈

conviction

【考法1】 n. 深信，确信：the state of being convinced 【例】a warrior of strong conviction 一名信念坚定的战士 【近】assurance, certainty, certitude 【反】dubiety, incredulity; uncertainty, incertitude 怀疑；不确定性 【考法2】 n. 证明有罪：state of being found or proved guilty 【例】evidence that led to the suspect's conviction 证明嫌疑犯有罪的证据 【近】sentence 【反】acquittal 宣告无罪 【派】convict v. 宣判有罪

insight

【考法1】 n. 深刻的理解： an instance of apprehending the true nature of a thing, especially through intuitive understanding 【例】 an insight into the global-scale environmental problems 对于全球性环境问题的深刻理解 【近】 discernment, insight, perception, sagacity, sapience 【反】 glimmer, inkling 略懂，略知一二 【派】 insightful adj. 有洞察力的

chaos

【考法1】 n. 混乱 a condition or place of great disorder or confusion. 【例】 the boy's room is in such chaos that it looks as though a tornado had struck 小男孩的房间如此得混乱 以至于看起来像台风来袭 【近】 disarrangement, dishevelment, disorder, disarray, havoc, mess, muddle, jumble, welter 【反】 order 有秩序 【派】 chaotic adj. 混乱的，无序的：happening in a state of complete disorder and confusion 【反】 strictly structured, strictly featured 构造严谨的，特征严谨的

disarray

【考法1】 n. 混乱，无秩序： a lack of order or sequence 【例】 The room was in disarray. 房间一片混乱。 【近】 confusion, disarrangement, disorder, disorderliness, disorganization, havoc, mess, messiness, misorder, muddle, muss, shambles, jumble, welter 【反】 order, orderliness 有序 【考法2】 v. 使混乱： to undo the proper order or arrangement of 【例】 Changing offices disarrayed my papers completely. 办公室搬迁，使我的文件全部乱套了. 【近】 confuse, disarrange, discompose, dishevel, dislocate, disorganize, disrupt, disturb, hash, jumble, muddle, muss, rumple, scramble, upset, mess up, mix up 【反】 arrange, array, dispose, order, organize, range, regulate, straighten up 使有序

enthusiasm

【考法1】 n. 热情，兴趣： urgent desire or interest 【例】 in my enthusiasm to get going, I forgot to pack any foul-weather clothing 在强烈的出游热情下，我忘记带上防备坏天气的衣服了 【近】 ardor, avidity, desirousness, impatience, keenness, lust, thirst 【反】 apathy, indifference 无动于衷，漠不关心 【派】 enthusiastic adj. 热情的 【反】 halfhearted 心不在焉的

mania

【考法1】 n. 热衷，狂热： an excessively intense enthusiasm, interest, or desire; a craze 【例】 a mania for neatness 强烈的洁癖 【近】 ardor, craze, enthusiasm, fervor, obsession, passion, preoccupation, prepossession, zeal 【反】 apathy, indifference, nonchalance, torpor 冷漠，麻木 【派】 manic adj.疯狂的

compound

【考法1】 n. 混和物：composed of or resulting from union of separate elements, ingredients, or parts 【例】mixed the chemicals together to form a new compound 将化学试剂混合形成新的化合物 【近】admixture, alloy, amalgam, amalgamation, cocktail, combination, composite, fusion, intermixture, meld, mix, conflation, synthesis 【考法2】 adj. 混合的：consisting of two or more substances, ingredients, elements, or parts 【例】a compound word 复合词 || "Steamboat" is a compound noun. "汽船"是一个复合名词。 【近】amalgamated 【反】noncompound 非混合的 【考法3】 vt. 混合：to put or bring together so as to form a new and longer whole 【例】the German language's propensity for compounding words 德语喜欢复合单词 【近】chain, conjugate, couple, hook, interconnect, interlink, join, link, yoke 【反】disconnect, disjoin, disjoint, dissever, disunite, separate, unchain, uncouple, unhitch, unyoke 分开 【考法4】 v. 扩大，增多：to make greater in size, amount, or number 【例】We compounded our error by waiting too long to call for help. 我们等着不寻求帮助会增大我们的错误。 【近】Aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, enlarge, escalate, expand, extend, raise, swell 【反】abate, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, lower, minify, reduce 缩小，减少 【考法5】 v. 和解：to agree for a consideration not to prosecute (an offense) 【例】compound a felony 私了案件

bonhomie

【考法1】 n. 温和，和蔼： a pleasant and affable disposition; geniality 【近】 affability, amiability, geniality 【派】 bonhomous adj. 和蔼的

conservatory

【考法1】 n. 温室： a greenhouse for growing or displaying plants 【例】 The college's conservatory is entirely devoted to cultivating and displaying orchids.学校的温室几乎全部 用于兰花的种植和观赏了 【近】 greenhouse, hothouse 【考法2】 n. 艺术学院： a school specializing in one of the fine arts 【例】 an opera conservatory 歌剧学院

debacle

【考法1】 n. 溃败： a complete failure; fiasco 【例】 the debacle of the war 战争的彻底失败 【近】 bummer, calamity, catastrophe, cataclysm, fiasco, fizzle, flop, washout 【反】 complete success, éclat, blockbuster 大成功

comely

【考法1】 n. 漂亮的，吸引人的：pleasing and wholesome in appearance; attractive 【例】a comely young woman 年轻美丽的女人 【近】attractive, cute, fair, good-looking, gorgeous, handsome, lovely, pretty, ravishing, well-favored, seemly. stunning 【反】homely, ill-favored, ugly unattractive, unbeautiful, uncomely, uncute, unhandsome, unlovely, unpleasing, unpretty 不好看的

cast

【考法1】 n. 演员，演员阵容： a set of characters or persons 【考法2】 vt. 选派（演员）： to assign (as an actor) to a role or part 【近】 He was cast in the leading role. 他是男一号。 【考法3】 vt. 提出： to put forth, give off, to place as if by throwing 【例】 cast doubt on their reliability 对它们的可靠性提出质疑 【近】 discharge, emanate, irradiate, issue, shoot, throw out, give out 【考法4】 v. 抛弃： to get rid of as useless or unwanted 【例】 once she became rich and didn't need them anymore, she cast off all her old friends like so much junk 当她有钱了不再需要朋友了，她把老友像糟粕一样抛弃 【近】 ditch, dump, jettison, toss

maelstrom

【考法1】 n. 漩涡： a powerful often violent whirlpool sucking in objects within a given radius 【例】 Their raft got caught in a maelstrom. 他们的筏被一个漩涡卷住了 【近】 gulf, vortex, whirlpool 【考法2】 n. 混乱、动荡的局势： a violent or turbulent situation 【例】 the maelstrom of war 战争带来的乱世 【近】 chaos, disorder, pandemonium, tulmult, turmoil, upheaval, uproar 【反】 calm 风平浪静 nostrum: n. panacea

compunction

【考法1】 n. 焦虑：anxiety arising from awareness of guilt 【例】compunction of conscience 良心不安 || a brutal murderer who killed without compunction 一个野蛮没有良 心的杀人犯 【近】anxiety, misgiving, scruple 【反】absence of misgiving 不担忧

incendiary

【考法1】 n. 煽动者： a person who stirs up public feelings especially of discontent 【例】 behind-the-scenes incendiaries who were intending to overthrow the government 企图推翻政府的幕后 煽动者 【近】 demagogue, exciter, firebrand, fomenter, inciter, instigator, kindler, provocateur 【考法2】 adj. 煽动性的： tending to inflame 【例】 an incendiary speech 煽动性的演说 【近】 agitational, instigative, provocative, seditious 【反】 conciliatory, pacific 安抚性的 in + cend(cens) 烧；与cinder(煤渣)同源，与燃烧有关

blast

【考法1】 n. 爆炸： an explosion or violent detonation 【例】 blast wave of a nuclear bomb 原子弹的冲击波 【近】 burst, detonation, eruption, outburst 【反】 implosion 向内爆裂 【考法2】 n. 一阵猛烈的强风： a violent gust of wind 【例】 blasts of bleak air 阵阵阴风 【近】 blow, flurry 【考法3】 n. 巨响： a loud explosive sound 【例】 a sharp blast of the horn startled the other driver 一声尖锐刺耳的喇叭声惊吓到了另一名司机 【近】 bang, boom, thunderclap 【反】 murmur, whisper 轻言轻语 【考法4】 vt. 炸裂，爆破： to cause to break open or into pieces by or as if by an explosive 【例】 The highway engineers will have to blast that hill in order to put a road through here. 为了建设一条公 路，道路工程师们必须对那座山进行爆破 【近】 demolish, explode, smash, blow up 【考法5】 vt. 斥责，抨击： to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】 blasted the new governor for every little misstep 就每一个小的失误都要抨击新的执政官 【近】 abuse, assail, belabor, castigate, lambaste, scathe, vituperate

maverick

【考法1】 n. 特立独行之人： a person who does not conform to generally accepted standards or customs 【例】 Some mavericks believe that both gravity and light are electromagnetic forces. 一些特立独行的人认为， 重力和光都是电磁力 【近】 bohemian, deviant, heretic, iconoclast, nonconformist 【反】 conformer, conformist, conventionalist 遵从传统的人 【考法2】 adj. 标新立异的，不合常规的： deviating from commonly accepted beliefs or practices 【例】 a maverick view on marriage 关于婚姻的非传统看法 【近】 dissentient, dissenting, dissident, heterodox, iconoclastic, unorthodox 【反】 conforming, conventional, orthodox 遵从传统的

fanatic

【考法1】 n. 狂热者： a person marked or motivated by an extreme, unreasoning enthusiasm, as for a cause. 【例】 a soccer fanatic 一个足球迷 【近】 bigot, devotee, enthusiast, fiend, freak, maniac, partisan, zealot 【反】 nonfan 非爱好者 【考法2】 adj. 狂热的；盲信的： marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion 【例】 They are fanatic about sadomasochism. 他们对SM十分狂热 【近】 extreme, rabid, radical, revolutionary, ultra 【反】 conservative 保守的；rational 理性的 【派】 fanatical adj. 狂热的；盲信的

ardor

【考法1】 n. 狂热：strong enthusiasm or devotion; zeal 【例】His ardor was damped. 他的热情被泼了冷水。 【近】avidity, zeal, fervor, fervency, fervidness, passion, passionateness, vehemence 【反】apathy, torpor, impassivity, insensitivity 冷漠，麻木

ingenuity

【考法1】 n. 独创性，创新性： inventive skill or imagination 【例】 There is little ingenuity in his articles. 他的文章鲜有独创性 【近】 creativeness, innovativeness, inventiveness, originality 【反】 banality, cliché 陈词滥调 【派】 ingenuous 真挚的

cramped

【考法1】 n. 狭促的： uncomfortably small or restricted 【例】 a cramped cubbyhole in an office 办公室里狭小的隔间 【近】 confined, limited, restrained 【反】 commodious, spacious 宽敞的 【派】 cramp n. 狭窄

blandishment

【考法1】 n. 甜言蜜语，讨好某人的话： something that tends to coax or cajole 【例】 Our blandishment left her unmoved. 纵使甜言蜜语她也无动于衷 【近】 flattery, adulation

extract

【考法1】 n. 用力拔出： to pull or take out forcibly 【例】 extracted a wisdom tooth 拔出一颗智齿 【近】 pull, uproot, wrest, wring, yank, root out, tear out 【反】 embed 嵌入

caricature

【考法1】 n. 用讽刺歪曲等手法的夸张，漫画，讽刺画： exaggeration by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics 【派】 caricaturist n.漫画家 【考法2】 v. 嘲笑性模仿或夸张： to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】 caricatured the supervisor's distinctive walk 模仿督导员独特的走路方式 【近】 burlesque, imitate, mock, parody, spoof, travesty

appeal

【考法1】 n. 申请：an application (as to a recognized authority) for corroboration, vindication, or decision 【例】A piteous appeal for help. 虔诚的请求帮助。 【例】to make an appeal to the public to donate needed blood 向公众提出献血请求 【近】adjuration, conjuration, entreaty, petition, pleading, supplication 【考法1】 n. 起诉: to charge with a crime : accuse 【例】My lawyer said the court's decision wasn't correct and that we should file for an appeal. 我的律师说法庭的判决不对我们应该起诉。 【近】charge, accuse, incriminate, inculpate, indict 【反】absolve 赦免；exonerate, exculpate 开脱免罪；vindicate 辩护

bound

【考法1】 n. 界限： a real or imaginary point beyond which a person or thing cannot go 【例】 The language in the novel really is beyond the bounds of decency. 这本小说的语言实在太不得体了 【近】 environs, limits, confines, perimeter 【反】 unrestrainedness 无边无际 【考法2】 vt. 给...设置限制： to set limits or bounds to 【例】 The country is bounded by river. 这个国家的领土以河水为界 【近】 limit, demarcate, delimit 【反】 enfranchise, free, liberate 释放 【考法3】adj. 投入的，坚定的：fully committed to achieving a goal 【例】 I am bound and determined to write a novel before I turn 30. 我下定决心在30 岁之前要写本小说 【近】 resolute, determined, single-minded, bent on 【反】 faltering, hesitant, vacillating, wavering, weak-kneed 动摇的 【派】 boundless adj. 无边无际、无约束的

fatigue

【考法1】 n. 疲惫： weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress 【例】 The day-long battle against the blaze left firefighters in a state of utter fatigue. 与大火一整天的斗争使得消防员们处于极度疲惫的状态 【近】 collapse, exhaustion, lassitude, tiredness, weariness 【反】 refreshment, rejuvenation, revitalization 恢复活力 【考法2】 n. （让人厌倦的）苦差事： something, such as tiring effort or activity, that causes weariness 【例】 Although he had joined the army for action and adventure, much of his day seemed to be devoted to mindless fatigues. 尽管当初参军是为了上战场冒险的，但我生活的大部分时间似乎都耗费在了没意思的苦差上 【近】 drudge, drudgery, grind, labor, sweat, toil, travail 【反】 fun, play 玩耍；sinecure 美差，闲职

convulsion

【考法1】 n. 痉挛（强烈的、无法控制的肌肉收缩）： an abnormal violent and involuntary contraction of the muscles 【例】 Convulsions are usually accompanied by loss of consciousness. 痉挛常常伴随着失去意识 【考法2】 n. 骚乱： a violent disturbance 【例】 a regime in convulsion 动荡中的政权 【近】 commotion, ferment, tumult, upheaval, clamor, tempest, uproar 【反】 serenity, tranquility 宁静 【派】 convulse v. 剧烈震动；痉挛

lull

【考法1】 n. 相对平静时期，间隙： a momentary halt in an activity 【例】 the lull before the storm 暴风雨前的平静 【近】 break, breath, interruption, recess 【考法2】 vt. 使镇静，使安心： to free from distress or disturbance 【例】 The absence of attacks for such an extended period had lulled the nation into a false sense of security. 长期以来没有遭受攻击让这个国家产生了一种错误的安全感 【近】 allay, balm, becalm, compose, lullaby, quiet, salve, settle, soothe, still, tranquilize 【反】 agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 打扰，扰乱 loll: v. idle

aphorism

【考法1】 n. 短小有智慧的格言：a short witty sentence which expresses a general truth or comment 【例】When decorating, remember the familiar aphorism, "less is more." 装修时需要记住的一句格言是"少即是 多"。 【近】adage, epigram, maxim, proverb

anecdote

【考法1】 n. 短小有趣的故事：a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident 【例】He told us all sorts of humorous anecdotes about his childhood. 他告诉了我们所有关于他童年的奇闻趣事。 【例】He is a master raconteur with endless anecdotes. 他是讲故事的超级高手，总有讲不完的奇闻趣事。

demolition

【考法1】 n. 破坏，毁坏： the act or process of wrecking or destroying, especially destruction by explosives. 【例】 the demolition of dangerous buildings 危楼的拆毁 【近】 annihilation, decimation, devastation, havoc, wreckage 【反】 building, construction, erection, raising 建造

boor

【考法1】 n. 粗鲁的人，不敏感的人： a rude or insensitive person 【例】 acting like boor 表现得很粗鲁 【近】 peasant, barbarian, buffoon 【反】 sentimentalist 多愁善感的人

fracture

【考法1】 n. 破裂： the act or process of breaking 【例】 a sudden fracture of the established order 已建立起的秩序被突然打破 【近】 breach, break, rupture, schism, split 【反】 unity 统一 【考法2】 v. 打碎，破坏： to cause to separate into pieces usually suddenly or forcibly 【例】 Their happiness was fractured by an unforeseen tragedy. 他们的幸福生活被突如其来的悲剧打破了 【近】 disrupt, fragment, rive 【反】 cement 接合

decorum

【考法1】 n. 礼仪，得体： appropriateness of behavior or conduct; propriety 【例】 high standards of decorum are usually required when attending the opera 去听歌剧的时候需要遵守高标准的礼节 【近】 form, propriety 【反】 impropriety, indecency 不得体 【派】 decorous adj. 有礼貌的： marked by propriety and good taste 【例】 decorous behavior 得体的举止 【反】 mangy, unseemly 低贱的，不得体的 【派】 indecorous 不合礼节的 【反】 proper 适当的

forebear

【考法1】 n. 祖先：a person from whom one is descended; an ancestor 【例】 The son of Abrahamis traditionally considered to be the forebear of the Arabs. 亚伯拉罕之子传统上被认为是阿拉伯人的祖先 【近】 ancestor, antecedent, asendant,father, grandfather, primogenitor, progenitor 【反】 descendant, offspring 后代

cloudburst

【考法1】 n. 突然一场暴雨：a sudden copious rainfall 【例】The weatherman warned of possible cloudbursts in the afternoon. 天气预报员警告到下午可能有暴雨。 【近】downfall, downpour

dolt

【考法1】 n. 笨蛋： a stupid person 【例】 What a dolt I have been! 我是多么的愚蠢啊！ 【近】 idiot, fool, moron, simpleton, dullard 【反】 illuminati, intellectual 智者；genius 天才 【派】 doltish adj. 愚笨的

dullard

【考法1】 n. 笨蛋：a stupid or unimaginative person 【近】 moron, simpleton, idiot, fool 【反】 wit 机智的人；genius 天才 【派】 dull adj. 愚笨的

brevity

【考法1】 n. 简短，简洁： shortness of duration 【例】 the best quality a graduation speech can have is brevity 好的毕业演讲必须简洁 【近】 briefness, conciseness, shortness 【反】 lengthiness 冗长 【考法2】 n. 精炼： the quality or state of being marked by or using only few words to convey much meaning 【例】 if brevity is the soul of wit, then that speech wasn't at all witty 如果说精炼是智慧的灵魂，那么演讲毫无智慧可言 【近】 conciseness, pithiness, sententiousness, terseness 【反】 diffuseness, long-windedness, prolixity, verbosity, wordiness 冗长啰嗦

churl

【考法1】 n. 粗野的人; a rude, boorish person 【例】By the 19th century, 'churl' had a new and pejorative meaning, "one inclined to uncivil or loutish behavior". 19世纪的时候，churl 有了一个新的贬义含义的意思，"一个粗鲁没有教养的人" 【近】boor, lout 【派】churlish adj. 粗野的，暴躁的：of, like, or befitting a churl; boorish or vulgar 【近】crude, coarse, boorish, loutish, uncultured, unpolished 【反】genteel, complaisance, courtly, polished 文雅的，彬彬有礼的；sophisticated 机智圆滑的 【考法2】 n. 吝啬鬼：a mean grasping person who is usually stingy with money 【例】Don't bother asking a churl for donations. 别自找麻烦向一个吝啬鬼要捐款。 【近】miser, niggard, skinflint, penny-pincher 【反】generous/ liberal/ munificent person 慷慨的人；waster, wastrel, spendthrift, prodigal, profligate, dissipater 败家子

delirium

【考法1】 n. 精神错乱： an acute mental disturbance characterized by confused thinking and disrupted attention usually accompanied by disordered speech and hallucinations 【例】 shoppers running around in a delirium the day before Christmas 购物者在圣诞节前夕疯狂扫货 【近】 agitation, distraction, hysteria, rage, rampage, uproar

jitters

【考法1】 n. 紧张，不安： a sense of panic or extreme nervousness 【例】 she suffered pre-wedding jitters 她有婚前恐惧 【近】 butterflies, dither, jimjams, nerves, shakes, shivers, willies 【反】 aplomb, calm, composure, equanimity, imperturbability, self-possession, tranquility 镇定，冷静

dandy

【考法1】 n. 纨绔子弟，爱打扮的人： a man who gives exaggerated attention to personal appearance 【例】 That was a dandy of a game. 那是纨绔子弟的游戏。 【近】 fop, gallant 【考法2】 adj. 最佳最好的： of the very best kind 【例】 that's a dandy new racing bike 真是辆最好的比赛用自行车 【近】 awesome, fabulous, superb, sensational, splendid, unsurpassed 【反】 atrocious, awful, execrable, lousy, pathetic, wretched

martinet

【考法1】 n. 纪律严明之人： a strict disciplinarian 【例】 He's a retired lieutenant and a bit of a martinet. 他是一个退役的中尉，并且是一个有点纪律严明的人 【近】 disciplinarian, purist, stickler 【反】 reprobate 放纵的人

finale

【考法1】 n. 终场，结局： the closing part, scene, or number in a public performance 【例】 Didier Drogba pulled one back for Chelsea in a finale. 德罗巴在终场结束时为切尔西扳回一球。 【近】 close, coda, conclusion, end 【反】 prologue 开场白； overture 序曲

coda

【考法1】 n. 终曲：the concluding passage of a movement or composition 【例】A song includes prelude, loud song and coda. 一首歌包括前奏，高潮和尾声。 【近】finale, epilogue 【反】overture, prelude 前奏

cessation

【考法1】 n. 终止，暂停： the stopping of a process or activity 【例】 the cessation of the storm was a relief 暴风雪终于停了，真是让人欣慰 【近】 check, cutoff, closure, discontinuance, expiration, halt, shutdown, termination 【反】 commencement, start continuation 开始，继续

consequence

【考法1】 n. 结果： something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions 【例】 negative consequences of the war 战争带来的负面后果 【近】 aftermath, effect, outcome, result 【反】 source, origin, cause, antecedent 根源、原因 【考法2】 n. 重要性，价值：significance; importance 【例】 a mistake of no consequence 不重要的错误 【近】 moment, magnitude, weight 【反】 triviality 琐碎的事 【派】 consequential adj. 重要的

circumlocution

【考法1】 n. 绕圈子的说话：the use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language, evasion in speech 【例】The other son of your parents' is a circumlocution for your brother. 你父母的其他儿子是你兄弟的绕圈 子的说法。 【近】equivocation, shuffle, tergiversation 【反】pithy utters, straightforward utter , express succinctly 简洁地表达；direct encounter 直接面对 【派】circumlocutory a. 绕圈子的 【反】direct 直接的 【考法2】 n. 冗长：the use of too many words to express an idea 【例】your papers have to be five pages long, but that's five pages of substance, not circumlocution. 你的论文要 【近】diffuseness, diffusion, long-windedness, prolixity, redundancy, verbalism, verboseness, verbosity, windiness, wordage, wordiness 【反】conciseness, concision, pithiness, succinctness, terseness 简洁

fast

【考法1】 n. 绝食；斋戒： an act of abstaining from food 【例】fast to death 绝食而死 【近】 hunger strike 【考法2】 adj. 快速的： characterized by quick motion, operation, or effect 【例】 The fast pace of construction resulted in our new house being done ahead of schedule. 极快的施工使得我们的新房提前竣工 【近】 brisk, expeditious, fleeting, hasty, quick, rapid, speedy, swift 【反】 slow 慢的 【考法3】 adj. 忠诚的： firm in one's allegiance to someone or something 【例】 The two girls soon became fast and inseparable friends. 这两个女孩子很快成为了忠于彼此的形影不离的好伙伴 【近】 constant, dedicated, devoted, devout, loyal, pious 【反】 disloyal, perfidious 不忠诚的；treacherous 背叛的 【考法4】 adj. 稳固的，难以拆卸的： firmly positioned in place and difficult to dislodge 【例】 The rusty, old screws are so fast in the fitting that there's no hope of getting them out. 这颗生锈的老铁钉已经钉得太死了，根本不可能将其取出 【近】 firm, frozen, lodged, secure, stable, staunch, strong, stuck 【反】 loose, shaky 松动的；insecure 不稳定的 【派】 fasten v. 系紧

deficiency

【考法1】 n. 缺乏，不足： the quality or state of being deficient: inadequate 【例】 there is a deficiency of fresh food in the diet of many of the working poor 很多劳工阶层的饮食都缺乏新鲜食物 【近】 want, dearth, deficit, famine, paucity, scantiness, scarcity 【反】 surfeit, abundance, adequacy, amplitude, opulence, sufficiency 过度，充足

blemish

【考法1】 n. 缺点，污点： a noticeable imperfection 【例】 The first LCD had several blemishes on its surface, so we took it back to the store. 第一块液晶显示屏有 许多坏点，所以我们拿回商场去退货了 【近】blotch, defect, fault, flaw, mar, spot, scar 【考法2】 v. 损害，降低： to reduce the soundness, effectiveness, or perfection of 【例】 A scratch blemished the finish on the car. 一道刮痕破坏了车子表面的涂层 【近】 break, disfigure, harm, hurt, impair, injure, spoil, vitiate 【反】 fix, renovate, repair, revamp 翻新，维修 【派】 unblemished adj. 纯净的

epicure

【考法1】 n. 美食家： one with sensitive and discriminating tastes especially in food or wine 【例】 Thomas Jefferson was one of America's first great epicures 托马斯·杰斐逊算得上是美国早期美食家一枚 【近】 bon vivant, gastronomist, gourmand, gourmet

drivel

【考法1】 n. 胡言乱语： unintelligible or meaningless talk 【例】 My roommate talks in her sleep, but it's just drivel. 我的室友会说梦话，但都是些没有意义的呓语 【近】 abracadabra, nonsense, prattle, gabble, prattle 【考法2】 v. 胡言乱语，说傻话： to talk stupidly and carelessly 【例】 He always drivel on about his "distinguished" family. 他总是痴痴地说着他所谓的"名门"出身 【近】 babble, gabble, gibber, jabber

complacency

【考法1】 n. 自满，无忧患意识：a feeling of self-satisfaction, coupled with an unawareness of trouble 【例】Complacency is the enemy of study. 自满乃学习之敌。|| A momentary complacency that was quickly dispelled by the shock of cold reality. 短暂的自满很快就被残酷的现实赶跑了。 【近】conceit, pomposity, pompousness, pride, self-admiration, self-assumption, smugness, vanity 【反】anxiety 忧虑；humbleness, humility, modesty 谦虚

deposit

【考法1】 n. 自然积累，沉积： a natural accumulation (as of iron ore, coal, or gas) 【例】 rich deposits of oil and natural gas 丰富的石油、天然气 【近】 dregs, precipitate, sediment, settlings, hoard, reserve 【反】 process of eroding 腐蚀过程 【考法2】 v. 存钱： to put in an account 【例】 we quickly deposited the check in a bank account 我们火速把支票存入银行账户 【反】 withdraw 取款

commitment

【考法1】 n. 致力，投入：the state or an instance of being obligated or emotionally impelled 【例】a commitment to a cause 投身于某项事业 【近】dedication, devotedness, fealty, piety, steadfastness 【考法2】 n. 确信：a strong belief in something 【近】 conviction, belief, faith 【考法3】 n. 承诺，表态：the act of revealing one's view of 【例】He made a commitment to pay the rent on time. 他承诺按时交房租。 【反】ambivalence, equivocation 矛盾，含糊其辞

fleet

【考法1】 n. 舰队，车队： a group of vehicles traveling together or under one management 【例】 fleet of the Royal Navy 皇家海军的舰队 【近】 armada, caravan, cavalcade, motorcade 【考法2】 adj. 迅速的： moving, proceeding, or acting with great speed 【例】 He was fleet as a deer. 他如小鹿般敏捷 【近】 brisk, expeditious, fast, hasty, nimble, quick, rapid, rattling, speedy, swift 【反】 slow 缓慢的 【考法3】 vi. 快速通过： to move or pass swiftly 【近】 dart, flit, hurry, hustle 【反】 plod 沉重而缓慢地走 【派】 fleeting adj. 稍纵即逝的

incense

【考法1】 n. 芳香： a sweet or pleasant smell 【例】 the heavenly incense of spring flowers 春天花朵发出的美妙芳香 【近】 aroma, balm, bouquet, fragrancy, perfume, redolence, scent, spice 【反】 fetor, malodor, reek, stench, stink 恶臭 【考法2】 vt. 激怒： to cause to be extremely angry 【例】 This proposal will certainly incense female activists. 这个提案肯定会激怒女权主义者 【近】 aggravate, enrage, exasperate,inflame, infuriate, ire, madden, outrage, rankle, rile, roil 【反】 delight, gratify, please 取悦；appease, conciliate, mollify, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 缓和

drudgery

【考法1】 n. 苦工；单调、卑贱或无趣的工作： tedious, menial, or unpleasant work 【例】 get away from the drudgery of their everyday lives 摆脱每日的单调无聊 【近】 labor, slavery, toil, travail, grind 【反】 sinecure 闲职，美差；fun, play 玩耍，娱乐

exploit

【考法1】 n. 英雄行为： a notable or heroic act 【例】 his wartime exploits 他在战争期间的英勇行为 【考法2】 v. 最大程度地利用： to employ to the greatest possible advantage 【例】 exploit your opponent's weakness 利用你对手的弱点 【近】 abuse, leverage, milk, play on, capitalize on impose on

blueprint

【考法1】 n. 蓝图，详细计划： a photographic print used especially for architects' plans 【例】 a blueprint for the new library 新图书馆的建造蓝图 【近】 arrangement, design, plan, scheme 【考法2】 v. 事先计划： to work out the details of (something) in advance 【例】 blueprinted the schedule of events for the festival right down to the last detail 把节日的活动的每一个细 节都事先安排好了 【近】 arrange, budget, calculate, organize, frame, lay out

demagogue

【考法1】 n. 蛊惑民心的政客： a leader who makes use of popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power 【例】 that politician is just a demagogue who preys upon people's fears and prejudices 那就是一个蛊惑民心的政客，利用民众的害怕和偏见来欺骗 【近】 firebrand, fomenter, incendiary, instigator, kindler, provocateur

extraction

【考法1】 n. 血统： origin; lineage; ancestry 【例】 a family of French extraction 有法国血统的家族 【近】 bloodline, breeding, descent, genealogy, lineage, origin, family tree

decadence

【考法1】 n. 衰落，颓废： a process, condition, or period of deterioration or decline, a change to a lower state or level 【例】 The book condemns the decadence of modern society. 该书批判了现代社会的堕落。 【近】 degeneracy, degeneration, degradation, deterioration, downfall, eclipse 【反】 ascent, rise, upswing 提高，提升

convert

【考法1】 n. 被改变宗教信仰的人： one that is converted 【近】 proselyte 【考法2】 vt.使改变信仰： to bring over from one belief, view, or party to another 【例】 European missionaries converted thousands to Christianity. 欧洲传教士使成百上千的人改信了基督教 【近】 persuade, proselytize, bring, lead 【考法3】 vt. 改变，转化： to alter the physical or chemical nature or properties of especially in manufacturing 【例】 convert water into ice 将水转化成冰 【近】 alter, change, transform, transfigure 【派】 converter n. 转换器；convertible adj. 可转变的; n. 敞篷跑车

charade

【考法1】 n. 装模作样： a display of emotion or behavior that is insincere or intended to deceive 【例】 His concern was a charade. 他的关心只是装模作样。 【近】 disguise, facade, playacting, pretense, put-on, semblance 【考法2】 n. 动作字谜： a game in which words or phrases are represented in pantomime

ken

【考法1】 n. 视野范围： the range of vision 【例】 abstract words that are beyond the ken of children 那些孩子们不能理解的抽象字词 【近】 sight 【考法2】 vt. 知道、了解（人或物）： to know (a person or thing) 【近】 appreciate, apprehend, cognize, comprehend, grasp, perceive, savvy, understand 【反】 misapprehend, misconceive, misinterpret, misperceive, misunderstand 错误地理解

caveat

【考法1】 n. 警告，告诫： a warning of a specific limitation of something such as information or an agreement 【例】 a final caveat 最终的告诫 【近】 warning, admonish

cordon

【考法1】 n. 警戒线： a line or ring of police, soldiers, or vehicles preventing people from entering an area 【例】 a cordon of police 警察围成的警戒线 【近】 perimeter 【考法2】 v. 围城一道防线： to form a protective or restrictive cordon around 【例】 cordoned off the area around the explosion scene 在爆炸现场周边设置警戒线 【近】 close, obstruct, block

knack

【考法1】 n. 诀窍，聪明的做法： a clever trick or stratagem; a clever way of doing something 【例】 She's tried every knack in Cupid's book to get her guy to marry her. 她试过了所有爱情三十六计，希望那男人娶她 【近】 artifice, device, gambit, ploy, scheme, sleight, stratagem 【反】 foolishness 愚蠢

anathema

【考法1】 n. 诅咒：a ban or curse solemnly pronounced by ecclesiastical authority and accompanied by excommunication 【近】curse, execration, imprecation, malediction 【反】benediction, benison, blessing 祝福

aspersion

【考法1】 n. 诽谤，中伤：a false or misleading charge meant to harm someone's reputation 【例】cast aspersions on my loyalty 诽谤我的忠诚 【近】defamation, besmirchment, calumny, calumniation, maligning, obloquy, vilification 【反】glowing tribute, eulogy, extolling, laudation, praise, commendation, compliment 热情赞赏，表扬；flattery, adulation 拍马屁

intercessor

【考法1】 n. 调停者： one that mediates 【例】 attend the meeting as the intercessor 作为调停人出席会议 【近】 broker, buffer, conciliator, intermediate, mediator, peacemaker 【反】 flame-fanner 煽风点火的人 【派】 intercession n. 调停，斡旋

coquette

【考法1】 n. 调情的女子： a woman who makes teasing sexual or romantic overtures; a flirt 【例】 A coquette though she might appear to be at first, Violetta from Verdi's La Traviata is actually yearning for true love. 乍看之下，威尔第歌剧《茶花女》中的薇奥莱塔是一个轻浮的女子，但实际上她渴望真爱 【近】 vamp, flirt 【考法2】 v. 不认真对待： to deal with something playfully rather than seriously 【例】 interested only in coquetting with her, not marrying her 只想与她保持暧昧关系，而不结婚 【近】 trifle, dally, flirt, mess around 【派】 coquet v. 不认真对待，调情；coquettish adj. 调情的

falsehood

【考法1】 n. 谎言： a statement known by its maker to be untrue and made in order to deceive 【例】 Truth always rise above falsehood, as oil rise above water. 油脂水面浮，真理胜谎言 【近】 deception, fable, lie, mendacity, prevarication, untruth 【反】 truth, verity 真相，实话

canard

【考法1】 n. 谣传，误传： an unfounded or false, deliberately misleading story. 【例】 it's a popular canard that the actress died under scandalous circumstances 有一种广泛的说法声称女演员死于绯闻的压力 【近】 story, whisper【记】 音：坑呐，原来是个坑呐(网络用语"坑"指编造的假文章，用来骗人玩的)

discretion

【考法1】 n. 谨慎： the quality of being discreet; circumspection 【例】 You must show discretion in choosing your teammates. 你选择队友时必须慎重。 【近】 discreetness, prudence 【反】 imprudence, indiscretion 【派】 indiscretion n. 不谨慎，不符合社会道德规范： an act at variance with the accepted morality of a society 【例】 resign because of financial indiscretions 因为财政方面的不检点而辞职 【考法2】 n. 自制，节制： the checking of one's true feelings and impulses when dealing with others 【例】 In that job you'll be expected to show discretion and act like a professional at all times. 那项工作要求你时刻自制节制，表现得像一个专业人士。 【近】 continence, discipline, inhibition, refrainment, restraint, self-control, self-restraint 【反】 disinhibition, incontinence, unconstraint 不自制，不节制

liability

【考法1】 n. 责任： the quality or state of being liable 【例】 The company is trying to reduce its liability in this case. 在这个案件中，公司试图减少他们的责任 【近】 accountability, answerability, responsibility 【反】 immunity 豁免权 【考法2】 n. 障碍，不利条件： a feature of someone or something that creates difficulty for achieving success 【例】 Their chief asset has now become a considerable liability. 他们最大的优点如今已成了不可小觑的负担 【近】 burden, debit, drawback, handicap, hurdle, incommodity, manacle, saddle, trammel 【反】 advantage, asset, edge, plus 优点，优势

embargo

【考法1】 n. 贸易禁止令： a legal prohibition on commerce 【例】 a trade embargo on luxuries 对奢侈品的禁运令 【近】 ban, interdiction, proscription, sanction, veto 【反】 approval, license, permission, prescription 许可

inkling

【考法1】 n. 轻微暗示，小提示： a slight indication or suggestion 【例】 They hadn't given us an inkling of what was going to happen. 他们不给我们任何暗示将会发生什么 【近】 clue, cue, hint 【考法2】 n. 略知： a slight knowledge or vague notion 【例】 not have even the faintest inkling of what the project was all about 对这个项目与什么有关毫不知情 【近】 glimmer 【反】 insight 深刻理解

jest

【考法1】 n. 轻浮的态度，戏谑： a frivolous mood or manner 【例】 spoken in jest 戏谑地说 【近】 butt, derision, mockery 【反】 solemnity, solemn utterance 严肃

levity

【考法1】 n. 轻浮： excessive or unseemly frivolity 【例】 The teachers disapprove of any displays of levity during school assemblies. 老师们不允许学生在学校 聚会过程中表现出任何轻浮的态度 【近】 facetiousness, flightiness, flippancy, frivolousness, frothiness, silliness 【反】 earnestness, gravity, seriousness, soberness, solemnity 严肃

éclat

【考法1】 n. 辉煌成就： brilliant or conspicuous success 【例】 The premier of Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro enjoyed a great éclat in 1786. 莫扎特歌剧《费加罗的婚礼》于1786年的首演获得了极大的成功 【近】 fame, renown, brilliance, triumph 【反】 debacle, fiasco 惨败

commotion

【考法1】 n. 骚乱：an agitated disturbance 【例】The commotion was created when the nation's top rock band arrived in town. 当顶级摇滚乐队来到小镇时，人们骚乱了。 【近】tumult, turmoil, pandemonium, hurry-scurry 【反】tranquility, calmness, quiet, serenity 安静；order 有序

dispatch

【考法1】 n. 迅速： promptness and efficiency in performance or transmission 【例】 do sth. with dispatch 迅速的做某事 【近】 alacrity, haste, swiftness, expedition, promptitude 【反】 leisureliness, delay, procrastination 悠然，拖延 【考法2】 v. 发送，运输： to cause to go or be taken from one place to another 【例】 to dispatch a messenger with urgent news 发送一个紧急消息 【近】 transfer, transmit, transport, pack off 【反】 accept, receive 接收 【考法3】 v. 使死亡： to deprive of life 【例】 dispatch a criminal处决罪犯 || The man dispatched the termites with professional efficiency. 那个男人技术纯熟地杀死了白蚁。 【反】 animate 使有生命 【考法4】 v. 获胜： to achieve a victory over 【例】 They dispatched the other team with breaking a sweat. 他们险胜其他的队。 【近】 conquer, defeat, subdue, triumph over, prevail over 【反】 lose to 输

blunder

【考法1】 n. 过失： a gross error or mistake resulting usually from stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness 【例】 That's your second blunder today. 这是你今天犯的第二个低级错误了 【近】 mistake, gaffe, lapse, error 【考法2】 v. 在...方面犯了很愚蠢且通常很严重的错误；糟蹋： to make a stupid, usually serious error in; botch 【近】 screw up, mess up 【考法3】 v. 蹒跚：to move unsteadily or confusedly 【例】 Without my glasses I blundered into the wrong room.因为没戴眼镜，所以我蹒跚地走入了错误的房间 【近】 stumble, falter, limp, plod 【派】 blundering adj. 蹒跚行走的

interregnum

【考法1】 n. 过渡期： break in continuity 【例】 The democratic regime proved to be a short-lived interregnum between dictatorships. 这个民主政权被 证明只不过是两个独裁政权之间的短暂过渡罢了 【近】 breach, break, gap, interim, interruption, interval, interlude, parenthesis 【反】 continuation, continuity 持续【记】 inter + reg- 皇，王，regal 帝王的,regime 政权

entrance

【考法1】 n. 进入权，进入许可： the means or right of entering or participating in 【例】 entrance to the club is by invitation only 该俱乐部只接受受邀入会 【近】 access, admission, admittance, gateway, ingress, passport, ticket 【考法2】 vt. 使入迷： to fill with delight, wonder, or enchantment 【例】 be entranced by the view 陶醉于景色 【近】 enrapture, enthrall, ravish, transport, carry away 【反】 bore, disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse 使厌烦 【派】 entrancing adj. 使人欣喜的 【反】 unprepossessing 不讨人喜欢的

ethics

【考法1】 n. 道德规范： rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession 【例】 an old-fashioned work ethic 传统的工作行为规范 【近】 ethos, morality, morals, norms, principles, standards eulogize [] 【考法1】 vt. 称赞；颂扬： to speak or write in high praise of 【例】 He was eulogized at his funeral as a caring husband and a good father. 他在悼词中被称赞为一个好丈夫、一个好爸爸。 【反】 defame, pan, stricture 诬蔑，指责

depravity

【考法1】 n. 道德败坏： immoral conduct or practices harmful or offensive to society 【例】 He was sinking into a life of utter depravity. 他自甘堕落。 【近】 debauchery, iniquitousness, licentiousness, perversion, turpitude, dissoluteness 【反】 morality, virtue 美德

legacy

【考法1】 n. 遗产： something handed down from an ancestor or a predecessor or from the past 【例】 the legacy of the ancient philosophers 古代哲学家们的思想遗产 【近】 bequest, heritage, patrimony

iniquity

【考法1】 n. 邪恶，不公正： gross immorality or injustice【例】 The use of illegal narcotics is not only a destroyer of personal health but also an iniquity that undermines our society. 非法的毒品不仅仅摧残着个人健康，还是一颗危害社会的毒瘤 【近】 corruption, depravity, debauchery, evil, infamy, sin, unfairness, wickedness 【反】 integrity, rectitude 正直；virtue 美德；disinterestedness 公正

connoisseur

【考法1】 n. 鉴赏家（尤其艺术领域）： a person who enjoys with discrimination and appreciation of subtleties and details especially in matters of culture or art 【例】 a connoisseur of wine and cigarette 烟酒鉴赏的行家 【近】 aesthete, cognoscente 【考法2】 n. 专家： a person with a high level of knowledge or skill in a field 【例】 works that are highly prized by connoisseurs of art glass 被玻璃艺术制品专家高度赞誉的作品 【近】 adept, artist, authority, maestro, master, maven, proficient, virtuoso 【反】 amateur, inexpert, nonexpert 业余者，非专业者；tyro, neophyte 新手

delusion

【考法1】 n. 错觉： a false idea 【例】 This was not optimism, it was delusion. 那不是乐观主义，那是错觉。 【近】 hallucination, illusion, unreality, falsehood, misconception 【反】 truth, verity 真实 【派】 delusive adj. 欺骗的：false, deceptive 【反】 transparent 坦诚的

analgesic

【考法1】 n. 镇痛剂：a medication that reduces or eliminates pain 【例】Aspirin is a kind of analgesic. 阿司匹林是一种止痛剂。 【同】anesthetic, anodyne

diatribe

【考法1】 n. 长篇抨击性演讲： a long angry speech or scolding 【例】 He was forced to sit through a long diatribe. 他被迫耐着性子听完一个长篇抨击性演讲。 【近】 tirade, harangue, jeremiad, philippic, rant 【考法2】 n. 挖苦，讽刺的指责： ironic or satirical criticism 【例】 The movie reviewer wrote a diatribe of the movie describing it as having excessive sex and violence. 那个影评人指责这个电影还有过多的色情和暴力。 【近】 irony, satire 【反】 encomium, eulogy, panegyric, tribute, laudatory piece of writing 颂词，赞赏作品

intrigue

【考法1】 n. 阴谋： a secret plan for accomplishing evil or unlawful ends 【例】 The intrigue was quickly discovered, and the would-be assassins were arrested. 随着阴谋的迅速识破， 未得手的刺客被逮捕了 【近】 conspiracy, design, intrigue, machination, scheme 【考法2】 vt. 激起...的兴趣： to arouse the interest, desire, or curiosity of 【例】 The children are apparently intrigued by the tale. 孩子们很明显被这个传奇故事吸引了 【近】 appeal, attract, enthrall, entice, excite, fascinate, interest, occupy 【反】 ennui, pall 使厌倦 【派】 intriguing adj. 有趣的

clog

【考法1】 n. 阻碍物：something that makes movement or progress difficult 【例】impede with a clog 用障碍物阻止 【近】balk, bar, block, deterrent, drag, fetter, holdback, hurdle, impediment, inhibition, interference, obstacle, obstruction, shackles, stop, stumbling block, trammel 【考法2】 v. 阻碍：to create difficulty for the work or activity of 【例】They always clog the courts. 他们一直阻挠法庭工作。 【近】encumber, fetter, hinder, hold back, hold up, impede, inhibit, interfere with, obstruct, shackle, stymie, tie up, trammel 【反】aid, assist, help 帮助；facilitate 促进 【考法3】 v. 堵塞：to prevent passage through by filling with something 【例】Within a few years the pipe began to clog up. 没有几年，管子就开始堵塞了。 【近】block, choke, clot, gum up, jam, obstruct, occlude, stop up, stuff 【反】clear, free, open up, unblock, unclog, unstop

adjunct

【考法1】 n. 附属物，非必须部分： something joined or added to another thing but not essentially a part of it 【例】 Massage therapy can be used as an adjunct along with the medication. 按摩治疗可以作为药物治疗的 补充疗法。 【近】 appendage, appliance, attachment, add-on 【反】 essential element 重要部分

bromide

【考法1】 n. 陈词滥调： a commonplace or hackneyed statement or notion 【例】 a newspaper editorial offering the timeworn bromide that people should settle their differences peacefully 报纸编辑又拿出那一套呼吁和平解决纷争的陈词滥调 【近】 banality, cliché, platitude, homily, truism, chestnut, shibboleth

argot

【考法1】 n. 隐语，黑话，行话：a specialized vocabulary or set of idioms used by a particular group 【例】groups communicating in their own secret argots 用他们秘密的行话交流的团体 【近】argot, cant, jargon, shoptalk 【反】standard language 标准的语言；common verbalism 大众的言语

barricade

【考法1】 n. 障碍物： an obstruction or rampart thrown up across a way or passage 【例】 The police put up barricades to block off the parade route. 警察设立了路障来阻挡游行的队伍 【近】 fence, hedge, wall, barrier, obstacle, blockade, obstruction 【考法2】 v. 用障碍物阻止通过： to prevent access to by means of a barricade 【例】 streets have been barricaded by authorities 街道被当局封锁了 【近】 bar, check, hinder, impede, obstruct, wall off 【反】 permit 允许 【记】 bar 卡的，用bar栅栏设的关卡；barrier + cade 建筑，挡路用的建筑；类barrage，a→i c→g

enigma

【考法1】 n. 难以理解或解释的事物，谜： something hard to understand or explain 【例】 The smile on Da Vinci's masterpiece Mona Lisa has been an enigma for hundred years. 数百年来，达芬奇名作《蒙娜丽莎》上的微笑一直是个不解之谜 【近】 mystery, conundrum, puzzle, riddle 【派】 enigmatic adj. 谜一般的

effluvium

【考法1】 n. 难闻的气味： an offensive exhalation or smell 【例】 Repulsive effluvia made us vomit. 这恶臭让我们作呕 【近】 malodor, stink, stench 【反】 fragrance, aroma 芳香 【考法2】 n. 没用的副产品，废品： a by-product especially in the form of waste 【例】 With nothing but effluvia obtained, researchers decided to abandon this method. 由于得不到目标产物，研究者们决定放弃这种手段 【近】 dross, refuse, rubbish, trash, waste 【派】 effluvial adj. 恶臭的

aggregate

【考法1】 n. 集合体： a mass or body of units or parts somewhat loosely associated with one another 【例】 An empire is the aggregate of many states under one common head. 帝国是以一个共同领袖领导的若干 国家的集合体。 【近】 sum, summation, totality 【反】 isolated units 隔离的单位 【考法 2】 v. 集合，聚集： to collect or gather into a mass or whole 【例】 aggregates content from many other sites 搜罗集合了其他网站的内容 【近】 coalesce, join together 结合，连接 【派】 disaggregate v. 分解 【反】 disperse 分散

mercenary

【考法1】 n. 雇佣军： a professional soldier hired for service in a foreign army 【例】 hire a mercenary army to protect the VIP 雇佣了一支佣兵来保护重要人物 【近】 hack 【考法2】 adj. 唯利是图的，贪婪的： motivated solely by a desire for monetary or material gain 【例】 Virtue flies from the heart of a mercenary man. 唯利是图的人没有美德可言 【近】 acquisitive, avaricious, avid, covetous, grasping, greedy, moneygrubbing, rapacious 【反】 benevolent, generous, liberal, philanthropic, munificent 慷慨的

aversion

【考法1】 n. 非常讨厌，极厌恶：a dislike so strong as to cause stomach upset or queasiness 【例】 a natural aversion toward insects 天生对昆虫的反感 【近】 distaste, horror, loathing, nausea, repugnance, repulsion, revulsion 【考法2】 n. 令人厌恶的事物：something or someone that is hated 【例】 Clichés should be the aversion of every good writer. 陈词滥调应该是让每个优秀的作家都感到厌恶的 【近】 abhorrence, abomination, antipathy, detestation, execration 【反】 love 令人喜爱的事物

masquerade

【考法1】 n. 面具，伪装： a display of emotion or behavior that is insincere or intended to deceive 【例】 Although she was deeply bored, she maintained a masquerade of polite interest as her guest droned on. 尽管她早已对客人滔滔不绝的话感到厌倦，但她还是装出了一幅饶有兴致的样子以示礼貌 【近】 facade, guise, mask, pretense, semblance, show, veil 【考法2】 v. 伪装，掩饰： to disguise oneself 【例】 masquerade as a policeman 化装成警察 【近】 act, disguise, pose, pretend 【反】 betray, disclose, reveal, unmask 揭露

bellwether

【考法1】 n. 领导者，带头人： one that takes the lead or initiative 【例】 Paris is a bellwether of the fashion industry. 巴黎是一座引领时尚潮流的都市 【近】 leader, pacemaker, pilot, trendsetter 【反】 follower, disciple, imitator 跟随者，弟子，模仿者

balm

【考法1】 n. 香油，止痛膏，安慰物： a sweet-smelling oil that heals wounds or reduce pain 【例】 Friendship is the finest balm in need. 危难关头，友情是最好的安慰 【反】 irritant 刺激物 【派】 balmy adj. 柔和的 【考法2】 n. 香气： a sweet or pleasant smell 【例】 The balm of the restaurant's backyard garden enhances the aura of romance. 餐馆后院传来的阵阵芳香增加了浪漫的情调 【近】 aroma, fragrance, incense, perfume, redolence 【反】 fetor, malodor, stench, stink 恶臭

charlatan

【考法1】 n. 骗子： a person who makes elaborate, fraudulent, and often voluble claims to skill or knowledge; a quack or fraud. 【例】 the famed broker turned out to be a charlatan 一位有声望的经纪人结果是个骗子 【近】 fake, fraud, hoaxer, mountebank, phony, pretender, quack, imposter

applause

【考法1】 n. 鼓掌，认可：approval publicly expressed (as by clapping the hands) 【例】Her appearance was greeted with applause. 她的表现赢得了认可。 【近】acclamation, cheer, cheering, ovation, plaudit, rave 【反】hissing, booing 发出嘘声

calligraphy

【考法1】 n. （优美的）书法： artistic, stylized, or elegant handwriting or lettering 【例】 she specializes in scrollwork with beautiful calligraphy 她很擅长花体字 【近】 longhand, manuscript, penmanship, script

lyric

【考法1】 n. （可以哼唱的）小曲： a short musical composition for the human voice often with instrumental accompaniment 【例】 The guitarist improvised and sang a gentle lyric while playing. 吉他手在弹奏的过程中即兴创作并哼唱 了一首小曲 【近】 ballad, ditty, jingle, vocal 【考法2】 adj. 如诗歌般流畅甜美的： having a pleasantly flowing quality suggestive of poetry or music 【例】 The film's lyric photography really enhanced its romantic mood. 电影中如诗歌般的图像效果着实增强了 浪漫的氛围 【近】 euphonious, lyrical, mellifluous, mellow, melodious, musical, poetical 【反】 prosaic, prose 无聊乏味的 【派】 lyrics n. 歌词

discrepancy

【考法1】 n. （在事实和宣称之间的）差异或矛盾： divergence or disagreement, as between facts or claims 【例】 a large discrepancy between the ideal image and the reality 理想与现实之间的巨大差距 【近】 contrast, disagreement, disparity, dissimilarity, distance, distinction, diversity 【反】 converge concord consonant 一致，和谐；analogousness, community, resemblance, similarity 相似

delicacy

【考法1】 n. （外貌、建筑、表演）精致： fineness of appearance, construction, or execution; elegance 【例】 lace of great delicacy 精致的蕾丝 【近】 dainty, delectable, kickshaw, tidbit 【反】 crudity, husk, coarseness, roughness 粗糙

farce

【考法1】 n. （带有嘲讽元素的）滑稽戏： a light dramatic composition marked by broadly satirical comedy and improbable plot 【近】 burlesque, caricature, parody, sham, travesty 【反】 serious play 正剧 【考法2】 n. 闹剧： ridiculous or empty show 【例】 The enforcement of this law became a farce. 这条法律的执行过程成了一场闹剧 【近】 joke, mockery, nonsense 【派】 farcical adj. 荒谬的

indemnity

【考法1】 n. （损害、伤害等的）保险补偿： compensation for damage, loss, or injury suffered 【例】 The widow now lives on a pension and an indemnity from her late husband's company. 这个寡妇如今依靠社保和前夫公司的保险赔偿过日 【近】 compensation, indemnification, quittance, recompense, redress, remuneration, reparation, requital

authority

【考法1】 n. （某领域的）权威人士： a person with a high level of knowledge or skill in a field 【例】 a leading authority on neural anatomy 一名神经解剖学领域的权威人士 【近】 expert, connoisseur, maestro, master, virtuoso 【反】 amateur 业余爱好者 inexpert 非专家 【考法2】 n. 管辖权，控制： lawful control over the affairs of a political unit (as a nation) 【例】 The sheriff had authority over the whole county. 郡守对于整个郡都有管辖权 【近】 administration, governance, regime, regimen 【考法3】 n. 影响力： the power to direct the thinking or behavior of others usually indirectly 【例】He speaks with a persuasive authority on matters of public health. 他就公共健康事务发表了带有影响力的、令人信服的评论 【近】 clout, credit, leverage, weight 【考法4】 n. （管束他人的）权力： the right or means to command or control others 【例】 By the authority vested in me, I now pronounce you married. 依我所拥有的权力，我宣布你们成为夫妻 【近】 arm, command, control, dominion, reign 【反】 impotence, powerlessness 无权力 【考法5】 n. 根据，理由： a warrant for action 【例】 On what authority do you make such a claim? 你的指控有何理由？ 【近】 grounds, justification

latitude

【考法1】 n. （行动或言论）自由： freedom from normal restraints, limitations, or regulations 【例】 Students are allowed considerable latitude in choosing courses. 学生在选课时被给予相当大的自由度 【近】 authorization, license, freedom, leeway, free hand 【反】 limitation 限制；custody 监护，拘留

dilettante

【考法1】 n./ adj. 业余爱好者（对艺术或知识领域涉猎浅薄者）/ 缺乏专业技术的： a person having a superficial interest in an art/ lacking or showing a lack of expert skill 【例】 Dilettante watch the scene of bustle, adept guard the entrance. 外行看热闹，内行看门道。|| Many dilettante efforts could be seen at the sidewalk art show. 街边艺术展上可以看到很多技术业余的作品 【近】 dabbler, amateur, nonexpert, nonprofessional, cognoscente 【反】 authority, expert, pro, professional, specialist 专家

compliment

【考法1】 n./ vt. 称赞，恭维：an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation 【例】a man meriting the compliments and homage of his fellows 一个值得他的伙伴们尊敬和称赞的人 【近】praise, commend, eulogize, extol, laud 【反】vituperate 责骂 【派】complimentary adj. 称赞的：expressing or containing a compliment 【反】vituperative 责骂的 【考法2】 n. 敬意，免费赠送的礼物：formal and respectful recognition : honor 【例】How about a delicious dessert then, with our compliment? 给您上点甜点怎么样，算是我们小小的敬意。

flout

【考法1】 n./v. to treat with contemptuous disregard 【例】 flout the academic norm by plagiarizing 通过抄袭来蔑视学术规范 【近】 despise, disregard, gibe, sneer, taunt 【反】 respect, revere, venerate 尊敬 记】 flaunt 是炫耀自己，flout 是蔑视他人；一个小姑奶奶(aunt)轻蔑地(flout) 飞了出去fly out，四处炫耀自己 flaunt

boo

【考法1】 n./v. 嘘（以表示不满或嘲笑）： a sound uttered to show contempt, scorn, or disapproval 【例】 boo the actor off the stage 把演员嘘下舞台 【近】 jeer, scorn 【反】 applaud 鼓掌

esteem

【考法1】 n./v. 尊重： to regard with respect; prize 【例】 be held in high esteem 被高度敬仰 【近】 appreciation, estimation, favor, regard, respect 【反】 disfavor, odium 不喜欢，憎恶

filibuster

【考法1】 n./v. 拖延议事： the use of obstructionist tactics, especially prolonged speechmaking, for the purpose of delaying legislative action 【例】 The Senator used a filibuster to stop the bill. 参议员拖延了草案的实施 【近】 delay, hindrance, impediment, obstruction, postponement ,procrastination

bolster

【考法1】 n./v. 支持： a structural part designed to eliminate friction or provide support or bearing 【例】 pillows that bolster the building 支撑房屋的柱子 【近】 brace, buttress, bear, sustain, undergird, underpin, uphold, prop up 【考法2】 v. 鼓励，使有精力： to give a boost to 【例】 news that bolsters the morale of the troops 鼓舞军队士气的消息 【近】 buoy, reinforce 【反】 dampen 泼冷水

crutch

【考法1】 n./v. 支撑，支柱： something that supports or sustains 【例】 a crutch for local economy 当地的经济支柱 【近】 brace, buttress, column, stay, support, underpinning, underpropping

cement

【考法1】 n./v. 粘合： a uniting or binding force or influence 【例】 justice is the cement that holds a political community together 正义是让政治个体团结的粘合剂 【近】 cord, knot, link, tie

clasp

【考法1】 n./v. 紧握：the act or manner of holding 【例】Be careful that your clasp on the cat isn't too tight, or she could get hurt. 注意别抓那只猫太紧，否则她会受 伤的。 【近】clench, grapple, grasp, grip, handgrip, handhold

crescendo

【考法1】 n./v.（声音）渐强： a gradual increase in volume of a musical passage 【例】 The movement begins with a crescendo of a clarinet. 乐章伴随着渐强的单簧管奏响 【反】 decrescendo （声音）渐弱 【考法2】 n. （渐强之后到达的）顶峰：the peak of a gradual increase 【例】 complaints about stifling smog conditions reach a crescendo 对于让人窒息的烟雾的抱怨到达了顶峰 【近】 apex, acme, apogee, climax, peak, pinnacle, summit, zenith 【反】 nadir 最低点

libertine

【考法1】 n.one who acts without moral restraint; a dissolute person 【例】 The legend of Don Juan depicts him as a playboy and libertine. 有关唐璜的传说把他描绘成一个放荡不羁的花花公子 【近】 backslider, debaucher, decadent, deviate, pervert, profligate 【反】 ascetic 禁欲者

incursion

【考法1】 n.入侵： a hostile entrance into a territory 【例】 homes damaged by the incursion of floodwater 被洪水入侵破坏的房屋 【近】 foray, inroad, invasion, irruption, raid 【反】 retreat, withdrawal 撤退

archetype

【考法1】 n.典范，榜样：an ideal example of a type 【例】an archetype of the successful entrepreneur 成功企业家的典范 【近】ideal, a perfect example, quintessence 【考法2】 n.先驱，鼻祖：something belonging to an earlier time from which something else was later developed 【例】The abacus is sometimes cited as the archetype of the modern digital calculator 算盘是现代计算器的鼻祖 【近】antecedent, foregoer, forerunner, precursor, predecessor, prototype 【考法3】 n. 原型：something from which copies are made 【例】"'Frankenstein' . . . 'Dracula' . . . 'Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' . . . the archetypes that have influenced all subsequent horror stories"(New York Times) "'弗兰肯斯坦'...'德秋拉'...'杰基尔博士和海德先生'影响了所有继之而来的恐怖故事的原型"(纽约时报) 【近】archetype, prototype

amity

【考法1】 n.友好, 亲善和睦关系：friendship; especially: friendly relations between nations 【例】live in amity with his neighbors 与邻居和谐相处；They parted in amity. 他们很友好地分别了。 【近】friendship 【反】enmity, hostility 敌意

conundrum

【考法1】 n.无法解决的问题，迷： a paradoxical, insoluble, or difficult problem; a dilemma 【例】 a difficult conundrum even for the experts 一道即便是专家也束手无策的难题 【近】 enigma, mystery, puzzlement, riddle, secret

mar

【考法1】 n.污点，坏点： something that spoils the appearance or completeness of a thing 【例】 mars on the furniture 家具上的污点 【近】 blight, blotch, defect, deformity, disfigurement, fault, flaw, imperfection, mark, pockmark, scar 【考法2】 vt. 破坏，削弱： to impair the soundness, perfection, or integrity of; spoil 【例】 The once flatroad surface is now marred by numerous potholes. 曾经平整的路面如今被坑洞所破坏‖an election marred by sexual scandal 被性丑闻蒙上阴影的选举 【近】 blemish, compromise, cripple, damage, deface, disfigure, harm, hurt, impair, injure, spoil, vitiate 【反】 doctor, fix, mend, patch, renovate, repair 修补；adorn, beautify, bedeck, embellish, garnish 装饰

clarity

【考法1】 n.清晰、清楚：the quality or state of being clear: lucidity 【例】 Clarity of diction is vital for a XDF teacher. 发音清楚对新东方老师来说是至关重要的。 【近】 clarity, explicitness, lucidity, lucidness, perspicuity, perspicuousness 【反】 obscureness, obscurity, unclarity 模糊，不清晰 【派】 clarify v. 澄清，使清晰：to free of confusion 【例】 clarify his mind 理清思路；clarify a subject 澄清某一问题 【近】 purify, clear, elucidate, explain, illuminate, illustrate 【反】 obfuscate, obscure 【考法2】 n. 清澈透明：the state or quality of being easily seen through 【例】mountain streams with water of incredible clarity 难以置信般清澈透明的山涧 【近】clearness, limpidity, limpidness, translucence, translucency, transparency 【反】cloudiness, opacity, opaqueness, turbidity, turbidness 浑浊，不透明

ally

【考法1】 n.盟友，支持者：one in helpful association with another 【例】enter the war as an ally of America 以美国的同盟者身份加入战争 【近】supporter, confederate, sympathizer 【反】adversary, rival 对手 【考法2】 v. 加入联盟：to enter into an alliance 【例】several tribes allied to fend off the invaders 几个部落联合起来抵抗侵略者 【反】disband 解散

denouement

【考法1】 n.（小说的）结局： the final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot 【例】 a surprising/ unexpected denouement 令人惊奇的、出人意料的结局

defile

【考法1】 n.（山间）小道： a narrow passage or gorge 【例】 They climbed up the mountain through a defile. 他们通过一条小路爬到山上。 【考法2】 v. 亵渎： to treat (a sacred place or object) shamefully or with great disrespect 【例】 art conservators were careful not to do anything that might defile the holy relic 公物管理员要防止任何玷污圣迹的行为 【近】 profane, violate 【考法3】 v. 不能被使用： to make unfit for use by the addition of something harmful or undesirable 【例】 supplies of meat that had been defiled by maggots 肉已经生蛆了，不能再食用了 【近】 befoul, foul, pollute, taint 【反】 decontaminate, purify 使纯净

concord

【考法1】 n．一致，和睦：harmony or agreement of interests or feelings; accord 【例】No discord, no concord. 不打不成交 【近】comity, compatibility, peace 【反】conflict, discord, dissension, variance 冲突，不和

dissonance

【考法1】 n．不和谐，刺耳： a harsh, disagreeable combination of sounds; discord 【例】 cognitive dissonance认识上的分歧 || Dissonance among the three partners doomed the project. 三个股东间的不调和注定了那计划的失败。 【近】 conflict, disaccord, discordance, discordancy, disharmony, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】 accord, agreement, concord, concordance, harmony, consensus, unanimity 不和谐，不一致

arrogance

【考法1】 n．傲慢，自大：overbearing pride 【例】Her arrogance has earned her a lot of enemies. 她的傲慢给她带来了很多敌人。 【近】assumption, bumptiousness, haughtiness, hauteur, imperiousness, loftiness, peremptoriness, pomposity, pompousness, presumptuousness, superciliousness 【反】humility, modesty, humbleness, unassumingness 谦虚

chicanery

【考法1】 n．诡计多端，欺骗 ：deception by artful subterfuge or sophistry 【例】 Well-doer never does chicanery and person who is good at chicanery does not belong well-doer. 善者不辩，辩者不善。|| He wasn't above using chicanery to win votes. 他不是用欺骗来赢得选票的。 【近】deception, artifice, legerdemain, wile, subterfuge 【反】aboveboard action 光明正大的行为；honest dealing 诚实的行为；forthrightness 坦白

frequent

【考法1】 v. pay frequent visits to; be in or at often 【例】 to frequent opera houses 时常造访歌剧院 【近】 haunt, resort, visit 【反】 avoid, shun 躲避 【考法2】 adj. happening at short intervals; often repeated or occurring 【例】 He used to make frequent trips to Los Angeles 他从前经常前往洛杉矶旅行 【近】 common, constant, everyday, habitual, periodical, repeated 【反】 rare 稀有的，少见的 【派】 frequency n. 频率；频繁

mesh

【考法1】 v. to catch or hold as if in a net 【例】 Dolphins sometimes become meshed in fishnets. 有时海豚也会被渔网缠住 【近】 enmesh, ensnare, ensnarl, entoil, entrap, net, snare, tangle, trap 【反】 disentangle, untangle 解开，使解脱

instill

【考法1】 v. to cause to enter drop by drop 【例】 instill medication into the infected eye 【近】 inject 【反】 extract 抽取 【考法2】 v. 灌输： to impart gradually 【例】 instill a sense of responsibility to the young 【近】 breed, enroot, implant, inculcate, infix, infuse, ingrain, plant, sow 【反】 remove 移除 【派】 instillation n.

fester

【考法1】 v. to infect, inflame, or corrupt 【例】 A dirty wound will probably fester. 伤口弄脏了有可能会化脓 【近】 corrupt, decompose, putrefy, rot, spoil 【反】 heal, cure 愈合

fulminate

【考法1】 v. to issue a thunderous verbal attack or denunciation 【例】 fulminate the so-called curricular reform痛斥所谓的课程改革 【近】 criticize, blame, censure, condemn, denounce, denunciate, lambaste, reprehend, reprobate 【反】 applaud, compliment, praise 赞美 【派】 fulmination n. 训斥

descend

【考法1】 v. 下降： to lead or extend downward 【例】 the pathway descends to the river bank 通道一直向下延伸到河岸 【近】 dip, fall, plunge, sink 【反】 arise, ascend, climb, mount, upsweep, upturn 【考法2】 v. 世代相传： to originate or come from an ancestral stock or source, to pass by inheritance 【例】 The house has descended through four generations. 这座房子已经传了四代。a tradition descending from colonial days 殖民时期传递下来的一项传统

descend

【考法1】 v. 下降： to lead or extend downward 【例】 the pathway descends to the river bank 通道一直向下延伸到河岸 【近】 dip, fall, plunge, sink 【考法2】 v. 世代相传： to originate or come from an ancestral stock or source, to pass by inheritance 【例】 The house has descended through four generations. 这座房子已经传了四代。a tradition descending from colonial days 殖民时期传递下来的一项传统。

excoriate

【考法1】 v. 严厉批评： to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】 She was excoriated as a racist. 她被指责是一个种族歧视者。 【近】 abuse, assail, belabor, castigate, excoriate, lambaste, vituperate 【反】 accolade, extol, flatter, praise lavishly 赞扬

collude

【考法1】 v. 串通，共谋（做坏事）：to act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose; conspire 【例】collude with competitors to control the price 与竞争者合谋以控制价格 【近】connive, conspire, contrive, intrigue, machinate, put up 【反】act independently 单独行动

cadge

【考法1】 v. 乞讨，乞求： beg, sponge 【例】 cadge a free cup of coffee 讨到一杯免费的咖啡 【反】 earn 赚钱

canvass

【考法1】 v. 仔细检查或详尽地讨论；审查： to examine carefully or discuss thoroughly; scrutinize: 【例】 "The evidence had been repeatedly canvassed in American courts" 证据已在美国的法庭中反复被审查过。 【考法2】 v. 游说：去（一个地区）的各处或找到（个人）来拉选票或定单： to go through (a region) or go to (persons)to solicit votes or orders 【例】 canvass voters 拉选票 【近】 interview, poll, solicit, survey

barter

【考法1】 v. 以物换物： to trade (goods or services) without the exchange of money 【例】 barter wheat for cotton 以小麦换棉花 【近】 swap, trade

designate

【考法1】 v. 任命： to pick (someone) by one's authority for a specific position or duty 【例】 he has yet to designate his successor as head of the firm 他还没有给公司选定接班人 【近】 assign, commission, constitute, nominate, place 【反】 discharge, dismiss, expel, fire 解雇，开除 【考法2】 v. 命名： to give a name to 【例】 he was designated Air Jordan by his fans 他被粉丝们称为飞人乔丹 【近】 denominate, dub, entitle, label, style, term, title

elate

【考法1】 v. 使开心，使自豪： to fill with joy or pride 【例】 The phenomenal sales record elated him. 卓越的业绩让他高兴不已 【近】 cheer, excite, exhilarate, inspire, stimulate 【反】 depress, dishearten, sadden 使沮丧 【派】 elated adj. 高兴的；elation n. 高兴

disguise

【考法1】 v. 伪装（防止被认出）： to modify the manner or appearance of in order to prevent recognition 【例】 He always disguises his true feelings. 他经常掩饰自己的真实感受。 【近】 camouflage, costume, mask 【反】 unmask 使露出真相 【考法2】 v. 隐藏： to keep secret or shut off from view 【例】 That investigative reporter usually does a good job of disguising her true motives for interviewing a person. 当采访时，那个调查记者经常很好地隐藏自己的真实目的 【近】 belie, blanket, conceal, cover, curtain, occult, veil 【反】 bare, disclose, display, divulge, expose, reveal, show, uncover, unmask, unveil 暴露，展现

forge

【考法1】 v. 伪造： to make or imitate falsely especially with intent to defraud 【例】 The boy forged his father's signature on his transcript. 小男孩在他的成绩单上伪造了父亲的签名 【近】 coin, counterfeit, fabricate, fake 【考法2】 v. 锻造，铸就： to form (as metal) by or as if by heating and hammering 【例】a real man forged by adversity 一个经磨难考验而成的纯爷们‖They agreed to forge closer economicand political ties. 他们就打造双边的紧密政治经济联系达成了共识 【近】build, construct, form, make, manufacture, mold, shape 【派】 forger n. 打铁匠

croon

【考法1】 v. 低声歌唱或说话： to sing or speak in a gentle murmuring manner 【例】 croon mellow tunes 低声唱柔和的调子 【近】 whisper, grumble, mumble, murmur 【反】 shout, yell 大声喊叫

discombobulate

【考法1】 v. 使不安，使混乱： upset, confuse 【例】 invent cool new ways to discombobulate the old order 发明新的好方法打乱了旧秩序 【近】 upset, addle, baffle, bamboozle, befog, befuddle, confound, fuddle, gravel, muddle, muddy, mystify, perplex, puzzle, vex 【反】 compose, soothe, calm, pacify 使安定

dismay

【考法1】 v. 使失去勇气： to cause to lose courage or resolution 【例】 The excessive homework dismayed ourselves. 过量的作业让我们失去了信心。 【近】 chill, daunt, dishearten, dispirit, frustrate, unnerve 【反】 embolden, encourage, hearten, nerve 鼓励，使勇敢 【考法2】 v. 使不安，使焦虑： to trouble the mind of; to make uneasy 【例】 Parents became increasingly dismayed by their son's GPA. 父母对他们儿子的平均成绩非常焦虑。 【近】 agitate, bother, discomfort, discompose, disquiet, distemper, distress, perturb, unsettle, upset 【反】 calm, compose, quiet, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰

discomfit

【考法1】 v. 使尴尬： to put into a state of perplexity and embarrassment 【例】 He was discomfited by the awkward situation of having his ex-girlfriend meet his current one. 他的前女友看到他现任女友的情况让他很尴尬。 【近】 embarrass, abash, faze, fluster, mortify, nonplus, rattle 【考法2】 v. 阻碍： to prevent from achieving a goal 【例】 Constant interruptions discomfited her in her attempt to finish the speech. 经常的打断她讲话使她无法完成演讲。 【近】 balk, foil, thwart, baffle, checkmate 【反】 advance, forward, foster, further, promote 推进，促进；encourage 鼓励

crook

【考法1】 v. 使弯曲： to cause to turn away from a straight line 【例】 crook your finger to pull the trigger 弯曲你的手指来扣动扳机 【近】 arch, bow, crook, curve, hook, swerve 【反】 straighten, unbend, uncurl 拉直，伸直

fluster

【考法1】 v. 使慌乱： to put into a state of agitated confusion 【例】 A GPA of 1.0 flusters him. 1.0的绩点让他很慌乱 【近】 abash, confound, confuse, discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, faze, mortify, nonplus, rattle 【反】 calm, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize 安抚，使情绪镇定 falter 支吾, 踉跄

absolve

【考法1】 v. 使无罪，解除责任： to set free from an obligation or the consequences of guilt, exculpate 【例】 absolve somebody from blame 使某人免受责备 【近】 acquit, exonerate, vindicate 【反】 blame, criminate, incriminate 定罪

maculate

【考法1】 v. 使有斑点，弄脏： to spot, blemish 【例】 Her reputation was maculated after the affair with a married man. 自从被指与一个已婚男士有染之后， 她的名声受到了影响 【近】 besmirch, dot, dirty,soil, spot,stain 【反】 clean, cleanse, purify, wash 清洗，弄干净 【派】 maculated adj. 有斑点的

content

【考法1】 v. 使满足： to appease the desires of 【例】 One glass of beer every day could content him. 每天一杯啤酒就能满足他 【近】 satisfy, gratify, rejoice 【反】 discontent 不满足 【考法2】 n. 主题： a major object of interest or concern (as in a discussion or artistic composition) 【例】 Although I appreciate the poem's lyrical qualities, I don't understand its content. 虽然我很欣赏这首诗歌的 节奏美，但我无法理解其主题 【近】 motive, subject, theme, topic 【考法3】 n. 内容，内涵： the idea that is conveyed or intended to be conveyed to the mind by language, symbol, or action 【例】 The speech was filled with fancy words but devoid of any real content. 这篇演讲辞藻华丽，但是没什么 实质性内容 【近】 intention, purport, sense, significance 【派】 contented adj. 满足的

dilapidate

【考法1】 v. 使荒废： to bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin 【例】 The house has been dilapidated by neglect. 由于没人照看，这个房子已经要荒废了。 【近】 ruin, wreck 【反】 be in use 还在使用；restore 恢复使用；mend, repair 修理；rejuvenate, renew, renovate 翻新

compose

【考法1】 v. 使镇定：to free from agitation: calm 【例】She took a deep breath and composed herself. 她做了一个深呼吸，控制住了自己的情绪。 【近】contain, settle 【反】agitate, discompose, disquiet, disturb, perturb, upset, vex 【派】composed adj. 镇静的，安定的：free from agitation: calm 【反】distraught, restless 发狂的，不平静的 【派】composure n. 镇定：a calmness or repose especially of mind, bearing, or appearance 【考法2】 v. 组成，构成：to form the substance of : constitute 【例】composed of many ingredients 有很多配料组成 【近】constitute, comprise, make up

agonize

【考法1】 v. 使非常痛苦：to feel deep sadness or mental pain 【例】 agonizes over every decision 做每一个决定都非常痛苦 【近】 anguish, suffer

adhere

【考法1】 v. 依附，粘着： to cause to stick fast 【例】 adhere to the surface 附着在表面 【近】 cleave, cling, hew 【反】 detach 分离 【考法2】 v. 服从命令： to act according to the commands of 【例】 adhere to the rules 遵守规定 【近】 cling to, hew to, stand by, stick to, comply with 【反】 defy, disobey, rebel against 不服从，反抗 【考法3】 v. 坚定地支持： to give steadfast support to 【例】 our coach adheres to the belief that we can win this game if we just have a positive attitude 我们的教练 坚定地相信，只有我们有积极的态度，我们就能拿下比赛 【近】 keep to, stand by, stick to or with 【反】 defect from 叛变 【派】 adherent n. 追随者：a follower of a leader, party, or profession 【反】 forerunner 先行者

erode

【考法1】 v. 侵蚀，慢慢减少： to consume or wear away gradually 【例】 flooding eroded the hillside 洪水冲刷着山岭 || inflation eroding buying power 通货膨胀导致购买力下降 【近】 corrode, fret, gnaw, nibble, bite at

list

【考法1】 v. 倾斜： to set or cause to be at an angle 【例】 The sudden lift of the load on the deck listed the ship badly. 甲板上货物被突然提起，船陡然倾斜 【近】 angle, cant, heel, incline, pitch, slant, slope, tilt, tip 【反】 erect 竖立

abscond

【考法1】 v. 偷偷离开： to depart secretly and hide oneself 【例】 abscond from the prison 越狱 【近】 flee, lam, run off, break out (of), clear out

eavesdrop

【考法1】 v. 偷听： to listen secretly to the private conversation of others 【例】 eavesdropping on the conversation 偷听谈话 【近】 overhear, wiretap

commingle

【考法1】 v. 充分混合：to blend thoroughly into a harmonious whole 【例】Ground waters originating in different beds commingle. 来源于不同层位的地下水相互混合。|| Fact and fiction commingle in the story. 事实和虚构混合成了故事。 【近】amalgamate, fuse, mix, immix, commix, compound, mingle, immingle, intermingle, intermix, merge 【反】break down, break up, separate, unmix 分开

denounce

【考法1】 v. 公开指责： to express public or formal disapproval of 【例】 the governor has denounced the court's decision and vows to press for a constitutional amendment 州长公开指责法庭决定不公，准备投票进行修宪 【近】 condemn, objurgate, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprove 【反】 cite, commend, endorse 支持，称赞 【考法2】 v. 道德上错误、可耻的： to declare to be morally wrong or evil 【例】 the church council denounced the bishop's teachings, officially declaring them to be heresy 该教理事会指责主教的布道可耻，声称它们是异端学说 【近】 anathematize, censure, execrate, reprehend, reprobate 【派】 denunciation n. 谴责：an act of denouncing especially : a public condemnation 【反】 panegyric, accolade, eulogy 颂词

censure

【考法1】 v. 公开表示反对，谴责： to express public or formal disapproval of 【例】 He was censured by the committee for his failure to report the problem. 他因为未上报事故受到了委员会的指责。 【近】 condemn, denounce, objurgate, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprehend, pan 【反】 commend, extol, laud, endorse 支持，赞同

expurgate

【考法1】 v. 净化，删去不当处： to remove erroneous, vulgar, obscene, or otherwise objectionable material from (a book, for example) before publication 【例】 an expurgated edition of the letters 信件的删减版 【近】 bowdlerize, obliterate, launder, red-pencil, clean up

abate

【考法1】 v. 减轻（程度或者强度）： to reduce in degree or intensity 【例】 abate his rage/pain 平息他的愤怒/减轻痛苦 【近】 moderate, recede, subside, remit, wane, die (away or down or out),let up, phase down, ratchet (down)， taper off 【反】 intensify 【考法2】 v. 减少（数量或者降低价值）： to reduce in amount or value 【例】 abate a tax 降低税收 【近】 de-escalate, deplete, downscale, dwindle, 【反】 augment, promote 增加 【考法3】 v. 停止，撤销： to put an end to 【例】 abate a nuisance 停止伤害 【近】 abrogate, annul, invalidate, nullify, rescind, vacate

coagulate

【考法1】 v. 凝结,使变稠：to cause to become viscous or thickened into a coherent mass : curdle, clot 【例】The blood coagulates to stop wounds bleeding. 血液会凝结以防止伤口流血。 【近】clot, congeal, jelly 【反】melt, liquefy, fluidify, dissolve 融化，溶解；thin 使变稀薄 【派】coagulant n. 凝结剂：an agent that causes a liquid to coagulate

brake

【考法1】 v. 刹车： to cause to move or proceed at a less rapid pace 【例】 A seagull swooped down in front of her car, causing her to slam on the brakes. 一只海鸥飞到车窗前，她猛踩刹车。 【近】 decelerate, retard, slacken 【反】 accelerate, hasten, rush, speed up 加速

eschew

【考法1】 v. 刻意避开；戒绝： to avoid habitually especially on moral or practical grounds 【例】 the minister eschews involvement in local politics, since he doesn't want to diminish his moral authority in the community 首相回避参与当地政治，因为他不想降低其道德权威 【近】 dodge, elude, evade, shirk, shun, weasel out of 【反】 embrace, greet, welcome, habitually indulge in, seek 乐于接受，寻觅

accelerate

【考法1】 v. 加速： to cause to move faster 【例】 accelerate his steps 加快脚步 【近】 balloon, escalate, snowball, mushroom, proliferate, burgeon, build up 【反】 retard 减速 【考法2】 v. 使提前发生： to bring about at an earlier time 【例】 accelerate their departure 提前离开 【考法3】 v. 变大，变多： to become greater in size, extent, volume, amount, or number 【例】 toy purchases accelerate dramatically during the Christmas season 玩具销售量在圣诞期间暴涨 【近】 accumulate, balloon, enlarge, escalate, mushroom, proliferate, snowball, roll up 【反】 contract, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, recede, wane

acquiesce

【考法1】 v. 勉强同意；默许： to accept, comply, or submit tacitly or passively 【例】 acquiesce to my own fleecing 默许我的敲竹杠行为 【近】 assent, consent, subscribe, come round 【反】 resist, defy, dissent 抵制，不同意

extort

【考法1】 v. 勒索： to obtain from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or illegal power 【例】 The criminals extorted large sums of money from their victims. 绑匪向受害者勒索大笔钱财。 【近】 wrest, wring

extemporize

【考法1】 v. 即席表现： to do or perform (something) without prior preparation or practice 【例】 a good talk show host has to be able to extemporize the interviews when things don't go as planned 一个好的脱口秀主持人要能够在计划之外即兴表现 【反】 follow a script 参考草稿 【派】 extemporaneous 【反】 planned 有计划的

babble

【考法1】 v. 发出含糊无意义的嘟囔声，胡乱说： to utter a meaningless confusion of words or sounds 【例】 Babies babble before they can talk. 婴儿在会说话以前含糊不清地发音 【近】 drivel, gabble, gibber, jabber, prattle, abracadabra 【反】 articulate 清晰地说出 【考法2】 v. 闲聊： to engage in casual or rambling conversation 【例】 The little girls babbled contentedly for the whole ride home. 两个小姑娘在回家的路上高兴地闲聊 【近】 chatter, prate

abjure

【考法1】 v. 发誓放弃： a firm and final rejecting or abandoning often made under oath 【例】 abjure one's belief 发誓放弃信仰 【近】 recant, renege, renounce, abnegate, forswear (also foreswear), repudiate 【反】 affirm, espouse, embrace 拥护 【考法2】 v. 抵制，避免： to resist the temptation of 【例】 abjure extravagance 抵制铺张浪费 【近】 keep (from), refrain (from), withhold (from) 【反】 bow to, give in to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 屈从于

abjure

【考法1】 v. 发誓放弃： a firm and final rejecting or abandoning often made under oath 【例】 abjure one's belief 发誓放弃信仰 【近】 recant, renege, renounce, abnegate, forswear (also foreswear), repudiate 【反】 affirm, espouse, embrace 拥护 【考法2】 v. 抵制，避免： to resist the temptation of 【例】 abjure extravagance 抵制铺张浪费 【近】 keep (from), refrain (from), withhold (from) 【反】 bow to, give in to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 屈从于 abject adj. 无精打采的；悲惨的凄凉的；卑微的讨好的 ab不+jure 发誓→发誓不要→弃绝；jury 陪审团<br/>【另】 abjure 发誓放弃, adjure 起誓, 恳请, conjure 施魔法召唤,jury 陪审团,objurgate 怒吵，告上法庭,perjure 发伪誓

diminish

【考法1】 v. 变小，减少： to become smaller or less 【例】 diminish an army's strength 削弱军队力量 || The sound of the train diminished as our distance from it increased. 当我们距离火车的越远时，火车的声音就越小。 【近】 abate, dwindle, lessen, lower, reduce, decline 【反】 aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, enlarge, escalate, expand, increase, raise, balloon 增加，增大 【考法2】 v. 轻视，贬低： to lessen the authority, dignity, or reputation of : belittle 【例】 diminish a rival's accomplishments 贬低对手的成就 【近】 belittle, deprecate, depreciate, disparage 【反】 acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud, praise 赞美

convoke

【考法1】 v. 召集开会： to bring together by or as if by summons 【例】 to convoke Parliament 召开国会 【近】 assemble, convene, summon, muster 【反】 adjourn 休会

amalgamate

【考法1】 v. 合并，混合：to combine into a unified or integrated whole; unite 【例】to amalgamate with an American company 与一家美国公司合并 【近】mix, fuse, intermix, compound, meld, comingle, integrate, intermingle 【反】separate, isolate 分开，隔离

conspire

【考法1】 v. 合谋，秘谋： to plan together secretly to commit an illegal or wrongful act or accomplish a legal purpose through illegal action 【例】 A group of POWs conspired to abscond. 一批战俘密谋潜逃 【近】 plot, contrive, connive, cogitate, intrigue, put up 【派】 conspiracy n. 密谋

abnegate

【考法1】 v. 否认： deny, renounce 【例】 abnegated the idea of freedom 放弃自由的观念 【近】 recant, renege, repudiate, unsay, forswear (also foreswear), take back, 【反】 reaffirm 再肯定，重申 【考法2】 v. 投降，放弃，交出（权力等）：surrender, relinquish 【例】 abnegated her powers 交出她拥有的权力 【近】 cede, resign, step aside (from), step down (from) 【反】 adhere to 依附，坚持

disgorge

【考法1】 v. 呕吐出： to discharge by the throat and mouth; vomit 【例】 He cannot disgorge a fish bone without the doctor's assistant. 没有医生的帮助他吐不出鱼刺来。|| The volcano disgorged lava. 火山喷出岩浆。 【近】 belch, disgorge, eject, eruct, expel, jet, spew, spout 【反】 swallow, ingest 吞下，咽下 【考法2】 v. 放弃： to give up on request or under pressure 【例】 The corrupt officials refused to disgorge his ill-gotten gains. 贪官们拒绝放弃赃款。

cajole

【考法1】 v. 哄骗： to urge with gentle and repeated appeals, teasing, or flattery; wheedle 【例】 cajoled her into doing his laundry for him 哄骗她帮他洗衣服 【近】 blandish, blarney, palaver, wheedle, soft-soap, sweet-talk

boggle

【考法1】 v. 因为怀疑、恐惧而犹豫： to hesitate because of doubt, fear, or scruples 【例】 boggle at the dilemma 身处困境而犹豫不决 【近】 hesitate, falter, waver 【考法2】 v. 笨拙地做： to make or do (something) in a clumsy or unskillful way 【例】 She boggled her first effort to make Christmas cookies. 她第一次尝试圣诞蛋糕做得笨手笨脚 【近】 botch, bungle.

aver

【考法1】 v. 声称为真： to state as a fact usually forcefully 【例】 was tearfully averring his innocence 涕泪俱下地声明他的清白 【近】 allege, assert, avouch, avow, declare, purport, warrant 【反】 deny, gainsay 否认 【考法2】 v. （态度强硬而明确地）声明： to state clearly and strongly 【例】 She averred that she didn't need any help choosing her own clothes. 她态度强硬地声明：在买衣服的问题上不需要别人指手画脚 【近】 affirm, insist, maintain, profess

burlesque

【考法1】 v. 夸张滑稽地模仿以嘲弄他人的文学艺术作品，恶搞： to copy or exaggerate (someone or something) in order to make fun of 【例】 burlesquing the teacher's nervous tic isn't very nice 恶搞老师紧张的痉挛不是好的行为 【近】 caricature, imitate, mock, parody, spoof, travesty

defer

【考法1】 v. 推迟，延期： to put off; postpone; defer 【例】 we agreed to defer a discussion of the issue 我们决定推迟问题的讨论 【近】 delay, remit, shelve, hold off, hold over, lay over, put off 【反】 exigent 紧急的 【考法2】 vi. 遵从： to submit to another's wishes, opinion, or governance usually through deference or respect 【例】defer to her father's wishes 听从她父亲的意愿

compromise

【考法1】 v. 妥协：to adjust or settle by mutual concessions 【例】Eventually we reached a compromise on the number of hours per week that would be devoted to piano practice. 最后我们在每周练琴的时间上妥协了。 【近】accommodation, negotiation 【考法2】 v. 使危险：to place in danger 【例】Officials were concerned that his statements would compromise national security. 官员们认为他的言论会 危害国家安全。 【近】hazard, imperil, jeopardy, jeopardize, menace, peril, venture

abrogate

【考法1】 v. 官方的正式废除： to abolish by authoritative action, annul 【例】 abrogate the law/ treaty 废除法律、条约 【近】 disannul, invalidate, nullify, quash, rescind, roll back, strike down 【反】 embrace, uphold, institute 采纳，支持，建立 【考法2】 v. 无视（某事的）存在： to treat as nonexistent 【例】 abrogate their responsibilities 抛开、不顾他们的责任

cosset

【考法1】 v. 宠爱： to treat as a pet; pamper 【近】 caress, cuddle, dote, pet, mollycoddle 【反】 slight 怠慢；abuse 虐待 【派】 cosseted adj. 被宠坏的

annul

【考法1】 v. 宣告无效，取消：to declare or make legally invalid or void 【例】The marriage was annulled last month. 婚约上个月取消了。 【近】disannul, cancel, invalidate, abrogate, nullify, repeal, rescind 【反】make legal 使合法；enact 制定 【考法2】 v. 抵消 to balance with an equal force so as to make ineffective 【例】Unfortunately, his arrogant attitude annuls the many generous favors he does for people. 不幸的是，他傲慢的态度抵消了他之前对人民的慷慨恩惠。 【近】counterbalance, neutralize annual: a year

countenance

【考法1】 v. 容忍： to put up with (something painful or difficult) 【例】 The college administration will not countenance cheating. 大学管理部门决不容忍作弊的存在 【近】 abide, endure, stand, stomach, wear 【考法2】 v. 赞成，推崇： to have a favorable opinion of 【例】 I don't countenance such behavior in children of any age. 对于任何年龄的孩子，我都不推崇那种行为 【近】 accept, favor, subscribe 【反】 disapprove, frown 表示反对 【考法3】 n. 沉着，冷静： evenness of emotions or temper 【例】 The doctor's purposeful countenance was in stark contrast to everyone else's hysteria. 医生带有目的性的 沉着与他人的歇斯底里形成了巨大的反差 【近】 aplomb, calmness, composure, sangfroid, serenity 【反】 agitation, discomposure, perturbation 急躁，焦虑

abet

【考法1】 v. 帮助，怂恿： to assist or support in the achievement of a purpose 【例】 aid and abet <法律>协助教唆 【近】 ferment, foment, provoke, instigate, stir (up), whip (up) 【考法2】 v. 鼓励： to actively encourage (as an activity or plan) 【近】 aid, assist, back, support, prop (up) 【反】 stymie, frustrate, obstruct, thwart, impede, forestall , hinder 阻挠

conciliate

【考法1】 v. 平息，抚慰：to lessen the anger or agitation of 【例】A principal trying to conciliate the parents who did not receive their tickets to the graduation ceremonies. 校 长试着平息这对没有收到他们的毕业晚会门票的家长的气愤情绪。 【近】appease, pacify, assuage, conciliate, mollify, placate, propitiate, calm (down), ease, soothe, palliate, disarm 【反】annoy, enrage, vex, nettle, rile, incense, inflame, exasperate, infuriate, discompose, disturb, perturb, upset 烦扰，激怒，打扰 【考法2】 vt. 调解：to make compatible : reconcile 【例】It will be hard to conciliate the views of labor and management regarding health benefits. 调解劳资双方对 于健康保险金的观点很难。 【近】attune, reconcile, coordinate, accommodate 【反】discontent 不满；disharmonize 使不和谐 【派】conciliatory adj. 调和的，安抚的 【反】contentious 好争吵的；belligerent 好战的

admonish

【考法1】 v. 建议： to give advice to 【例】 admonished the patient to eat more healthy foods 建议患者多吃健康食品 【近】 counsel 【考法 2】 v. 责备： to reprove gently but earnestly. 【例】 admonished her for littering 责备她乱扔垃圾 【近】 chide, reprimand, reproach, reprove, tick off 【派】 admonishment n. 责备

construct

【考法1】 v. 建造，建立： to form by assembling or combining parts 【例】 construct a new library 建一座新图书馆 【近】 assemble, build, fabricate, make, produce, rear, set up 【反】 demolish, destroy, raze 摧毁 【考法2】 v. 创造，想出： to create or think of by clever use of the imagination 【例】 He managed to construct a theory that fits all the facts. 他成功提出了一个与所有事实相吻合的理论 【近】 contrive, devise, excogitate, fabricate, vamp up 【派】 construction n. 建设，建造

broach

【考法1】 v. 开启，启封： to open for the first time 【例】 broach a keg of beer 开一小桶酒 【近】 break 【反】 close off 关闭 【考法2】 v. 提出讨论： to present or bring forward for discussion 【例】 broached the topic of plans for next year's parade 将明年的游行活动计划摆上讨论日程 【近】 moot, place, raise, bring up 【记】 broad 扩大 breach 裂口；一点点用来approach目标的工具，钻子；

chaff

【考法1】 v. 开玩笑： to make jokes 【例】 a coworker who likes to chaff at others' expense, and this often results in hurt feelings 这个同事喜欢开别人玩笑，导致伤害他人感情 【近】 banter, gag, jape, jest, quip, wisecrack

crumple

【考法1】 v. 弄皱： to press, bend, or crush out of shape 【例】 crumple a piece of paper 弄皱一张纸 【近】 rumple, crimple, crease, fold, wrinkle 【反】 smooth 使平滑 【考法2】 v. （因外力挤压而）垮塌： to fall down or in as a result of physical pressure 【例】 The box crumpled when I accidentally dropped a brick on it. 我不小心扔了块石头在箱子上，它就倒塌了 【近】 collapse, founder, implode, tumble, yield

besmirch

【考法1】 v. 弄脏，弄污： to make dirty; soil 【例】 besmirched the white bed sheets with their dirty hands 用他们的脏手把白床单弄脏了 【近】 foul, smirch, smudge, taint 【反】 clean, cleanse 清洁 【考法2】 v. 诽谤，玷污： to detract from the honor or luster of 【例】 besmirch your reputation by fabricating scandals 通过捏造丑闻来玷污你的名声 【近】 defile, smear, soil, stain 【反】 honor 授予荣誉

castigate

【考法1】 v. 强烈（公开）指责： to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】 The author castigated the prime minister as an ineffective leader. 作者谴责首相行政无作为。 【近】 berate, chastise, lambaste, reprimand, reproach, rebuke, vituperate, excoriate, rail (at or against) 【反】 approbate, accolade, extol 认可，赞美 【考法2】 v. 惩罚： to inflict a penalty on for a fault or crime 【例】 a judge who believes in castigating criminals to the full extent of the law 法官认为应该最大程度地惩罚罪犯 【近】 chasten, chastise, correct, discipline, penalize 【反】 excuse, pardon, spare 宽恕

brook

【考法1】 v. 忍受，容许： to stand for, tolerate 【例】 brook no inference with his plans 不能容忍别人对于他计划的干涉 【近】 abide, countenance, endure, stomach 【考法2】 n. 小溪流： a natural stream of water normally smaller than and often tributary to a river: creek 【例】 there are tiny fish and frogs in that brook 那条小溪里有小鱼还有小青蛙 【近】 creek, rivulet

bristle

【考法1】 v. 怒不可遏，咆哮： to express one's anger usually violently 【例】 bristle at the suggestion of gay marriage 对基情怒不可遏 【近】 bluster, fulminate, rampage, fume, storm 【反】 cower 畏缩 【考法2】 v. 供应充足： to be copiously supplied 【例】 starting a new life in New York city bristling with possibilities 在有着无限机会的纽约开始新生活 【近】 brim, overflow, swarm, teem rustle: v. 快速的行动， brutal 野蛮般长有毛

cow

【考法1】 v. 恐吓，威胁： to frighten with threats or a show of force 【例】cow sb. into doing sth. 威吓某人做某事 【近】intimidate, browbeat, bully, hector, awe 【反】embolden, encourage, inspirit 鼓励 【派】cowed adj. 被吓倒的

drawl

【考法1】 v. 慢吞吞地说： to speak slowly with vowels greatly prolonged 【例】 The old woman was drawling on and on. 老太太慢吞吞地说个没完 【近】 extend, lengthen, prolong, protract, draw out 【反】 drivel, gibber 快速（而模糊）地说

abominate

【考法1】 v. 憎恶： to hate or loathe intensely, abhor 【例】 We abominate jokes that make fun of people who have physical disabilities. 我们鄙视对有生理缺陷的人 开玩笑。 【近】 despise, detest, execrate, loathe 【反】 esteem, love, adore 尊敬，爱

discommode

【考法1】 v. 打扰，使不便： to cause inconvenience to: trouble 【例】 The breakdown of her car didn't discommode her seriously. 车的故障没有给他带来很大麻烦。 【近】 disturb, trouble, incommode, put out 【反】 accommodate, assist, oblige, favor 帮忙

disabuse

【考法1】 v. 打消错误念头，纠正：to free from error, fallacy, or misconception 【例】 disabuse sb. of the notion that... 打消某人的...观点 || I must disabuse you of your feelings of grandeur. 我必须去消除你的傲气。 【近】 disenchant, undeceive 【反】 lead into error 导致错误；mislead 误导

chide

【考法1】 v. 责备：to scold mildly so as to correct or improve 【例】My wife chided me for forgetting to offer our guests some refreshments. 我妻子责备我忘记给客人们点心。 【近】reprove, reprimand, reproach, tick off 【反】praise, commend 称赞

deify

【考法1】 v. 把...当作神来崇拜： to offer honor or respect to (someone) as a divine power 【例】 some ancient pagans deified such objects of nature as trees and rivers 很多古代的异教徒拿一些自然事物比如树木，河流来崇拜 【近】 glorify, revere, venerate 【考法2】 v. 过分喜爱： to love or admire too much 【例】 materialistic people who deify money 那些眼里只有钱的物质之人 【近】 adore, adulate, canonize, dote 【考法3】 v. 尊敬尊崇： to assign a high status or value to 【例】 Valentino was virtually deified by legions of female fans. 瓦伦蒂诺被大批女粉丝崇拜。 【近】 aggrandize, canonize, dignify, ennoble, glorify, magnify 【反】 abase, degrade, demean, humble, humiliate 贬低，羞辱 【派】 deification n. 崇拜 【反】 debasement 贬低

capitulate

【考法1】 v. 投降，默许： to give up all resistance; acquiesce; yield 【例】 one side finally capitulated when it became clear that they couldn't win the argument 意识到他们不能 拿下这场辩论后，该方投降了 【近】 budge, concede, relent, submit, succumb, surrender, knuckle under 【反】 resist, oppose 抵抗

default

【考法1】 v. 拖欠(债务)： to fail to pay financial debts, the nonperformance of an assigned or expected action 【例】 default on a loan 拖欠贷款 【近】 delinquency, dereliction, misprision, nonfeasance, oversight 【反】 pay one's debt 偿还债务

dissent

【考法1】 v. 持异议，不同意： to differ in opinion 【例】 I dissent from what you said. 我不同意你说的话。|| Anyone who dissented was encouraged to speak out while they had the chance. 谁有异议得到机会都可以发言。 【近】 differ, disagree, nonconcur 【反】 agree, assent, concur 同意 【考法2】 n. 反对正统： departure from a generally accepted theory, opinion, or practice 【例】 The church reacted to any form of dissent by promptly excommunicating its proponents. 教堂会立即开除任何反对正统教义的人。 【近】 heterodoxy, nonconformity 【反】 conformity 遵从；orthodoxy 正统 【考法3】 n. 不和谐： a lack of agreement or harmony 【近】 conflict, disaccord, discordance, discordancy, disharmony, dissent, dissidence, dissonance, disunion, disunity, division, friction, inharmony, schism, strife 【反】 accord, agreement, concord, concordance, harmony, consensus, unanimity 不和谐，不一致

cavil

【考法1】 v. 挑剔，吹毛求疵： to find fault unnecessarily; raise trivial objections :quibble 【例】 Let us not cavil too much. 让我们别太挑剔。 || caviling about the price of a cup of coffee 对一杯咖啡的价钱挑刺 【近】 carp, fuss, niggle, nitpick, quibble

excavate

【考法1】 v. 挖掘，挖空： to dig out and remove 【例】 excavate soil from one area 从某处挖土出来 【反】 fill in 填满

foil

【考法1】 v. 挫败： to prevent from being successful; defeat 【例】 foil her enemy by pulling some strings 通过一些关系和手段挫败了她的对手 【近】 baffle, balk, beat, checkmate, discomfit, frustrate, thwart 【反】 forward, foster, further, promote 帮助，促进

mash

【考法1】 v. 捣碎： to cause to become a pulpy mass 【例】 mash potatoesbefore adding it to the mixture 在混合之前捣碎土豆 【近】 crush, grind, smash, squeeze 【反】 agglomerate 聚集成团

accommodate

【考法1】 v. 提供所需（例如服务、借贷、寄宿）： to provide with something desired, needed, or suited (as a helpful service, a loan, or lodgings) 【例】 This cruise ship was big enough to accommodate over 600 people. 该游轮可以为超过600 人提供食宿。 【近】 fit, hold, take 【考法2】 v. 改变以适应新情况、新场景： to change (something) so as to make it suitable for a new use or situation 【例】 accommodated the lectern to the height of the guest speaker 将讲台的高度调节得适合讲演者 【近】 acclimate, adjust, condition, conform, doctor, edit, shape, suit, tailor 【考法3】 v. 使和谐： to bring to a state free of conflicts, inconsistencies, or differences 【例】 The idea that the United States could harmoniously accommodate all was a fiction. 认为美国能够和 谐一切就是幻想。 【近】 attune, conciliate, conform, coordinate, reconcile 【反】 disharmonize 使不和谐

cultivate

【考法1】 v. 提升： to improve by labor, care, or study 【例】 cultivate the mind 开化心智 【近】 educate, instruct, illuminate, nurse 【反】 degrade, deteriorate, impair 损坏，降低品质 【考法2】 v. 促进成长，培养： to promote the growth of (a biological culture) 【例】 cultivate vegetables 种植蔬菜 【近】 grow, breed, produce, raise, develop, nurture 【反】 balk, frustrate, thwart 阻碍 【派】 cultivation n. 栽培

debunk

【考法1】 v. 揭穿真面目： to reveal the true nature of 【例】 debunk a supposed miracle drug 揭穿所谓的灵丹妙药的真面目 【近】 uncloak, uncover, undress, unmask, show up 【反】 camouflage, cloak, disguise, mask 继续伪装，掩盖 【考法2】 v. 证明为假： to prove to be false 【例】 a Web site that assiduously debunks urban legends 一个不遗余力证明假传闻的网站 【近】 belie, confound, confute, discredit, falsify, rebut, refute 【反】 confirm, establish, validate, verify 证明为真

epitomize

【考法1】 v. 摘要： to make into a short statement of the main points (as of a report) 【例】 his personal code of behavior on the playing field is epitomized by his favorite saying, Nice guys finish last. 他在赛场上的座右铭是：好男坚持到底。 【近】 abstract, digest, encapsulate, outline, recapitulate, synopsize, sum up 【考法2】 v. 代表，体现，是...的典型范例： to represent in visible form, to be a typical example of 【例】 the Parthenon in Athens epitomizes the ancient Greek ideal of architectural beauty 雅典的巴特农神庙体现了古希腊对于建筑美感的理念 || behavior that epitomizes selfishness 典型的自私行为 【近】 body, express, externalize, incarnate, incorporate, instantiate, manifest, materialize, substantiate

burnish

【考法1】 v. 擦亮，磨光： to make smooth or glossy usually by repeatedly applying surface pressure 【例】 burnish the knife 磨光刀 【近】 buff, polish, furbish, grind, smoothen

diverge

【考法1】 v. 改变方向： to change one's course or direction 【例】 The deer abruptly diverged from its intended path the moment it spied the waiting lion. 当那只鹿发现潜伏的狮子的时候就突然改变了自己原来的路线。 【近】 detour, deviate, diverge, sheer, swerve, turn off 【考法2】 vt. 散开： to go or move in different directions from a central point 【例】 At that point the road and the railroad tracks diverge. 公路和铁路在那个点分叉了。 【近】 branch out, divide, spread 【反】 converge, join 会合 【考法3】 v. 分歧： to become or be different in character or form: differ in opinion 【近】 differ, disagree 【反】 conform 遵从 【考法4】 vt. 离题： to depart from a set course or norm; deviate 【近】 excurse, ramble, diverge, get off the subject

expire

【考法1】 v. 断气，死亡： to breathe one's last breath; die 【例】 The patient expired early this morning. 病人今早逝世了。 【近】 conclude, elapse, terminate, decease, leave off, let up 【反】 come to life 出生 【考法2】 v. 到期： to come to an end 【例】 My membership in the club has expired. 我的会员资格到期了。 【近】 discontinue, elapse, end, finish, terminate, wind up, wink out 【反】 continue, persist, hang on 续期

adulate

【考法1】 v. 极度谄媚： to praise too much 【例】 incompetent assistants who spend all their time adulating her 成天恭维她的不称职的下属 【近】 overpraise, belaud, soft-soap, butter up 【反】 scorn, disdain, vituperate, disparage 鄙视

mime

【考法1】 v. 模仿： to use (someone or something) as the model for one's speech, mannerisms, or behavior; a performance done without speaking 【例】 miming a dog begging for food 模仿小狗乞食 【近】 ape, copy, copycat, emulate, mimic, simulate

abdicate

【考法1】 v. 正式放弃（权力、责任）： to renounce a throne，to relinquish (power or responsibility) formally 【例】 abdicate the throne/crown 退位 【近】 cede, relinquish, renounce, resign, step down (from) 【反】 constitute, assume, usurp 任命，承担，篡位

addict

【考法1】 v. 沉溺，上瘾： to devote or surrender (oneself) to something habitually or obsessively 【例】 be addicted to drug/ alcohol 沉溺于毒品、酒 【考法2】 n. 对某事上瘾的人： a person with a strong and habitual liking for something 【例】 science-fiction addicts who eagerly await each new installment in the series 科幻小说爱好者，等待着系 列的每一次更新 【近】 devotee, enthusiast, fanatic, maniac 【反】 nonfan 非粉丝

dabble

【考法1】 v. 浅尝辄止： to work or involve oneself superficially or intermittently especially in a secondary interest 【例】 dabble in arts 对艺术稍有涉猎 【反】 dedicate, specialize 投入，专门研究 【派】 dabbler vi. 涉猎者，浅尝辙止者： one not deeply engaged in or concerned with something 【例】 He's not a dedicated musician, just a dabbler. 他并不是专门的音乐家, 只不过是个业馀爱好者 【反】 specialist 专家

enamel

【考法1】 v. 涂亮漆；使具有光滑或亮泽的表面： to give a glossy or brilliant surface to 【近】 glaze, varnish 【反】 efface 抹去 【考法2】 v. 用亮丽的表面装饰： to adorn with a brightly colored surface 【近】 adorn, beautify, bedeck, decorate, embellish, garnish, ornament 【反】 disfigure 毁容

dissemble

【考法1】 v. 用假象隐藏真相，掩饰： to put on a false appearance 【例】 dissemble fear with a smile 用微笑来掩饰恐惧 || He dissembled happiness at the news that his ex-girlfriend was getting married to someone else. 他对其他人假装高兴听到前女友结婚的消息。 【近】 dissimulate, affect, assume, bluff, counterfeit, fake, sham 【反】 behave honestly 表现诚恳

articulate

【考法1】 v. 清晰地表达：to utter clearly and distinctly 【例】He cannot articulate his thoughts. 他不能清楚地表达他的想法。 【例】a theory first articulated by ancient philosophers 被古时哲学家阐明的理论 【近】enunciate 【反】murmur, mumble, mutter, slur 模糊地说 【考法2】 adj. 表达清晰的：able to express oneself clearly and well 【例】The television crew covering the science fair were looking for photogenic and articulate students to explaintheir projects on the air 【近】eloquent, fluent, silver-tongued, well-spoken 【反】inarticulate, ineloquent, unvocal 表达不清楚的

dissolve

【考法1】 v. 溶解，融化： to cause to pass into solution; to reduce (solid matter) to liquid form; melt 【例】 Sugar dissolves in the water. 糖在水中溶解 【近】 liquefy, melt 【反】 coagulate, solidify, freeze 凝结，凝固，结冰 【考法2】 vt. 解散： to break into component parts; disintegrate 【近】 disintegrate, disband, break up 【反】 consolidate, unify 使联合 【考法3】 v. 消失： to cease to be visible; to cease to exist 【例】 The mist dissolved in the morning sun. 雾消失在朝阳中。 【近】 dematerialize, vanish 【反】 appear 出现；materialize 使实物化 【考法4】 v. 废除，撤销： to put an end to by formal action 【例】 The king dissolved parliament. 国王废除了议会 【近】 terminate, abrogate, annul, cancel, disannul, invalidate, negate, null, nullify, repeal, rescind

inflame

【考法1】 v. 点燃： to set on fire 【例】 A carelessly tossed cigarette inflamed the papers in the trash can. 一只被随意丢弃的香烟点燃了垃圾 桶中的纸 【近】 enflame, enkindle, fire, ignite, kindle, light, torch 【反】 douse, extinguish, quench, put out 熄灭，扑灭 【考法2】v. 使加剧：to make more violent 【例】 Retaliation served only to inflame the feud. 冤冤相报何时了 【近】 aggravate, enrage, exacerbate, intensify, ire, irritate, provoke, rile, vex 【反】 assuage, mitigate, mollify, pacify, placate, subdue 平息

agitate

【考法1】 v. 煽动，激起： to attempt to arouse public feeling 【例】 agitate for better conditions 为得到更好的工作条件而煽动 【近】 debate, dispute, bat (around or back and forth), hash (over or out), talk over 【考法 2】 v. 使不安： to excite and often trouble the mind or feelings of : disturb 【例】 There's no need to agitate the patient about little things. 没必要因为鸡毛蒜皮的事让患者烦躁。 【近】 bother, discomfort, discompose, perturb 【反】 calm, compose, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰，淡定

bluster

【考法1】 v. 狂妄自大地大声说： to speak in a loudly arrogant or bullying manner 【例】 He was blustering alone in the meeting, which triggered wide dissatisfaction. 他一人在会议上夸夸其谈， 引得众人不满。 【近】 roar, clamor, bluster, rattle 【反】 whisper 小声嘀咕 【考法2】 n. 大声吹嘘或恐吓： loudly boastful or threatening speech 【近】grandiloquence, braggadocio 【考法3】 n. 喧闹的状态： a state of noisy, confused activity 【例】 a mayor who got things done without a lot of bluster 一个能把事情低调解决的市长 【近】 disturbance, pandemonium, tumult, turmoil 【派】 blustering adj. 大吵大闹的

abbreviate

【考法1】 v. 缩写，缩短： to make briefer 【例】 abbreviate the word "building" as "bldg." 将"building"缩写作"bldg" 【近】 abridge, curtail, cut back, syncopate，truncate 【反】 extend, protract, elongate, lengthen, prolong 延长

alienate

【考法1】 v. 疏远，离间： to make unfriendly, or indifferent especially where attachment formerly existed 【例】 alienated most of his colleagues with his bad temper 因为他的坏脾气，很多同事都和他疏远了 【近】 disaffect, disgruntle, sour 【反】 unite, reunite, reconcile 联合，重新联合，和好 【考法2】 v. 转移、变卖（财产或权利）： to convey or transfer (as property or a right) usually by a specific act rather than the due course of law 【例】 A landowner has a right to alienate his right of ownership. 地主有权利变卖自己的地产。 【近】 assign, cede, deed, make over

abrade

【考法1】 v. 磨损，精神上折磨： to rub or wear away especially by friction; wear down spiritually 【例】 My skin was abraded. 我的皮肤被磨损了。 【近】 chafe, excoriate, rasp, graze, scuff 【反】 augment 增加

appropriate

【考法1】 v. 私自挪用to take possession of or make use of exclusively for oneself, often without permission 【例】to appropriate private property 盗用私人财产 【例】The economy has been weakened by corrupt officials who have appropriated the country's resources for their own use. 经济因为腐败的官员们私自挪用国家资源而被削弱了。 【近】purloin, pirate, embezzle, peculate, usurp 【考法2】 adj. 适当的：especially suitable or compatible: fitting 【例】Red wine is a more appropriate choice with the meal. 红酒更适合这顿饭。 【例】I don't think jeans and a T-shirt are appropriate attire for a wedding. 我觉得穿牛仔和T 恤去婚礼不太得体。 【近】apt, becoming, felicitous, fitting, proper, meet, suitable, apposite, apropos 【反】improper, inapposite, inappropriate, inapt, unmeet, unseemly, unsuitable 不合适的

dilute

【考法1】 v. 稀释： to make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid such as water/ of relatively low strength or concentration 【例】 dilute a color 稀释色彩 || a dilute acid that's safe to handle in the classroom 稀释了的可以安全在教室处理的酸 【近】 thin 【反】 condense, densify, concentrate, thicken 使浓缩 【考法2】 vt. 削弱： to diminish the strength, flavor, or brilliance of by admixture 【例】 The hiring of the new CEO diluted the power of the company's president. 新的CEO削弱了董事长的权力。 【近】 weaken 【反】 fortify, strengthen 增强

encompass

【考法1】 v. 组成，包含：to constitute or include 【例】 a plan that encompasses multiple aims 一项包含了多个目标的计划 【近】 contain, comprehend, embody, entail, involve, subsume 【反】 exclude 排除 【考法2】 v. 包围： envelop 【例】 Berlin had already been encompassed by the Red Army and all Soviet soldiers were patiently waiting for the order to put a final nail in Nazi Germany's coffin. 柏林已被红军包围，苏联士兵们静静地等待着最后的命令，彻底消灭纳粹德国 【近】 circle, embrace, enclose, environ, surround

alleviate

【考法1】 v. 缓和，减轻： relieve, lessen 【例】 alleviate pain/suffering 减轻痛苦 【近】 ease, assuage, mitigate, mollify, palliate, soothe 【反】 exacerbate 加剧

abridge

【考法1】 v. 缩短，缩小： to shorten in duration or extent 【例】 modern transportation abridges distance 现代运输方式缩短了路途 【近】 curtail, truncate, cut back 【反】 extend in length, protract, amplify 延长，放大 【考法2】 v. 在不改变本意的条件下删减词语， 缩写： to shorten by omission of words without sacrifice of sense 【例】 an abridged edition 精简版 【近】 abbreviate, curtail, condense, syncopate

discredit

【考法1】 v. 羞辱，使丧失名誉： to damage in reputation; disgrace. 【例】 discredit his opponents 羞辱他的对手 【近】 abase, debase, degrade, demean, disgrace, dishonor, humiliate, shame, sink, smirch, take down 【反】 aggrandize 提高名誉；canonize, deify 神化；elevate 提升；exalt 赞扬 【考法2】 v. 怀疑，不相信： to think not to be true or real 【例】 I discredit the story that the old house is haunted. 我怀疑那个房子闹鬼不是真的。 【近】 negate, doubt, distrust 【反】 accept, believe, credit 接受，相信；confirm, prove, validate, verify 证实

digress

【考法1】 v. 脱离主题： to turn aside especially from the main subject of attention or course of argument 【例】 digress from her prepared subject 脱离她准备好的主题 || He digressed so often that it was hard to follow what he was saying. 他经常跑题，以至于我们很难跟上他说的内容。 【近】 excurse, ramble, diverge, get off the subject 【派】 digressive adj.偏离的 【近】 discursive 【派】 digression n. 题外话： the act or an instance of digressing in a discourse 【近】 aside

distend

【考法1】 v. 膨胀：to swell out or expand from or as if from internal pressure 【例】 The stomachs of starving people often distend. 饥民的肚子经常涨起来。 【近】 expand, dilate, inflate, swell 【反】 constrict, compress 收缩压缩

abstain

【考法1】 v. 自我克制，主动戒绝： to refrain from something by one's own choice 【例】 abstain from smoking/voting 戒烟，弃权 【近】 forgo, keep from, refrain from, withhold (from) 【反】 bow to, give in to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 屈服于

etch

【考法1】 v. 蚀刻： to produce (as a pattern or design) on a hard material by eating into the material's surface (as by acid or laser beam) 【例】 the artist etched his landscape on a copper plate 艺术家将风景画刻在铜盘上 【近】 grave, incise, inscribe 【考法2】 v. 留下深刻印象，铭记： to produce a vivid impression of 【例】 in just a few pages the writer etched an unforgettable portrait of one of the more remarkable First Ladies 仅用数页，作者刻画出了一位杰出的第一夫人令人难忘的形象 【近】 impress, imprint, infix, ingrain notch n. 刻痕 v. 通过努力获得

grandstand

【考法1】vi. 为了给人留下印象而表演，哗众取宠： to play or act so as to impress onlookers 【例】to grandstand on the stage 在舞台上哗众取宠 【近】 act, perform, pretend

claim

【考法1】 v. 要求（权利）：to ask for especially as a right 【例】a fragile claim to fame 对名誉不切实际的要求 || After many years had passed, he suddenly appeared to claim his inheritance. 很多年已经过去，他突然出现要求继承遗产。 【近】call for, command, quest 【反】renounce 放弃 【考法2】 v. 断言：to state as a fact usually forcefully 【例】People claim that they have been kidnapped by aliens. 人们断言称他们被外星人绑架了。 【近】allege, assert 【反】deny, gainsay 否认 【考法3】 v. 剥夺生命：to deprive of life 【例】Cancer claims hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. 癌症每年要剥夺成千上万美国人的生命。 【反】animate 使有生命 【考法4】 n. 权利：a legal right to participation in the advantages, profits, and responsibility of something 【例】A shareholder has a claim in the business. 股东在企业有权利（收益权、选举权等

manumit

【考法1】 v. 解放（奴隶）： to release from slavery or bondage 【例】 Though he was an outspoken defender of liberty, this son of Virginia did not manumit his own slaves until he was on his deathbed. 尽管这位维吉尼亚之子公开地支持自由，但他直到临死才释放自己的奴隶 【近】 free, emancipate, enfranchise, liberate, loose, release, unbind, unchain, unshackle 【反】 detain 拘留；enchain, enfetter, enslave 奴役

emancipate

【考法1】 v. 解放，解除束缚： to free from bondage, oppression, or restraint 【例】 emancipate students from excessive assignments 将学生从题海中解放出来 【近】 discharge, enfranchise, free, liberate, loose, manumit, release 【反】 bind, shackle 束缚；enslave, enthrall 奴役 【派】 emancipation n. 解放，获得自由

assess

【考法1】 v. 评估重要性、尺寸、价值等：to determine the importance, size, or value of 【例】We need to assess whether or not the system is working. 我们需要评估这个系统是否工作。 【例】Damage to the boat was assessed at $5,000. 船的损失是$5,000。 【近】evaluate, appraise, guesstimate 【考法2】 v. 征收费用（如罚款）：to establish or apply as a charge or penalty 【例】The utility company will assess a fee if your payment is late. 如果你付款晚了，公共事业公司会罚款。 【近】assess, charge, exact, fine, lay, levy, put 【反】remit 免除（债务）

cozen

【考法1】 v. 诱骗： to mislead by means of a petty trick or fraud; deceive 【例】 The salesman cozened the old lady into buying his goods. 推销员诱使老太太买下了他的东西 【近】 bamboozle, dupe, cheat, deceive, beguile, delude, take in

calumniate

【考法1】 v. 诽谤，造谣，中伤： to utter maliciously false statements, charges, or imputations about 【近】 asperse, blacken, defame, libel, malign, smear, traduce, vilify 【反】 vindicate 辩护 【派】 calumnious 造谣的 【反】 flattering 谄媚的 【派】 calumny n. 诽谤、中伤： a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation 【反】 approbation 嘉许

execrate

【考法1】 v. 谴责： to declare to be morally wrong or evil 【例】 leaders from all over the world execrated the terrorists responsible for the bomb blast 世界各国首脑强烈谴责对爆炸袭击负责的恐怖分子 【近】 anathematize, censure, decry, denounce, reprehend, reprobate 【反】 bless 保佑 【考法2】 v. 痛恨： to dislike strongly 【例】 execrates anyone who would physically abuse children or animals 痛恨那些虐待儿童和动物的人 【近】 abhor, abominate, despise, detest, loathe 【反】 love 爱

impugn

【考法1】 v. 责难，攻击抨击： to attack as false or questionable; challenge in argument 【例】 impugn a political opponent's character 就政治对手的人品发难 【近】 attack, assail, contradict, contravene, cross, disaffirm, deny, gainsay, negate, negative, traverse 【反】 advocate, back, support, uphold 支持；authenticate 证实，证明

debase

【考法1】 v. 贬低，贬损： to reduce to a lower standing in one's own eyes or in others' eyes 【例】 our failure to win a single game completely debased 我们一场未胜的战绩彻底让我们的形象一落千丈 【近】 abase, debauch, degrade, demean, demoralize, deprave, deteriorate, profane, subvert, vitiate 【反】 aggrandize, canonize, deify, elevate, exalt, ennoble 使神圣

detract

【考法1】 v. 贬低： to diminish the importance, value, or effectiveness of something 【例】 It is wrong to detract from the achievements of other people in the same field. 贬低同行是不对的。 【近】 belittle, depreciate, derogate, disparage, dispraise, write off 【反】 extol, praise, eulogize, laud, panegyrize 赞美 【考法2】 v. 使分心： to draw the attention or mind to something else 【例】 Numerous typos in the text detract the reader's attention from the novel's intricate plot. 许多打印错误把读者分心，不关注复杂的情节了。 【近】 divert, abstract, call off

distain

【考法1】 v. 贬损，伤害名誉： loss of honor, respect, or reputation 【近】 dishonor, belittle, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, degrade 【反】 praise, acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud 赞扬 【考法2】 v. 弄脏： to make dirty 【例】 hands distained with blood 被血弄脏的手 【近】 bemire, besmirch, daub, muddy, smirch, smudge, soil, stain, sully 【反】 clean 使干净

bribe

【考法1】 v. 贿赂，收买： to give something, such as money or a favor, offered or given to a person in a position of trust to influence that person's views or conduct. 【例】 They bribed him to keep quiet about the incident. 他们收买他，希望其保持缄默。 【近】 corrupt, pay off, square

atone

【考法1】 v. 赎罪，弥补：to make amends, as for a sin or fault 【例】Blood must atone for blood. 以命抵命。 【例】Even death cannot atone for the offence. 罪不容诛。 【近】redeem

accede

【考法1】 v. 赞成： to express approval or give consent 【例】 acceded to their pleas 同意了他们的请愿 【近】 acquiesce, assent, consent, subscribe, come round 【反】 demur, dissent 反对 【考法2】 v. 就任，就职：To arrive at or come into an office or dignity: 【例】 accede to the throne 就任国王

extol

【考法1】 v. 赞美；吹捧： to praise highly; glorify 【例】 extol the virtues of... 赞美......的优点 【近】 carol, exalt, glorify, laud, magnify, resound 【反】 censure, impugn, malign, deprecate, detract rail, villify, excoriate 批评

lurch

【考法1】 v. 蹒跚： to move forward while swaying from side to side 【例】 The ship lurched in the storm. 船在风暴中摇摆前行 【近】 careen, dodder, falter, reel, stagger, stumble, teeter, totter, waddle 【反】 progress smoothly 平稳前进；march, stride, swagger 游行，大步走记】 lunch 午餐吃多了，喝多了就这样

crouch

【考法1】 v. 蹲伏： to lower the body stance especially by bending the legs 【例】 crouched behind a rock and watched vigilantly 蹲伏石头后紧惕地观察 【近】 huddle, squat 【反】 arise, stand 站立

dodge

【考法1】 v. 躲避： to avoid (a blow, for example) by moving or shifting quickly aside 【例】 dodge a storm of bullets 躲避枪林弹雨 || He dodged the first punch but was hit by the second. 他躲过了第一次打击但是没有躲过第二次。 【近】 avoid, escape, shirk, malinger, goldbrick, evade, parry, sidestep, circumvent, fence, hedge, avert, elude, shun, skirt, bilk, eschew, weasel

disdain

【考法1】 v. 轻视，鄙视： to look on with scorn 【例】 disdain that man for snobbishness 鄙视那个势利小人 【近】 contemn, disrespect, slight, sniff, snub, look down 【反】 honor, respect 尊敬；treat favorably 亲切地对待

abuse

【考法1】 v. 辱骂抨击： language that condemns or vilifies usually unjustly, intemperately, and angrily 【例】 He alleged that he was verbally abused by his colleagues. 他声称受到了同事的言语攻击。 【近】 assail, bash, castigate, excoriate, lambaste 【派】 abusive 辱骂的 【考法2】 v. 不正当不合理使用： to put to a wrong or improper use; 过分过量使用：to use excessively 【例】 abuse a privilege 滥用特权； abuse alcohol 酗酒 【近】 misemploy, misuse

balloon

【考法1】 v. 迅速增加： to increase rapidly 【例】 The use of computers has ballooned. 电脑的使用量迅速增长 【近】 inflate, escalate, expand, burgeon, mushroom, snowball 【反】 decrease, taper, dwindle, diminish, recede, wane 减少

burgeon

【考法1】 v. 迅速成长扩大，蓬勃发展： to grow and expand rapidly; flourish 【例】 My confidence began to burgeon. 我的信心开始迅速增强。 【近】 accelerate, accumulate, balloon, boom, build up, escalate, mount, multiply, mushroom, proliferate,, roll up, snowball, wax, flourish, prosper 【反】 wane, wither, waste away, subside, subdue 衰退

concatenate

【考法1】 v. 连结，混合：to put or bring together so as to form a new and longer whole 【例】The movie actually concatenates several episodes from various books into one extended narrative. 这部电影把很多书中的片段混合成了一个故事。 【近】catenate, chain, couple, hook, interconnect, interlink, join, link, yoke 【反】disconnect, disjoin, disjoint, dissever, disunite, separate, unchain, uncouple, unhitch, unyoke 分开

accrete

【考法1】 v. 逐渐增长： to grow or increase gradually, as by addition 【例】 silt accreting at the mouth of the river 泥沙在河口淤积 【近】 accumulate, build up, pile (up), stack (up) 【反】 wear away, reduction in substance caused by erosion 侵蚀，减少 【派】 accretion n. 慢慢增加

elucidate

【考法1】 v. 阐明： to make lucid especially by explanation or analysis 【例】 elucidate an abstruse equation in quantum mechanics 阐明一个深奥难懂的量子力学方程 【近】 clarify, clear, construe, explain, explicate, expound, illustrate 【反】 confuse, obfuscate, obscure使困惑；garble 曲解 【派】 elucidation n. 阐释，阐明

bait

【考法1】 v. 逗弄，激怒： to persecute or exasperate with unjust, malicious, or persistent attacks 【例】 bait him with gibes about his humble origin 取笑他的平凡出身以烦扰他 【近】 badger, annoy, harass, heckle 【反】 appease, pacify, mollify, disarm 平息，使缓和 【考法2】 v.引诱： to lead away from a usual or proper course by offering some pleasure or advantage 【例】 the investment scheme baits the greedy and the unscrupulous 这份投资计划吸引贪婪者和轻信者上钩 【近】 allure, decoy, entice, seduce 【考法3】 n. 诱饵： something (as food) used in luring especially to a hook or trap 【例】 The squad leader has finally realized that his team was a bait. 队长终于意识到他的队伍是一个诱饵 【近】 allurement, snare, trap, temptation

apprise

【考法1】 v. 通知，告知：to give notice to; inform 【例】apprise him of the danger that may be involved 告知他可能涉及的危险 【近】inform, acquaint, make known to 【反】withhold information 隐瞒信息

abut

【考法1】 v. 邻接，毗邻： to touch at one end or side; lie adjacent 【例】 Our land abuts a wildlife preserve. 我们的土地靠近一片野生动物保护区。 【近】 skirt, verge on, border on, butt on, march with

belie

【考法1】 v. 错误地描述；误述： to picture falsely; misrepresent 【例】 The report belied the real severity of the aftermath. 这个报道错误地评价了后果的严重性 【近】 misrepresent, falsify 【反】 betray, reveal 表明，暴露，揭露（伪装） 【考法2】 v. 证明...为假： to show (something) to be false or wrong 【例】 Practical experience belies this theory. 实践证明这个理论是错误的 【近】 debunk, discredit, refute, shoot down 【反】 attest, confirm, validate, verify 证实 【考法3】 v. 掩饰： to keep secret or shut off from view 【例】 Security Council issued false assurances that belied the true gravity of the situation. 安理会发布了不 真实的承诺，掩盖了局势的严重性 【近】 conceal, curtain, disguise, mask 【反】 disclose, expose 揭露 【考法4】 v. 与...相对立；与...相矛盾： to be counter to; contradict 【例】 At first glance, life at the boarding school seemed to belie all the bad things I had heard about it. 乍看之 下，寄宿学校的生活似乎不同于我所听说的有关它的糟糕情形 【近】 contradict, contravene 【反】 agree 与...相一致

chase

【考法1】 v. 镂雕（金属）以装饰： to decorate (metal) by engraving or embossing. 【考法2】 v. 驱赶： to drive or force out 【例】 chase the cat out of the garden 把猫赶出园子 【近】 banish, dismiss, expel, extrude, kick out, cast out

dawdle

【考法1】 v. 闲荡，虚度光阴： to spend time idly 【例】 dawdle the day away 闲荡一天 【近】 bum, dally, loll, loaf, lounge, hang about, kick around 【反】 hie 匆忙，抓紧 【考法2】 v. 拖拖拉拉： to move or act slowly 【例】 If you continue to dawdle, we'll be late for sure. 你要是再拖拉，我们铁定要迟到了。 【近】 crawl, creep, dally, dillydally, lag, linger, loiter, tarry 【反】 bolt, hasten, course, dash, speed, scurry

buck

【考法1】 v. 阻止，反对： to refuse assent, to refuse to give in to 【例】 buck the system 不遵守制度 【近】 defy, fight, oppose, repel, withstand 【反】 assent to, bow to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 赞成，服从 【考法2】 v. 转移，交接： to shift possession of (something) from one person to another 【例】 buck each box to the next person in line 将每一个盒子传给队伍中的后一人 【近】 transfer, hand over。 bark 狗吠叫,狗生气了,边叫边弓背反对，低头顶着，反抗

balk

【考法1】 v. 阻碍： to check or stop by or as if by an obstacle 【近】 circumvent, frustrate, foil, thwart 【反】advance, forward, foster, nurture, promote 推进 【考法2】 v. 不愿接受，拒绝： to show unwillingness to accept, do, engage in, or agree to 【例】 She balked at the very idea of compromise. 她固执地拒绝妥协的想法 【近】 decline, refuse, spurn, repudiate, turn down 【反】 accept, approve 同意 【派】 balky adj. 倔强的【记】 block 木块，阻挡；近obstacle【另】 bulk 大小, 体积, 大批

encumber

【考法1】 v. 阻碍；妨碍： to impede or hamper the function or activity of 【例】 Negotiation between the two parties were encumbered by a lack of trust 两党间的谈判因缺乏信任而受到阻碍 【近】 hamper, hinder, impede, obstruct, retard, stymie 【反】 promote, further 推动；aid, assist, facilitate, help 帮助 【考法2】 v. 增添负担： to place a weight or burden on 【例】 Don't encumber your pack animal so much that it can hardly move. 别让你的牲畜驮这么多东西，它都走不动了 【近】 burden, laden, lumber, saddle 【反】 unload 卸下【记】 en 使 + cumber 躺下，使人躺下，因为施加的压力太重了→沉重，阻碍【另】 decumbent 躺下，encumber 阻碍，incumbency 职责义务，procumbent 俯卧的, 匍匐，recumbent 靠着的, 斜躺的，succumb屈服

abase

【考法1】 v. 降低（地位、职位、威望或尊严）： to lower in rank, office, prestige, or esteem 【例】 was unwilling to abase himself by pleading guilty to a crime that he did not commit 不愿意屈就自己去承认一个莫须有的罪名 【近】 debauch, degrade, profane, vitiate, discredit, foul, smirch, take down 【反】 elevate, ennoble, uplift, aggrandize, canonize, deify, exalt 使高贵，使有声望

bridle

【考法1】 v. 限制： to keep from exceeding a desirable degree or level (as of expression) 【例】 try to bridle your criticism next time so that it is helpful and not hurtful 下回控制好批评的语气，让其既顺耳 又有益 【近】 check, contain, curb, constrain, inhibit, regulate, restrain, tame, rein in

concentrate

【考法1】 v. 集中：to bring or direct toward a common center or objective : focus 【例】concentrate one's efforts 集中精力 【近】center, focus, rivet 【反】deploy, dispel, disperse, dissipate 散开，驱散 【考法2】 vt. 浓缩：to make less dilute 【例】prolonged boiling is required to concentrate the sap when making maple syrup 【近】condense 【反】dilute, water down 稀释 【考法3】 v. 聚集：to come together in one body or place 【例】recent immigrants tend to concentrate in port cities. 进来的移民倾向于聚集在海港城市。 【近】accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, congregate, garner 【反】dispel, disperse, dissipate, scatter, break up, disband 驱散，解散

embolden

【考法1】 v. 鼓励，使大胆： to instill with boldness or courage 【例】 be emboldened by the wine 借酒壮胆 【近】 encourage, animate, cheer, hearten, strengthen 【反】 daunt, discourage, dishearten, dispirit 使沮丧，使丧失信心

disinter

【考法1】 v. （从墓地里）掘出 ：to take out of the grave or tomb 【例】 The Egyptian mummy was carefully disinterred in hopes that it would yield secrets about the Old Kingdom. 那个埃及木乃伊被小心地挖掘出来，人们希望它可以告诉我们关于这个古老王国的一些秘密。 【近】 unbury, unearth 【反】 bury, inter, tomb, inhume 埋葬

blur

【考法1】 v. （使）变得朦胧，（使）变得不清楚： to (cause sth. to) become vague or indistinct 【例】 Sorrowful tears blurred her eyes. 悲伤的眼泪模糊了她的双眼 【近】 shroud, becloud, befog, obscure 【反】 clear 使清晰 【考法2】 v. 使不易理解： to make (something) unclear to the understanding 【例】 An article for the layman that blurs the distinction between the two kinds of cholesterol. 一篇针对业余读 者的文章把两种胆固醇的区别弄得模糊不清 【近】 obfuscate 【反】 clarify, illuminate 阐明，说清楚 【派】 blurring adj. 朦胧的

blight

【考法1】 v. （使）枯萎：to affect (as a plant) with blight 【近】 wither, shrivel 【反】 flourish 生长繁茂 【考法2】 v. 损害： to impair the quality or effect of 【例】 Illness blighted his career. 伤病毁了他的职业生涯 || Cosmetics are often used to conceal facial blemishes. 化妆品常用来遮盖脸部色斑。 【近】 damage, deteriorate, harm, impair, mar, ruin 【派】 blighted adj. 枯萎的，毁坏的

beseech

【考法1】 v. （急切地）恳求： to beg for urgently or anxiously 【例】 They besought the military to act immediately. 他们恳求军方立即采取行动 【近】 appeal, conjure, entreat, implore, petition, plead, supplicate 【反】 demand （依据权力等）要求 【记】 be + seek or search 寻找，寻求，四处求

embroider

【考法1】 v. （时常伴有夸张和想象内容）详细说明： to give an elaborate account of, often with florid language and fictitious details 【例】 embroider the story of his adventures in the army 细说他服役时惊险的经历 【近】 elaborate, embellish, exaggerate, magnify, overstate, hyperbolize 【反】 downplay, de-emphasize 轻描淡写

demonstrate

【考法1】 v. （通过证据）证明，表明： to show or make clear by using examples 【例】 the paleontologist hopes to demonstrate that dinosaurs once existed in central Peru by unearthing the fossil evidence 通过发掘化石，古生物学家试图证明恐龙曾经在秘鲁中部生活过 【近】 exemplify, instance 【反】 unable to prove 不能证明的 【考法2】 v. 使明白易懂： to make plain or understandable 【例】 a few striking facts should demonstrate the complex nature of our topic 一些显著的事实可以使我们话题的复杂本质变得好懂 【近】 clarify, construe, demystify, elucidate, explicate, illuminate 【反】 obscure 使模糊 【考法3】 v. 表现，表露： to make known (something abstract) through outward signs 【例】 the babysitter's actions during the emergency demonstrate beyond doubt her general dependability 保姆在紧急情况下的表现毋庸置疑地展示了她一贯的可靠性 【近】 bespeak, betray, display, evince, manifest, reveal

berate

【考法1】 v. （长时间）严厉指责：to scold or condemn vehemently and at length 【例】He berated them in public. 他公开谴责他们 【近】castigate, flay, lambaste, scold, rail, upbraid, reproach, reprimand 【反】commend, compliment, praise 表扬，赞颂

congeal

【考法1】 v.凝固，固化： to change from a fluid to a solid state by or as if by cold 【例】 The blood had started to congeal. 血液开始凝结了 【近】 coagulate, solidify, indurate, clot 【反】 melt, liquefy 熔化，液化 【派】 congealment n. 凝固

coalesce

【考法1】 v.合并,融合 to unite into a whole: fuse 【例】Different units coalesced into one army 不同的党派融合成了一支部队 【近】associate, coalesce, combine, conjoin, connect, couple, fuse, interfuse, join, link (up), unify, unite 【反】break up, dissever, section, separate, sever, split, sunder, unlink, disband 分开，解散

converge

【考法1】 v.汇集，交汇于一点： tending to move toward one point or one another 【例】 the main streets converge on a central square 众主干道在中央广场交汇 【近】 meet, focus, concentrate 【反】 diverge, deviate, digress 分离，分岔 【派】 convergent adj. 汇集的；convergence n. 汇集

belabor

【考法1】 v.（当众）严厉批评： to criticize harshly and usually publicly 【例】 It's not wise to belabor other people's flaws when you're hardly perfect yourself. 如果你自己还做不到完美，去指责他人是不明智的 【近】 beat, baste, batter, excoriate, lambaste, abuse, assail, vituperate, scathe 【反】 applaud, extol, eulogize, endorse, acclaim 赞扬 【考法2】 v. 就...作过度的说明，喋喋不休： to explain or insist on excessively 【例】 belabor the obvious 就显而易见的问题喋喋不休 【近】 dwell on, harp on 【反】 disregard, omit, ignore, neglect, slight, slur over 忽略 【记】 be + labor 做为(be)一个苦力工人(labor)，需要能忍受痛斥，痛打，和冗长的分析讨论与教导

deploy

【考法1】 v.（有目的地）展开；调度： to spread out, utilize, or arrange for a deliberate purpose 【例】 deploy a sales force 展开部署销售力量 【反】 concentrate 集中

amble

【考法1】 vi. / n. 漫步，闲逛：to walk slowly or leisurely; stroll 【例】Every evening, they ambled along the bank. 他们每晚沿河边散步。 【近】ramble, saunter, stroll, wander, dally, dawdle 【反】step quickly 快走

lurk

【考法1】 vi. to lie in wait in a place of concealment especially for an evil purpose 【例】 Dangers lurk in the path of wilderness. 在这条荒野的小路上隐伏着危险 【近】 ambush, snake, steal 【反】 appear, come out 出来音：猎客，打猎的人，总是埋伏着不动以射杀猎物；lure引诱 + 音：客，客人(住饭店时)被引诱实际上有埋伏，要不有个针孔像机，要不就假扮警察勒索

flit

【考法1】 vi. to pass quickly or abruptly from one place or condition to another 【例】 Memories of the evening flitted through her mind. 关于那一晚的记忆在她脑海中一掠而过。 【近】 dance, dart, fleet, flick, flirt, flutter, hurry, rush, zip 【反】 plod 沉重缓慢地走

fluctuate

【考法1】 vi. to shift back and forth uncertainly 【例】 Stock prices fluctuate wildly.股票价格大幅波动‖Samples of ice cores collected from Antarctica suggested that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has been fluctuating periodically. 南极冰芯样本表明，大气中的二氧化碳浓度存在周期性的涨落 【近】 mutate, shift, swing, oscillate, vacillate, vary, waver 【反】 stabilize 保持稳定；plateau 到达稳定状态 【派】 fluctuation n. 涨落，波动

leer

【考法1】 vi. 一瞥，斜眼看： to cast a sidelong glance 【例】 He gave her a leering look. 他瞥了她一眼 【近】 squint 【反】 gape, gaze, glare, goggle, stare 盯着看

embark

【考法1】 vi. 上船： to go aboard a vessel or aircraft, as at the start of a journey 【例】 With all cargos embarked, the ship weighed the anchor. 所有货物都上船了，货船拔锚起航 【近】 board 【反】 disembark 下车，下船 【考法2】 vi. 开始从事： to make a start 【例】 embark on a world tour 开始了环游世界的旅程 【近】 begin, commence, launch, initiate, start, 【反】 conclude, end, finish, terminate 结束

effervesce

【考法1】 vi. 冒泡： to bubble, hiss, and foam as gas escapes 【例】 effervescing with bubbles 冒气泡 【近】 bubble, foam, froth 【考法2】 vi. 兴奋，热情洋溢： to show high spirits or animation 【例】 effervescing over the news of victory 因胜利的消息而兴奋 【近】 rejoice, exult, jubilate, triumph 【反】 grieve 感到极度悲伤 【派】 effervescent adj. 热情洋溢的；effervescence n. 热情洋溢

exude

【考法1】 vi. 分泌，流出：to flow forth slowly through small openings 【例】 a sticky resin exuded from the bark 从树皮中分泌出来的带有恶臭的树脂 【近】 bleed, ooze, seep 【反】 absorb 吸收

languish

【考法1】 vi. 变得衰弱： to be or become feeble, weak, or enervated 【例】 languishing during the prolonged heat wave 在持续的热浪下变得虚弱 【近】 decay, droop, emaciate, fade, fail, flag, sag, wither 【反】 burgeon, flourish, thrive, prosper 旺盛生长

assent

【考法1】 vi. 同意：to agree to something especially after thoughtful consideration 【例】The general proposed a detailed plan and the president assented. 将军提出了一个细节化的计划，总统同意了该计划。 【近】accede, agree, assent, consent, subscribe, come round 【反】dissent, disagree 不同意

concur

【考法1】 vi. 同意：to express agreement 【例】concur with an excellent opinion 同意一个好的想法 【近】agree, coincide 【反】differ, disagree 不同意 【考法2】 v. 同一时间发生、存在：to occur or exist at the same time 【例】The race to the moon, the Vietnam War, and the civil rights movement all concurred in the 1960s. 登月， 越战和人权运动都发生在二十世纪六十年代。 【近】coexist, synchronize, co-occur 【考法3】 v. 团结合作：to participate or assist in a joint effort to accomplish an end 【例】All people concurred to pass the reform legislation 所有人都联合起来使改革的法案通过。 【近】band together, collaborate, concert, conjoin, league, team up, unite

chord

【考法1】 vi. 和谐一致；符合：to be in accord; agree. 【例】The revised system chords perfectly with the original goals. 新版的系统非常符合最初的目标。 【近】accord, agree, conform, consist, correspond, dovetail, fit, harmonize, jibe, rhyme, square, tally 【反】differ from, disagree with

carp

【考法1】 vi. 对小事吹毛求疵，挑剔： to make often peevish criticisms or objections about matters that are minor, unimportant, or irrelevant 【例】 carped about the order of names on the wedding invitations 对于婚礼请柬上的名单顺序吹毛求疵 【近】 cavil, fuss, niggle, nitpick 【考法2】 v. 没完没了地表现不满意： to express dissatisfaction, pain, or resentment usually tiresomely 【近】 gripe, grizzle, grouch, grouse, grumble, wail 【反】 crow, delight, rejoice

meddle

【考法1】 vi. 干涉，管闲事： to intrude into other people's affairs or business; interfere 【例】 Please stop meddling in my marriage. 请不要来干涉我的婚姻 【近】 interfere, interlope, intermeddle, intrude, obtrude, poke, pry, snoop 【反】 disregard, ignore, neglect, omit, overlook 忽略，不理会 【派】 meddlesome adj. 爱管闲事的 muddle: motley riddle: hole, pierce waddle: lurch, stagger

adjourn

【考法1】 vi. 延期，休会： to suspend a session indefinitely or to another time or place 【例】 The meeting adjourned for a week. 会议延期一周。 【近】 prorogate, prorogue, recess, suspend 【反】 convoke 召集，召开会议

advert

【考法1】 vi. 引起注意；提到：to call attention; refer: 【例】 He adverted to the problem in the opening paragraph. 他开门见山地引出了问题。 【派】 advertent a 留意的 【反】 inattentive, remiss, heedless, negligent 疏忽的 【记】 advertise 广告是就是提及一个信息,引起人们注意

jibe

【考法1】 vi. 意见一致： to be in accord: agree 【例】 Your figures jibe with mine. 你的数据与我的一致。 【近】 accord, cohere, conform, correspond, harmonize, tally 【反】 conflict 冲突音：摘吧，摘东西挑与自己一致，同意的挑

exult

【考法1】 vi. 感到欢喜： to rejoice especially with feelings or display of triumph or self-satisfaction 【例】 exult in a triumph 沉浸在胜利的喜欢当中 【近】 delight, glory, jubilate, joy, rejoice, triumph 【反】 lament, mourn 哀悼；bemoan 叹息，悲伤 【派】 exultant adj. 狂喜的

loll

【考法1】 vi. 懒洋洋地行动： to act or move in a lax, lazy, or indolent manner 【例】 He lolled back in his comfortable chair. 他懒洋洋地倚在他舒适的椅子上 【近】 slouch, lounge 【考法2】 vi. 偷懒，打发时间： to spend time doing nothing 【例】 Some members of the decorating committee were hard at work, and others were just lolling about. 装 修队的一部分人在很努力的工作，另一些则在偷懒 【近】 dally, dawdle, drone, laze

budge

【考法1】 vi. 改变立场或态度： to alter a position or attitude 【例】 Nothing would budge him. 没有什么可以改变他的主意。 【考法2】 v. 停止抵抗，屈服： to cease resistance (as to another's arguments, demands, or control) 【例】 despite hours of intense pressure, she refused to budge from her position 尽管被连续施压几小时，她仍旧不肯改变立场 【近】 concede, relent, submit, succumb, surrender 【反】 resist 拒绝，抵抗【记】 音：甭挤，不挤，不要挤，往里挪一挪，动一动了，挤公共汽车时常听到售票员这么说

connive

【考法1】 vi. 暗中合作：to cooperate secretly or have a secret understanding; collude 【例】They connived to take over the throne. 他们密谋篡位 【近】conspire, intrigue, plot, collude, intrigue, machinate ,put up 【考法2】 v. 纵容：假装忽视或并未采取措施阻止错误： to pretend ignorance of or fail to take action against something one ought to oppose 【例】 The guards were suspected of conniving at the prisoner's escape. 警卫人员有纵容犯人越狱的嫌疑 【近】 blink, disregard, overlook, wink 【反】 disapprove 反对 【派】 conniver n. 共谋者

cavort

【考法1】 vi. 欢快地蹦跳或行走，雀跃： to bound or prance about in a sprightly manner; caper 【例】 Children are cavorting in the sand. 孩子们在沙子中嬉戏。 【近】 caper, disport, frisk, gambol, rollick, romp 【反】 trudge 蹒跚地走

enunciate

【考法1】 vi. 清晰地说： to utter articulate sounds 【例】 enunciate your words, and then you won't have to repeat them so often 把话说清楚，你就不用经常重复了 【近】 articulate 【考法2】 v. 公开宣布，宣称： to make known openly or publicly 【例】 today the President enunciated a new foreign policy 总统在今天宣布了一项新的对外政策 【近】 annunciate, broadcast, declare, herald, proclaim, promulgate, publicize, release, give out

convalesce

【考法1】 vi. 渐渐康复，渐愈： to recover health and strength gradually after sickness or weakness 【例】 the time needed to convalesce after an operation 手术后需要用来康复的时间 【近】 heal, recover, recuperate, recoup, snap back 【反】 aggravate, deteriorate, intensify 恶化，加剧

inveigh

【考法1】 vi. 激烈抗议，表示强烈不满： to protest or complain bitterly or vehemently 【例】 inveighed against the bank industry 对银行业表示强烈不满 【近】 gripe, grouse, object, protest, remonstrate, repine 【反】 support 支持；delight, rejoice 感到高兴 in + way 有人挡路，有人群集体上马路痛骂做坏事的人

incinerate

【考法1】 vi. 烧成灰烬： to cause to burn to ashes 【例】 The government is trying to stop farmers incinerating their own waste. 政府开始阻止农民们焚烧垃圾 的行为 【近】 burn, carbonize 【反】 douse, extinguish, quench, put out 扑灭 【派】 incineration n. 焚化

carouse

【考法1】 vi. 畅饮，狂饮作乐： to drink liquor freely or excessively 【例】 stay at home instead of going out and carousing with friends 呆在家里而不是出去和朋友们狂饮作乐 【近】 binge, jamboree, revel, roister, wassail

cower

【考法1】 vi. 畏缩： to cringe in fear 【例】 The dog cowered under the table. 狗吓得蜷缩在桌子下面 【近】flinch, grovel, quail, recoil, wince

flinch

【考法1】 vi. 畏缩；退缩： to draw back in fear, pain, or disgust 【例】 He met my gaze without flinching. 他毫不畏缩地与我对视 【近】 cringe, quail, recoil, shrink, wince 【反】 face, meet 面对；confront 直面

linger

【考法1】 vi. 磨蹭，闲荡： to proceed slowly; saunter 【例】 fans lingered outside the door 粉丝们在门外徘徊 【近】 crawl, creep, dally, dawdle, lag, loiter 【反】 hurry, run, rush 飞奔 【派】 lingering adj. 闲荡的

emigrate

【考法1】 vi. 移民，移居海外： to leave one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere 【例】 have to emigrate to the United States due to political persecution 不得不因政治迫害而移民美国 【近】 migrate 【反】 immigrate 移入，入境；repatriate 遣返 【派】 emigrant n. （向外的）移民；emigration n. （向外）迁徙

collapse

【考法1】 vi. 突然倒塌或收缩：to fall or shrink together abruptly and completely 【例】President Bush is vowing to rebuild bridge which collapsed last year. 布什总统发誓要重建这座去年坍塌 的桥梁。|| One ant-hole may cause the collapse of a thousand-li dyke. 千里之堤，毁于蚁穴。 【近】compact, condense, constrict, constringe, contract , implode, squeeze 【反】decompress, expand, open, outspread, outstretch 展开，扩张 【考法2】 n. 完全耗尽体力：a complete depletion of energy or strength 【例】He suffered a mental collapse under the strain of studying for his bar exam. 他在紧张的律师考试的复习 下脑力消耗殆尽。 【近】exhaustion, tiredness, lassitude, weariness 【反】refreshment, rejuvenation, revitalization 重新充满活力 【考法3】 v./n. 失败 to be unsuccessful/ a falling short of one's goals 【例】the legal case collapsed in the face of the opposition's evidence 【近】defeat, nonachievement, nonsuccess 【反】accomplishment, achievement, success

jolt

【考法1】 vi. 突然移动： to move or dislodge with a sudden, hard blow 【考法2】 v. 惊吓： to cause an unpleasant surprise for 【例】 The sneak terrorist attack jolted the country out of its indolence and indifference. 偷偷摸摸的恐怖分子 将该国从懒惰和冷漠无情中惊醒 【近】 appall, floor, shake up bolt: v. to move suddenly or nervously; to move or proceed rapidly occult： v. to shut off from view or exposure, super natural powers or practices

dart

【考法1】 vi. 突然移动： to move suddenly and rapidly 【例】 The dog darted across the street. 狗飞奔过马路。 【近】 flicker, flitter, flutter 【考法2】 n. 公开侮辱： an act or expression showing scorn and usually intended to hurt another's feelings 【例】 The darts flew fast and furiously when the two former lovers bumped into each other at the party. 旧情人在party上偶遇，立马开始激烈的人身攻击。 【近】 affront, barb, offense, sarcasm, slight, slur

flounder

【考法1】 vi. 笨拙地行动，挣扎： to proceed or act clumsily or ineffectually 【例】 flounder through the desert 步履蹒跚地穿越沙漠 【近】 blunder, fumble, lumber, plod, struggle, trudge 【反】 glide, slide 滑行；breeze, waltz 轻松地行动

flourish

【考法1】 vi. 茂盛；繁荣： to grow luxuriantly; to achieve success 【例】 The program will flourish once it receives adequate funding. 这个项目只要有足够的资金就能大获成功 【近】 bloom, burgeon, prosper, thrive 【反】 languish, wane 变得衰弱，衰败；fail 失败 【考法2】 n. 装饰： an embellishment or ornamentation 【例】 a bedroom with cute little flourishes 一间带有可爱小装饰的卧室‖Her writing style is simple and clear, without unnecessary flourishes. 她的文风很简单清新，没有那些不必要的修饰 【近】 adornment, decoration, embellishment, ornamentation

dally

【考法1】 vi. 虚度时光： to spend time doing nothing 【例】 I kept dallying at my desk until I couldn't put off doing my work any longer. 我一直浪费时间直到作业不能再拖了。 【近】 dawdle, loll, lounge, hang around 【考法2】 v. 玩乐： to engage in activity for amusement 【例】 he spent his college years dallying, seemingly determined to acquire as little knowledge as possible 他在大学里面尽情玩乐，不学习 【近】 disport, frolic, recreate, rollick, sport 【考法3】 v. 慢吞吞，磨磨蹭蹭： to move or act slowly 【例】 don't dally on the way to the interview 别在去面试的路上磨磨蹭蹭 【近】 crawl, creep, dillydally, drag, lag, linger, loiter, tarry 【反】 dash, hasten, scoot, scurry

demur

【考法1】 vi. 表示异议，反对： to voice opposition; object 【例】 demur at the suggestion 反对提议 【近】 challenge, exception, expostulation, fuss, kick, protest, remonstrance, stink 【反】 accept, accede 接受 【考法2】 n. 犹豫： hesitation (as in doing or accepting) usually based on doubt of the acceptability of something offered or proposed; qualm 【例】 we accepted his offer to pay for our dinners without demur 我们毫不犹豫地同意了他买单

condole

【考法1】 vi. 表达同情：to express sympathetic sorrow 【例】We condole with him on the death of his father. 我们对他父亲的死向他深表同情。 【近】compassionate, sympathize with, yearn over 【派】condolence n. 同情; sympathy with another in sorrow

disarm

【考法1】 vi. 解除武装： to give up or reduce armed forces 【例】 disarm the captured soldiers 解除被捕士兵的武装 || The defeated nation was disarmed so that it would never again be a threat to international order. 战败国被解除武装，这样一来它就不会再对国际秩序造成威胁了。 【近】 demilitarize 【反】 arm, militarize, put on guard 装备武器 【考法2】 vt. 使息怒，平息抚慰： to lessen the anger or agitation of 【例】 Her future father-in-law was totally disarmed by her words. 她未来的继父听了她的话彻底没脾气了。 【近】 appease, assuage, conciliate, gentle, mollify, placate, propitiate 【反】 anger, enrage, incense, inflame, enflame, infuriate, ire, madden, outrage 煽动激起 【考法3】 v. 使无害： to make harmless 【例】 disarm a bomb 拆除炸弹

flirt

【考法1】 vi. 调情： to behave amorously without serious intent 【例】 The waitress at that restaurant flirts with all single male customers. 这家餐厅的女服务员对所有的男性单身顾客都暗送秋波 【近】 coquet, dally, frivol, toy, trifle 【考法2】 vi. 无规则地快速运动： to make an irregular series of quick, sudden movements 【例】 lazily watched the butterflies flirting among the wildflowers 慵懒地看着蝴蝶在野花丛中乱舞 【近】 dance, dart, fleet, flick, flit, flutter, hurry, rush, zip

hearken

【考法1】vi. 倾听，关注： to give respectful attention 【近】 attend, harken, heed, mind 【反】 ignore 不理睬

falter

【考法1】 vi. 蹒跚： to walk unsteadily 【近】 lurch, stagger, stumble, teeter, totter, wobble 【考法2】 vi. 犹豫，踌躇： to be unsteady in purpose or action, as from loss of courage or confidence 【例】 Mr. Garrison never once faltered in his demand that slavery be unconditionally abolished. 盖瑞森先生从不对他废除奴隶的要求存有任何的犹豫 【近】 balance, halt, hesitate, vacillate, waver 【派】 faltering adj. 犹豫的【记】 fall + er 倒下的人，走路总象快要倒下的人→踉跄<br/>【另】 totter 蹒跚, 踉跄，摇摇欲坠

dwindle

【考法1】 vi. 逐渐减少： to become gradually less until little remains 【例】 His vast fortune is dwindling away. 他的巨额财富正慢慢缩水 【近】 abate, decrease, drop, diminish, reduce, shrink, taper, wane, knock down 【反】 aggrandize, balloon, burgeon, increase 增加；accumulate 累积 【派】 dwindling adj. 减少的

comply

【考法1】 vi. 遵从：to conform, submit, or adapt (as to a regulation or to another's wishes) as required or requested 【例】the devices comply with industry standards 设备要遵循工业标准 || There will be penalties against individuals who fail to comply. 谁不遵从谁就会受到惩罚。 【近】conform, submit, observe 【反】defy, disobey, rebel against, violate, breach, transgress 违背

meander

【考法1】 vi. 闲逛，漫步： to move aimlessly and idly without fixed direction 【例】 meander along the river 沿着河闲逛‖vagabonds meandering through life 漂泊一生的浪子 【近】 amble, cruise, drift, float, ramble, roam, saunter,stroll, wander

allude

【考法1】 vi. 间接提到： to convey an idea indirectly 【例】 He also alluded to his rival's past marital troubles. 他间接提到了对手过去的婚姻问题。 【近】 imply, indicate, infer, insinuate, intimate, suggest

fawn

【考法1】 vi. 阿谀奉承： to seek favor or attention by flattery and obsequious behavior 【例】 fawn on one's superior 向上司谄媚 【近】 cower, cringe, flatter, grovel, toady, truckle 【反】 domineer 统治；专横跋扈 【派】 fawning adj. 阿谀奉承的，讨好的

carve

【考法1】 vi. 雕刻： to create a three-dimensional representation of (something) using solid material 【例】 carved a statue out of rare marble 用纯的大理石雕刻了一尊雕像 【近】 sculpture 【考法2】 v. （通过长期不懈努力）产生或导致： to produce or bring about especially by long or repeated effort 【例】 finally carved out a niche for the sport in the school's athletic program 在学校运动计划中寻找到了自己的定位 || carve out a way through the enemy 从敌营中杀出一条血路 【近】 forge, grind out, thrash out, work out, work up

embrace

【考法1】 vt. 乐于接受： to take up willingly or eagerly 【例】 embrace the opportunity to study further 乐于接受继续深造的机会 【近】 accept, adopt, espouse, welcome 【反】 abjure 誓绝；abrogate, renounce, spurn 废除，摒弃 【考法2】 vt. 包围：to surround or cover closely 【例】The stone walls that embrace the monastery serve to symbolize its function as a retreat from an unquiet world. 包围着修道院的石墙是它远离喧嚣尘世的象征 【近】 circle, encompass, envelop, wrap

equivocate

【考法1】 vi. （带有欺骗目的地）模棱两可地说，说谎话： to use equivocal language especially with intent to deceive 【例】 When asked about his tax plan, the candidate didn't equivocate. 当被问到税收方案时，候选人直言不讳。 【近】 fudge, hedge, weasel, prevaricate, palter 【反】 communicate straightforwardly 直率地说 【派】 equivocal adj. 模棱两可的： open to two or more interpretations and often intended to mislead; ambiguous. 【派】 equivocation n. 模棱两可的话 【反】 clarity 清楚

doodle

【考法1】 vi. （无目的地）乱画： to scribble aimlessly, especially when preoccupied 【例】 I often doodle when I'm on the phone. 打电话时我经常乱写乱画 【近】 mess around 【考法2】 vi. 漫无目的地打发时光： to spend time in aimless activity 【例】 I plan to spend the entire vacation just doodling. 我打算整个假期就随便做点事打发时间 【近】 dawdle, trifle

drizzle

【考法1】 vi./n. （下）细小、轻柔、似雾的雨，毛毛雨： a fine misty rain 【例】 The intermittent drizzle was just heavy enough to spoil all of our outdoor activities. 断断续续的小雨恰好大岛让我们所有的户外活动都泡汤 【近】 mist, sprinkle 【反】 deluge, downpour 倾盆大雨 【派】 drizzling adj. （雨）细小的

doze

【考法1】 vi./n.小憩： to sleep lightly or briefly 【例】 He dozed off during the lecture. 他在讲座上睡着了 【近】 drowse, nap, wink, slumber 【反】 wake 醒来

creep

【考法1】 vi./n.缓慢地行进： to go very slowly 【例】 creeping through the crowd 在人潮中缓慢前行 【近】 drag, loiter, tarry 【反】 scurry, run 快步走，跑 【考法2】 vi.匍匐前进：to move slowly with the body close to the ground 【例】 The kitten crept silently across the floor before suddenly pouncing on the mouse. 小猫静静地匍匐穿过地板，然后突然向老鼠发起猛扑 【近】 crawl, grovel, slide, slither 【反】 swagger 昂首阔步

bifurcate

【考法1】 vi./vt. （使）分成两支： (to cause) to divide into two branches or parts 【例】 Their visions of the company's future slowly began to bifurcate. 我们关于公司未来的构想慢慢出现分歧 【近】 divide, diverge, fork 【反】 coalesce 联合 converge 汇合

escalate

【考法1】 vi.（战争等）升级，扩大： to increase in extent, volume, number, amount, intensity, or scope 【例】 We don't want to escalate the war. 我们不想使战争扩大。 【近】 aggrandize, amplify, augment, boost, expand, pump up, build up 【反】 wane, diminish 减弱

jot

【考法1】 vt .简要记录： to write briefly or hurriedly 【例】 jot down an address 简要地记下地址 【近】 log, mark, put down, register, report, set down, take down, write down

faze

【考法1】 vt. to disturb the composure of: disconcert, dismay 【例】 Nothing can faze her. 没有什么可以使她气馁 【近】 abash, annoy, bother, disconcert, dismay, disturb, discomfit, embarrass, fluster, rattle 【反】 calm, lull 使平静，使镇定【记】 音：痱子，身上起痱子会坐不住，全身痒痒,总是挠身上,弄得狼狈

feign

【考法1】 vt. to give a false appearance of 【例】 I would never feign illness just to postpone a test. 我绝不会为了缓考而装病 【近】 affect, assume, counterfeit, dissemble, pretend, profess, sham, simulate 【派】 unfeigned adj. 没有伪装的，真诚的

fortify

【考法1】 vt. to give physical strength, courage, or endurance to 【例】 This country will fortify the coastal areas. 这个国家要加强沿海地区的防御 【近】 energize, harden, invigorate, reinforce, strengthen, toughen 【反】 debilitate, enervate, enfeeble, vitiate, weaken 使衰弱，削弱 【考法2】 vt. to prepare (oneself) mentally or emotionally 【例】 She fortified herself for the incoming tennis tournament with a series of confidence-boosting exercises. 她通过一系列练习赛来找自信，为即将到来的网球锦标赛做好心理准备 【近】 brace, forearm, gird, nerve, poise, ready, steel

fumble

【考法1】 vt. to make awkward attempts to do or find something 【例】 fumbled in his pocket for a coin 从口袋里笨拙地摸出一枚硬币 【近】 botch, flounder, mess, stumble 【考法2】 n. an unintentional departure from truth or accuracy 【例】 played the entire piano piece without a single fumble 完美地演绎了整首钢琴曲 【近】 blunder, fault, gaffe, lapse, misstep, mistake

fertilize

【考法1】 vt. to make fertile 【例】 Reading will fertilize vocabulary. 阅读丰富词汇 【近】 enrich, manure 【反】 deplete, drain, exhaust 消耗，耗尽 【派】 fertilizer n. 化肥

frustrate

【考法1】 vt. to prevent from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire 【例】frustrated their scheme in time 及时挫败了他们的阴谋 【近】ruin, baffle, balk, circumvent, foil, thwart 【反】abet 帮助，鼓舞，教唆 accomplish, fulfill 实现 【考法2】 vt. to lessen the courage or confidence of 【例】 frustrated by his failure 为他的失败感到沮丧 【近】 chill, daunt, dishearten, dismay, dispirit 【反】 embolden, encourage, nerve, steel 鼓舞 【派】 frustration n. 沮丧；阻挠；frustrated adj. 沮丧的

delve

【考法1】 vt. vi. 探究，钻研： to make a careful or detailed search for information 【例】 The book delves into the latest research. 这本书深入探究了最近的研究。 【近】 probe, investigate, inquire into, look into, dig into

annoy

【考法1】 vt. 不断烦扰：to disturb or irritate especially by repeated acts 【例】Mosquitoes annoy us in the summer. 夏天蚊子总是不断烦扰我们。 【例】The sound of footsteps on the bare floor annoyed the downstairs neighbors. 楼上地板的脚步声吵得楼下住 户心烦。 【近】aggravate, bother, chafe, gall, grate, irk, nettle, peeve, pique, rile, ruffle, spite, vex 【反】soothe, defuse, allay, conciliate, propitiate, mitigate, assuage, appease, pacify, placate, calm, settle, subdue, solace, mollify 平息，抚慰

lambaste

【考法1】 vt. 严厉斥责： to scold sharply; berate 【例】 Critics lambasted his performance. 评论家严厉斥责了他的表演 【近】 assail, baste, belabor, berate, castigate, excoriate, reprimand, reproach, scathe, slam, upbraid, vituperate 【反】 carol, extol, glorify, hymn, laud, magnify, praise 表扬,赞美 lamb + beast 野兽对待小羊羔就是边打边骂

desecrate

【考法1】 vt. 亵渎，玷污： to treat (a sacred place or object) shamefully or with great disrespect 【例】 desecrate the shrine 亵渎圣地 【近】 defile, profane, violate 【反】 sanctify, revere, hallow 尊敬，视为神圣

desecrate

【考法1】 vt. 亵渎，玷污： to treat (a sacred place or object) shamefully or with great disrespect 【例】 desecrate the shrine 亵渎圣地 【近】 defile, profane, violate 【反】 sanctify, revere, hallow 尊敬，视为神圣【记】 源自sacred 神圣，神的，宗教， de 否定 + secret 神秘 神圣， 否定神圣→亵渎, 污辱

debark

【考法1】 vt. 从船或者飞机上卸货： to unload, as from a ship or an airplane 【例】 the seasick passengers debarked as soon as the ship dropped anchor 晕船的乘客等到轮船一靠岸抛锚就立即下船 【近】 land 【反】 embark 上船，装货

dissect

【考法1】 vt. 仔细分析： to examine, analyze, or criticize in minute detail 【例】 dissect some basic problems in mathematics analysis 仔细分析一些数学分析的基本问题 || let's dissect the plot of this thriller to see what makes it thrilling. 让我们来仔细分析一下这个恐怖电影为什么恐怖。 【近】 analyze 【考法2】 vt. 切成片(尤其是为了解剖研究)： to cut apart or separate (tissue), especially for anatomical study 【例】 dissect the brain of Einstein 解剖爱因斯坦的大脑 【近】 anatomize, assay, break down

accost

【考法1】 vt. 以挑衅的形式搭讪： to approach and speak to often in a challenging or aggressive way 【例】 accosted by three gang members 被三个混混搭讪

emboss

【考法1】 vt. 以浮雕效果妆点，装饰： to raise the surface of into bosses; especially to ornament with raised work 【例】 embossed with a design of Shanghai skyline 刻有上海城市轮廓的浮雕图案 【近】 adorn, beautify, bedeck, blazon, ornament, garnish 【反】 flatten, efface 抹平，抹去

instate

【考法1】 vt. 任命： to set or establish in a rank or office 【例】 The new Secretary of the Treasury was instated on Monday. 新的财政部长于星期一被任命 【近】 appoint, designate, inaugurate, induct, install, nominate 【反】 dismiss, oust 罢免

emulate

【考法1】 vt. 仿效并努力超越： to strive to equal or excel, especially through imitation 【例】 a role model worthy emulating值得效仿的榜样 【近】 copy, imitate, mimic, mime 【派】 emulation n. 模仿

disconcert

【考法1】 vt. 使不安： to disturb the composure of 【例】 We were disconcerted by the unexpected changes to the program. 我们对项目未预料到的变化感到不安。 【近】 abash, discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, mortify, rattle 【反】 calm, compose, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰

discompose

【考法1】 vt. 使不安： to disturb the composure or calm of; perturb 【例】 GRE does not seem to discompose Jason; on the contrary, he looked rather relaxed. GRE没有使Jason感到慌乱，正相反，他看上去很轻松。 【近】 agitate, bother, discomfort, disquiet, distemper, disconcert, disturb, perturb, upset, weird out 【反】 calm, compose, quiet, settle, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰 【考法2】 v. 使混乱： to undo the proper order or arrangement of 【例】 The wind ruffled her hair and discomposed her carefully arranged papers. 风凌乱了她的头发，吹乱了她细心整理的纸张。 【近】 disarrange, disarray, disorganize 【反】 arrange, array, order, organize, range 使有序

arrest

【考法1】 vt. 使不活跃：to make inactive 【例】arrest the growth of the tumor 抑制肿瘤生长 【近】check, rein, curb, contain, hamper, thwart, bring to a halt 【反】vitalize, activate, animate, invigorate 使有生气；prod, goad, spur, galvanize, provoke, stimulate 刺激 【考法2】 n/v. 停止：the stopping of a process or activity; to bring to a standstill 【例】Science cannot yet arrest the process of aging. 科学不能阻止衰老。 【近】cease, cessation, closure, conclusion, discontinuance, discontinuation, ending, halt, stop, termination; check, stop 【反】continuance, continuation 继续 【考法3】 v. 逮捕：to take or keep under one's control by authority of law 【例】She was charged with resisting arrest. 她因为拘捕受到起诉。 【近】apprehend 【反】discharge 释放 【考法4】 v. 吸引注意力：to hold the attention of as if by a spell 【例】The behavior of the daredevil arrested pedestrians. 冒失鬼的行为吸引了行人们的注意力。 【近】enchant, fascinate, bedazzle, grip, hypnotize, mesmerize

inure

【考法1】 vt. 使习惯接受不好的东西： to accustom to accept something undesirable 【例】 children inured to violence 习惯了暴力的孩子们 【近】 accustom, familiarize, habituate 【派】 inured adj. 习惯的 【考法2】 vt. 使坚强： to make able to withstand physical hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】 The hardship of army training inured her to the rigors of desert warfare. 军营里的艰苦训练把她打造成了能适应沙漠艰苦战事的女兵 【近】 fortify, indurate, season, steel, strengthen, toughen 【反】 enfeeble, soften, weaken, undermine 弱化，使虚弱

dispose

【考法1】 vt. 使倾向： to give a tendency to: incline 【例】 faulty diet disposes one to sickness 营养不全面导致疾病 【派】 disposed adj. 喜欢的： willing or likely，inclined 【例】 not feel disposed to argue with her 不喜欢与她争执 【近】 willing, inclined, predisposed, prone 【反】 disinclined, indisposed 不喜欢的 【考法2】 vi. 处理掉（与of连用，dispose of）： to get rid of; throw out 【派】 disposal n. 处理，不再利用： the act of getting rid of something that is no longer wanted or needed 【例】 the permanent disposal of radioactive wastes 对放射性废物的永久处理 【考法3】 v. 布置有序： to place, distribute, or arrange especially in an orderly way 【例】 Dispose the surgical instruments in the exact order in which they would be needed. 把手术仪器按他们被需要的顺序放置。 【近】 array, arrange 【反】 disarrange, disarray, disorder, upset, mess up, muss up 使混乱

calcify

【考法1】 vt. 使僵化： to make inflexible or unchangeable 【例】 a leg that calcified 一条麻木僵直的腿 【近】 harden, obdurate, ossify 【反】 make malleable, make pliant, make more flexible 使灵活

buoy

【考法1】 vt. 使充满勇气和力量，使振作： to fill with courage or strength of purpose 【例】 the sudden improvement in his health buoyed him up 身体的突然好转让他很振奋 【近】 embolden, hearten, inspire, bear up, buck up 【反】 daunt, discourage, dishearten, dispirit 使沮丧，泼冷水

exempt

【考法1】 vt. 使免除： to release or deliver from some liability or requirement to which others are subject 【例】 a man exempted from military service 免服军役的人

engross

【考法1】 vt. 使全神贯注：to occupy exclusively 【例】 was completely engrossed in his work 全神贯注于他的工作之中 【近】 absorb, engage, enthrall, fascinate, grip, immerse 【派】 engrossed adj. 全神贯注的

exacerbate

【考法1】 vt. 使加剧, 使恶化： to make more violent, bitter, or severe 【例】 a heavy rainfall that exacerbated the flood problems 大雨恶化了洪水问题 【近】 aggravate, complicate, worsen 【反】 allay, alleviate, assuage, mitigate, relieve, palliate 缓和

disgruntle

【考法1】 vt. 使发怒，使不满意：to make ill-humored or discontented 【例】 be disgruntled with sb 对某人不满 【近】 disaffect, displease, dissatisfy, disgruntle 【反】 content, gratify, please, satisfy 使满意 【考法2】 v. 使疏远，使不友好：to cause to change from friendly or loving to unfriendly or uncaring 【近】 alien, alienate 【反】 reconcile 调解，使和谐【记】 音：剔光头，总算冲入世界杯却被人剔了个光头使人不满意

facilitate

【考法1】 vt. 使变容易，促进： to make easy or easier 【例】 The new airport will facilitate the development of tourism. 新建机场促进了旅游业的发展。 【近】 ease, expedite, forward, further, help 【反】 check, hamper, handicap, hinder, impede, obstruct, thwart, retard 阻碍，阻止；complicate 复杂化 【派】 facility n. 设施；容易，方便

emaciate

【考法1】 vt. 使变瘦： to cause to lose flesh so as to become very thin 【例】 become emaciated by long illness 因长年累月的病痛而消瘦 【反】 fatten 变胖 【考法2】 vt. 使虚弱： to make feeble 【例】 His hesitation emaciated the force of his argument. 他的迟疑削弱了他论证的力度 【近】 droop, flag, sag, decay, enfeeble, enervate, languish, wane, wither 【反】 invigorate 使充满活力 【派】 emaciation n. 虚弱

blunt

【考法1】 vt. 使变钝：to make less sharp or definite 【近】 dull, deaden, hebetate, benumb, enfeeble, attenuate 【反】 whet, sharpen 磨尖 【考法2】 vt. 减弱（力度等）：to reduce or weaken in strength or feeling 【例】 The abrupt music blunted the effect of the movie's final tragic scene. 突兀的音乐让电影结束时悲剧场景的氛围大打折扣 【近】 dampen, deaden 【考法3】 adj. 直率的：being or characterized by direct, brief, and potentially rude speech or manner 【例】 He values honesty and is quite blunt about telling people what he doesn't like about them. 他重视诚实，经常直率地告诉别人他们何处使他不满 【近】 abrupt, bluff, brusque, curt, gruff 【反】 circuitous, mealy-mouthed 拐弯抹角的

confound

【考法1】 vt. 使困惑： to throw into a state of mental uncertainty 【例】We are all confounded by his self-contradictory claims. 我们都对他自相矛盾的言论感到困惑 【近】baffle, bewilder, confuse, muddle, perplex, puzzle 【反】clarify 使清醒 【考法2】 v. 无法区分，混淆： to fail to differentiate (a thing) from something similar or related 【例】I think you must have confounded astrology with astronomy. 我想你一定是把占星术和天文学搞混了 【近】misidentify, mistake, mix up 【反】 discriminate, distinguish 区分 【考法3】 v. 证明为假，证伪：to prove to be false 【例】 new discoveries that confounded much of what archaeologists thought they have known about the ancient Mayan civilization 一些新的发现，它们颠覆了考古学家们长期以来对于古代玛雅文明的认识 【近】 belie, debunk, falsify, disprove, rebut, refute 【反】 confirm, validate, verify 证实，证明为真 【派】 confounding adj. 使人困惑的

demoralize

【考法1】 vt. 使士气低落： to undermine the confidence or morale of; dishearten 【例】 demoralize the staff 使员工士气低落 【近】 daunt, dishearten, dismay, dispirit, unnerve 【反】 invigorate, cheer 鼓舞 【考法2】 v. 贬低，堕落： to lower in character, dignity, or quality 【例】 we refused to be demoralized by our humiliating defeat 我们拒绝由于这场屈辱的战败而被贬低 【近】 abase, corrupt, debauch, degrade, demean 【反】 elevate, ennoble, uplift 使崇高

inaugurate

【考法1】 vt. 使就职： to induct into an office by a formal ceremony 【例】 A new leader will be inaugurated soon. 新的领导即将就职 【近】 induct, initiate, install, instate, invest, seat 【反】 abdicate, resign 辞职，退位 【考法2】 vt. 开始： to cause to begin, especially officially or formally 【例】 inaugurate a new immigration policy 实施新的移民政策 【近】 begin, commence, establish, institute, introduce, launch, open, plant, start 【反】 cease, close, end, terminate 结束 【派】 inauguration n. 就职，开始in + augur- 占卜, 预言

abash

【考法1】 vt. 使尴尬，使羞愧： to destroy the self-possession or self-confidence of ,disconcert, embarrass 【例】 Nothing could abash him. 没有什么可以使他感到难堪。 【近】 discomfit, disconcert, discountenance, faze, fluster, nonplus, mortify 【反】 embolden 使大胆

embarrass

【考法1】 vt. 使尴尬： to cause to experience a state of self-conscious distress 【例】 bawdy jokes that embarrassed her 让她尴尬的荤段子 【近】 abash, discomfit, disconcert, faze, fluster, mortify, nonplus 【考法2】 vt. 阻挠，制造障碍： to create difficulty for the work or activity of 【例】 A lot of this paperwork is unnecessary and just embarrasses the organization. 这些文案工作很多都是多余的，只会妨碍组织的工作 【近】 encumber, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, obstruct, shackle, stymie, trammel 【反】 aid, facilitate 促进 【派】 embarrassing adj. 令人窘迫的；embarrassment n. 尴尬

miff

【考法1】 vt. 使恼怒： to cause to become offended or annoyed 【例】 be miffed by her son's disobedience 被她儿子的叛逆惹恼 【近】 aggravate, annoy, enrage, exasperate, incense, infuriate, ire, madden, nettle, peeve, umbrage, vex 【反】 appease, assuage, mollify, placate, propitiate 平息，安抚；delight, gratify, please 取悦，讨好

appall

【考法1】 vt. 使惊恐：to overcome with consternation, shock, or dismay 【例】He felt appalled by the whole idea of marriage so we broke up. 结婚使他恐惧，因此我们分手了。 【近】dismay, terrify, intimidate, frighten, horrify, daunt, deter 【反】embolden, encourage, nerve 使大胆，鼓起勇气

deject

【考法1】 vt. 使沮丧： to lower the spirits of; dishearten 【例】 nothing dejects a TV pundit more than the reality check that nobody cares what he thinks 没有什么比大家都漠不关心更让电视节目专家沮丧了 【近】 oppress, sadden, weigh down, bum out 【反】 brighten, buoy, lighten, rejoice, cheer up 使高兴

lubricate

【考法1】 vt. 使润滑： to coat (something) with a slippery substance in order to reduce friction 【例】 lubricate the gears 给齿轮打润滑油 【近】 grease, oil, slick, smooth, wax 【派】 lubricant n.润滑剂

estrange

【考法1】 vt. 使疏远，离间，使感情失和： to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness 【例】 he estranged several of his coworkers 他和好多同事疏远了 【近】 alienate, disaffect, disgruntle, sour 【反】 reconcile 和好

blazon

【考法1】 vt. 使知名： to make known openly or publicly 【例】 Their very public canoodling has pretty much blazoned the fact that they are having an affair. 他们彼此间公开的亲昵举动让他们之间的恋情大白于天下 【近】 annunciate, broadcast, declare, publicize, proclaim 【反】 withhold 保留，不透露 【考法2】 v. 修饰，装扮： to make more attractive by adding something that is beautiful or becoming 【例】 The university's dormitory has been blazoned with banners celebrating graduation. 学校宿舍被那些庆祝毕业的横幅所装点 【近】 adorn, bedeck, embellish, garnish 【反】 blemish, deface, mar, spoil 损害，破坏【记】 blaze + 音：章 火状的章 Anger is a short madness. 发火是短暂的疯狂。

enlighten

【考法1】 vt. 使知道： to give information to; inform or instruct 【例】 enlightened us about the thorny problem 启发我们思考这个棘手的问题 【近】 apprise, instruct 【反】 bewilder, confuse, confound, perplex 使疑惑 【考法2】 vt.（在道德上）进行教育： to provide (someone) with moral or spiritual understanding 【例】 Many people around the world have been enlightened by the teachings of Gautama Buddha. 释迦摩尼的说教启迪了世界上许许多多的人的灵魂 【近】 edify, educate, illuminate, nurture 【派】 enlightening adj. 具有启发性的

constringe

【考法1】 vt. 使紧缩： to make narrow or draw together 【例】 A styptic pencil stopped the bleeding by constringing the small blood vessels at the site of cut. 止血笔 通过挤压伤口处的血管阻止了出血 【近】 capsule, constrict, narrow, compress, squeeze, telescope 【反】 broaden, expand, outstretch 扩展，扩宽

insulate

【考法1】 vt. 使绝缘，使隔离： to place in a detached situation 【例】 greenhouse gas that insulates ground infrared radiation 能阻碍地表红外辐射的温室气体 【近】 block, insolate, quarantine, seclude, segregate, separate, sequester 【反】 connect, link, unite 连结；integrate 使成一体 【派】 insulation n. 隔绝，绝热

consolidate

【考法1】 vt. 使联合，统一： to join together into one whole; unite 【例】 consolidate several small school districts 合并了几个小的校区 【近】 unify, combine, amalgamate 【反】 dissolve, sunder, fragment 解散 【考法2】 vt. 加固，使安全： to make firm or secure; strengthen 【例】 consolidate the defense line 加固防线 【近】 enhance, strengthen, fortify, reinforce 【反】 abate, attenuate, undermine, weaken 削弱 【派】 consolidation n. 合并；加固

daunt

【考法1】 vt. 使胆怯，吓倒： to lessen the courage or confidence of 【例】 She was not at all daunted by the size of the problem. 她根本没有被问题的大小给吓倒。 【近】 demoralize, dishearten, dismay, dispirit, frustrate, unnerve 【反】 embolden, make resolute, hearten 使大胆，鼓舞 【派】 dauntless undaunted a. 无畏的，大胆的 【反】 pusillanimous, trepid, craven, easily discouraged, meek, timorous 胆怯的

dilate

【考法1】 vt. 使膨胀，扩大： to enlarge or expand in bulk or extent；to become wide 【例】 The cat dilated its eyes in the darkness. 猫在黑暗中睁大眼睛。|| The drug dilates the blood vessels. 药使血管膨胀。 【近】 expand, amplify, enlarge 【反】 contract 收缩；narrow 使变窄 【考法2】 v. 详细表达： to express more fully and in greater detail 【例】 He refused to dilate upon his plan for improving the economy in the event that he won the election. 他拒绝在他赢得选举的情况下透露更多关于振兴经济计划的细节。 【近】 amplify, develop, elaborate on, flesh out, dilate on, enlarge on 【反】 abbreviate, abridge, condense, shorten 删减，缩短

aggrieve

【考法1】 vt. 使苦恼,悲痛： to give pain or trouble to, distress 【反】 gratify 使高兴，满足 【派】 aggrieved adj. 苦恼的，怨念的 【例】 a line of aggrieved ticket-holders, demanding a refund for the cancelled play 一队怨念的购票者，为取消 的话剧要求退款 【近】 discontent, disgruntled, displeased, dissatisfied, malcontent

debilitate

【考法1】 vt. 使衰弱： to impair the strength of; enfeeble 【例】 The virus debilitates the body's immune system. 病毒削弱了免疫系统。 【近】 devitalize, enervate, enfeeble, prostrate, sap 【反】 invigorate, fortify, strengthen, beef up 使有活力，加强

enervate

【考法1】 vt. 使衰弱： to weaken or destroy the strength or vitality of 【例】 His constitution was enervated by lustful lifestyle. 他荒淫无度的生活习惯已使他身体虚弱 【近】 debilitate, disable, enfeeble, fatigue, sap 【反】 fortify, strengthen 强化；energize, invigorate, vitalize 注入活力 【考法2】vt. 使麻木： to deprive of emotional or intellectual vitality 【例】 A lifetime of working in dreary jobs had enervated his very soul. 一生忙于无聊的工作让他变得无比麻木 【近】 dampen, deaden, petrify 【反】 brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, vitalize, vivify 使充满活力 【派】 enervation n. 虚弱

extricate

【考法1】 vt. 使解脱，救出： to free or remove from an entanglement or difficulty 【例】 extricate himself from financial difficulties 使他摆脱财政困境 【近】 disengage, disentangle, free, liberate, release, untangle 【反】 enmesh, entangle, embroil 卷入

divert

【考法1】 vt. 使转向：to turn from one course or use to another: deflect 【例】 divert traffic to a side street 使交通转至辅路 【近】 deflect, redirect, swing, veer, wheel 【反】 fix, set, settle 固定 【考法2】 v. 使消遣：to cause (someone) to pass the time agreeably occupied 【例】 A light comedy divert the tired business executive 一个轻松的喜剧让疲惫的企业主管人员得到了放松。 【近】 disport, entertain, regale, solace 【考法3】v. 使分心：to draw the attention or mind to something else 【例】 divert one's attention 转移某人注意力 || The parents tried to divert the child with a toy while the doctor was giving her a shot. 当医生要给那个孩子打针的时候，孩子父母试图用玩具转移孩子的注意力。 【近】 abstract, detract, call off

infatuate

【考法1】 vt. 使迷恋： to inspire with unreasoning love or attachment 【例】 a naïve girl infatuated by cajolery 被甜言蜜语冲昏头脑的天真女孩 【近】 allure, captivate, bewitch, enchant, fascinate 【反】 disgust 使反感 【派】 infatuation n. 迷恋

acclimate

【考法1】 vt. 使适应： to change (something) so as to make it suitable for a new use or situation 【例】 acclimate oneself to a nine-to-five office job 适应朝九晚五的坐班生活 【近】 adjust, accommodate, shape, suit, tailor 【反】 make unfamiliar with 使不熟悉

lacerate

【考法1】 vt. 使非常痛苦： to cause deep emotional pain to; distress 【例】 He was born into a family already lacerated with tensions and divisions. 他出生在一个已经被冲突和分 裂折磨不堪的家庭当中 【近】 afflict, distress, harrow, hurt, rend, torment, torture, wound 【反】 allay, alleviate, assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 减轻（痛苦等） 音：勒撕，裂撕 + ate 动词

exhilarate

【考法1】 vt. 使高兴；使兴奋： to make cheerful and excited 【例】 be exhilarated by her success 为她的成功感到兴奋 【近】 electrify, galvanize, intoxicate, pump up, turn on 【反】 sadden, depress 使悲哀，使沮丧 【派】 exhilarating adj. 令人兴奋的 【反】 soporific 昏昏欲睡的

desiccate

【考法1】 vt. 使（食物）脱水以保存，使干燥： to preserve (a food) by drying 【例】 add a cup of desiccated coconut to the mix 加一杯椰蓉进行搅拌 【近】 damp, dampen, deaden, devitalize, enervate, dehydrate 【反】 add water to, hydrate, drench 加水，浸透 【派】 desiccant n. 干燥剂：a drying agent (as calcium chloride) 【考法2】 v. 缺乏活力： to deprive of emotional or intellectual vitality 【例】 that historian's dryasdust prose desiccates what is actually an exciting period in European history 那位历史学家枯燥无味的散文让欧洲一段扣人心弦的历史变得乏味单调 【近】 castrate, dampen, deaden, devitalize, enervate 【反】 energize, enliven, invigorate, stimulate, vitalize 使生机勃勃

desiccate

【考法1】 vt. 使（食物）脱水以保存，使干燥： to preserve (a food) by drying 【例】 add a cup of desiccated coconut to the mix 加一杯椰蓉进行搅拌 【近】 dehydrate, parch, scorch, sear 【反】 add water to, hydrate, drench 加水，浸透 【派】 desiccant n. 干燥剂：a drying agent (as calcium chloride) 【考法2】 v. 缺乏活力： to deprive of emotional or intellectual vitality 【例】 that historian's dryasdust prose desiccates what is actually an exciting period in European history 那位历史学家枯燥无味的散文让欧洲一段扣人心弦的历史变得乏味单调 【近】 brace, castrate, dampen, deaden, devitalize, enervate 【反】 energize, enliven, invigorate, stimulate, vitalize 使生机勃勃

foster

【考法1】 vt. 促进，鼓励： to help the growth or development of 【例】 detect and foster artistic talent 发现并培养艺术天分 【近】 advance, encourage, forward, further, incubate, promote 【反】 discourage, frustrate, inhibit 阻碍，妨碍 【考法2】 vt. 培养： to bring to maturity through care and education 【例】 a greathearted couple fostering two adopted children as well as their own对两个养子像自己的孩子一样培养的好心夫妇 【近】 breed, cultivate, nourish, nurse, nurture, raise, rear

conserve

【考法1】 vt. 保存，避免浪费： to keep in a safe or sound state, especially to avoid wasteful or destructive use 【例】 conserve natural resources 保护自然资源 【近】 husband, preserve, save 【反】 dissipate, lavish, waste, squander 浪费 【派】 conservation n. 保护

adapt

【考法1】 vt. 修改，使适应： to modify according with the changing circumstances 【例】 adapt to the change 适应变化； adapt the novel for the screen 改编小说为影视作品 【近】 adjust, conform, edit, accommodate, shape, suit, tailor

abstract

【考法1】 vt. 做总结，概括： to make an abstract of，summarize 【例】 abstracted the 135-page report in three short paragraphs 将一份135 页的报告概括为三段话 【近】 digest, recapitulate, synopsize, sum up, boil down 【反】 elaborate 详细描述 【考法 2】 vt. 使分心： to draw away the attention of 【例】 personal problems abstracted him 私人问题让他分心 【近】 detract, divert, call off, throw off 【派】 abstraction n. 心不在焉 【反】 attention 关注

exonerate

【考法1】 vt. 免除责备： to free from blame 【例】 An investigation exonerated the school from any blame. 一项调查使学校免受责备。 【近】 absolve, acquit, clear, vindicate 【反】 censure, incriminate, inculpate, prove guilty 责难，证明有罪

matriculate

【考法1】 vt. 入学，录取： to admit or be admitted into a group, especially a college or university. 【例】 matriculate at Princeton 在普林斯顿入学 【近】 admit, enroll, inscribe, recruit, register 【反】 commence, graduate 毕业；delist 除名 【派】 matriculation n. 录取

endorse

【考法1】 vt. 公开支持，推崇： to express support or approval of publicly and definitely 【例】 endorse a presidential candidate 公开支持一名总统候选人 【近】 advocate, back, approve, certify, champion, sanction, support, uphold 【反】 deprecate, impugn, oppose 反对 【派】 endorsement n. 支持；补充条款

countermand

【考法1】 vt. 取消，撤销： to revoke (a command) by a contrary order 【例】 countermand an order 撤销命令 【近】 annul, repeal, rescind, revoke, cancel 【反】 approve, permit, sanction 批准

extenuate

【考法1】 vt. 减轻罪过： to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of by making partial excuses 【例】 try to extenuate their vandalism with the old refrain of "Boys will be boys" 企图用"江山易改本性难移"的俗语为他们的暴行开脱 【近】 deodorize, excuse, explain away, gloss over, gloze over

allay

【考法1】 vt. 减轻： to subdue or reduce in intensity or severity, alleviate 【例】 allay one's fears or doubts 减轻某人的恐惧或怀疑 【近】 assuage, ease, mitigate, mollify, palliate, relieve, soothe 【反】 excite, aggravate, foment, increase the intensity of, exacerbate 激起，加重

disengage

【考法1】 vt. 分开： to set free from entanglement or difficulty 【例】 Disengage the gears when you park the car. 当你停车的时候要把（传动）齿轮分开。|| seek to disengage myself from the embarrassing situation 试图把我自己从尴尬的气氛中解救出来 【近】 disengage, disentangle, untangle 【反】 embroil, entangle 卷入；mesh 啮合

dismantle

【考法1】 vt. 分解，分拆：to take to pieces also : to destroy the integrity or functioning of 【例】 dismantle a machine 分拆机器 【近】 break down, knock down 【反】 assemble, construct 组装

mince

【考法1】 vt. 切碎： to cut or chop into very small pieces 【例】 I'll buy some lean meat and mince it myself. 我会买一些瘦肉然后自己切好的 【近】 cut, dice, grind, hash 【考法2】 vi. 小步走： to walk with very short steps or with exaggerated primness 【例】 The bride minced through the cathedral. 新娘踏着细小的步伐穿过教堂 【反】 stride 大步走 【记】 min 最小 + ce 音：碎，撕→小碎步；piece，撕成小片 menace: risk

initiate

【考法1】 vt. 创始，发动促进： to cause or facilitate the beginning of 【例】 a chain reaction initiated by UV irradiation 紫外光激发引起的连锁反应 【近】 begin, start, commence, inaugurate, introduce, launch 【反】 terminate 终止 【考法2】 n. 刚入门的新手： a person who is undergoing or has undergone an initiation 【近】 apprentice, beginner, novice, rookie, tyro 【反】 veteran 身经百战的人 【派】 initiative 主动性，首创精神

institute

【考法1】 vt. 创立，制定： to establish, organize, and set in operation 【例】 institute a new department 创建一个新的部门 【近】 begin, constitute, create, found, inaugurate, launch, start, set up 【反】 abrogate, efface, rescind 废除；close, shut 关闭；phase out 淘汰 【考法2】 n. 机构： an organization for the promotion of a cause 【例】 a research institute 研究机构 【近】 association, institution, society 【派】 institution n. 习俗，制度

dissuade

【考法1】 vt. 劝阻,反对： to deter (a person) from a course of action or a purpose by persuasion or exhortation 【例】 dissuade sb. from (doing) sth 劝阻/反对某人做某事 || Her parents tried to dissuade her from her intention to drop out of college. 她的父母劝她不要退学。 【近】 deter, dissuade, inhibit 【反】 encourage 鼓励；persuade 说服

bungle

【考法1】 vt. 办糟，失败： to act or work clumsily and awkwardly 【例】 bungle a job 搞砸了一项工作 【近】 boggle, bumble, fumble, mess up, screw up 【反】 bring off 成功

intensify

【考法1】 vt. 加强，激化： to make intense or more intensive 【例】 Both companies intensified their efforts to win the contract. 为了获得这份合同，两家公司都加大了投入 【近】 accentuate, aggravate, amplify, deepen, enhance, magnify, redouble, strengthen 【反】 abate, assuage, attenuate, mitigate, moderate 减缓，减低（程度） 【派】 intensity n. 强度

expedite

【考法1】 vt. 加快进程： to speed up the progress of; accelerate 【例】 expedite your plans 加快你的计划 【反】 retard 减速，阻碍

aggravate

【考法1】 vt. 加重，恶化： to make worse, more serious, or more severe 【例】 Stress and lack of sleep could aggravate the situation. 压力和睡眠不足使情况恶化。 【近】 complicate, worsen 【反】 alleviate, succor, console, assuage, mitigate, relieve 减轻，安慰 【考法2】 v. 使不爽： to disturb the peace of mind of (someone) especially by repeated disagreeable acts 【例】 it really aggravates me when I arrive 10 minutes before the stated closing time, and the store's closed already 我在号称的打烊时间前10 分钟到达，但发现商店已经关门了，让我很不爽 【近】 annoy, bother, nettle, vex

foment

【考法1】 vt. 助长，煽动： to promote the growth or development of 【例】 He was accused of fomenting violence. 他被指控煽动暴力行为 【近】 abet, brew, ferment, incite, instigate, provoke, raise, stir 【反】 quash, quell, quench, squash 平息，镇压

beleaguer

【考法1】 vt. 包围，围攻： to surround (as a fortified place) with armed forces for the purpose of capturing or preventing commerce and communication 【例】 beleaguered the castle for months 围攻堡垒长达数月 【近】 siege, besiege, invest, blockade 【反】 retreat, withdraw 撤退 【考法2】 vt. 使困扰，使烦恼，使消沉： trouble, harass, beset 【例】 We are still beleaguered by the very problem. 我们仍然就为这一个问题而感到困扰 【近】 annoy, harass, pester, plague, tease 【反】 delight 使愉悦 【派】 beleaguering adj. 扰人的 be + league colleague是同事，团队团体的同事，leagu有团，围的意思→被一群人围着很烦<br/>【另】 colleague

discriminate

【考法1】 vt. 区分： to perceive the distinguishing features of; recognize as distinct 【例】 discriminate different kinds of animals 区分不同的动物 【近】 differentiate, discern, distinguish 【反】 confuse, mistake, mix up 混淆 【考法2】 vi. 歧视： to make a difference in treatment or favor on a basis other than individual merit 【例】 The new law discriminated against lower-paid workers. 这条新法律歧视低工资的工人。 【派】 discriminatory adj. 差别对待的： marked by or showing prejudice; biased 【近】 prejudiced, biased 【反】 equitable, impartial, unbiased, impersonal, unprejudiced 公平的

drone

【考法1】 vt. 单调地说： to talk in a persistently dull or monotonous tone 【例】 droning bees 嗡嗡作响的蜜蜂 【近】 hum, buzz, bumble 【考法2】 n.（昆虫振翅般）单调的声音： a monotonous sound like that of an insect in motion 【例】heard the drone of an helicopter overhead 听到了头顶直升机单调的声音 【近】burr, whir 【考法2】 v. 混日子： to spend time doing nothing 【例】 Instead of getting a job, he preferred to drone and live off his parents. 相对于找个工作来说，他更喜欢什么也不做，依靠他的父母过日子 【近】 dally, dawdle, hang, laze, loll, lounge

entangle

【考法1】 vt. 卷入，纠缠： to twist together into a usually confused mass 【例】 we managed to entangle the string of lights into a hopeless mess of wires 我们将小灯泡的线纠缠成了一堆 【近】 interlace, intertwist, knot, snarl, tangle 【考法2】 v. 使变复杂或困难： to make complex or difficult 【例】 the history of Alexander the Great is entangled by variant accounts of his exploits 亚历山大大帝的生平历史被不同版本的记录搞得很纠结 【近】 complexify, perplex, sophisticate 【反】 simplify, streamline 简化

compress

【考法1】 vt. 压缩（体积）：to reduce in size or volume as if by squeezing 【例】compress a computer file 压缩电脑文档 || The science textbook compresses a lot of information about human reproduction into a few short chapters. 科学教科书将人类的生殖知识压缩成了几个短章节。 【近】capsule, collapse, compact, condense, constrict, constringe, contract, shrink, telescope 【反】increase in volume, decompress, expand, outspread, outstretch 体积增大，扩张；balloon 膨胀

loathe

【考法1】 vt. 厌恶： to dislike someone or something greatly; abhor 【例】 I loathe having to do this. 我鄙视不得不这样做。 【近】 abhor, abominate, despise, detest, execrate 【反】 adore, love 热爱 【派】 loathsome adj. 令人讨厌的

dehydrate

【考法1】 vt. 去除水分，（使）干燥： to remove water from; make anhydrous 【例】 bought a dehumidifier in order to dehydrate the damp basement 买了一个减湿器来给地下室除湿 【近】 dampen, desiccate, parch, scorch, sear 【反】 hydrate, saturate with water, reconstitute 用水浸润 【考法2】 v. 使失去活力或者味道： to deprive of vitality or savor 【例】 years of being trapped in a loveless marriage had dehydrated his spirit 多年不幸的婚姻消磨了他的活力 【近】 deaden, devitalize, enervate, petrify, sap 【反】 brace, energize, enliven, invigorate, vitalize, vivify 使生机勃勃

defy

【考法1】 vt. 反抗，违抗： to go against the commands, prohibitions, or rules of 【例】 defy the court 蔑视法庭 【近】 mock, rebel, oppose, confront 【反】 acquiesce, obey, comply with, conform to 默默接受，遵守 【反】 capitulate to, submit to, succumb to, surrender to, yield to 屈服

depose

【考法1】 vt. 发誓作证： to testify to under oath or by affidavit 【例】 he was nervous when the time to depose before the jury finally arrived 他很紧张，在陪审团面前作证的时刻终于到来了 【近】 attest, swear 【反】 perjure 作伪证 【考法2】 v. 废黜，罢免： to remove from a throne or other high position 【例】 a military junta deposed the dictator after he had bankrupted the country 军阀罢黜了将国家分崩离析的独裁者 【近】 defrock, deprive, oust, uncrown 【反】 crown, enthrone 授予王权 【考法3】 v. 摆放： to arrange something in a certain spot or position 【例】 deposed her fan and gloves on the dressing table 把她的扇子和手套放在梳妆台上 【近】 deposit, dispose, emplace, situate

metamorphose

【考法1】 vt. 变形： to change into a different physical form especially by supernatural means 【例】 a science fiction story in which radiation metamorphoses people into giant bugs 一个描绘辐射将人变 成了巨大虫子的科幻小说 【近】 alchemize, transfigure, transform, transmute, transpose, transubstantiate 【反】 remain 保持

deter

【考法1】 vt. 吓住，威慑： to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt 【例】 wouldn't be deterred by threats 不被威胁吓住 【近】 dissuade, inhibit 【反】 spur, courage, persuade 激励 【派】 deterrent adj/ n. 威慑力量，威慑的 【例】 deterrent weapons 威慑性武器; a deterrent to theft 对偷窃的威慑 【反】 inducement, incentive 引诱，刺激

captivate

【考法1】 vt. 吸引： to attract and hold by charm, beauty, or excellence 【例】 I was captivated by her brilliant mind. 我被她的才华横溢所吸引。 【近】 allure, beguile, bewitch, enchant, fascinate, magnetize 【反】 repulse 使烦感

allure

【考法1】 vt. 吸引： to attract or delight as if by magic 【近】 entice, seduce, solicit, tempt, captivate, enchant, lead on 【派】 alluring 诱惑的，有吸引力的 【例】 an alluring smile 迷人的微笑 【反】 unattractive 无吸引力的 【考法2】 v. 诱惑做某事： to lead away from a usual or proper course by offering some pleasure or advantage 【例】 allured by the promise of big bucks, he decided to have a go at a job on the trading floor of the stock market 被赚大钱的许诺所引诱，他决定投身股票市场工作 【近】 bait, beguile, decoy, entice, seduce, lead on

deplore

【考法1】 vt. 哀悼： to feel or express sorrow for 【例】 a statement from the bishops deploring the loss of life in the war overseas 一份来自大主教的声明，对海外战争中遇难的生命表示沉痛哀悼 【近】 mourn, bewail, grieve for, wail for 【反】 delight, exult in, glory in, rejoice in 高兴

coax

【考法1】 vt. 哄骗：to persuade or try to persuade by pleading or flattery; cajole 【例】 coax a child to take its medicine 哄小孩吃药 【近】 blandish, cajole, wheedle, palaver

evoke

【考法1】 vt. 唤起，引发： to call forth or up 【例】 evoke memories 唤起回忆 【近】 elicit, inspire, raise

adore

【考法1】 vt. 喜爱，感到愉悦： to take pleasure in 【例】 I adore those earrings. 我相中那对耳环了。 【近】 fancy, relish, savor, delight in, rejoice in 【考法2】 vt. 宠爱： to feel passion, devotion, or tenderness for 【例】 adored his wife 宠爱他的妻子 【近】 cherish 【反】 abhor, abominate, despise, detest, execrate, loathe 讨厌，嫌弃

deride

【考法1】 vt. 嘲弄，嘲笑： to speak of or treat with contemptuous mirth 【例】 my brothers derided our efforts, but were forced to eat their words when we won first place 我的兄弟嘲笑我们的努力，但是当我们得了第一名以后不得不收回那些话 【近】 gibe, jeer, mock, scout, shoot down, laugh at 【反】 praise 赞美 【派】 derision n. 嘲弄：contemptuous or jeering laughter; ridicule 【反】 veneration 尊敬

inter

【考法1】 vt. 埋葬： to place in a grave or tomb 【例】 The infamous terrorist leader Bin Laden was interred at sea. 臭名昭著的恐怖分子本拉登被葬于海中 【近】 bury, entomb, inhume 【反】 dig, disinter, excavate, exhume, unearth 掘出

aggrandize

【考法1】 vt. 增加、提高力量、财富、地位、声誉等： to enhance the power, wealth, position, or reputation of 【例】 exploited the situation to aggrandize himself 借势而上使得自己地位提升、财富增长 【近】 augment, boost , expand, magnify, add (to),pump up 【反】 relegate, disparage, efface, abase, demean 降级，贬低

exculpate

【考法1】 vt. 声明无罪；开脱，使无罪： to clear from alleged fault or guilt 【例】 I have gathered evidence that will exculpate my client. 我已经搜集到能够证明委托人无罪的证据了。 【近】 absolve, acquit, clear, exonerate, vindicate 【反】 attribute guilt, inculpate, indict, criminate, incriminate 归罪，控告

exodus

【考法1】 vt. 大批离去： a mass departure 【例】 the mass exodus from the cities for the beaches on most summer weekends 在多数夏季的周末，大批都市人奔向海滩 【近】 gush, outpour, outpouring 【反】 influx, flux, inflow, inrush 涌入

intimidate

【考法1】 vt. 威吓： to make timid or fearful, frighten 【例】 refused to be intimidated by the manager 对经理的恐吓不为所动 【近】 browbeat, bully, coerce, cow, frighten, hector, terrify 【反】 blandish, cajole, coax 用花言巧语讨好 【派】 intimidation n. 恐吓

menace

【考法1】 vt. 威胁，使处于危险： to make a show of intention to harm; to place in danger 【例】 Stockpiles of nuclear weapons that continue to menace the inhabitants of this planet. 大量的核武器持续地威胁着这个行星上的居民 【近】 compromise, hazard, imperil, jeopardize, peril, risk, threaten 【反】 rescue, save 救出 【派】 menacing adj. 带有威胁的

incubate

【考法1】 vt. 孵化： to cover and warm eggs as the young inside develop 【例】 The hen incubated her eggs for two weeks. 母鸡孵蛋两周 【近】 brood, hatch, sit 【考法2】 vt. 帮助，培养，促进： to cause or aid the development of 【例】 Hopefully, these youthful visits to the museum will incubate an enduring love of art. 我们希望年轻时参观博物馆能够培养他们对于艺术的持久热爱 【近】 advance, cultivate, encourage, forward, further, nourish, nurse, nurture, promote 【反】 check, discourage, frustrate, hinder, impede, inhibit, obstruct, retard, shackle 妨碍，阻碍 【派】 incubator n. 恒温箱；incubation n. 孵化，孵卵

console

【考法1】 vt. 安慰，藉慰： to alleviate the grief, sense of loss, or trouble of; comfort 【例】 Only her children could console her when her husband died. 只有她的孩子们才能安抚她失去丈夫的 悲痛 【近】 comfort, solace, soothe, calm 【反】 distress, torment, torture 使痛苦 【派】 consolation n. 安慰

censor

【考法1】 vt. 审查并删除不良的东西： to examine in order to suppress or delete anything considered objectionable 【例】 censor the news 审查新闻 【近】 bowdlerize, expurgate, red-pencil, clean up 【派】 censorship n. 审查制度

condone

【考法1】 vt. 宽恕，忽视：to overlook, forgive, or disregard (an offense) without protest or censure. 【例】By his silence, he seemed to condone their behavior. 他的沉默流露出了他对他们行为的宽恕。|| He is too quick to condone his friend's faults. 她太快了以至于忽视了他朋友的过错。 【近】disregard, ignore, overlook, remit, shrug off, gloss over 【反】denounce 谴责；exact 强求

embed

【考法1】 vt. 嵌入： to enclose closely in or as if in a matrix 【例】 The thorn was embedded in her thumb. 刺扎入了她的拇指 【近】 entrench, fix, ingrain, root 【反】 extract 取出；dislodge, uproot 移出 【派】 embedded adj. 嵌入式的

manipulate

【考法1】 vt. 巧妙操作： to move, arrange, operate, or control by the hands or by mechanical means, especially in a skillful manner 【例】 manipulate a foreign language 熟练地掌握外语 【近】 handle, finesse, manage 【反】 bungle, fumble 笨拙地做 【考法2】 vt. 暗中操控： to influence or manage shrewdly or deviously 【例】 He manipulated public opinion in his favor. 他巧妙地将大众观点导向了有利于他的一边 【近】 machinate, maneuver 【派】 manipulation n.操纵，控制

engender

【考法1】 vt. 引起，使发展： to cause to exist or to develop 【例】 Her latest book has engendered a lot of controversy. 她的新书引发了很多争议 【近】 beget, cause, catalyze, generate, induce, invoke, produce, spawn 【考法2】 vt. 产生，出现： to come into existence 【例】 Feelings of confidence and independence that were only just beginning to engender within her. 她的自信和独立的感觉才刚刚产生 【近】 actualize, appear, arise, form, materialize, spring 【反】 cease 停止；disappear, perish 消逝，死亡；eradicate; quash; terminate 根除；平息；终止

fascinate

【考法1】 vt. 强列吸引，使入迷： to hold an intense interest or attraction for 【例】 toys that fascinate infants 吸引婴儿们的玩具 【近】 allure, arrest ,attract, bewitch, captivate, charm, enchant, enthrall, grip 【反】 disgust, repel 使厌恶，使反感 【派】 fascinating adj. 引人入胜的

incriminate

【考法1】 vt. 归罪于： to accuse of a crime or other wrongful act 【例】 incriminate innocent people 诬陷好人 【近】 charge, criminate ,impeach, indict 【反】 absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

browbeat

【考法1】 vt. 恐吓： to intimidate by a stern manner or arrogant speech: bully 【例】 They would often browbeat the younger child until he cried. 他们总是把小朋友欺负到哭为止。 【近】 blackjack, bulldoze, bully, cow, hector, intimidate

entreat

【考法1】 vt. 恳求： to plead with especially in order to persuade, ask urgently 【例】 entreated his boss for another chance 恳求老板再给一次机会 【近】 beseech, besiege, conjure, implore, importune, solicit, supplicate, plead to, appeal to

catalyze

【考法1】 vt. 成为导火索，导致： to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind) 【例】 a reinstitution of the draft would catalyze protests around the country 草案的提出会激发全国范围的抗议 【近】 breed, beget, effectuate, engender, generate, prompt, spawn, yield, result in , bring (about 【反】 retard, prevent, inhibit 阻挠，抑制 【派】 catalyst n. 催化剂：an agent that provokes or speeds significant change or action 【例】 a catalyst for change of lifestyle 生活方式变化的催化剂 【反】 inhibitor 抑制剂

distort

【考法1】 vt. 扭曲，歪曲：to twist out of the true meaning or proportion 【例】 A painter may exaggerate or distort shapes and forms. 画家可能夸张或扭曲形状。|| The coach's message was so distorted after passing through so many people that it was unintelligible. 教练的信息在经过许多人传递后已经被歪曲的很难看懂了。 【近】 deform, misshape, torture, falsify, misinterpret, misrepresent, pervert, twist

contort

【考法1】 vt. 扭曲： to twist, wrench, or bend severely out of shape 【例】 a contorted version of the truth 被歪曲的真相 【近】 deform, distort, warp, misshape 【派】 contortion n. 扭曲

concede

【考法1】 vt. 承认：to grant as a right or privilege 【例】She grudgingly conceded his point. 她不情愿的承认了他的观点。 【近】acknowledge, grant, confess 【反】refuse to grant , deny 拒绝承认，否认 【派】concession n. 让步: the act of yielding 【反】aggression 侵犯 【考法2】 v. 停止抵抗：to cease resistance (as to another's arguments, demands, or control) 【例】He conceded as soon as it became clear that he could not win. 当他明显赢不了的时候他就停止了抵抗。 【近】capitulate, give in, quit, submit, succumb, surrender 【反】resist 抵抗

excruciate

【考法1】 vt. 折磨，使痛苦： to inflict severe pain on; torture 【例】 She has long been excruciated by a persistent pain in her back. 她长久以来被背痛折磨 【近】 agonize, anguish, plague, rack, torment, torture, harrow 【反】 exult 使欢跃

defuse

【考法1】 vt. 抚慰，减轻：to make less dangerous, tense, or hostile 【例】defuse the crisis 平息危机 【反】foment 煽动

flatter

【考法1】 vt. 拍马屁，奉承，讨好： to praise excessively especially from motives of self-interest 【例】 Friends who flatter you to your face are not true friends. 当面拍你马屁的朋友都不是真正的朋友 【近】 adulate, blandish, compliment, court, massage, overpraise, stroke, wheedle 【反】 abuse 辱骂；censure, criticize 批评 【考法2】 vt. 自我感觉良好： to think highly of (oneself) 【例】 Don't flatter yourself that no one has ever thought of that idea before.不要自欺欺人地认为别人没有考虑过那个想法 【近】 pique, plume 【考法3】 vt. 使显得更漂亮： to show off becomingly or advantageously 【例】 Orange flatters those with golden skin tones. 橙色让黄肤色的人显得更漂亮 【近】 become, enhance, suit 【反】 mar, spoil 破坏 【派】 flattering adj.令人满足的，令人迷恋的

disavow

【考法1】 vt. 拒绝承认，否认： to disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with；to declare not to be true 【例】 disavow the rumor 否认谣言 || She disavowed the testimony that she had given earlier in the trial. 她在审判中否认了自己之前的证词。 【近】 deny, repudiate, disaffirm, disclaim, disconfirm, gainsay, negate 【反】 acknowledge, avow, concede 承认

lug

【考法1】 vt. 拖动，拉动： to cause to follow by applying steady force on 【例】 lugged the lawn mower out into the backyard 把割草机拖进院子 【近】 drag, draw, hale, pull, tow, tug 【反】 drive, propel, push 推动 【考法2】 vt. 费力搬运： to carry laboriously 【例】 I don't understand why he's always lugging all of his books around when his locker is right over there. 我真搞不懂为什么他总是明明在有锁柜的情况下还随身扛着所有的书 【近】 bear, cart, convey, ferry, haul, lug, pack, tote, transport

constitute

【考法1】 vt. 指派，任命： to appoint to an office, function, or dignity 【例】 He was constituted manager. 他被任命为经理 【近】 nominate, designate, authorize 【反】 discharge, dismiss 撤除职务；abdicate, resign 退位，辞职 【考法2】 v. 构成： make up, form, compose 【例】 Water constitutes the greater part of the human body. 人体中包含着大量的水分 【近】 compose, comprise, form 【派】 constitution n. 构成；宪法；体格

fabricate

【考法1】 vt. 捏造： to make up for the purpose of deception 【例】 be accused of fabricating evidence 被指控有捏造证据的行为 【近】 concoct, coin, devise, forge, fake, feign, invent 【考法2】 vt. 搭建，组建；打造： to bring into being by combining, shaping, or transforming materials 【例】 The house was essentially fabricated at the factory and then shipped to the site for assembly. 这间房屋的核心主体在工厂内建好之后，它被运往目的地直接进行组装‖All the key parts are fabricated from high quality titanium alloy. 所有的关键零件都是由上好的钛合金打造的 【近】 assemble, construct, erect, frame, fashion, manufacture, produce, rear, set up 【反】 demount, disassemble, dismantle, dismember 拆解，拆毁 【派】 fabrication n. 组建；虚构的事物

mangle

【考法1】 vt. 损毁，使伤残： to injure with deep disfiguring wounds by cutting, tearing, or crushing 【例】 His body was mangled beyond recognition. 他的尸体已经被损毁到无法辨认的程度了 【近】 batter, deform, disfigure, distort, lacerate, mutilate, rend, wreck 【反】 cure, heal, rehabilitate 治愈，康复 【考法2】 vt. 弄砸： to ruin or spoil through ineptitude or ignorance 【例】 The orchestra had completely mangled Bach's music. 乐队彻底演砸了巴赫的音乐 【近】 blow, bumble, bungle, butcher, fumble , mar, mess, ruin, foul up, screw up猛钩，蛮干，猛地用铁勾勾成碎片

align

【考法1】 vt. 排成一行： to bring into line or alignment 【例】 align the cars with the curb 使车与路缘对齐 【反】 askew, awry, warped 歪斜的 【考法 2】 vt. 调准，校准： to adjust to produce a proper relationship or orientation 【例】 align the wheels of the truck 调整卡车的轮子 【反】 improperly adjusted, irregular 调整不当的，不规则的

excrete

【考法1】 vt. 排泄： to separate and discharge (waste matter) from the blood, tissues, or organs 【例】 excrete sweat 排汗 【反】 absorb, ingest 吸收

abiding

【考法1】 vt. 永久的： lasting for a long time; enduring 【例】 an abiding love of Espanol 对西班牙语持久的热爱 【近】 ageless, enduring, eternal, everlasting, perennial, perpetual, timeless 【反】 evanescent , ephemeral 短暂的

adulterate

【考法1】 vt. 掺杂，加入低等成分： to corrupt, debase, or make impure by the addition of a foreign or inferiorsubstance or element 【例】 adulterate its products with cheap additives 在产品中掺杂廉价的添加剂 【近】 alloy, contaminate, pollute, taint, water down 【反】 enrich, fortify, strengthen 加入养分

knead

【考法1】 vt. 揉捏，塑造： to make or shape by or as if by folding, pressing, and stretching with the hands 【例】 knead dough 揉面团‖kneading a painful calf muscle 给疼痛的小腿肌肉按摩 【近】 massage, manipulate, mould, squeeze, stroke 音：捏的，泥的，泥的是捏制的

exalt

【考法1】 vt. 提升，提拔： to raise in rank, character, or status; elevate 【例】 popular support and media hype have exalted Super Bowl Sunday to the level of a national holiday 大众广泛的支持和媒体的大肆宣传已然将超级碗杯星期天变成了一个全民狂欢的大节日 【近】 aggrandize, canonize, deify, dignify, elevate, ennoble, magnify 【反】 abase, degrade, demean ,humble, lower in status 贬抑，降低身份 【考法2】 vt. 赞扬： to glorify, praise, or honor. 【近】 emblazon, extol, glorify, laud, magnify 【反】 condemn 谴责

ingest

【考法1】 vt. 摄入，咽下： to take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption 【例】 claims that the average person ingests considerably more calories than is necessary or desirable 宣称每个人平均摄取的卡路里大大超出了所需或者适当的范围 【近】 eat, consume, devour, intake 【反】 evacuate, expel 排出；vomit 呕吐 【派】 ingestion n. 摄取

evacuate

【考法1】 vt. 撤空： to empty or remove the contents of 【例】 were ordered to evacuate the building 被命令搬出大楼 【近】 clear, vacate, void 【反】 fill up, occupy, load 填满 【考法2】 vt. 撤退： to remove especially from a military zone or dangerous area 【例】 During World War II, children were evacuated from London to the country. 二战期间，伦敦市的儿童被撤离到郊区。 【反】 conquer 占领

champion

【考法1】 vt. 支持 / n. 支持者： to fight for, defend, or support as a champion 【例】 to champion the cause of civil rights 支持民权事业 【近】 advocate, back, endorse, patronize, plump for 【反】 disparage, impugn, oppose 贬低，反对

advocate

【考法1】 vt. 支持，提倡： to speak, plead, or argue in favor of; support 【例】 advocates traditional teaching methods 提倡传统教学方法 【近】 back, champion, endorse, patronize 【反】 impunge 提出异议

espouse

【考法1】 vt. 支持；拥护： to take up and support as a cause 【例】 the revolutionary cause 支持革命事业 【近】 embrace, take on, take up 【反】 abjure, repudiate 誓绝 【考法2】 vt. 结婚： to take in marriage; marry

ameliorate

【考法1】 vt. 改善，改进：to make or become better; improve 【例】to ameliorate the suffering of people who have lost their jobs 改善失业人员的痛苦 【近】improve, convalesce, recuperate 【反】aggravate, worsen, deteriorate 恶化 【派】ameliorator n. 改良物 【反】damper n. 抑制因素

antagonize

【考法1】 vt. 敌对,反对：to act in opposition to : counteract 【例】He did not mean to antagonize you. 他并没有要反对你。 【例】antagonize a bill 反对一项议案 【近】counteract, disagree 【反】agree, concede, grant 同意；win over 使某人同意 【考法2】 vt. 激起敌意：to incur or provoke the hostility of 【例】His remark antagonized his friends. 他的评述激怒了他的朋友。 【近】aggravate, exasperate, gall, inflame, nettle, provoke, peeve, pique, irritate, rile, roil, chafe, grate, ruffle,vex 【反】soothe, defuse, allay, conciliate, propitiate, mitigate, assuage, appease, pacify, placate, calm, settle, subdue, solace, mollify 平息，抚慰

indoctrinate

【考法1】 vt. 教育，灌输思想： to instruct especially in fundamentals or rudiments 【例】 indoctrinate students with the notion of egalitarianism 向学生灌输平等主义的思想 【近】 educate, instruct, lesson, teach, train, tutor 【反】 learn, study 学习

disseminate

【考法1】 vt. 散播，传播： to spread abroad; promulgate 【例】 disseminate Marxism-Leninism 传播马列主义 || The Internet allows us to disseminate information faster. 互联网允许我们更快的传播信息。 【近】 broadcast, circulate, propagate 【反】 gather, amass, garner 收集

exhort

【考法1】 vt. 敦促；力劝： to urge by strong, often stirring argument, admonition, advice, or appeal 【例】 The speaker exhorted the graduating students to go forth and try to make a difference in the world. 演讲者鼓励毕业生们去广阔天地有所作为。 【近】 encourage, goad, nudge, prod, prompt, egg on

assert

【考法1】 vt. 断言，肯定地说出：to state or declare positively and often forcefully or aggressively 【例】asserted one's innocence.坚称自己无罪 【例】He asserted that there were corrupt officials in the government. 他断言道政府里面一定存在腐败的官员。 【近】aver, allege, avow, avouch, insist 【反】deny, gainsay 否认

liken

【考法1】 vt. 显示相似，比较： to see, mention, or show as similar; compare 【例】 Life is often likened to a journey. 生活经常被比作一次旅行 【近】 analogize, bracket, equate, equalize 【反】 contrast 对比，对照以产生反差

contaminate

【考法1】 vt. 染污，掺杂： to soil, stain, corrupt, or infect by contact or association 【例】 Bacteria contaminated the wound. 细菌感染了伤口 【近】 pollute, defile, taint, infect 【反】 purify, sanitize 净化 【派】 contamination n. 污染；contaminant n. 污染物

deracinate

【考法1】 vt. 根除： to pull out by the roots; uproot 【反】 plant 种植

milk

【考法1】 vt. 榨取（财富、信息等）： to draw or coerce profit or advantage from illicitly or to an extreme degree 【例】 milk the workers 从工人身上榨取好处‖The interrogators milked the arrested spy, but he was dry. 审 问者想尽办法套被捕间谍的话，但是无功而返 【近】 drain, exploit

abiding

【考法1】 vt. 永久的： lasting for a long time; enduring 【例】 an abiding love of Espanol 对西班牙语持久的热爱 【近】 ageless, enduring, eternal, everlasting, perennial, perpetual, timeless 【反】 evanescent , ephemeral 短暂的【记】 源自bide 居住,滞留,忍受；a bid, 招标就须遵守与容忍；forbid 禁止，需要abide

divulge

【考法1】 vt. 泄漏（秘密）：to make known (as a confidence or secret) 【例】 refuse to divulge details of the negotiations 拒绝透露谈判的细节内容 || We tried to make him divulge the name of the winner, but he wouldn't budge. 我们试图让他透露胜利者的名字，但是他没有那样做。 【近】 bare, disclose, discover, expose, uncover, unmask, unveil 【反】 conceal, cover up, hide, mask, shroud, veil 保密，隐藏

fathom

【考法1】 vt. 测量（深度）： to measure the depth of (as a body of water) typically with a weighted line 【例】 The pilot had to continually fathom the river, which drought conditions had lowered to unprecedented levels. 舵手不得不时刻注意河水深度，因为干旱已经使水深下降到了前所未有的程度 【近】 plumb 【考法2】 vt. 彻底理解，弄懂： to penetrate and come to understand 【例】 unable to fathom the what he was talking about 无法弄懂他在说什么 【近】 apprehend, cognize, comprehend, grasp, know, understand 【反】 misunderstand 误解 【派】 fathomable adj. 可测量的；可知晓的

macerate

【考法1】 vt. 浸泡（以软化）： to make soft by soaking or steeping in a liquid 【例】 macerate the sample in ethanol 用乙醇浸软试样 【近】 drench, drown, impregnate, saturate, sodden, sop, souse, steep 【反】 wring 拧干；dehydrate, desiccate, parch, sorch, sear 烤干，烤焦

disinfect

【考法1】 vt. 消毒，使无菌：to free from infection especially by destroying harmful microorganisms 【例】 disinfect with bleaching powder 用漂白粉消毒 【近】 sterilize 【反】 infect, pollute, contaminate, taint 感染，污染

abhor

【考法1】 vt. 深恶痛绝，极度厌恶： to regard with extreme repugnance 【例】 He abhors the way people leave their trash at the picnic sites in the park. 他很厌恶人们把垃圾留在公园 的野餐点。 【近】 abominate, despise, detest, execrate, loathe 【反】 greatly admire 非常崇拜

inundate

【考法1】 vt. 淹没： to cover with or as if with flood 【例】 inundated with trash e-mails 被垃圾邮件所淹没 【近】 avalanche, deluge, drown, engulf, overflow, overwhelm, submerge 【反】 drain 排空 【派】 inundation n. 淹没

drench

【考法1】 vt. 湿透，浸透： to wet thoroughly 【例】 The thunderstorm drenched us to the skin. 雷雨把我们浇了个透 【近】 deluge, douse, soak, saturate, sodden, sop, wet 【反】 dehydrate, desiccate, dry, parch, scorch, sear 干燥

disregard

【考法1】 vt. 漠视，不关注： to pay no attention to 【例】 disregard the advice of his executives 漠视执行管理者的建议 【近】 ignore, overlook, slight 【反】 heed, mind, regard, attend to 关注 【考法2】 n. 缺乏兴趣，缺乏关心： lack of interest or concern 【例】 Revelers fired guns in the air with complete disregard for the possible consequences. 饮酒狂欢者一点也不关心后果的开枪。 【近】 apathy, disinterestedness, incuriosity, nonchalance, torpor, unconcern 【反】 concern, interest, regard 关心，感兴趣

exasperate

【考法1】 vt. 激怒： to excite the anger of 【例】 I was exasperated by the flight delays. 我被飞机延误激怒了。 【近】 aggravate, gall, nettle, peeve, rile, ruffle, vex, burn up 【反】 mitigate, mollify 平息

infuriate

【考法1】 vt. 激怒： to make furious 【例】 be infuriated by the deliberate insults 被蓄意的中伤激怒 【近】 aggravate, enrage, exasperate, incense, ire, madden, umbrage 【反】 appease, assuage, pacify, placate, propitiate 平息，安抚；delight, gratify, please 取悦，讨好 【派】 infuriated adj. 被激怒的

elicit

【考法1】 vt. 激起，唤起： to draw forth or bring out 【例】 The king's speech elicited lasting cheer and applause. 国王的演讲激起了持续的欢呼和掌声 【近】 arouse, evoke, excite, inspire, provoke, raise 【反】 appease, placate, mollify, pacify 平息

infuse

【考法1】 vt. 灌输，使...充满： to fill or cause to be filled with something 【例】 New members infused enthusiasm into the club. 新队员为俱乐部注入了激情 【近】 endue, imbue, implant, ingrain, instill, permeate, suffuse, steep 【反】 extract 提取 【考法2】 vt. 鼓舞： inspire, animate 【例】 a sense of purpose that infuses scientific researchers 给科学研究者打鸡血一般的使命感 【近】 animate, exalt, motivate, stimulate 【派】 infusion n. 注入

kindle

【考法1】 vt. 点燃： to build or fuel (a fire); to set fire to; ignite 【例】 kindle interest 激发兴趣 【近】 enkindle, ignite, inflame, torch 【反】 douse, extinguish, quench, put out, snuff out 熄灭

instigate

【考法1】 vt. 煽动，激起： to goad or urge forward; to stir up 【例】 This incident is instigated by a small group of people with ulterior motives. 【近】 abet, arouse, excite, foment, goad, incite, inflame, provoke, stir 【反】 assuage, allay, mitigate, mollify, pacify, soothe 【派】 instigation n. 煽动】 in + stick 拿棍子刺激,

incite

【考法1】 vt. 煽动，激起： to provoke and urge on 【例】 inciting workers to strike 煽动工人罢工 【近】 arouse, abet, foment, instigate, pick, provoke, raise, stir 【反】 dampen, deter, discourage, dishearten, dissuade 劝阻

extinguish

【考法1】 vt. 熄灭： to put out (a fire, for example); quench 【例】 the fire in the skillet was quickly extinguished by slamming the lid on 平底锅的火苗很快被水浇灭了 【近】 blanket, douse, quench, put out, snuff out 【反】 ignite, rekindle 点燃 【考法2】 v. 终止： to bring to a complete end the physical soundness, existence, or usefulness of 【例】 a fatal blunder that extinguished all hope that the team would actually win the play-offs 一个致命的失误使得队伍赢得季后赛的希望完全破灭 【近】 annihilate, decimate, demolish, desolate, devastate, pulverize, ruin, shatter, smash, tear down, pull down, rub out 【反】 build, construct, erect, raise, rear, set up, put up 建立

douse

【考法1】 vt. 熄灭： to put out (a light or fire) 【例】 douse a fire with water 用水熄灭火焰 【近】 quench, extinguish, put out 【反】 kindle, ignite, inflame 点燃 【考法2】 n. 弄湿：to make wet 【例】 The heavy rains thoroughly doused the tourists. 大雨把游客淋得透湿 【近】 bathe, drench, soak, sodden, sop 【反】 dehydrate, desiccate脱水；parch, scorch, sear 烧焦，烤焦

distill

【考法1】 vt. 用蒸馏法提高纯度：to increase the concentration of, separate, or purify by or as if by distillation. 【例】 distill the water before pouring it in the steam iron 在把水倒到熨斗里前蒸馏一下 【近】 purify, filter, refine, fine 【派】 distillate n. 蒸馏物，纯化物，本质：a purified form; an essence 【考法2】 v. 渗出；滴下： to fall or let fall in or as if in drops 【例】The basement walls distill water every time it rains heavily. 地下室的墙壁每次下大雨都渗出水来。 【近】distill, dribble, drop, trickle

corroborate

【考法1】 vt. 用证据或权威证实： to support with evidence or authority; make more certain 【例】 new evidence to corroborate the defendant's story 能证实被告的故事的新证据 【近】 confirm, authenticate, justify, substantiate, validate, verify 【反】 controvert, contradict, deny 反驳，否认 【考法2】 vt. 提供证据，支持：to provide evidence or information for (as a claim or idea) 【例】 My personal experience does not corroborate your faith in the essential goodness of people . 我的经历可不赞同你关于"人性本善"的信念 【近】 back, bolster, buttress, reinforce, support 【派】 corroboration n. 证实

leaven

【考法1】 vt. 用轻松、活泼或变更的影响力来充斥： to mingle or permeate with some modifying, alleviating, or vivifying element 【例】 He needs to leaven his speeches with more humor. 他需要在演讲中再加入点幽默元素。 【近】 imbue, infuse, ingrain, inoculate, inspire, permeate, steep, suffuse 【反】 extract 抽取

coop

【考法1】 vt. 监禁，困于...之中： to confine in a restricted and often crowded area 【例】 Those restless kids were cooped up in the house on a rainy. 雨天那些好动的孩子们被困在房子里 【近】 box, cage, corral, encage, enclose, envelop, fence, hedge, immure, include, pen, wall 【反】 free, liberate, release 释放

embezzle

【考法1】 vt. 盗用： to appropriate (as property entrusted to one's care) fraudulently to one's own use 【例】 limitations on the right of the state to embezzle private property 限制政府挪用私人财产的权利 【近】 appropriate, peculate 【反】 confiscate 没收充公 【派】 embezzlement n. 挪用，盗用

confront

【考法1】 vt. 直接对抗，直面： to come face to face with, especially with defiance or hostility 【例】 You must confront your fear in order to conquer it. 要战胜你的恐惧，就必须首先敢于面对 【近】 affront, brazen, encounter, face, meet 【反】 dodge, duck, parry, shirk, sidestep 躲避 【派】 confrontation n. 对抗，冲突

decipher

【考法1】 vt. 破译： to read or interpret (ambiguous, obscure, or illegible matter). 【例】 we deciphered the hidden message to find out when we were supposed to meet 破解了暗语后，发现我们要碰头 【近】 break, crack, decrypt, decode 【反】 cipher, encipher, encode, encrypt 加密 【考法2】 v. 有清晰想法，理解，解读： to have a clear idea of 【例】 a convoluted thriller, the plot of which I was never able to actually decipher 一部错综复杂的恐怖电影，情节我一直没有理解 【近】 apprehend, perceive, recognize, seize, sense, make out

interdict

【考法1】 vt. 禁止： to forbid in a usually formal or authoritative manner 【例】 Though not interdicted by law, such an action is morally wrong. 尽管这种行为不被法律所禁止，但是道德上来说是不对的 【近】 ban, forbid, prohibit, proscribe inter埋藏 + dict 说，命令；埋藏的命令 禁止令，一项基督教禁令，将某人或某地区排除在大部分圣礼之外

confine

【考法1】 vt. 禁闭，监禁：to shut or keep in, especially to imprison 【例】The thief was confined in a prison. 小偷被关在监狱里。 【近】imprison, commit, confine, immure, incarcerate, jail 【反】discharge, free, liberate, release 释放 【考法1】 v. 限制：to keep within limits 【例】Please confine yourself to the subject 请不要离题。 【近】limit, circumscribe, restrict 【反】exceed 超越，超过

infiltrate

【考法1】 vt. 秘密潜入： to enter or take up positions in gradually or surreptitiously, as for purposes of espionage or takeover 【例】 The intelligence staff had been infiltrated by spies. 情报工作人员已经被间谍渗透了 【近】 creep, insinuate, penetrate, sneak, slip 【反】 abscond 潜逃 【派】 infiltration n. 潜入，渗透 【记】 in 进去 + filter 过滤→通过过滤器进去→渗透

eulogize

【考法1】 vt. 称赞；颂扬： to speak or write in high praise of 【例】 He was eulogized at his funeral as a caring husband and a good father. 他在悼词中被称赞为一个好丈夫、一个好爸爸。 【反】 defame, pan, stricture 诬蔑，指责

don

【考法1】 vt. 穿上：to put on (an article of clothing) 【例】 donned a raincoat for his trip 为出行穿上雨衣 【近】 assume, wear, put on 【反】 doff 脱下

check

【考法1】 vt. 突然停止，阻止： to arrest the motion of abruptly 【例】 a tree finally checked the skidding car 一辆滑行的车终于被大树停止了 【近】 arrest, stall, bridle, contain, curb, tame, bring up, draw up, hold up, pull up 【反】 propagate, goad, hasten 扩增，驱使，促进 【考法2】 vt. 同意，一致： to be in agreement on every point 【例】 their story of what happened checks with the report of the eyewitness 他们的说法和目击者的供词一 致 【近】 accord, cohere, conform, correspond, dovetail, fit, harmonize, jibe, tally 【反】 differ, disagree with 反对

blurt

【考法1】 vt. 突然说出，冲动地说： to utter abruptly and impulsively 【例】 blurt out the secret 脱口说出了秘密 【近】 burst, bolt, ejaculate, cry out 【反】 muffle, mute 使缄默

kidnap

【考法1】 vt. 绑架勒索： to seize and detain by unlawful force or fraud and often with a demand for ransom 【例】 the child was kidnapped and held for ransom 歹徒绑架了孩子，并且向家属勒索赎金 【近】 abduct 【反】 release, set free 释放

enfranchise

【考法1】 vt. 给予权利（例如选举权）： to endow with the rights of citizenship, especially the right to vote 【例】 Slaves in US were emancipated in 1863 but were not enfranchised until the Fifteenth Amendment went into effect in 1870. 尽管在美国奴隶于1863年就获得了解放，但他们直到1870年《第五修正案》正式生效才获得选举权 【反】 disenfranchise, disempower 剥夺权利 【考法2】 vt. 解放：to set free (as from slavery) 【例】 In a way, modern labor-saving appliances enfranchised people, giving them much more leisure time. 从某种意义上来说，那些节省劳动力的现代设备将人们解放出来，给予更多的休闲时间 【近】 discharge, emancipate, free, liberate, manumit, rescue, unfetter 【反】 bind, confine, enfetter 束缚；subjugate, subdue; enthrall 使臣服；使成为奴隶

assuage

【考法1】 vt. 缓和，减轻：to lessen the intensity of 【例】He couldn't assuage his guilt over the divorce. 他无法减轻自己在离婚中的罪行。 【反】aggravate, exacerbate 加强，恶化 【考法2】 vt. 平息，抚慰：to pacify or calm 【例】Life contains sorrows that cannot be assuaged, and it is important to be honest in acknowledging this. 生 活中存在着无法平息的悲伤，诚实地承认这个事实才是重要的。 【近】compose, soothe, calm, pacify, placate, appease, lighten, relieve, alleviate, assuage, allay, mitigate, moderate, conciliate, propitiate 【反】aggravate, annoy, enrage, exasperate, incense, infuriate, ire, irk, irritate, madden, nettle, peeve, provoke, rile, roil, vex 煽动，激起 【考法3】vt. 使满足：to put an end to by satisfying 【例】assuage his thirst 消渴 【例】That meal certainly assuaged my hunger. 那顿大餐满足了我的口腹之欲。 【近】satisfy, sate, satiate, quench

knit

【考法1】 vt. 编织（纱线）： to form by interlacing yarn or thread in a series of connected loops with needles 【例】 She knitted him a sweater for Christmas. 圣诞节她为他缝了一件毛衣 【近】 braid, plait, weave 【反】 ravel 解开 【考法2】 vt. 连接，联系： to join closely; unite securely 【例】 Sport knits the whole family close together. 体育将整个家庭紧紧地联系在一起 【近】 bind, bond, combine, connect, fasten, join, link, meld, merge, tie, secure, unite 【反】 disassociate, disconnect, disjoin, divide, sever, split, sunder 分开

curtail

【考法1】 vt. 缩短，削减： to make less in extent or duration 【例】curtail your holiday 缩短你的假期 【近】abbreviate, abridge, syncopate, truncate, cut back 【反】elongate, protract, prolong, extend, lengthen 延长

deplete

【考法1】 vt. 耗尽，使衰竭： to decrease the fullness of; to make complete use of 【例】 miners depleted the vein of copper ore after only a few months 矿工们在短短几个月内就把一整片铜矿开采完了 【近】 consume, devour, drain, exhaust, draw down, play out, use up 【反】 enrich, renew, replace 使富有，更新

evict

【考法1】 vt. 赶出，逐出： to put out (a tenant, for example) by legal process; expel. 【例】 Her landlord has threatened to evict her if she doesn't pay the rent soon. 她的房东威胁说如果再不交房租就要把她赶出去。 【反】 harbor 收容

exhaust

【考法1】 vt. 耗尽： to consume entirely, : to make complete use of 【例】 exhausted our funds in a week 在一周内就耗尽了我们的经费 【近】 consume, devour, drain, expend, spend, use up 【派】 exhaustive adj. 彻底的，完整的，详尽的：testing all possibilities; thorough；complete 【例】 conduct an exhaustive investigation 做详尽的调查 【反】 incomplete, partial 不完全的 【考法2】 vt. 使筋疲力尽： to wear out completely 【例】 exhausted by overwork 加班使得筋疲力尽 【近】 fatigue, frazzle, harass, wear out, weary, knock out

boycott

【考法1】 vt. 联合抵制，拒绝参与： to engage in a concerted refusal to have dealings with (as a person, store, or organization) usually to express disapproval or to force acceptance of certain conditions 【例】 This brand is being boycotted for damaging environment. 因为破坏环境，这个品牌正在被抵制 【近】 refuse 【反】 patronize 经常光顾

doff

【考法1】 vt. 脱下： to take off; remove 【例】 The blazing sun soon had the men doffing their jackets. 炙热的太阳很快就让男人们脱掉了夹克。 【近】 put off, take off 【反】 don, put on 穿上

denude

【考法1】 vt. 脱去，使赤裸： to divest of covering; make bare 【例】 Drought has completely denuded the hills of grass. 干旱脱去了山上的草使山变得光秃秃的。 【反】 cover 遮盖

evince

【考法1】 vt. 表明： to make known (something abstract) through outward signs 【例】 evince a strong desire 明显地表现出强烈的欲望 【近】 bespeak, betray, declare, demonstrate, expose, manifest, reveal, give away, 【反】 conceal, keep hidden 隐藏 invincible adj. 不可战胜的，不可超越的

deprecate

【考法1】 vt. 表达不喜欢： to hold an unfavorable opinion of 【例】 deprecates TV sitcoms as childish and simpleminded 批评电视情景喜剧既幼稚又脑残 【近】 deprecate, discountenance, disesteem, disfavor, frown (on or upon) 【反】 approve, favor 喜欢 【考法2】 vt. 贬低，轻视： to express scornfully one's low opinion of 【例】 deprecate the comedy as the stupidest movie of the year 认为这部喜剧是年度最傻逼电影 【近】 belittle, denigrate, dismiss, disparage, cry down 【反】 acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify 赞扬 【考法 3】 vt. 降低重要性，低调： play down, to make little of 【例】 She deprecated her facility for languages 她不炫耀自己对于语言的天赋。 【反】 vaunt 自夸

bedeck

【考法1】 vt. 装饰，点缀： to make more attractive by adding something that is beautiful or becoming 【例】 flag bedecking the balcony 在阳台上用以装饰的旗子 || bedeck with jewels 用珠宝装饰 【近】 adorn, beautify, decorate, dress, embellish, emblaze 【反】 strip 剥去 blemish, deface, mar, spoil 损害，破坏

decode

【考法1】 vt. 解码： to change (as a secret message) from code into ordinary language 【例】 the agents worked into the night to decode the intercepted message from the enemy spy 情报人员夜以继日地破解从敌方间谍拦截的信息 【近】 break, crack, decipher, decrypt 【考法2】 v. 有清晰想法，理解,解读： to have a clear idea of 【例】 a convoluted thriller, the plot of which I was never able to actually decipher 一部错综复杂的恐怖电影，情节我一直没有理解 【近】 apprehend, perceive, recognize, seize, sense ,make out

discharge

【考法1】 vt. 解雇： to dismiss from employment 【例】 discharge a worker/soldier 开除员工/军籍 【近】 fire, dismiss 【反】 employ, engage, hire, take on, sign up or on 雇佣 【考法2】 n. 不承担责任： a freeing from an obligation or responsibility 【例】 a full discharge from responsibility for the accident 对事故完全不负有责任 【近】 delivery, quietus, quittance 【考法3】 v. 释放： to set free (as from slavery or confinement) 【例】 discharged the prisoners upon the signing of the peace treaty 根据和约释放罪犯 【近】 disenthrall, emancipate, enfranchise, liberate, loose, manumit, release, spring, unbind, uncage, unchain, unfetter 【反】 bind, confine, enchain, fetter 监禁，束缚

discern

【考法1】 vt. 识别，辨别差异：to perceive with the eyes or intellect; detect 【例】 discern the motives 辨识出动机 || too young to discern between right and wrong 太年轻了而辨别不了是非 【近】 behold, descry, distinguish, espy, perceive, regard, differentiate, discriminate 【反】 confuse, mix up 混淆 Made By Jason & Franklin. This Document Is Strictly Prohibited For Commercial Purposes Without Authorization. 【派】 discerning adj. 有洞察力的，洞悉的：showing insight and understanding 【例】 a very discerning art critic 眼光敏锐有洞察力的艺术评论家 || She has a discerning palate. 她的味觉很敏锐。 【近】 insightful, incisive 【反】 myopic, shortsighted 目光短浅的；undiscerning 无辨别能力的 【派】 discernible/ discernable adj. 可辨识的，可辨别的：perceptible 【例】 a discernible mark 可辨别的痕迹 【近】 perceptible, detectable, distinguishable 【反】 indiscernible, imperceptible 不可辨识的

denigrate

【考法1】 vt. 诋毁，污蔑： to express scornfully one's low opinion of 【例】 denigrate one's opponents 诋毁某人的对手 【近】 belittle, depreciate, derogate, dismiss, disparage 【反】 honor, acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, magnify 给以......荣誉，赞扬

entice

【考法1】 vt. 诱使： to attract artfully or adroitly or by arousing hope or desire: tempt; lure 【例】 entice sb into doing sth 诱使某人做某事 【近】 allure, bait, beguile, decoy, seduce, solicit, tempt, lead on 【派】 enticing adj. 诱人的 【反】 formidable 可怕的

entrap

【考法1】 vt. 诱骗： to lure into a compromising statement or act 【例】 a string of inconsistent statements finally entrapped the witness 一系列不一致的陈述最终蒙骗了目击者 【近】 ensnare, ensnarl, entoil, mesh, net, snare, catch up 【反】 disentangle, untangle

inveigle

【考法1】 vt. 诱骗： to win over by coaxing, flattery, or artful talk 【例】 inveigle consumers into buying the item 诱骗顾客购买商品 【近】 allure, bait, decoy, entice, entrap, seduce, tempt 【反】 demand 强求 【派】 inveigling adj. 诱骗性的记 in + veil 面纱→盖上面纱，蒙住眼，蒙骗

indict

【考法1】 vt. 起诉，控告： to accuse of wrongdoing; charge 【例】 indict the mayor for fraud and embezzlement. 起诉市长受贿和挪用公款 【近】 charge, criminate, impeach, incriminate 【反】 absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

calibrate

【考法1】 vt. 调整，标准化： to standardize (as a measuring instrument) by determining the deviation from a standard so as to ascertain the proper correction factors 【例】 calibrate the polling procedures to ensure objectivity 为保证客观性而使投票过程标准化 【反】 unstandardize 不标准 【考法2】 vt. （根据标准）精确测量： to measure precisely especially: to measure against a standard

mediate

【考法1】 vt. 调解，调停： to intervene between two or more disputants in order to bring about an agreement, a settlement, or a compromise 【例】 mediate a labor-management dispute 调解劳工纠纷 【近】 conciliate, intercede, intermediate, interpose 【反】 arouse, encourage, excite, foment, incite, inflame, instigate, pique, spark, stimulate, stir 煽动激起 【派】 mediator n. 调停人

interrogate

【考法1】 vt. 质问，审问： to question formally and systematically 【例】 interrogate the prisoner of war for valuable intelligence 审问战俘以获取有价值的情报 【近】 ask, grill, inquire, milk, question 【反】 answer, reply, respond 回答，回复 【派】 interrogation n. 审讯【记】 inter 之间 + rogate 问，要求，权利，审讯官问犯人是两者之间的问

depreciate

【考法1】 vt. 贬低价值： to lower the price or estimated value of 【例】 New cars start to depreciate as soon as they are on the road. 新车一上路便开始贬值。 【近】 cheapen, depress, devalue, downgrade, mark down 【反】 appreciate, enhance, upgrade, mark up 提价，升值 【考法2】 vt. 轻视：to lower in estimation or esteem 【例】 dared to depreciate Shakespeare, saying his works have no relevance for modern audiences 胆敢贬低莎大人，说他的作品对于现代观众来说没有意义 【近】 denigrate, disparage, play down, talk down 【反】 acclaim, exalt, extol, glorify, magnify 赞扬

disparage

【考法1】 vt. 贬低，轻蔑地说： to lower in rank or reputation; to speak of in a slighting or disrespectful way; belittle 【例】 use the past to disparage the present 借古讽今 || Voters don't like political advertisements in which opponents disparage one another.选民不喜欢看到贬低竞争对手的政治广告。 【近】 belittle, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, derogate, degrade 【反】 acclaim, applaud, exalt, extol, glorify, laud 赞扬【记】 dis 否定 + paragon 模范, 否定模范人物→ (当模范不易啊，经常受人白眼,)蔑视, 贬损

expiate

【考法1】 vt. 赎罪，纠正： to extinguish the guilt incurred by 【例】 expiate one's sin 赎罪 【近】 mend, redeem, atone for

commend

【考法1】 vt. 赞扬：to mention with approbation: praise 【例】Jason commended his students' studious attitude. Jason 表扬了他的学生的用功的态度。 【近】approbate, praise, acclaim, applaud, compliment, eulogize, extol 【反】blame, criticize, reprehend, reprobate, chide, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, reprove, censure, admonish, berate, deplore, execrate 责备，批评，谴责诅咒，憎恶，痛骂 【考法2】 vt. 委托保管：to entrust for care or preservation 【例】I commend my fate into your hands. 我的命运就拜托给你了。 【近】commit, delegate, deliver, entrust, confide, consign, hand over 【反】hold, keep, retain 【考法3】 vt. 推荐：to recommend as worthy of confidence or notice 【例】I commend this book to anyone interested in learning more about American history. 我把这本书推荐给所有对美国历史感兴趣的人。

inculpate

【考法1】 vt.归罪于： incriminate 【近】 charge, criminate, inculpate, indict 【反】 absolve, acquit, exculpate, exonerate, vindicate 免罪

circumvent

【考法1】 vt. 躲避（不遵从）：to avoid having to comply with (something) especially through cleverness 【例】circumvent all the red tape 绕过所有官方程序繁文缛节 || He found a way to circumvent the law. 他发现了一个逃避法律的方法。 【近】avoid, bypass, dodge, sidestep, skirt, get around 【反】comply with, follow, obey, observe 遵从；confront, direct encounter 直接面对

distract

【考法1】 vt. 转移兴趣，使分心：to draw or direct (as one's attention) to a different object 【例】 be distracted by a sudden noise 被突然的噪音分心 【近】 abstract, divert, detract, call off 【派】 distracted adj. 精力分散的 【反】 rapt 全心投入的 【考法2】 vt. 使焦虑，使不安：to trouble the mind of; to make uneasy 【例】 The students are easily distracted before the exam. 学生们在考试前很容易焦虑不安。 【近】 agitate, bother, discomfort, discompose, dismay, disquiet, distress, perturb, upset 【反】 calm, compose, quiet, soothe, tranquilize 平息抚慰 【考法3】 adj. 疯狂的：insane, mad 【近】 insane, delirious, hysterical

downplay

【考法1】 vt. 轻描淡写，不予重视： to minimize the significance of, play down 【例】 downplay the bad news 对坏消息轻描淡写 【近】 de-emphasize, disregard, ignore, overlook, neglect, understate, play down 【反】 address, emphasize, underscore 强调

decant

【考法1】 vt. 轻轻倒出： to pour off (wine, for example) without disturbing the sediment 【例】 The bottles were uncorked and the wine was decanted an hour before the meal. 瓶塞被打开，美酒在正餐前一小时倒出

convey

【考法1】 vt. 运输： to take or carry from one place to another; transport 【例】 goods conveyed by sea 海路运输的货物 【近】 carry, transfer, ferry, transmit 【考法2】 v. 传递，交流： to impart or communicate by statement, suggestion, gesture, or appearance 【例】 struggling to convey his feelings 挣扎着表达他的情感 【近】 conduct, communicate, impart, pass on 【反】 withhold 隐瞒

elevate

【考法1】 vt. 道德、智力、文化水平的提升： to improve morally, intellectually, or culturally 【例】 a novel that both entertains and elevates readers 一本寓教于乐的小说 【近】 advance, boost, enhance, ennoble, raise, upgrade 【反】 abase, debase, demote, degrade 贬低 【考法2】 vt. 使兴奋： to raise the spirits of 【例】 one of the most elevating moments in their lives 生命中最让人兴奋的时刻之一 【近】 elate, enrapture, exhilarate, intoxicate, transport 【反】 depress 使沮丧 【派】 elevation n. 提升；喜悦

adumbrate

【考法1】 vt. 部分地或有保留地揭露： to disclose partially or guardedly. 【例】 adumbrate a plan 透露计划 【反】 revelation 完全显示 【考法2】 vt. 预示着： to give a slight indication of beforehand 【例】 The strife in Bloody Kansas adumbrated the civil war that would follow. 发生在堪萨斯州的流血冲突预示了之后的南北内战的爆发。 【近】 forerun, harbinger, herald, prefigure

circumscribe

【考法1】 vt. 限制：to limit narrowly; restrict 【例】Teammates circumscribed his enthusiasm so as not to make the losing side feel worse. 队友们抑制了他的热情为了不让失败者更难过。 【近】cap, limit, confine, delimit, restrict 【反】exceed 超过，超越 【考法2】 vt. 包围，围绕：to surround by or as if by a boundary 【例】fields circumscribed by tall trees 被高树包围的地方 || Circumscribe a circle around a square. 画正方形的外接圆。 【近】surround, encompass

forestall

【考法1】 vt. 预先阻止： to delay, hinder, or prevent by taking precautionary measures beforehand 【例】 You can often forestall skidding on the ice simply by driving more slowly. 通常你只需慢点开车就可以防止车辆在冰面上失控打滑 【近】 avert, deter, obviate, preclude, prevent 【反】 abet, assist, facilitate, further, precipitate, promote 帮助，促进

dissipate

【考法1】 vt. 驱散： to drive away; disperse. 【例】 The wind finally dissipated the smoke. 风终于吹散了雾气。 【近】 disband, dispel, disperse, scatter 【反】 accumulate, gather, amass, cluster, assemble, concentrate, congregate 积聚 【考法2】 vt. 浪费： to spend or expend intemperately or wastefully: squander 【例】 dissipate too much time and effort 挥霍了太多的时间与精力 【近】 waste, squander, lavish 【反】 conserve 节省 【考法3】 vi. 放纵： to indulge in the intemperate pursuit of pleasure, especially : to drink to excess 【近】 indulge

coerce

【考法1】 vt. （以武力）强制：to achieve by force or threat 【例】be coerced into agreeing 被强迫同意 || A confession was coerced from the suspect by police. 罪犯被警察逼供。 【近】force, threaten, compel 【派】coercion n. 强力压迫：the act of persuading someone forcefully to do something that they do not want to do 【反】voluntary behavior 自愿的行为

bruit

【考法1】 vt. （未经证实地）散播消息： to make (as a piece of information) the subject of common talk without any authority or confirmation of accuracy 【例】 It's been bruited that... 到处传播...... 【近】 circulate, whisper, noise about 【反】 keep secret 保持秘密

cede

【考法1】 vt. （根据条约）放弃，割让： to surrender possession of, especially by treaty 【例】 cede the island to America 把岛屿割让给了美国 【近】 relinquish, render, yield, renounce, resign, turn in, turn over, step aside (from), give up, hand over, lay down 【反】 possess 拥有

court

【考法1】 vt./n. 追求，献殷勤：to seek the affections of 【例】 court the young lady by bring her flowers every day 通过每天给年轻女孩送花追求女孩 【近】 woo, pursue, invite 【反】 spurn, snub 摒弃，怠慢 【派】 courteous adj. 彬彬有礼的

enact

【考法1】 vt.制定颁布法律： to establish by legal and authoritative act 【例】 Congress enacted the tax reform bill. 国会颁布了税法改革案 【近】 constitute, establish, legislate, pass, ratify, ordain, lay down 【反】 abolish, repeal, rescind, revoke 废除 【派】 enactment n. 颁布

fraudulent

【考法1】adj. characterized by, based on, or done by fraud 【例】 a fraudulent interpretation of experimental data对实验数据的欺骗性解释 【近】 deceitful, deceptive, dishonest, duplicitous, guileful, underhanded 【反】 reliable, trustworthy 可信的；authentic 真实的； honest, straight 诚实的 【派】 fraudulence n. 欺骗

frothy

【考法1】adj. made of light thin material 【例】 a frothy laptop made of carbon fiber and alloys 碳纤维以及合金制造的轻薄型笔记本电脑 【近】 delicate, gossamer, light 【反】 weighty 重的；sturdy 结实的 【考法2】 adj. gaily frivolous or light in content or treatment 【例】 a frothy movie 一部有喜感的电影 【近】 flighty, frivolous, puerile 【反】 earnest, serious, sober 严肃的

immutable

【考法1】adj. 不可变的： not capable of changing or being changed 【例】 One of the immutable laws of television is that low ratings inevitably lead to cancellation. 电视行业中一个不变的原则就是：低收视率的节目必然会被撤掉 【近】 constant, fixed, inalterable, inflexible, invariable, unalterable, unchangeable 【反】 alterable, changeable, elastic, flexible, mutable, variable 可变的 impassive

invincible

【考法1】adj. 不可战胜的，不可超越的： incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued 【例】The soccer team proved to be invincible. 这支球队证明了自己是不可战胜的 【近】 bulletproof, impregnable, invulnerable, unbeatable, unconquerable 【反】 conquerable 可被征服的；surmountable 可超越的；vulnerable 脆弱的，敏感的 【派】 invincibility n. 无敌

impenetrable

【考法1】adj. 不可渗透的，不可穿透的： impossible to get through or into 【例】 The ancient temple was surrounded by vast stretches of impenetrable jungle. 包围着古老的神庙的是密不透风的灌木丛 【近】 impassable, impermeable, impervious, impregnable 【反】 passable, penetrable, permeable, pervious 可通过的 【考法2】adj. 难以理解的： incapable of being comprehended

impervious

【考法1】adj. 不可渗透的，不可穿透的： not allowing entrance or passage 【例】 The material for this coat is supposed to be impervious to rain. 这件大衣的材料应该是能防雨的 【近】 impassable, impenetrable, impermeable, impregnable 【反】 passable, penetrable, permeable, pervious 可渗透的 【考法2】adj. 不能被破坏的： not capable of being damaged or harmed 【例】 a carpet impervious to rough treatment 耐用的地毯 【近】 bulletproof, imperishable, indestructible, inextinguishable, invulnerable 【反】 delicate, sensitive, vulnerable 脆弱的，敏感的 【考法3】adj. 不为所动的： not capable of being affected or disturbed 【例】 These sailors are impervious to fear. 这些水手无所畏惧 【近】 immune, insusceptible, unaffected, unresponsive 【反】 ductile, pliable, pliant, yielding 易受影响的

impenitent

【考法1】adj. 不悔悟的： not feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses 【例】 remain impenitent about her criminal past 对她过去所犯罪行执迷不悟 【近】 remorseless, regretless, shameless, unashamed, unrepentant 【反】 contrite, regretful, remorseful, rueful, penitent 感到悔恨的

imprudent

【考法1】adj. 不明智的： lacking discretion, wisdom, or good judgment 【例】 an imprudent investment ha made many years ago 他许多年前做的一笔不明智的投资 【近】 impolitic, inadvisable, indelicate, injudicious, tactless, undiplomatic, unwise 【反】 advisable, politic, prudent, tactical, wise 明智的

immune

【考法1】adj. 不易被感染的，有免疫力的： of, relating to, or having resistance to infection 【例】 The blood test will tell whether you are immune to the disease. 验血可以判断你是否对这种疾病免疫 【近】 resistant 【反】 susceptible, vulnerable 易感染的，易受攻击的 【考法2】adj. 不受影响的： not affected by a given influence 【例】 immune to persuasion 不听劝 【近】 insusceptible, unaffected, unresponsive 【反】 ductile, pliable, pliant, yielding 易受影响的 【考法3】adj. 不受约束的： not subject to an obligation imposed on others 【例】 immune from taxation 免税 【近】 exempt, free 【反】 liable, responsible 负有责任的 【派】 immunity n. 免疫性

imprecise

【考法1】adj. 不精确的： not precise 【例】 incomplete and imprecise satellite data 既不完整又不精确的卫星数据 【近】 approximate, inaccurate, loose, squishy 【反】 accurate, exact, precise, veracious 精确的，准确的 【派】 imprecision n. 不准确，不精确

irradicable

【考法1】adj. 不能根除的： impossible to uproot or destroy 【例】Smoking has become an irradicable bad habit for him. 吸烟已成了他不能根除的恶习 【近】 entrenched, ineradicable, ingrained, inveterate, rooted 【反】 eradicable 可根除的

iridescent

【考法1】adj. 五颜六色的： displaying a play of lustrous colors like those of the rainbow 【例】 an iridescent soap bubble 一个五颜六色的肥皂泡 【近】 nacreous, opalescent, pearlescent 【反】 monochromatic 单色的 【派】 iridescence n. 五彩斑斓

heartrending

【考法1】adj. 令人心碎的： causing intense sorrow or distress 【例】 a heartrending choice between saving his mother or his wife 先救老妈还是先救老婆的纠结选择

hangdog

【考法1】adj. 伤心的，沮丧的： sad, dejected 【例】 She came home with a hangdog expression on her face. 她一脸沮丧地回到了家。 【近】 crestfallen, dejected, despondent, disconsolate, doleful, melancholy, sorrowful 【反】 buoyant, elated, sprightly, blissful, delighted, joyous, jubilant, upbeat 热情高涨的

gaudy

【考法1】adj. 俗丽的： ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented, excessively showy 【例】gaudy movie posters 俗丽的电影海报 【近】 blatant, brazen, flashy, garish, glaring, meretricious, tawdry 【反】 austere, homely, plain 朴素的；conservative, understated, unflamboyant, unflashy 不张扬的

effulgent

【考法1】adj. 光辉灿烂的：shining brilliantly; resplendent 【例】 an effulgent sunset on the Atlantic 大西洋上壮丽辉煌的日落 【近】 bright, beaming, glorious, luminous, radiant, splendid 【反】 dim, murky, dull 模糊的，黯淡的 【派】 effulgence n. 光辉

homely

【考法1】adj. 其貌不扬的，朴素简单的： not attractive or good-looking 【例】 homely truth 朴素的真理 【近】hideous, unappealing, unattractive, uncomely, unsightly 【反】 pulchritudinous, aesthetic, attractive, beautiful, comely, gorgeous, handsome, knockout, lovely, pretty, ravishing, seemly, sightly, stunning, taking, well-favored 美丽的

immanent

【考法1】adj. 内在的： being a part of the innermost nature of a person or thing 【例】 Beauty is not something imposed but something immanent. 美丽是内在的品格而非外加的东西 【近】 constitutional, essential, inborn, inbred, indigenous, ingrained, innate, integral, intrinsic, natural 【反】 adventitious, extrinsic, extraneous 外在的，非本源的

impetuous

【考法1】adj. 冲动的，性急的，轻率的： marked by impulsive vehemence or passion 【例】He is young and impetuous.他年轻易冲动 【近】 ardent, hasty, headlong, impassioned, impulsive, passionate, rash, vehement 【反】 cautious, circumspect, wary 谨慎的，小心的 【考法2】adj. 剧烈的，猛烈的： marked by force and violence of movement or action 【例】an impetuous wind 猛烈的风 【近】 abrupt, hasty, hurried, precipitate, precipitous, rushing, sudden, violent 【反】 calm, halcyon, placid, quiet 风平浪静的 【派】 impetus n. 推动力

impassive

【考法1】adj. 冷漠的，无感情的： giving no sign of feeling or emotion 【例】 She remained impassive as the officers informed her of her son's death. 她面不改色地听着警官宣读她儿子的死讯 【近】 affectless, apathetic, cold-blooded, deadpan, emotionless, numb, phlegmatic, stoic, undemonstrative 【反】 demonstrative, emotional, fervent, fervid, impassioned, passionate, vehement充满感情的

jarring

【考法1】adj. 刺耳的： harsh or discordant 【例】 the final chord of that song is too jarring for me 那首歌最后的合声部分太刺耳了 【近】 astounding, blindsiding, jolting, startling, stunning 【反】 melodious 音调优美的 【考法2】adj. 震惊的： causing a strong emotional reaction because of unexpectedness 【例】 the jarring news that major financial institutions were on the verge of collapse 有消息称主要的几个金融机构处于倒闭的边缘，真是让人震惊 【近】 amazing, astonishing, astounding, blindsiding, dumbfounding, flabbergasting, jaw-dropping, jolting, shocking, startling, stunning 音:轧，嘎,喳，圆轴或轮子辗压在物体发出的轧轧声

industrious

【考法1】adj. 勤勉的： constantly, regularly, or habitually occupied, diligent 【例】 The industrious PhD spends all his summer holiday in the laboratory. 勤奋的博士整个暑假都在做实验 【近】 assiduous, busy, diligent, sedulous 【反】 indolent, lazy, slothful 懒惰的 【派】 industriousness n. 勤奋

impending

【考法1】adj. 即将发生的： being soon to appear or take place 【例】 an impending celebration of the 100th anniversary of the college's founding 即将来临的百年校庆 【近】 approaching, coming, imminent, nearing, pending, proximate, upcoming, around the corner 【反】 late, recent 最近发生的；distant, remote 遥远的 【例】The textbook's language is completely impenetrable, at least to me. 至少在我看来，这个教材就是天书 【近】 arcane, cryptic, enigmatic, incomprehensible, inscrutable, unfathomable, ungraspable, unintelligible 【反】 fathomable, intelligible, understandable 可以理解的

immemorial

【考法1】adj. 古老的： dating or surviving from the distant past 【例】 a modern version of an immemorial myth 一个远古传说的现代版本 【近】 aged, age-old, antediluvian, antique, dateless, hoary, old, venerable 【反】 contemporary, modern 当代的，现代的；recent 近来的

heinous

【考法1】adj. 可憎的，十恶不赦的： hatefully or shockingly evil, abominable 【例】 a heinous crime 十恶不赦的罪行 【反】 commendable 值得赞美的【记】 音：hein 狠 + ou 恶 + s 死；它太恶，狠死它了

genial

【考法1】adj. 和蔼亲切的： having an easygoing and pleasing manner especially in social situations 【例】a genial host who makes a point of speaking personally to each and every guest 一个强调与每个客人私下交流的亲切的主人 【近】 affable, agreeable, gracious, mellow, nice, pleasant, sweet 【反】 caustic, mordant 尖酸刻薄的；truculent 凶残的 【考法2】adj. 友好的，热心的： having or showing kindly feeling and sincere interest 【近】 amicable, companionable, cordial, warmhearted 【反】 antagonistic, hostile 有敌意的 【考法3】adj. 温暖的： marked by temperatures that are neither too high nor too low 【例】genial sunshine in winter 冬日的暖阳 【近】 balmy, equable, gentle, mild, moderate, soft, temperate 【反】 harsh, inclement, intemperate, severe 严峻的 【派】 geniality n. 和蔼

harmonious

【考法1】adj. 和谐一致的： having the parts agreeably related 【例】 a harmonious arrangement of archways and doorways in the palace courtyard 宫殿的庭院，拱门和门廊排列有序协调 【近】 balanced, congruous, consonant, eurythmic, harmonic, accordant, coherent, compatible, concordant, conformable, congruent, consonant, correspondent, nonconflicting 【反】 disharmonic, disharmonious, incongruous, unbalanced 不协调的；conflicting, incompatible, incongruous, inconsistent 冲突的

boisterous

【考法1】adj. 喧嚷的，吵闹的： noisily turbulent 【例】 a boisterous queue in front of the pavilion 场馆前喧闹的队伍 || boisterous mirth. 喧闹的欢笑 【近】 rowdy, vociferous, blatant, clamorous, raucous, rambunctious 【反】 quiet, sedate 安静的 【派】 boisterousness n. 喧闹

implacable

【考法1】adj. 固执的： sticking to an opinion, purpose, or course of action in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion 【近】 adamant, dogged, headstrong, intransigent, mulish, obdurate, pertinacious, stubborn, unyielding 【反】 acquiescent 倾向于默认的；compliant, flexible, pliable, pliant, yielding 易受影响的 【考法2】adj. 无法平息的： not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated 【例】 an implacable enemy 无法与之和解的敌人 【近】 determined, grim, relentless, unappeasable 【反】 placable 可平息的，可缓和的

imposing

【考法1】adj. 宏伟壮丽的： impressive in size, bearing, dignity, or grandeur 【例】The corporation's imposing headquarters were designed by one of the nation's cutting-edge architects. 这家公司宏伟壮丽的总部是由该国最优秀的建筑师设计的 【近】 august, epic, glorious, grand, imperial, magnificent, monumental, noble, splendid 【反】 common, humble, inferior, low 低下的，平凡的 【记】 impose 给人强加的+ing，类似impressive 给人深刻印象的

gargantuan

【考法1】adj. 巨大的： tremendous in size, volume, or degree 【例】a gargantuan waterfall in the rainforest 热带雨林中的巨大瀑布 【近】 huge, astronomical, colossal, elephantine, enormous, gigantic, immense, mammoth, monstrous, titanic 【反】 infinitesimal, minuscule 微小的

imperial

【考法1】adj. 帝国的，帝王的： of, relating to, or suggestive of an empire or a sovereign, especially an emperor or empress 【例】 Imperial College London 帝国理工学院 【近】 kingly, queenly, regal, royal 【考法2】adj. 巨大的，令人惊叹的： large and impressive in size, grandeur, extent, or conception 【例】 envisioned an imperial city that would rival the capitals of Europe for beauty and magnificence 幻想着一个比欧洲各国首都更为动人和壮丽的巨大城市 【近】 august, epic, glorious, grand, imposing, magnificent, monumental, noble, splendid 【反】 common, humble, inferior, low 低下的，平凡的

immaculate

【考法1】adj. 干净的，纯净的： free from dirt or stain; free from any trace of the coarse or indecent 【例】 an immaculate soul 一个纯净的灵魂 【近】 antiseptic, chaste, clean, decent, modest, pristine, pure, spotless, stainless, virgin 【反】 coarse, indecent, obscene, vulgar 粗俗的,下流的；besmirched, dirty, filthy, foul, spotted, stained, sullied 有污点的，不干净的 【考法2】adj. 完美的，没有任何错误的： being entirely without fault or flaw 【例】 an immaculate rendering of the Queen of the Night's aria （《魔笛》中）夜后咏叹调的完美演绎 【近】 absolute, faultless, flawless, impeccable, indefectible, irreproachable, perfect, seamless, unblemished 【反】 amiss, defective, faulty, flawed, imperfect 有错误的，有误差【记】 im 否定 + maculate (近于mark 标记，记号，痕迹)<br/>【另】 maculate 有斑点的, 玷污

glossy

【考法1】adj. 平滑的，有光泽的： having a smooth, shiny, lustrous surface 【例】glossy surface of the floor 平整光亮的地板 【近】 lustrous, burnished, glistening, polished, shining 【反】 coarse 粗糙的；dull, dim 无光泽的

illusory

【考法1】adj. 幻觉的，虚幻的： produced by, based on, or having the nature of an illusion 【例】the illusory definition of nationhood 国家的虚幻定义 【近】 chimerical, fanciful, fantastic, fictional, fictitious, imaginary, suppositious, supposititious, unreal 【反】 factual 事实的 【派】 illusion n. 幻觉

heretical

【考法1】adj. 异教的，异端的： departure from established beliefs or standards 【例】 the belief that women should be allowed to have careers outside the home was once considered heretical 女人应该拥有自己的事业这一观点一度被认为是异端想法 【近】 heterodox, nonconformist, unconventional, unorthodox 【反】 conforming, conformist, conventional, orthodox 正统的

germane

【考法1】adj. 有关的，适当的： being at once relevant and appropriate 【例】details not germane to the discussion 与讨论无关的细节 【近】 applicable, apropos, apposite, pertinent, relevant 【反】 extraneous, irrelevant 无关的；inappropriate 不适当的

effusive

【考法1】adj. 感情泛滥溢于言表的；感情表达不节制和过度的；过分多情的： unrestrained or excessive in emotional expression 【例】 The principal delivered an effusive address at the commencement ceremony. 校长在毕业典礼上做了充满感情的演讲 【近】 emotional, expansive, demonstrative, gushy, passionate 【反】 inhibited, reserved, restrained 节制的；undemonstrative, unemotional 不易动情的；numb, torpid 麻木不仁的 【派】 effusion n. 流出，溢出

histrionic

【考法1】adj. 戏剧的，演员的： of or relating to actors, acting, or the theater 【例】 a penchant for dish throwing, door slamming, and other histrionic displays of temper 有倾向做出一些砸盘子、摔门和其他一些电视剧里的经典生气动作 【近】 melodramatic, operatic, stagy, theatrical 【反】 undramatic

impudent

【考法1】adj. 放肆大胆的，无礼的： marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others 【例】 Some children were well behaved, while others were impudent. 一些孩子表现得很得体，另一些则很无礼 【近】 audacious, barefaced, bold, brash, brazen, impertinent, insolent, shameless 【反】 courteous, genteel, mannerly, polite, proper 举止得体的 【派】 impudencen. 放肆无礼 prudent adj. having or showing careful good judgement

impertinent

【考法1】adj. 无关紧要的： not having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand 【例】Your résumé needlessly lists extracurricular experiences that are impertinent to the PhD program for which you are applying. 你的简历里列出的一些课外活动和你申请的博士项目是毫不相关的 【近】 extraneous, immaterial, inapplicable, inapposite, irrelevant 【反】 germane, pertinent, relevant 相关的；crucial, important, significant 重要的 【考法2】adj. 粗鲁无礼的，大胆的： given to or characterized by insolent rudeness 【例】I don't like strangers who ask impertinent questions. 我很讨厌那些问无礼问题的陌生人 【近】 audacious, bold, brash, brassbound, brassy, brazen, impudent, insolent 【反】 meek, mousy, retiring, shy, timid 内敛的，胆小的 【考法3】adj. 不守礼节的，不为他人着想的： showing a lack of manners or consideration for others 【例】 impertinent salesmen who telephone people during the dinner hour 在就餐时间打电话骚扰别人的无礼销售员 【近】 discourteous, disrespectful, inconsiderate, rude, thoughtless 【反】 civil, courteous, genteel, gracious, mannerly, polite有礼貌的；considerate 为他人着想的

futile

【考法1】adj. 无效的，无用的： serving no useful purpose; completely ineffective 【例】It would be an undoubtedly futile effort to persuade him. 想说服他毫无疑问是徒劳的 【近】 abortive, bootless, fruitless, ineffective, useless, vain 【反】 effectual, efficacious 有效的 【考法2】adj. 不严肃的： lacking in seriousness or maturity 【例】the futile chatter of gossip columnists about the comings and goings of Hollywood celebrities 八卦的专栏作家们对于好莱坞名人来来往往的随意闲谈 【近】 flighty, frivolous, frothy 【反】 earnest, serious 严肃认真的 【派】 futility n. 徒劳，无益

gratuitous

【考法1】adj. 无根据的，无理由的： unnecessary or unwarranted 【例】a dubious request based on a gratuitous assumption 基于无根据假设的可疑要求 【近】 unfounded, unjustified, unreasonable, baseless, groundless 【反】 justified, warranted有理有据的 【考法2】adj. 无报酬的，免费的： given or granted without return or recompense 【例】a gratuitous ticket 免费的门票 【近】 free, complimentary, unearned, voluntary 【反】 merited 应得的 【考法3】adj. 多余的： not needed by the circumstances or to accomplish an end 【近】 dispensable, inessential, needless, redundant, superfluous, surplus 【反】 critical, essential, pivotal, vital 关键的 【派】 gratuity n.报酬，小费

inimitable

【考法1】adj. 无法仿效的，独特的： not capable of being imitated 【例】 her own inimitable style 她特立独行的作风 【近】 incomparable, matchless, peerless, unique, unparalleled 【反】 commonplace, ordinary 平凡的 【派】 inimitability n. 独特性

impotent

【考法1】adj. 无生育能力的： unable to produce fruit or offspring 【例】Most mules are impotent. 绝大多数的骡子都无法生育 【近】 barren, fruitless, infertile, unfruitful 【反】 fecund, fertile, fruitful, productive高产的，硕果累累的 【考法2】adj. 无力的，无能的： lacking in power, strength, or vigor 【例】an impotent ruler who was just a figurehead 一个无能的傀儡统治者 【近】 hamstrung, handcuffed, helpless, impuissant, paralyzed, weak 【反】 mighty, potent, powerful, puissant, strong 强大的，有能力的

haphazard

【考法1】adj. 无秩序的，无目标的： marked by lack of plan, order, or direction 【例】 We were given a haphazard tour of the city. 我们进行了一次城市漫游。 【近】 aimless, arbitrary, desultory, erratic, scattered, stray 【反】 methodical, systematic, nonrandom, orderly, organized, regular 系统的

impeccable

【考法1】adj. 无罪的： free from sin, guilt or blame 【例】 the belief that there can be no such thing as an impeccable soul 不相信存在无罪的灵魂 【近】 blameless, clear, guiltless, inculpable, pure, sinless 【反】 guilty, sinful 有罪的 【考法2】adj. 无瑕的，无可挑剔的： free from fault or blame 【例】 She had impeccable taste in clothes. 她有着无可挑剔的穿衣品味 【近】 absolute, faultless, flawless, immaculate, indefectible, irreproachable, perfect, seamless, unblemished 【反】 amiss, defective, faulty, flawed, imperfect 有错误的，有误差的【记】 im 无 + peck 吹毛求疵；im peck 啄，woodpecker(啄木鸟)找有洞的树啄，无法啄的因为没有洞

incessant

【考法1】adj. 无间断的：continuing or following without interruption 【例】 The incessant noise from an outside repair crew was a real distraction during the test. 窗外维修工发出 的持续不断的噪音着实让人在考试里分心 【近】 ceaseless, continual, nonstop, perpetual, running, unbroken, unceasing, uninterrupted, unremitting 【反】 interrupted 中断的；discontinuous, intermittent 有间断的【记】 in 不+ cessant停止<br/>【另】 cessation 停止，cease 停止

irascible

【考法1】adj. 易怒的： marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger 【例】The new boss is so irascible that several employees have resigned. 由于新老板太容易发飙，许多员工已经递交了辞呈 【近】 choleric, irritable, peevish, petulant 【反】 affable 和蔼的

genteel

【考法1】adj. 有教养的，不粗俗的： free from vulgarity or rudeness 【例】Her genteel behaviors at the ball make others conjecture that she must come from a distinguished noble family. 舞会上她极有教养的举止让他人纷纷猜测她一定来自名门望族 【近】 courteous, decent, decorous, mannerly, polite, polished, respectable, urbane, couth, cultured, refined 【反】 churlish 粗暴的；loutish 蠢笨的

immature

【考法1】adj. 未完全发展的，未发育成熟的： lacking complete growth, differentiation, or development 【例】immature frogs are called "tadpoles" 为发育成熟的青蛙被称为"蝌蚪" 【近】 adolescent, juvenile, youngish, youthful 【考法2】adj. （思维、举止）不够成熟的： lacking in adult experience or maturity 【例】Many high school students are still too immature to foresee the consequences of their actions. 很多高中生还是不够成熟，不能意识到他们的行为所带来的后果 【近】 green, inexperienced, puerile, raw, unfledged, unripe 【反】 adult, experienced, mature, ripe 成年的，成熟的

irate

【考法1】adj. 极其愤怒的： extremely angry 【例】an irate taxpayer 极为愤怒的纳税人 【近】 aggravated, apoplectic, choleric, enraged, exasperated, infuriated, ireful, mad, wrathful 【反】 calm, halcyon 平静的；delighted, pleased 高兴的，满意的

hoary

【考法1】adj. 极老的： extremely old 【例】 hoary legends 上古的传说故事 【近】 aged, antique, dateless, immemorial, antediluvian 【反】 modern, new, recent 新的

hidebound

【考法1】adj. 死板的，极度保守的： tending to favor established ideas, conditions, or institutions 【例】 the hidebound innkeeper refused to see the need for a Web site 死板的酒馆老板坚决不肯装宽带 【近】 archconservative, brassbound, die-hard, old-fashioned, standpat, ultraconservative 【反】 broad-minded, large-minded, liberal, nonconservative, nonconventional, nonorthodox, nontraditional, open-minded, progressive 进步的，开放包容的

glib

【考法1】adj. 流利圆滑的（常含有不真诚或欺诈的成分），油腔滑调的：marked by ease and fluency in speaking or writing often to the point of being insincere or deceitful 【例】a glib politician 油嘴滑舌的政客 【近】 nonchalant, oily 【反】 taciturn 沉默寡言的；awkward笨拙的 【考法2】adj. 缺乏深度的，肤浅的： lacking depth and substance 【例】glib solutions to the knotty problem 对复杂难解问题的肤浅的解决方案 【近】 cursory, shallow, superficial 【反】 abstruse, deep, profound 深奥的，深刻的

hermetic

【考法1】adj. 深奥的： relating to or characterized by occultism or abstruseness 【例】 wrote hermetic poetry 写晦涩难懂的诗歌 【近】abstruse, arcane, esoteric, recondite 【反】 easily comprehended, shallow, superficial容易理解的，肤浅的 hermit: n. a person who lives in a simple way apart from others especially for religious reasons.

imperious

【考法1】adj. 爱发号施令的： fond of ordering people around 【例】 an imperious little boy who liked to tell the other scouts what to do 一个爱发号施令的小男孩，总是喜欢指挥别的童子军做事 【近】 authoritarian, autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, domineering, masterful, tyrannical 【考法2】adj. 傲慢的，专横的： arrogantly domineering or overbearing 【例】 an imperious movie star who thinks she's some sort of goddess 一个把自己当成某种女神的傲慢的影星 【近】 arrogant, bumptious, haughty, lofty, lordly, peremptory, pompous, presumptuous, supercilious, superior 【反】 humble, lowly, modest 谦逊的 【考法3】adj. 迫切的： intensely compelling 【例】 As war casualties mounted, the need for trained nurses became imperious. 随着战争伤亡人数的攀升，对于受训护士的需求变得愈发迫切 【近】 clamant, compelling, critical, crying, dire, emergent, exigent, imperative, importunate, pressing, urgent 【反】 noncritical, unimportant 不重要的

gregarious

【考法1】adj. 爱社交的：likely to seek or enjoy the company of others 【近】 convivial, extroverted, genial, outgoing, sociable, outgoing 【反】 aloof 疏远的；antisocial 不合群的；introverted, reclusive 内向的 【考法2】adj. 群居的： tending to group with others of the same kind 【例】ecologically define human as gregarious carnivore 从生态学上将人类定义为群居类肉食动物 【近】 social 【反】 solitary 独自的

jaded

【考法1】adj. 疲惫的： depleted in strength, energy, or freshness 【例】 After that long bar exam, I'm too jaded for anything but a nap. 律师资格考试结束后，我累得只想睡觉 【近】drained, exhausted, fatigued, prostrate, spent, wearied, worn-out 【考法2】adj. 厌倦的，没兴趣没热情的： having one's patience, interest, or pleasure exhausted 【例】 Even jaded sci-fi fans are finding this new space adventure fresh and exciting.即使是见多识广、口味很挑的科幻小说忠粉也觉得这次的太空探险非常新鲜有趣 【近】 bored, tired, wearied, fed up 【反】 absorbed, engaged, engrossed, interested, intrigued, rapt 有兴趣的

authentic

【考法1】adj. 真实的，非仿造的： being exactly as appears or as claimed 【例】 found an authentic Native American arrowhead 发现了一支美洲土著的箭头 【近】 bona fide, certified, genuine 【反】 bogus, counterfeit, fake, mock, phony, spurious 伪造的 【考法2】adj. 准确的，相符合的： following an original exactly 【例】 an authentic reconstruction of the Parthenon 帕台农神殿的准确复刻 【近】 accurate, exact, precise, right, veracious 【反】 corrupt, false 错误的 【派】 authenticity n. 真实，真实性

grandiose

【考法1】adj. 自命不凡的： characterized by feigned or affected grandeur 【例】grandiose words 自命不凡的话语 【近】 extravagant, flamboyant, pompous, pretentious 【反】 humble 谦逊的 【考法2】adj. 宏大的： characterized by greatness of scope or intent 【例】a grandiose hydroelectric project宏伟的水利工程 【近】 august, glorious, grand, imposing, magnificent, monumental, splendid 【反】 trivial 微不足道的；humble, unimposing, unimpressive 平凡的 【派】 grandiosity n. 自命不凡

cryptic

【考法1】adj. 秘密的： secret or occult 【例】 cryptic message 秘密的信息 【近】 covert, furtive, secret, stealthy 【反】 public, open 公开的 【考法2】 adj. 含义模糊的： having or seeming to have a hidden or ambiguous meaning 【例】 The senator made some cryptic explanations about the military operations. 参议员就军事行动给出了含糊其辞的解释 【近】 ambiguous, equivocal, nebulous, obscure, unclear, vague 【反】 clear, explicit, obvious, plain 清晰的 【考法3】 adj. 超出理解能力的： being beyond one's powers to know, understand, or explain 【例】 puzzled by the cryptic e-mail message left on his computer 被他电脑里让人费解的电子邮件而迷惑 【近】 arcane, enigmatic, impenetrable, inscrutable, mystic, occult, uncanny 【反】 comprehendible, understandable 可以理解的

hamhanded

【考法1】adj. 笨手笨脚的： lacking dexterity or grace 【例】 too ham-handed to use one of those tiny cell phones 手指太不灵活了，用不了那种迷你型手机 【近】 awkward, handless, heavy-handed, maladroit, unhandy 【反】 deft, dexterous, handy, sure-handed, adroit 敏捷的

gauche

【考法1】adj. 笨拙的，缺乏社交经验的： lacking social experience or grace 【例】It would be gauche to mention the subject. 提到这个话题是很无礼的 【近】 awkward, clumsy, crude, inept, maladroit, rustic, tactless 【反】 graceful 优雅的；polished, refined, urbane 有教养的 【派】 gaucheness n. 笨拙

crass

【考法1】adj. 粗俗的，愚钝的：so crude and unrefined as to be lacking in discrimination and sensibility 【例】 crass receptionist 粗俗的招待员 【近】 coarse, crude, rude, incult, uncouth, vulgar 【反】 civilized, polished, refined, urbane. genteel 有教养的

harsh

【考法1】adj. 粗糙的，不具有美感的： unpleasantly coarse and rough to the touch, disagreeable to one's aesthetic or artistic sense 【例】 the harsh lighting in the cafeteria makes the food look slightly off-color 咖啡厅劣质刺眼的灯光让食物看起来卖相不佳 【近】 grating, grotesque, jarring, unaesthetic 【反】 soft, aesthetic 柔和的，有美感的 【考法2】adj. 严厉的： unduly exacting, given to exacting standards of discipline and self-restraint 【例】 a harsh judge when it comes to drug users and especially drug dealers 对于瘾君子特别是毒贩处罚格外严厉的法官 【近】 afflicting, agonizing, cruel, excruciating, galling, grievous, harrowing 【反】 clement, forbearing, gentle, indulgent, lax, lenient, tolerant 温和的，宽松的

corporeal

【考法1】adj. 肉体的： not spiritual 【例】 corporeal suffering 肉体上的折磨 【近】 bodily, carnal, corporal, somatic, physical, fleshly 【反】 spiritual 精神上的 【考法2】 adj. 有形的，实体的： not immaterial or intangible 【近】 material, physical, substantial, sensible, tangible 【反】 intangible, disembodied, immaterial 无形的，无实体的

glutinous

【考法1】adj. 胶状的，粘的：of the nature of or resembling glue 【例】glutinous liquid 胶状液体 【近】 adherent, adhesive, cloggy, gluey, sticky, tenacious, viscid 【反】 fluid 流体的

dyspeptic

【考法1】adj. 脾气坏的：bad-tempered 【例】 The sultry day makes us dyspeptic. 闷热潮湿的天气让我们变得脾气暴躁 【近】 cantankerous, disagreeable, irritable, fretful, irascible, peevish, splenetic, surly 【反】 amiable, easygoing, genial, good-humored, good-natured, good-tempered 随和的，和蔼的 【考法2】 adj. 消化不良的：pertaining to, subject to, or suffering from dyspepsia 【派】 dyspepsia n. 消化不良

gallant

【考法1】adj. 英勇的： brave, spirited; nobly chivalrous and often self-sacrificing 【例】Gallant paratroopers jumped out of the plane without hesitation. 英勇的伞兵们毫不犹豫地跳出了飞机 【近】 bold, courageous, dauntless, heroic, stouthearted, valorous 【反】 craven, pusillanimous 胆小的 【考法2】adj. 高贵的，慷慨的： having, characterized by, or arising from a dignified and generous nature 【例】The members of that service club are known for their gallant service to the community. 那个服务社的成员因为他们对社区的慷慨贡献而为人所知 【近】 chivalrous, elevated, loft, magnanimous, sublime 【反】 base, debased, degenerate, ignoble 卑鄙的 【派】 gallantly adv. 英勇地

hypocritical

【考法1】adj. 虚伪的： not being or expressing what one appears to be or express 【例】It's hypocritical to say mean things behind someone's back, and then to act nice when you want something from her. 这种在背后说别人坏话、而有求于人时又装出另一副样子的人就是虚伪 【近】 artificial, backhanded, feigned, mealy-mouthed, phony, pretended, unctuous 【反】 artless, candid, genuine, honest, sincere, undesigning, unfeigned 真诚的，诚实的 【派】 hypocrite n. 虚伪的人，伪君子

humble

【考法1】adj. 谦逊的： marked by meekness or modesty in behavior, attitude, or spirit; not arrogant or prideful 【例】 a medical scientist who remained remarkably humble even after winning the Nobel Prize 获得诺贝尔奖之后仍然保持谦逊的医学家 【近】 modest, unassuming, unpretentious, demure, down-to-earth 【反】 arrogant, bumptious, conceited, egotistic, haughty, high-and-mighty, imperious, lordly, overweening, peremptory, pompous, presuming, presumptuous, pretentious, self-assertive, supercilious, superior, toplofty, uppish, uppity 傲慢的 【考法2】adj. 顺从的，谦卑的： showing, expressing, or offered in a spirit of humility or unseemly submissiveness 【例】 please accept my humble thanks 请接受我的卑微的感谢 【近】 base, humble, menial, servile, slavish

fussy

【考法1】adj. 谨慎的： taking, showing, or involving great care and effort 【例】a fussy actuarial problem 需要谨慎处理的保险计算问题 【近】 careful, exact, meticulous, punctilious 【反】 careless 粗心大意的 【考法2】adj.过分雕琢的： elaborately and often excessively decorated 【例】The room, with its rococo furniture and its overabundance of knickknacks, is just too fussy for my taste. 这房间里洛可可式的家具和过量的小饰品，让我觉得装修得有点过分以至于无法接受 【近】 bedizened, florid 【反】 austere, plain, stark 朴素的，朴实无华的 【考法3】adj. 挑剔的： hard to please 【例】It is widely known that cats are fussy eaters. 众所周知猫对食物很挑剔 【近】 choosy, delicate, demanding, exacting, fastidious, nice, particular, persnickety, picky 【反】 undemanding, unfussy 不挑剔的

covetous

【考法1】adj. 贪婪的，渴求财富的：marked by inordinate desire for wealth or possessions or for another's possessions 【例】cast covetous eyes on their neighbors' fields 对他邻居的土地垂涎 【近】acquisitive, avaricious, avid, rapacious, grasping 【反】easily-satiated 容易满足的；unenvious 不艳羡的 【派】covet v. 觊觎，贪婪

implode

【考法1】v. 剧烈收缩，坍缩，内爆： to collapse inward violently 【例】 The flask imploded during the vacuum distilling. 做低压蒸馏的时候烧瓶发生了内爆 【近】 buckle, founder, tumble, yield 【反】 explode 外爆，爆炸

impecunious

【考法1】adj. 贫穷的： having very little or no money 【例】 They were so impecunious that they couldn't afford to give one another even token Christmas gifts. 他们穷到了连象征性的圣诞礼物都互送不起的地步 【近】 beggared, destitute, impoverished, indigent, necessitous, needy, penniless, penurious, threadbare 【反】 affluent, flush, opulent, rich, wealthy 富有的

indigent

【考法1】adj. 贫穷的： lacking money or material possessions 【例】 indigent people who require some outside assistance 需要外来援助的贫苦人民 【近】 beggared, destitute, impecunious, impoverished, necessitous, needy, penniless, penurious, threadbare 【反】 affluent, opulent, rich, wealthy 富裕的 【派】 indigence n. 贫穷

jaunty

【考法1】adj. 轻快的，活泼的： sprightly in manner or appearance: lively 【例】 a jaunty stroll 轻快的散步 【近】animate, brisk, energetic, frisky, perky, racy, spirited, vivacious 【反】 staid, dead, inactive, inanimate, lackadaisical, languid, languishing, leaden, limp, listless, spiritless, vapid 无生气的

giddy

【考法1】adj. 轻浮不严肃的： lacking in seriousness or maturity 【例】teach a bunch of giddy Girl Scouts how to make a fire 教一群漫不经心的女童子军如何生火 【近】 flighty, frivolous, frothy 【反】 grave, serious 严肃的；earnest 认真的 【考法2】adj. 喜悦的： joyfully elated 【例】 He's clearly giddy at the news that his ailing grandfather will be fine. 听到他祖父的病将无大恙，他的喜悦之情溢于言表 【近】 elated, elevated, euphoric, exhilarated, exultant, intoxicated, rapturous 【反】 depressed, melancholy 忧郁的

hasty

【考法1】adj. 轻率的： fast and typically superficial; acting or done with excessive or careless speed 【例】 a hasty decision 轻率的决定 【近】 cursory, headlong, precipitate, rash, rushed, pell-mell 【反】 deliberate, well considered, unhurried, unrushed 深思熟虑的，不慌不忙的

garish

【考法1】adj. 过于鲜艳的，过于张扬的： marked by strident color or excessive ornamentation 【例】With garish makeup on, she looks exceedingly frivolous. 浓妆艳抹之下的她显得格外轻佻 【近】 gaudy, blatant, brazen, flamboyant, glaring, ostentatious 【反】 dim, gloomy, murky, somber黯淡的；conservative, quiet 不张扬的

fusty

【考法1】adj. 过时的： rigidly old-fashioned or reactionary 【例】fusty old carpets 过时的旧地毯 【近】 antiquated, archaic, bygone, moldy, outdated 【考法2】adj. 腐臭的： saturated with dust and stale odors 【例】the fusty odor of a damp cellar 潮湿的地下室里的腐臭味道 【近】 malodorous, fetid, musty, noisome, smelly, stale 【反】ambrosial, aromatic, fragrant, perfumed, redolent, savory, scented, sweet 有香味的，芳香的

earsplitting

【考法1】adj. 震耳欲聋的：distressingly loud or shrill 【例】 earsplitting noise of airplane engines 飞机引擎的巨大噪音 【近】 blaring, blasting, deafening, loud, piercing, plangent, resounding, roaring, stentorian, thunderous 【反】 gentle, soft （音乐）轻柔的

gear

【考法1】v. 调整（以配合）： to adjust or adapt so as to make suitable 【例】 geared the speech towards a conservative audience 调整演讲以适应保守的观众 【近】 adapt, adjust, fit, suit, tailor

immaterial

【考法1】adj. 非实体的： not composed of matter 【例】 It is only possible to study immaterial forces like gravity by observing their effects on the physical world. 要研究那些非实体的作用力——例如万有引力，只能观察它们对于现实世界的影响 【近】 ethereal, formless, incorporeal, insubstantial, nonmaterial, spiritual 【反】 bodily, corporeal, material, physical, substantial 实体的 【考法2】adj. 无关的，不重要的： of no importance or relevance 【例】 While undoubtedly upsetting, that story is immaterial to the question of why you are late. 尽管那个故事的确很让人遗憾，但是和你为什么迟到没有半点关系 【近】 extraneous, impertinent, inapplicable, inapposite, irrelevant 【反】 applicable, apposite, apropos, germane, pertinent, relevant 相关的；crucial, important, significant 重要的

hideous

【考法1】adj. 非常丑陋的： exceedingly ugly 【例】 wearing a hideous Halloween mask that made the kids all jump with fright戴着一个丑陋的万圣节面具把小孩子全都吓跑了 【近】homely, ill-favored, monstrous, uncomely, unsightly 【反】 pulchritudinous, aesthetic, attractive, comely, gorgeous, handsome, knockout, ravishing, seemly, stunning, taking, well-favored 美丽的，有吸引力的 【派】 hideousness 丑陋 【反】 affinity 吸引力

ironclad

【考法1】adj. 非常坚固的，坚不可摧的： so firm or secure as to be unbreakable 【例】pride on their ironclad fleet 对他们坚不可摧的舰队感到自豪 【近】 firm, invulnerable, secure, sound, tenacious, tough 【反】 fragile 脆弱的

hilarious

【考法1】adj. 非常好笑的： marked by or causing hilarity: extremely funny 【例】 hilarious cartoons that the whole family can enjoy 适合全家观看的搞笑动画片 【近】 hysterical, ludicrous, ridiculous, screaming, sidesplitting, uproarious 【反】 humorless, lame, unamusing, uncomic, unfunny 不好笑的

heterodox

【考法1】adj. 非正统的，异端的： holding unorthodox opinions or doctrines, not rigidly following established form, custom, or rules 【例】 her heterodox approach to teaching science initially met with some resistance from her peers 她对于教学的一些非正统方法最开始受到了同辈的抵触 【近】 dissenting, out-there, unconventional, unorthodox 【反】 conforming, conventional, orthodox, regular, routine 正常的，正统的

hard-bitten

【考法1】adj. 顽强的，经受的住困境、压力的： able to withstand hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】 hard-bitten Chinese people could endure both the scorching heat and the freezing cold 坚强勇敢的中国人民既能受得住酷暑，又能受得住严寒 【近】 hardened, sturdy, tough, cast-iron, inured, rugged, stout, vigorous, hardy 【反】 delicate, nonhardy, soft, tender, weak柔弱的

hardy

【考法1】adj. 顽强的： able to withstand hardship, strain, or exposure 【例】 chrysanthemums are hardy enough to survive a light frost 菊花能够经受霜打 【近】hardened, sturdy, tough, cast-iron, inured, rugged, stout, vigorous, hard-bitten 【反】 delicate, nonhardy, soft, tender, weak 柔弱的 【考法2】adj. 愿意冒风险的： inclined or willing to take risks 【例】 hardy souls who pioneered new paths into outer space 那些愿意冒险探索外太空的先驱们 【近】 adventurous, audacious, daring, dashing, emboldened, enterprising, gutsy, venturous 【反】 unadventurous, unenterprising 没有冒险精神的

headlong

【考法1】adj. 鲁莽的： without deliberation 【例】 terrified forest creatures in a headlong retreat from the rapidly spreading fire 受惊的动物们惊慌失措地从不断蔓延的森林大火中逃离出来 【近】 cursory, overhasty, precipitate, precipitous, rash, pell-mell, helter-skelter 【反】 deliberate, unhurried, unrushed 深思熟虑的

gloomy

【考法1】adj. 黯淡无光的： being without light or without much light 【近】 black, dark, dim, dimmed, murky, obscure, stygian, pitch-dark 【反】 bright, luminous, lucent, lucid 明亮的 【考法2】adj. 忧郁的： low in spirits 【例】feel gloomy about future career 就未来的职业生涯倍感忧心 【近】 sullen, dejected, dour, melancholy, morose, saturnine, surly 【反】 frothy 欢乐轻挑的；buoyant, cheerful, jubilant 高兴的

hortative

【考法1】adj. 鼓励的： giving exhortation【记】 heart 用心来建议；音：嚎啕，嚎啕大哭时要激励与鼓励<br/>【另】 exhort 力劝,勉励

contrite

【考法1】adj. （因为有罪孽或过错而感到）后悔悲痛的：feeling or showing sorrow and remorse for a sin or shortcoming 【例】 too late to feel contrite 现在后悔已为时已晚 【近】 compunctious, regrettable, remorseful, apologetic, penitent, repentant, rueful 【反】 impenitent, unrepentant 不知悔改的

husky

【考法1】adj. （尤指声音）沙哑的，粗糙的： hoarse or rough in quality 【例】a voice husky with emotion 富有感情的沙哑声音 【近】 coarse, grating, gravelly, harsh, rasping, rusty, scratchy, throaty 【反】 mellifluous （声音）甜蜜的，甜美的 【考法2】adj. 高大威猛的： big and muscular 【例】a very husky young man, built like a football player 一个体格像橄榄球运动员一样的高大的男孩 【近】 beefy, burly, hefty, muscular, powerful, strapping, rugged 【反】 dwarf矮小的

irreducible

【考法1】adj. （数）不可约分的： incapable of being factored into polynomials of lower degree with coefficients in some given field (as the rational numbers) or integral domain (as the integers) 【例】irreducible integrals 质数 【反】 factorable可约分的

grandiloquent

【考法1】adj. （语言等）浮夸的： a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language 【例】feel disgusted with his grandiloquent speech 对他浮夸的演讲表示厌恶 【近】 rhetorical, bombastic, inflated, magniloquent, pretentious 【反】 secretive 低调的，隐秘的；simple 简单的 【派】 grandiloquence n. 夸张的话语

impious

【考法1】adj.不敬神的： lacking reverence for holy or sacred matters 【例】 made impious remarks about the church 对教会做出不敬的评论 【近】 blasphemous, irreverent, profane, sacrilegious 【反】 pious虔诚的；reverent 敬神的 【派】 impiety n. （对神的）不敬

hypnotic

【考法1】adj.催眠的： tending to cause sleep 【例】 Her eyes soon grew heavy from the hypnotic rhythm of the train's wheels.伴随着催眠的铁轨声，她很快就有了睡意 【近】 drowsy, narcotic, opiate, sleepy, slumberous, soporific 【反】 stimulating 刺激性的；refreshing 使人精神焕发的 hypnosis 催眠

imperturbable

【考法1】adj.沉着冷静的，淡定的： marked by extreme calm, impassivity, and steadiness 【例】 The chef was absolutely imperturbable—even when the kitchen caught on fire. 这个厨师可谓淡定到了极致——他连厨房着火的时候都依然沉着 【近】 collected, composed, cool, disimpassioned, nonchalant, unflappable, unruffled 【反】 choleric, touchy 暴躁的，易怒的

imperative

【考法1】n. a statement of what to do that must be obeyed by those concerned 【例】 a secretary of defense who was fond of issuing harshly worded imperatives 一个很喜欢发布措辞严厉的命令的国防部长 【近】 command, decree, dictate, direction, directive, instruction, order, word 【考法2】adj. 命令的，强制性的：forcing one's compliance or participation by or as if by law 【例】 requests that grew more and more imperative 命令性越来越强的请求 【近】 compulsory, forced, involuntary, obligatory, peremptory, required 【反】 optional 可选择的；voluntary 志愿性的 【考法3】adj. 迫切的： needing immediate attention 【例】 an imperative need for medical supplies in the earthquake-ravaged country 地震灾区国家对于医疗物资的迫切需求 【近】 clamant, compelling, critical, crying, emergent, exigent, imperious, importunate, pressing, urgent 【反】 noncritical, unimportant 不重要的 【考法4】adj. 必要的： impossible to do without 【例】 Proper equipment is imperative for the success of this chemical experiment. 合适的仪器是这个化学实验成功必不可少的条件 【近】 indispensable, necessary, necessitous, requisite, vital 【反】 dispensable, inessential, needless, unnecessary 非必须的

interim

【考法1】n. 中间过渡时期，间隔： an interval of time between one event, process, or period and another 【例】 Richard Wagner's operas usually require an interim of more than 30 minutes for performers to have a break. 理查德·瓦格纳的歌剧通常需要长达30 多分钟的幕间休息时间以供演员调整 【近】 breach, break, gap, interruption, interval, interlude, parenthesis 【反】 continuation, continuity 持续 【考法2】adj. 暂时的： serving in a position for the time being 【例】 an interim government to maintain social stability 维持社会稳定的临时政府 【近】 acting, provisional, temporary 【反】 eternal, permanent永恒的

hedonism

【考法1】n. 享乐主义： the doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the sole or chief good in life 【例】 their spring break trip to Mexico became an exercise in heedless hedonism 他们春季的墨西哥之行成为了一次未加注意的享乐之旅 【近】 carnality, debauchery, sybaritism, voluptuousness 【反】 abstinence, asceticism, sobriety, temperance 禁欲，节制

irk

【考法1】n. 令人烦恼的事物： something that is a source of irritation 【例】 One of the prof's major irks is a cell phone that rings during a lecture.课堂上突然响起的手机铃声是最让教授火大的事情之一 【近】 aggravation, bother, exasperation, frustration, headache, irritant, nuisance, vexation 【考法2】v. 使烦恼，使厌倦： to be irritating, wearisome, or vexing to 【例】 She irked her friends by chewing her gum loudly during the movie. 她因为看电影时嚼口香糖弄出声响而惹怒了她的朋友们 【近】 annoy, bother, fret, gall, provoke, ruffle, vex 【反】 appease, assuage, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 安抚，平息 【派】 irksome adj. 令人厌烦的

imitation

【考法1】n. 仿制品： something that is made to look exactly like something else 【例】 usually wore imitations of her costly jewels 通常只戴她那些贵重珠宝的复刻品 【近】 clone, copy, dupe, duplication, facsimile, mock, reduplication, replica, replication, reproduction 【反】archetype, original, prototype 原型 【派】 imitating adj. 仿制的

hallmark

【考法1】n. 典型的特征： a conspicuous feature or characteristic 【例】 the dramatic flourishes are the hallmark of the trial lawyer 一头夸张的假发是辩护律师的标志装扮 【近】 ensign, impresa, logo, symbol, totem, trademark 【反】 uncharacteristic feature不典型的特征

impostor

【考法1】n. 冒充者： one that assumes false identity or title for the purpose of deception 【例】 The man who claimed to be a prince turned out to be an impostor. 那个自称是王子的人原来是冒充的 【近】 charlatan, fake, fraud, hoaxer, mountebank, phony, pretender, quack, sham

homily

【考法1】n. 冗长乏味的道德讲演或训诫： an idea or expression that has been used by many people 【例】 a TV movie filled with the usual hokey homilies about people triumphing over life's adversities 一档说教性质的、充满了介绍逆境中的人们如何成就自我的电视节目 【近】 banality, bromide, chestnut, cliché, groaner, platitude, shibboleth

gadfly

【考法1】n. 刺激物： one that acts as a provocative stimulus 【近】 goad, impetus, impulse, incentive, irritant, spur, stimulus 【反】 balm 安抚，慰藉 【考法2】n. 令人反感的人： a person who stimulates or annoys especially by persistent criticism 【例】 a tactless gadfly during post-game interviews with the losing team 在赛后采访败北方时一个令人讨厌的不懂人情世故的人 【近】 annoyer, bother, persecutor, teaser, pest

coronation

【考法1】n. 加冕，加冕礼：the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign or the sovereign's consort 【例】Two different musical pieces by Mozart (a piano concerto and a mass) are both titled "Coronation". 莫 扎特两部不同的音乐作品（一部钢琴协奏曲和一部弥撒）都被称作"加冕" 【近】enthronement, crowning 【反】abdication 退位 【派】coronate v. 加冕

impromptu

【考法1】n. 即席的表演： something, such as a speech, that is made or done extemporaneously 【近】 improvisation, extemporization 【考法2】adj. 即席的，即兴的：composedwithout previous preparation 【例】 Our dinner guest thanked us with an impromptu song. 客人们即兴高歌一首以表达谢意 【近】 ad-lib, extemporary, improvised, offhand, unplanned, unpremeditated, unprepared, unrehearsed 【反】 considered, planned, premeditated, prepared, rehearsed 事先有所准备的

homage

【考法1】n. 尊敬，敬意： expression of high regard: respect 【例】Homage to Catalonia 向加泰罗尼亚致敬 【近】commendation, eulogy, hymn, paean, panegyric, salutation, tribute, dithyramb 【反】 disrespect 不尊敬

imbroglio

【考法1】n. 困境，复杂的局面： an intricate or complicated situation 【例】 What investor would willingly become involved in this imbroglio? 怎样的投资者才会像这样明知山有虎，偏向虎山行呢？ 【近】 complexity, complication, embarrassment, entanglement, involvement, misunderstanding, quandary 【考法2】n. 纷争： an often noisy or angry expression of differing opinions 【例】 an imbroglio involving some big names in the entertainment industry 一场涉及娱乐圈数位明星的纷争 【近】 altercation, controversy, disagreement, dispute, fight, quarrel, squabble, wrangle 【反】 harmony 和谐

hodgepodge

【考法1】n. 大杂烩： a mixture of dissimilar ingredients; a jumble 【例】 a hodgepodge of styles 混搭风格|| the exhibit was a hodgepodge of mediocre art, bad art, and really bad art 整场展览就是中庸、烂和非常烂的艺术作品的大杂烩 【近】 agglomeration, assortment, collage, medley, mishmash, pastiche, potpourri

havoc

【考法1】n. 大混乱： a state in which everything is out of order 【例】 the blackout caused havoc in the city 断电造成了城市一片混乱 【近】 disarrangement, disarray, dishevelment, muddle, muss, tumble, welter 【反】 order, orderliness 有序 【考法2】n. 大范围破坏： the state or fact of being rendered nonexistent, physically unsound, or useless 【例】 the powerful hurricane wreaked havoc all along the coast 威力巨大的飓风摧毁着沿岸的一切 【近】annihilation, decimation, demolishment, desolation, devastation, extermination, extinction, obliteration, ruin, wreckage 【反】 building, construction, erection, raising 建设

cornucopia

【考法1】n. 大量：an overflowing store; an abundance 【例】a cornucopia of employment opportunities 大量的就业机会 【近】 plentitude, plethora, wealth, profusion, affluence 【反】 lack, pittance, deficiency 缺乏，少量

hyperbole

【考法1】n. 夸张： a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect 【例】 The debate was carried on with increasing rhetorical hyperbole. 随着辩论的进行，双方修辞当中的夸张越来越多 【近】 coloring, embellishment, embroidering, exaggeration, magnification, overstatement 【反】 understatement 有节制的陈述

contract

【考法1】n. 契约，合同：a binding agreement between two or more persons or parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 【例】 a billion-dollar contract from Department of Defense 来自国防部的巨额合同 【近】 agreement, compact, convention, treaty 【考法2】v. 收缩：to reduce in size by drawing together; shrink 【例】 contract muscle 收缩肌肉 【近】 compress, condense, concentrate 【反】 expand 扩展；inflate 膨胀 【考法3】v. 感染疾病：to become affected by a disease or disorder 【例】 contracted a severe cold that later turned into pneumonia 染上了重感冒，最终发展成肺炎 【近】 catch, get, sicken 【反】 heal 痊愈 【派】 contractor n. 承包商

haven

【考法1】n. 安全的地方： a place of safety 【例】 a haven for artists 艺术家们的圣地 【近】 asylum, harbor, refuge, retreat, sanctuary 【反】 unsafe place, dangerous place 不安全的地方

gorge

【考法1】n. 峡谷： a narrow steep-walled canyon or part of a canyon 【例】Wenchuan earthquake is said to have no detrimental effect on Three-Gorge dam. 汶川地震据称对三峡大坝没有破坏性影响 【近】 gap, gulch, notch, ravine 【考法2】vi. 狼吞虎咽： to eat greedily or to repletion 【例】gorge himself at the party 在聚会上狼吞虎咽 【近】 cram, devour, gobble, guzzle, loaf, quaff, sate, swill 【反】 nibble 小口咬 【派】 gorgeous adj. 壮观的

implement

【考法1】n. 工具： a device used in the performance of a task 【例】 gardening implements such as hoes, spades, and pruners 诸如锄头、铲子和修枝剪一类的园艺工具 【近】 apparatus, device, instrument, tool, utensil 【考法2】v. 执行，实施： to put into practical effect; carry out 【例】 implement the new online application procedures 实行新的网申程序 【近】 administer, apply, effect, enforce, execute, invoke, perform 【反】 cancel, repeal, rescind, revoke 撤销 【派】 implementation n. 执行，履行

humor

【考法1】n. 幽默，令人发笑的事物： something that is or is designed to be comical or amusing 【例】 The speech is full of wit and humor. 演讲妙趣横生 【近】 comedy, comic, drollery, drollness, funniness, hilariousness 【反】 pathos 令人伤感的事物 【考法2】v. 迎合，迁就： to comply with the wishes or ideas of 【例】 Parents need to know how to humor kids when they are upset. 父母需要知道当孩子烦躁的时候怎么哄孩子 【近】 cater, gratify, indulge

commencement

【考法1】n. 开始：a beginning; a start. 【例】There was a large turnout at the commencement of the conference, but the numbers dwindled as it progressed. 在会议开始的时候，有很多人出席。但是随着会议的发展，人慢慢变少了。 【近】birth, onset, outset, start, genesis, inception, nascence, threshold 【反】close, conclusion, end, ending 结束 【考法2】 n. 毕业典礼the ceremonies or the day for conferring degrees or diplomas 【例】The purpose of a commencement speaker is to dispense wisdom. 毕业典礼的演讲者的目的是传播智慧。 【反】matriculation 录取入学

heresy

【考法1】n. 异教，和普遍观点相悖： a controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, departure from a generally accepted theory, opinion, or practice 【例】 the heresy of asserting that Shakespeare was not a great writer 声称莎士比亚不是伟大作家的非主流观点 【近】 dissent, dissidence, heterodoxy, nonconformity 【反】 dogma, conformity, orthodoxy 正教

hive

【考法1】n. 忙碌之地： a place swarming with activity 【例】 The house was a hive of activity as we prepared for the party. 我们筹备派对时，房子里很是熙熙攘攘。 【考法2】v. 储备，积累： to store up; accumulate

illiteracy

【考法1】n. 文盲： the condition of being unable to read and write 【例】 a nationwide campaign against illiteracy 全国扫盲运动 【近】 ignorance 【反】 learning, literacy 受过教育 【派】 illiterate adj. 不识字的

idyll

【考法1】n. 无忧无虑的生活： a carefree episode or experience 【例】a summer idyll on the coast of the Mediterranean 地中海岸的悠闲夏日 【近】 frisk, frolic, gambol, revel, lark

illuminati

【考法1】n. 智者： persons who claim to be unusually enlightened 【近】 clerisy, intellectual, intelligentsia, literati 【反】 fool, dolt, dullard, idiot, simpleton 傻子 【考法2】n. 精英： individuals carefully selected as being the best of a class 【例】 a book launching party to which only New York's cultural illuminati were invited 一个只邀请了纽约上层文化精英的新书发布会 【近】 aristocracy, elite, upper crust

hybrid

【考法1】n. 杂交品种，混合品种： something of mixed origin or composition 【例】 a hybrid of medieval and Renaissance styles 中世纪和文艺复兴的混搭风 【近】 amalgam, bastard, compound, mixture, mule 【考法2】adj. 杂交的： being offspring produced by parents of different races, breeds, species, or genera 【例】 a hybrid rose called "American Beauty" 一种被称为"美国丽人"的杂交玫瑰 【近】 crossbred, mongrel 【反】 purebred 纯种的

gasification

【考法1】n. 气化： conversion into gas 【例】gasification of coals 煤的气化 【近】 evaporation, sublimation 【反】 solidification 固化；liquefaction 液化 【派】 gasify v. 气化

gauge

【考法1】n. 测量标准： a measurement (as of linear dimension) according to some standard or system 【例】polls as a gauge of voter satisfaction 用以衡量选民满意度的选票结果 【近】 standard, benchmark, criterion, measure, touchstone, yardstick 【考法2】vt. 判定： to determine the capacity or contents of 【例】It is hard to gauge his mood. 要判断他的情绪很困难 【近】 assess, determine, evaluate, figure, measure, scale

iconoclast

【考法1】n. 特立独行的人： a person who does not conform to generally accepted standards or customs 【例】 He was an iconoclast who refused to be bound by tradition. 他是个不愿被传统所束缚的叛逆者 【近】 bohemian, deviant, heretic, maverick, non-conformer 【反】 conformer, conformist 循规蹈矩的人 【派】 iconoclastic adj. 特立独行的

hesitance

【考法1】n. 犹豫，不情愿： the quality or state of being hesitant, reluctance 【例】 sales figures for the month were up, as consumers began to overcome their hesitance about purchasing big-ticket items 月销售额有所上涨，因为消费者对于大件商品的购买由观望转向消费 【近】 faltering, indecision, irresolution, vacillation, wavering, wobbling 【反】 alacrity, impetuosity, inclination, willingness 冲动，乐意

hubris

【考法1】n. 狂妄自大： exaggerated pride or self-confidence 【例】 His failure was brought on by his hubris. 就是他的狂妄自大才导致了失败。 【反】 humility 谦逊【记】 hub + rise 中心升起，以自我为中心；husband丈夫，大丈夫的大男子态度 + rise

gash

【考法1】n. 砍得很深的伤口： a long deep cut 【例】got a gash in his knee that required four stitches 膝盖伤得很深，需要缝针 【近】 incision, laceration, rent, rip, tear 【考法2】v. 砍： to make a gash in 【例】 Her face had been gashed by the rocks as she tumbled down the embankment. 当她从堤岸上摔下来时脸上被刮了一道口 【近】 cut, incision, piercing, slash, slice, slit 【反】 sew 缝合

bane

【考法1】n. 祸根：a source of harm or ruin 【例】 Drinking was the bane of his life. 饮酒是他一生的祸根 【近】affliction, curse, nemesis, scourge 【反】 blessing, boon, felicity, windfall 福根 【考法2 】n. 有害的物质：a substance that by chemical action can kill or injure a living thing 【例】a plant that is believed to be the bane of the wolf 一种被认为对狼有毒害作用的植物 【近】toxic, toxin, venom 【派】 baneful adj. 有害的

gloss

【考法1】n. 简短解释： a brief explanation of a difficult or obscure word or expression 【近】 abstract, annotation, brief, epitome, synopsis 【反】 amplification 详解 【考法2】n. （欺骗性的）光鲜外表： a deceptively attractive external appearance 【例】used a computer to give her astrological predictions the gloss of real science 用计算机来给他的占星预测结果套上科学的外衣 【近】 façade, mask, veneer 【考法3】v. 敷衍潦草做事（甚至忽略）： to deal with (a subject or problem) too lightly or not at all 【例】gloss over the problems 不怎么理会这些问题 【近】 disregard, ignore, neglect, overlook 【反】 scrutinize 仔细研究 【考法4】v. 开脱（罪名）： to make (something) seem less bad by offering excuses 【例】I don't want to gloss over her misbehavior, but keep in mind that she's been under a lot of stress lately. 我不想为她的行为辩护，但是别忘了她最近压力很大 【近】 excuse, extenuate 【派】 glossary n. 术语表

ignominy

【考法1】n. 耻辱： the state of having lost the esteem of others 【例】He spent the remainder of his life in ignominy after being involved in a bribery scandal. 因为卷入了受贿丑闻当中，他在耻辱中度过余生 【近】 discredit, disesteem, dishonor, disrepute, infamy, obloquy, odium, opprobrium, reproach, shame 【反】 glory, honor 荣耀；esteem, respect 敬意 【派】 ignominious adj. 可鄙的

hovel

【考法1】n. 茅屋： a small, wretched, and often dirty house 【近】 cabin, camp, hooch, hut, hutch, hutment, shanty

gossamer

【考法1】n. 虚无飘渺的东西： something light, delicate, or insubstantial 【例】the gossamer of youth's dreams 年少时飘渺的梦想 【近】 ether, delicacy 【反】 substance, entity 实体 【考法2】adj. 轻薄的： extremely light, delicate, or tenuous 【例】a gossamer explanation 站不住脚的解释 【近】 diaphanous ,ethereal, filmy, light, insubstantial, tenuous 【反】 heavy, leaden, ponderous 沉重的

jargon

【考法1】n. 行业术语： the specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group 【例】 medical jargon that the layman cannot understand 外行不理解的医学术语 【近】 argot, cant, dialect, jive, lingo, patois

garment

【考法1】n. 衣服： an article of clothing 【例】pack all garments 给所有衣服打包 【近】 apparel, attire, costume, dress, suit

gist

【考法1】n. 要点： the main point or part 【例】the gist of the argument 论证的要点 【近】 core, essence, kernel, pivot, quintessence, substance 【反】 divergence 偏离主旨

glut

【考法1】v. 使过量，使充满： to fill beyond capacity, especially with food 【例】glut himself with Sushi 吃寿司吃撑了 【近】 cloy, cram, fill, satiate, surfeit, oversupply, sate 【反】 lack 缺乏 【派】 glutted adj. 饱和的

gladiator

【考法1】n. 角斗士： a person engaged in a fight to the death as public entertainment for ancient Romans 【例】He comes to Rome as a gladiator to seek revenge. 他化成角斗士来到罗马寻求复仇 【近】 fighter, belligerent, combatant 【考法2】n. 参与打斗或辩论的人： a person engaging in a public fight or controversy 【近】 boxer

humility

【考法1】n. 谦卑，谦逊： the absence of any feelings of being better than others 【例】 Haughtiness invites disaster; humility receives benefit. 满招损，谦受益 【近】 demureness, humbleness, lowliness, meekness, modesty 【反】 arrogance, assumption, bumptiousness, hauteur, pomposity, presumption, superciliousness傲慢，自大

glutton

【考法1】n. 贪吃者： a person who eats or consumes immoderate amounts of food and drink 【例】a glutton for work 工作狂 【近】 gorger, gourmand 【派】 gluttony n. 暴饮暴食

hymn

【考法1】n. 赞歌，赞美诗： a song of praise or joy 【例】 They sang a hymn of praise to God. 他们唱赞歌赞美上帝 【近】 eulogy, homage, hymn, ode, paean, panegyric, psalm, salutation, tribute 【反】 dirge, elegy 哀诗，挽歌 【考法2】v. 赞美： to proclaim the glory of 【例】 During the honeymoon following the inauguration, newspaper articles seemed to hymn the president's every move. 在上任后的"蜜月期"之中，报纸新闻似乎在赞美总统的每一项措施 【近】 bless, carol, celebrate, emblazon, exalt, extol, glorify, laud, magnify, resound 【反】 blame, censure, reprehend, reprobate 责难，职责

encomium

【考法1】n. 赞颂之词：glowing and warmly enthusiastic praise 【例】received encomiums from literary critics 受到文学评论家的好评 【近】accolade, applause, compliment, eulogy, laud, panegyric, salutation, tribute 【反】criticism 批评；abuse, invective, vituperation 辱骂【另】 comic 滑稽的，喜剧的，comedian 喜剧演员

hallucination

【考法1】n. 错觉： a false idea or belief 【例】 the common hallucination that gluttony during the holiday season doesn't have consequences 【近】 chimera, daydream, delusion, fancy, figment, illusion 【反】 truth, verity

hegemony

【考法1】n. 霸权，统治权： preponderant influence or authority over others 【例】battled for hegemony in Asia 争夺在亚洲地区的霸权地位 【近】ascendancy, dominance, dominion, predominance, preeminence 【反】 lack of authority 缺少权利音: 黑哥 money 黑道大哥抢钱，真是霸权

crest

【考法1】n. 顶部，浪尖：the top, as of a hill or wave 【例】 on the crest of a wave 如日中天，非常成功 【近】 apex, acme, apogee, climax, peak, pinnacle, summit, zenith 【反】 bottom 底部

augur

【考法1】n. 预言家： one who predicts future events or developments 【例】 The ancient Roman augurs predicted the future by reading the flight of birds. 古罗马的预言家们通过鸟类的航线来预测未来 【近】 forecaster, foreseer, diviner, foreteller, prophesier, visionary 【考法2】 v. 出现好兆头： to show signs of a favorable or successful outcome 【例】 This augurs well for us. 这是一个好兆头 【近】 forebode, promise 【考法3】 vt. 预言：to tell of or describe beforehand 【例】 The fortune-teller augured nothing but a series of calamities for me. 占卜人预言在我身上将会有一系列大灾难发生 【近】 forecast, predict, presage, prognosticate, prophesy

harbinger

【考法1】n. 预言者： one that presages or foreshadows what is to come 【例】 The October air stung my cheeks, a harbinger of winter. 十月的寒风凛冽地吹在脸上，这是冬天的预兆。 【近】 foregoer, herald, outrider, precursor

hurricane

【考法1】n. 飓风： a violent rotating storm or system of winds 【例】 The hurricane struck the coast early today. 飓风今晨袭击了海岸 【近】 storm, typhoon 【反】 calm 风平浪静 【考法2】n. 飓风般的事物，引起动荡的事物： something resembling a hurricane especially in its turmoil 【例】 economic news that unleashed a hurricane on the trading floor 在交易大厅掀起轩然大波的经济新闻 【近】 disturbance, furor, pandemonium, tumult, turmoil, uproar

grandeur

【考法1】n. 高尚，重要： nobility or greatness of character 【例】the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome 希腊的荣耀和罗马的辉煌 【近】 magnificence, augustness, brilliance, glory, majesty, nobility, resplendence, splendor 【反】 frivolousness 无关紧要 【派】 grand adj. 宏伟壮观的

asperity

【考法1】n. （举止、性情）粗暴：roughness of manner or of temper 【例】She responded with such asperity that we knew she was offended by the question. 她如此粗鲁的回答问题以至于我们知道这个问题冒犯到了她。 【近】roughness, crudity, rudeness, poignancy, harshness 【反】softness, mildness 脾气好 【考法2】 n.（环境）艰苦：rigor, severity 【例】He has encountered more than his share of asperities on the road to success. 在成功的道路上他已经遇到过比他应该承受的更多的艰辛。 【近】severity, hardness, hardship, rigor

jaundice

【考法1】n. （因嫉妒或厌世而产生的）偏见： to affect with the negativity or bitterness of jaundice; bias 【例】the jaundice in the eyes of the two feuding neighbors 两个有积怨的邻居之间的偏见 【近】 animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, gall, hostility, rancor 【反】 amity和睦，好感

issue

【考法1】n. （有争议的）话题，议题： a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties 【例】focused on economic and political issues 重点关注经济和政治话题 【近】 nut, problem, question 【考法2】vi. 发布（期刊等）： to produce and release for distribution in printed form 【例】plans to issue a monthly newsletter 计划发布新闻月刊 【近】 print 【考法3】vi. 流出： to go, come, or flow out 【例】strange sound issued from the abandoned house 废弃房中传来的奇怪声音 【近】 discharge, emit, exude, release, vent 【反】 withdraw 撤回

gaffe

【考法1】n. （社交上）失礼，失态： a social or diplomatic blunder 【例】A gaffe is when a politician tells the truth. —— Michael Kinsley 所谓出丑，就是政治家说真话的时候（迈克·金斯利） 【近】 impropriety, indecorum, indiscretion 【反】 decency, decorum, propriety 举止得体 【考法2】n. 明显的错误，错误判断： a blatant mistake or misjudgment 【例】 so-called debates, which were mainly about seeing which candidate made the most gaffes 所谓的辩论，其实主要就是看哪个选手犯了最多的错误 【近】 blunder, lapse, misstep, oversight

cliché

【考法1】n./ adj. 陈词滥调（的）：a hackneyed theme, characterization, or situation 【例】 Cliché is a feature of bad news. 拙劣的新闻的特征是使用陈词滥调。 【近】 banality, bromide, platitude, trite, bathetic, hackneyed, stereotypical 【反】 fresh, new, original, creative 新的，创造性的

hoax

【考法1】n./v. 欺骗： to cause to believe what is untrue 【例】 a skilled forger who hoaxed the art world into believing that the paintings were long-lost Vermeers 一个老道的骗子成功让艺术界相信那些画作是遗失多年的维米尔的真迹 【近】 bamboozle, beguile, bluff, con, cozen, delude, dupe, fake out, gull, hoodwink, take in

glitch

【考法1】n.小故障： a minor malfunction, mishap, or technical problem 【例】postponement due to a glitch in a spacecraft's fuel cell 宇宙飞船燃料电池故障引起的推迟发射 【近】 bug, defect, fault, lapse, imperfection, peccadillo 【反】 fatal error 致命错误

husk

【考法1】n.（果类或谷物的）外壳： a usually dry or membranous outer covering (as a pod or one composed of bracts) of various seeds and fruits (as barley and corn) 【例】 a grey squirrel nibbling on a peanut husk 一个啃着花生壳的灰松鼠 【近】 bark, chaff, hull, shell 【反】core, kernel 核 【考法2】v. 剥去： to remove the natural covering of 【例】 the tedious task of husking coconuts 无聊的任务——剥花生 【近】 bark, flay, hull, shell, shuck, skin

hauteur

【考法1】n．傲慢，自大： haughtiness in bearing and attitude; arrogance 【例】 he looked at her with the hauteur of someone who is accustomed to being instantly obeyed 他看着她，带着向来被顺从惯了的傲慢。 【近】 bumptiousness, imperiousness, peremptoriness, pomposity, presumptuousness, pretentiousness, superciliousness, superiority 【反】 humility, humbleness, modesty, unassumingness, unpretentiousness 谦虚

efface

【考法1】v t. 擦掉，抹去；使不明显： to eliminate or make indistinct by or as if by wearing away a surface 【例】 efface those unpleasant memories 抹去那些不快的记忆 【近】 eradicate, erase, expunge, exterminate, extirpate, liquidate, eclipse, obliterate, wipe, root out 【反】 blazon, decorate 装饰；emboss 使凸起，使显现 【派】 self-effacing adj. 谦卑、低调的

harry

【考法1】v. 不断烦扰，骚扰： to disturb or distress by or as if by repeated attacks; harass 【反】 comfort, mollify 安慰

homogenize

【考法1】v. 使统一化： to make agree with a single established standard or model 【例】 plans to homogenize the science curriculum in public high schools throughout the state计划将全州的公立高中的课程安排统一化 【近】 formalize, homogenize, normalize, regularize

improvise

【考法1】v. 即兴而作： to invent, compose, or perform with little or no preparation 【例】 Since the award was a complete surprise, I improvised an acceptance speech. 因为那个奖项完全是个惊喜，所以我即兴发表了一个获奖演说 【近】 ad-lib, extemporize 【反】 plan, premeditate 计划，预先考虑

harangue

【考法1】v. 发表长篇大论： a long pompous speech, especially one delivered before a gathering 【例】She harangued us for hours about the evils of popular culture. 她向我们絮叨了好几小时，批判流行文化的堕落。 【近】 diatribe, harangue, jeremiad, philippic, rant 【反】 speak temperately 有节制地说话

gainsay

【考法1】v. 否认： to declare false 【近】 deny, contradict, contravene, naysay 【反】 acknowledge, admit, avow, concede 承认；affirm 证实 【考法2】vt. 反对： to oppose, especially by contradiction 【例】No one dare to gainsay him. 没人敢反驳他 【近】 disagree, refute, reject, repudiate 【反】 concur 同意

imbibe

【考法1】v. 喝水，摄取水分： to take in (something liquid) through small openings 【例】Plants can imbibe water through their roots. 植物可以通过它们的根摄取水分 【近】 drink, guzzle, hoist, quaff, sip, sponge 【反】 urinate 排尿

jape

【考法1】v. 嘲弄： to say or do something jokingly or mockingly 【例】 The characters in Oscar Wilde's plays jape with a sophistication that is rarely encountered in real life. 奥斯卡·王尔德戏剧作品中的角色用一种十分世故的态度进行嘲讽，而这种态度在真实生活当中是很少见的 【近】 jest, quip, wisecrack, banter, chaff, gag, jive, jolly, josh 【反】 revere 尊敬

impede

【考法1】v. 妨碍，阻碍： to interfere with or slow the progress of 【例】 Storms at sea impeded our expedition. 海上的风暴阻碍了我们的远征 【近】 clog, embarrass, encumber, fetter, hinder, inhibit, obstruct, retard, shackle, stymie, trammel 【反】 aid, assist, facilitate, help 促进，帮助 【派】impediment n. 障碍，阻碍

hammer

【考法1】v. 屡次重申： to make repeated efforts especially :to reiterate an opinion or attitude. 【例】 the lectures all hammered away at the same points 整场讲座都是在阐述相同论点|| hammered the information into the students' heads把这条信息反复向学生们强调

immure

【考法1】v. 监禁，禁闭： to confine within or as if within walls 【例】 immure oneself for GRE 闭门苦读GRE 【近】 bastille, confine, constrain, incarcerate, intern, jail, imprison 【反】 discharge, release释放；enfranchise, free, liberate 解放

hone

【考法1】v. 磨快： to sharpen or smooth with a whetstone 【例】 honed the knife's blade to razor-like sharpness 把小刀磨得像剃刀一样锋利|| honed his crossword-puzzle skills by reading the dictionary 通过背字典把填词游戏的水平练得炉火纯青 【近】 edge, grind, strop, whet 【反】 blunt, dull 弄钝

hoard

【考法1】v. 贮藏，秘藏： to keep hidden or private 【例】 he's been hoarding empty yogurt containers all winter 他整个冬天都在攒空酸奶瓶 【近】 cache, stash, stockpile, store, squirrel, stockpile 【反】 lavish 挥霍

filter

【考法1】v. 过滤： to pass through a filter 【例】 steep the tea and then filter it to get rid of the leaves 浸泡茶叶，再将其过滤以去除废渣 【近】 screen 【考法2】v. 去除杂质： to remove(usually visible) impurities from 【例】 After frying the chicken, we filtered the oil and kept it in the refrigerator to use again. 在炸完鸡肉之后，我们将滤去了杂质的油保存起来以供日后使用 【近】 clear, distill, garble, purify 【反】 adulterate 掺杂；contaminate 污染

contravene

【考法1】v. 违反，反对：to violate, to oppose in argument: contradict 【例】 contravene the proposal with no reservation 毫无保留地反对这一提案 【近】 breach, infringe, transgress, fracture, deny, contradict, gainsay, reject 【反】 uphold, support, buttress 支持；comply, conform, observe 顺从 【派】 contravention n. 反对；违反，触犯

constrain

【考法1】v. 限制：to force by imposed stricture, restriction, or limitation 【例】 Low temperature constrains the chemical reactivity. 低温降低了化学反应活性 【近】 bridle, check, confine, imprison, restrain, trammel 【反】 release 释放 【考法2】v. 使人屈服于（压力、感情等）：to cause (a person) to give in to pressure 【例】 constrained by his conscience to tell the truth 受他良心的驱使而说实话 【近】 coerce, compel, oblige, sandbag 【派】 constrained adj. 受限的

conceal

【考法1】v. 隐藏，隐瞒：to prevent disclosure or recognition of 【例】Drunkenness reveal what soberness conceal. 酒后吐真言 【近】cache, secrete, disguise, mask, occult, ensconce 【反】display, exhibit 展示；bare, disclose, expose, reveal, uncover, unmask 揭露

hanker

【考法1】v./n. 向往，渴望： to have a strong or persistent desire: yearn 【例】 hankering for adventure 渴望冒险 【近】 appetite, craving, hunger, itch, longing, lust, passion, thirst, yearning 【反】 odium, lack of desire 讨厌

idolatrize

【考法1】v.（通常盲目）崇拜： admires intensely and often blindly 【例】 Some teenagers idolatrized Hitler more than their own parents. 曾经有一些青少年崇拜希特勒超过自己的父母 【近】 adore, adulate, canonize, deify, dote, worship 【反】 abhor, abominate, detest, dislike, hate, loathe 痛恨，憎恶 【派】 idolatry n. 崇拜

interlock

【考法1】vi. to become united or joined closely, as by hooking or dovetailing 【例】 The branches of the trees interlock to form a natural archway. 树枝相互缠绕在一起，形成了天然的拱门 【近】 associate, connect, join, link, unite 【反】 sunder 拆散 【派】 interlocking adj. 连锁的

hike

【考法1】vi. 上涨： to rise up, to move from a lower to a higher place or position 【例】 hike rents 涨租金 【近】boost, elevate, heighten, hoist, upraise 【反】 backset, drop, lower 倒退，下降

hie

【考法1】vi. 匆匆忙忙： to go quickly, hasten 【例】 we had best hie home before the rain gets worse 我们最好在雨下大之前赶快回家 【近】bustle, dash, hustle, scoot, scurry, scuttle, shoot, trot 【反】 dawdle, crawl, creep, poke 闲荡，爬行

jabber

【考法1】vi. 快而不清楚地说： to talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly 【例】 monkeys jabbering at each other in their cages 在笼子里唧唧歪歪的猴子 【近】babble, blabber, drivel, gabble, gibber, jabber, mumbo jumbo 【反】 speak slowly 慢慢地说

gambol

【考法1】vi. 欢跳，雀跃： to leap about playfully 【例】young lambs gamboling in the meadow 小羊羔在原野里欢快地跳跃 【近】 frolic, caper, cavort 【反】 plod, trudge 沉重缓慢地走

gloat

【考法1】vi. 自鸣得意： a feeling of great, often malicious, pleasure or self-satisfaction 【例】gloat over his enemy's misfortune 为敌人的不幸而自鸣得意 【近】 crow, relish, triumph 【反】 mourn 哀悼

gamble

【考法1】vi. 赌博，孤注一掷： to bet on an uncertain outcome, as of a contest 【例】gambled on the train being late 赌火车晚点 【近】 bet, adventure, chance, risk, stake, venture 【考法2】vi. 使受到威胁： to place in danger 【例】You don't want to gamble with your life, so buckle up. 你不会想拿命来开玩笑的，所以系好安全带 【近】 compromise, hazard,

goldbrick

【考法1】vi. 逃避工作和责任： to shirk one's assigned duties or responsibilities 【例】goldbrick his duty as a citizen 逃避他作为公民的义务 【近】 idle, parry, parry, shirk, sidestep 【反】 dedicate, devote 致力于

hew

【考法1】vi. 遵守： confirm, adhere, to hold to something firmly as if by adhesion 【例】 hew to tradition 遵守传统 【近】adhere, cling, conform 【考法2】v. 支持： to give steadfast support to 【例】 no longer was able to hew to the party line and so he switched political parties不再赞同该党的纲领，他投奔了另一个党 【近】 cling to, keep to, stand by, stick to 【反】 defect from 脱离，叛变 hue: color

glisten

【考法1】vi. 闪光： to shine by reflection with a sparkling luster 【例】The calm sea glistened in the sunlight. 日光下平静的海面波光粼粼 【近】 flash, scintillate, sparkle, twinkle, winkle 【反】 dim 变得黯淡

jettison

【考法1】vt. 丢弃，投弃：to cast overboard or off 【例】 a ship jettisoning wastes 投弃废物的船 【近】 discard, dump, junk, scrap, throwing away 【反】 keep, retain 保留

hamstring

【考法1】vt. 使无效，使无力： to make ineffective or powerless 【例】 the downtown development committee claims that it's hamstrung by city ordinances 城镇发展委员会声称它受到了城市法令的阻碍 【近】 cripple, immobilize, incapacitate, prostrate

gratify

【考法1】vt. 使满足： to give what is desired to, to please or satisfy 【例】gratify her curiosity满足她的好奇心‖Her praise will gratify all who worked so hard to earn it. 他的表扬会使所有辛勤工作的人们高兴 【近】 appease, cater, content, satisfy 【反】 displease 使不满；grieve 使悲痛 【派】 gratification n. 满意

invigorate

【考法1】vt. 使精神，使强壮，鼓舞激励： to impart vigor, strength, or vitality to 【例】news that invigorates the public 给大众打鸡血的新闻 【近】 animate, energize, fortify, reinforce, strengthen, vitalize 【反】 dampen, deaden, debilitate, emaciate, sap 使衰弱；demoralize 使士气衰落 【派】 invigorated adj. 精力充沛的

hasten

【考法1】vt. 促进： to speed up; accelerate 【例】 The man's death was hastened by alcohol abuse. 酗酒加速了老人的死亡。 【近】 accelerate, bundle, fast-track, rush, speed up 【反】 slow the progress of, check, retard, brake, decelerate, retard, slow down 阻碍，放慢

harness

【考法1】vt. 利用： utilize 【例】 harness the sun's rays as a source of energy 利用阳光作为一种能源 【近】 apply, employ, exercise, exploit, operate, utilize 【反】 fail to utilize 没能够利用

grate

【考法1】vt. 刮擦（以发出刺耳的声音）： to make a rasping sound 【例】 The sled grated along the bare pavement. 雪橇与裸露的路面刮擦发出刺耳声 【近】 abrade, rasp, scratch, scrape 【考法2】vt. 骚扰，惹恼：to irritate or annoy persistently 【例】a noise that grates on one's nerves 使人烦躁的噪音 【近】 irritate, aggravate, gall, nettle, peeve, plague, provoke, vex 【反】 soothe 使平静，安抚 【派】 grating adj. 刺耳的

goad

【考法1】vt. 刺激驱使，激发： to incite or rouse as if with a goad 【例】goad someone to do something 激励某人做某事 【近】 urge, abet, exhort, instigate, prod, prompt, propel, spur, stimulate 【反】 check, curb 阻止；lull 使安静

irritate

【考法1】vt. 刺激，惹恼： to provoke impatience, anger, or displeasure in 【例】His rude interruptions really irritated her. 他粗鲁的打断激怒了她 【近】 aggravate, annoy, exasperate, gall, inflame, nettle, peeve, provoke, rile, roil 【反】 appease, assuage, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 安抚，平息 【派】 irritant n. 刺激物

herald

【考法1】vt. 告知： to make known openly or publicly 【例】 herald the great tidings to all the world 将重大消息告知全世界 【近】annunciate, broadcast, declare, enunciate, proclaim, promulgate 【考法2】v. 预示，预兆： to give a slight indication of beforehand 【例】 the reshuffle of the company's management heralded the sweeping changes to come 公司管理层的重新洗牌预示着即将到来的巨大变革 【近】 adumbrate, forerun, harbinger, prefigure【记】 he + read 他读，他读圣旨，他读上边的命令→传令官，古时候传令官就是念圣旨的人

gibe

【考法1】vt. 嘲弄： to deride or tease with taunting words 【例】gibe at the umpire 嘲弄裁判员 【近】 deride, jeer, ridicule, mock, scoff, sneer, taunt 【反】 respect, revere, venerate 尊敬

invoke

【考法1】vt. 实施： to put into effect or operation 【例】New train timetable has been invoked. 新的火车时刻表已经生效 【近】 enforce, effect, execute, implement, perform 【反】 suspend 暂停，搁置 【考法2】vt. 产生，造成： to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind) 【例】We should be prepared for the possibility that any solution may invoke another set of problems. 我们必须要为这样一种可能做好心理准备：任何解决方案都可能带来一系列新的问题 【近】 beget, bring, catalyze, cause, create, engender, generate, induce, produce, result

hallow

【考法1】vt. 尊敬，把......视为神圣： to respect or honor greatly; revere 【近】 consecrate, sacralize, sanctify 【反】 desecrate, deconsecrate, desacralize, desanctify 亵渎

haunt

【考法1】vt. 常去拜访： to visit often; frequent 【例】 haunt the movie theater 常去影院 【近】 affect, habituate, visit, hang at, resort to 【反】 avoid, shun 避开 【考法2】vt. 不断地想起，萦绕心头： to come to mind continually; obsess 【例】 a riddle that haunted me all morning 整个早上萦绕在我心头的谜

importune

【考法1】vt. 恳求，迫切请求： to make a request to (someone) in an earnest or urgent manner 【例】 beggars importuning passers-by 在恳求着过路人的乞丐 【近】 appeal,beseech, besiege, conjure, entreat, impetrate, implore, petition, plead, pray, solicit, supplicate 【反】 demand 要求，强求

grieve

【考法1】vt. 感到悲伤： to feel deep sadness or mental pain 【例】 we all grieved over the lost cat 看到他这副样子真让我痛苦 【近】 agonize, anguish, suffer，bemoan, bewail, deplore 【反】delight, exult in, glory in, joy, rejoice in

harrow

【考法1】vt. 折磨，使苦恼： to inflict great distress or torment on 【例】 the villagers were gaunt and sickly, harrowed by years of disease and starvation 村民们枯瘦如柴，体弱多病，都是被多年的疾病和饥饿折磨的 【近】 agonize, beset, besiege, torment, torture, excruciate, plague 【反】 assuage 减轻苦恼

harbor

【考法1】vt. 提供住处，隐匿： to provide a place, home, or habitat for 【例】 harbor a fugitive 隐匿逃亡者 【近】 accommodate, bestow, board, camp, chamber, domicile, lodge, quarter, take in, put up 【反】 evict 赶出 【考法2】v. 认为，牢记： to keep in one's mind or heart 【例】 he had long harbored a grudge against his old employer, who had fired him without cause 他对他的前老板一直耿耿于怀，无缘无故炒了他 【近】 bear, cherish, entertain, hold, nurse

garble

【考法1】vt. 曲解，篡改，混淆（以至使无法理解）：to mix up or distort to such an extent as to make misleading or incomprehensible 【例】The summary totally garbles the results of the investigation. 这份摘要完全曲解了调查的结果 【近】 misrepresent, belie, color, distort, falsify, twist, warp 【反】 clarify, elucidate 阐明 【考法2】vt. 筛选，除杂： to remove usually visible impurities from 【例】 Garbled spices are less likely to contaminate a recipe. 经过筛选的香料应该就不会影响食谱了 【近】 clear, distill, filter, purify 【反】 adulterate, contaminate掺杂，污染

hoodwink

【考法1】vt. 欺骗： to take in by deceptive means; deceive 【例】Don't let yourself be hoodwinked into buying things you don't need. 别被忽悠着去买用不着的东西。 【近】beguile, con, delude, dupe, fool, hoax, humbug 【反】 disabuse 消除错误念头

irrigate

【考法1】vt. 灌溉： to supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water artificially 【例】irrigate crops periodically 定期灌溉农作物 【近】 water 【考法2】vt. 冲洗： to flush (a body part) with a stream of liquid (as in removing a foreign body or medicating) 【例】irrigate the wound 冲洗伤口 【近】 flush, rinse, wash 【派】 irrigation n. 灌溉

illuminate

【考法1】vt. 照明： to make luminous or shining 【例】 to illuminate with a spotlight 用聚光灯照亮 【近】 bathe, beacon, emblaze, illume, illumine, irradiate, lighten 【反】 blacken, darken, obfuscate 使黯淡，使昏暗 【考法2】vt. 阐明： to make plain or understandable 【例】 Roosevelt′s New Deal illuminates what the role of government is in Keynesian Economics. 罗斯福新政阐明了在凯恩斯主义中政府的作用 【近】 clarify, clear, construe, demonstrate, demystify, elucidate, explicate, expound, illustrate, interpret 【反】 obscure 使费解 【考法3】vt. 启迪，启发： to provide (someone) with moral or spiritual understanding 【例】 how man is illuminated by a higher spirit 人们是如何被更高境界的思想开化的 【近】 edify, educate, enlighten, inspire, nurture 【反】 confuse, perplex, puzzle 使困惑 【派】 illumination n. 照明；启迪

gobble

【考法1】vt. 狼吞虎咽： to swallow or eat greedily 【例】Lions gobble their prey. 狮子狼吞虎咽地啃食它们的猎物 【近】 devour, gorge, guzzle, quaff, raven, swill 【反】 nibble 小口咬

glaze

【考法1】vt. 给...上釉，妆点： to coat with or as if with a glaze 【例】The storm glazed trees with ice. 暴风雨给树木镀上了一层冰装 【近】 adorn, bedeck, decorate, embellish, garnish 【反】 strip, uncover 剥去 【考法2】vt. 使平滑： to give a smooth glossy surface to 【近】 polish, burnish, furbish, shine 【反】 rumple 弄皱

hearten

【考法1】vt. 给予鼓励，鼓舞： to give strength, courage, or hope to; encourage 【例】 thinking we were hopelessly lost, we were heartened by the sight of a familiar farmhouse 悲催地以为我们完全迷路了，前方一座熟悉的农场给了我们新的希望 【近】 embolden, inspire, inspirit, buck up, buoy up, cheer up 【反】 daunt, dismay, discourage, dishearten, dispirit 使胆怯

husband

【考法1】vt. 节俭，勤俭持家： to use sparingly or economically 【例】 Husbanding precious resources was part of rural life. 节俭使用珍贵的资源就是农村生活的一部分 【近】 budget, conserve, economize 【反】 dissipate, lavish, prodigalize, squander, waste 挥霍，浪费 【派】 husbandly adj. 节俭的；husbandry n. 节俭

hamper

【考法1】vt. 阻碍： to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles: impede 【例】 Construction is hampering traffic on the highway. 高速路上的建设阻碍了正常交通。 【近】 cramp, encumber, fetter, handicap, hinder, impede, stymie, trammel 【反】 facilitate, aid, assist, facilitate, help 促进

banish

【考法1】vt. 驱逐出境：to require by authority to leave a country 【例】Since the diplomatic relation between the two nations has been broken, diplomats were all banished. 随着两国外交关系的断裂，所有的外交人员都被驱逐出境 【近】 deport, exile, expatriate, expel 【反】repatriate 遣返 【考法2】vt. 赶出：to drive or force out 【例】permanently banished the troublemakers from the youth recreational center 永久剥夺肇事者进入青年娱乐中心的权力 【派】banishment n. 驱逐

galvanize

【考法1】vt. （好似被用电击）刺激： to stimulate or excite as if by an electric shock 【例】an issue that would galvanize public opinion 激起大众评论的问题 【近】 provoke, agitate, excite, intoxicate, motivate, stimulate, pump up 【反】 allay, lull, pacify 使平静 【派】 galvanizing adj. 刺激的

gild

【考法1】vt. （带欺骗性地）修改，润色： to give an often deceptively attractive or improved appearance to 【例】Any further retouch would be gilding the lily. 任何形式的润色都会是画蛇添足 【近】 polish, refine, smooth

ignite

【考法1】vt.点燃： to cause to burn; to set fire to 【例】The bombs ignited a fire which destroyed some 60 houses. 炸弹引发的大火摧毁了大约60间房屋 【近】 enkindle, fire, inflame, kindle, light, torch 【反】 douse, extinguish, quench, put out 熄灭 【考法2】vt. 激起，唤起（感情等）： to arouse the passions of 【例】The insults ignited my anger. 那些侮辱让我倍感愤怒 【近】 arouse, incite, instigate, pique, spark, stimulate, stir 【反】 appease, assuage, calm, conciliate, mollify, pacify, placate, propitiate, soothe 平息怒火，安抚

gall

【考法1】vt.（使）焦躁，激怒： irritate, vex 【例】The sarcastic applause from the audience galled her. 观众反讽的掌声激怒了她 【近】 aggravate, exasperate, grate, inflame, provoke, pique, roil 【反】 appease, assuage, calm, lull, pacify, placate 使平静，使平息 【考法2】n.深深的敌意： a deep-seated ill will 【例】Her kindly feelings turned to gall when she found out her nephew only wanted her money. 当她发现她的侄子只想要钱时，她之前友好的感情变成了憎恨与厌恶 【近】 animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, hostility, rancor 【反】 amity友好 【考法3】n.大胆，无耻： shameless boldness 【例】I can't believe he had the gall to ask me how much I weigh. 我不敢相信他居然胆敢问我有多重 【近】audacity, brass, nerve, presumptuousness, temerity

harass

【考法1】v．烦扰： to irritate or torment persistently 【例】 The troops harrassed the defeated army throughout its retreat. 战胜的队伍在撤退过程中还不忘突袭一下败北的队伍。 【考法2】v. 耗尽体力： to use up all the physical energy of 【例】 had been visibly harassed by the demands of the presidency 总统被事务缠身，筋疲力尽 【近】 drain, fag, fatigue, outwear, tire, tucker out, wear out, knock out, burn out,

balky

【考法】 adj. 不服管束的，倔强的： refusing or likely to refuse to proceed, act, or function as directed or expected 【例】 a balky mule 犟骡子 【近】 contumacious, defiant, perverse, intractable, obstreperous, refractory, unruly, untoward, wayward. willful 【反】 compliant, docile, subdued, submissive, tractable 顺从的

backhanded

【考法】 adj. 间接的，含沙射影的, 虚情假意的： indirect, devious, especially sarcastic 【例】 a backhanded compliment 虚情假意的恭维话 【近】 feigned, roundabout, sarcastic, hypocritical, two-faced, double-faced, left-handed 【反】 forthright 直截了当的; artless, candid, genuine, honest, sincere 真挚的，真诚的

banal

【考法】 adj. 非原创的，陈腐的： lacking originality, freshness, or novelty; trite 【例】 The slogan is too banal. 这口号已是陈词滥调了 【近】 cliché, hackneyed, stereotyped, threadbare, trite, timeworn, shopworn, stale, moth-eaten 【反】 novel, innovative, arresting 新颖的 【派】 banality n. 陈腐

badinage

【考法】 n. 打趣，善意的玩笑： playful repartee, banter 【例】 the sophisticated badinage of the characters in plays by Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德作品中意味深长的玩 笑话 【近】 banter, persiflage, repartee 【记】 bad + in + age 在年龄上不好，开玩笑在年纪上开不好，很多人不喜欢开他们年龄的玩笑

autocracy

【考法】 n. 独裁政府：government in which a person possesses unlimited power 【例】 It signified the British rejection of autocracy by constituting the first formal restraining of the power of the monarch 英国对于独裁体制的反抗表现在它对君王权力进行的正式约束 【近】 absolutism, dictatorship, totalitarianism, tyranny 【反】 democracy 民主，民主制度 【派】 autocratic adj. 独裁的

ballad

【考法】 n. 由简单诗节和叠句组成的民歌： a narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain 【例】 a haunting ballad about loneliness 一段有关寂寞的缭绕于心的民谣 【近】 ditty, jingle, lyric, vocal

bale

【考法】 n. 痛苦，悲哀： woe, sorrow 【例】 relieve spirit from the bale 从悲痛中解脱 【近】 misery, suffering, anguish, grief 【反】 joy 快乐

avarice

【考法】 n. 贪财，贪婪： excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain 【例】 The bank official's embezzlement was motivated by pure avarice. 银行官员盗用公款纯粹是出于贪婪 【近】 acquisitiveness, avidity, covetousness, cupidity, greediness, rapacity 【反】 generosity, magnanimity 慷慨 【派】 avaricious adj. 贪婪的

awning

【考法】 n. 雨篷，遮阳篷： a piece of material attached to a caravan or building which provides shelter from the rain or sun 【例】 stayed under the awning outside the Starbucks during the rainstorm 在星巴克外面的遮阳棚里躲雨 【近】 awning, ceiling, cover, roof, tent

awe

【考法】 n./v. 敬畏： an emotion variously combining dread, veneration, and wonder that is inspired by authority or by the sacred or sublime 【例】 She gazed in awe at the great stone. 她敬畏地凝视着那块巨石 【近】 admiration, reverence, respect, veneration 【反】 irreverence, insolence, scorn, superciliousness 蔑视，不敬 【派】 awesome adj. 令人敬畏的

attenuate

【考法】 v. 使降低（数量，力量，价值）： to lessen the amount, force, magnitude, or value of 【例】 an investment attenuated by inflation 一份因通货膨胀而贬值的投资. 【近】 cheapen, devalue, downgrade, reduce, write down 【反】 appreciate, enhance, upgrade, mark up 升值，提升 【派】 attenuation n. 弱化，贬值

malinger

【考法】 vi. 装病以逃避工作： to pretend or exaggerate incapacity or illness (as to avoid duty or work) 【例】 He claims he's ill, but I think he's just malingering. 他声称他病了，但我觉得他是装的 【近】 goldbrick, shirk 【反】 confront, face, meet 面对 【派】 malingerer n. 装病以逃避工作的人

badger

【考法】 vt. 不断纠缠或骚扰： to harass or annoy persistently 【例】 badger him into purchasing 不断地骚扰劝说他购买 【近】 bait, plague【记】 bad + er 坏人，坏哥，老纠缠围绕别人，坏，獾，谐音；badge + er拿徽章的人，总是拿自己徽章烦扰别人，如城管队之类的

green

【考法】adj. 无经验的： deficient in training, knowledge, or experience 【例】lead a squad of green recruits 带领一队没有经验的新兵 【近】 inexperienced, callow, fresh, raw, unfledged, young 【反】 experienced, versed 经验丰富的

gourmand

【考法】n. 嗜食者，大胃王： one who is excessively fond of eating and drinking 【例】 the kind of gourmand who swallows food without even pausing to taste it 不尝味道就下咽的那种嗜食者 【近】 gorger, glutton

gourmet

【考法】n. 美食家： a connoisseur of food and drink 【例】a gourmet of Chinese food 中餐美食家 【近】 bon vivant ,connoisseur, epicure 【反】 layman 门外汉

banter

【考法】n./v. 幽默、打趣的（地）谈话： good-humored, playful conversation 【例】banter with someone 和某人调侃 【近】badinage, persiflage, repartee

accumulate

【考点1】 vi. 逐渐增长： to increase gradually in quantity or number 【例】 accumulate a fortune 积攒了一笔财富 【近】 mount, swell, garner, snowball, build up, bulk (up) 【反】 dissipate, diminish, dwindle, recede, wane 消散，减少

despotic

考法1】 adj. 专制的，暴虐的： arbitrary, autocratic, monocratic, tyrannical 【例】 a despotic tyrant 专制的暴君 【近】 authoritative, dictatorial, imperious, overbearing, peremptory, tyrannous

designate

考法1】 adj. 任命的，指定的： to pick (someone) by one's authority for a specific position or duty 【例】 ambassador designate 即将上任的大使

desultory

考法1】 adj. 无计划、无目的的： lacking a definite plan, purpose, or pattern 【例】 a desultory search for something of interest on TV 漫无目的的换台 【近】 digressive, excursive, meandering, rambling, wandering 【反】 carefully planned, strictly methodical, assiduous 精心计划的，有系统的，勤勉的 【考法2】 adj. 令人失望的： disappointing in progress, performance, or quality 【例】 a desultory fifth place finish 让人失望的第五名

detour

考法1】 n. 偏离正常标准： a turning away from a course or standard 【例】 we'll regard this relapse as just a brief detour on your road to recovery from substance abuse 我们把这次旧病复发看成你戒瘾道路上的一个小偏离 【近】 deflection, departure, deviation, divergency 【考法2】 v. 改变方向或者路线： to change one's course or direction 【例】 we had to detour for a few miles around the section of highway under construction 我们不得不绕远几公里为了避开正在维修的高速公路路段 【近】 deviate, diverge, sheer, swerve, veer

deterioration

考法1】 n. 恶化；堕落： a gradual sinking and wasting away of mind or body 【例】 a continuing deterioration in relations between the two countries 两国关系的持续恶化 【近】 decadence, degeneration, deterioration, devolution, downfall, downgrade 【反】 improvement, recovery, recuperation, rehabilitation, revitalization 改进，改善 [

detain

考法1】 v. 拘留： to hold or keep in or as if in custody 【例】 detained by the police for questioning 被警察扣留下问讯 【反】 manumit 释放

detach

考法1】 vt. 分离： to separate or unfasten; disconnect 【例】 Detach the white part of the application form and keep it. 撕下申请表的白色部分并予以保留。 【反】 tether 束缚

despise

考法1】 vt. 极其不喜欢： to dislike strongly 【例】 I despise anchovies on pizza, and I refuse to eat them. 我鄙视在披萨上的凤尾鱼，所以从来不吃。 【近】 abhor, abominate, detest, execrate, loathe, disregard, flout 【反】 love 喜欢 [