Gross Anatomy Exam 2
The jugular notch in a person at rest is generally at the level of the junction of the _____ vertebrae.
T2 and T3
The intercostal spaces.....
become wider on inspiration contain neurovascular bundles are deeper anteriorly than posteriorly
The arch of the aorta, the curved continuation of the ascending aorta......
begins posterior to the right half of the sternal angle arches superiorly and posteriorly with an inclination and convexity to the left passes to the left of the trachea and esophagus terminates posterior to the sternal end of the second left costal cartilage
Most of the blood in the coronary arteries returns to the chambers of the heart vie the......
coronary sinus
Movement of which of the following joints of the thorax is most important to respiration?
costovertebral
The costal pleura.....
covers the internal surface of the sternum and the costal cartilages is separated from the costal cartilages and ribs by a layer of endothoracic fascia
The inferior border of the lungs is indicated by a line that.....
crosses the sixth rib in the midclavicular line crosses the eighth rib in the midaxillary line crosses the 10th rib in the midscapular line ends about 2.5 cm lateral to the spinous process of the 10th thoracic vertebra
The apex of the lung.....
extends into the root of the neck lies in close contact with the pleural cupola is crossed by the subclavian artery and vein
Atypical pairs of ribs include the....
first second 11th 12th
The conus arteriosus.....
gives origin to the pulmonary trunk is also referred to as the infundibulum
Correct statements concerning the intercostal arteries include....
three intercostal arteries supply each intercostal space the first two posterior intercostal arteries arise from the superior intercostal artery
Typical thoracic vertebrae have costal facets on their.....
transverse processes and bodies
The thoracic duct......
traverse the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm on the right side of the aorta
Which of the following is an incorrect completion? The visceral pleura is.....
very sensitive to pain, particularly near the root of the lung
The hilum of the lung is....
where the bronchi and vessels enter and leave the lung near the center of the mediastinal part of the lung
Parts of the thoracic wall include the.....
12 thoracic vertebrae sternum 12 pairs of ribs costal cartilages
During quiet respiration the?
AOTA diaphragm contracts vertical diameter of the thorax increases first and second pairs of ribs remain fixed third and fourth pairs of ribs are moved superiorly
The pleural cupula?
AOTA is also called the cervical pleura extends through the superior thoracic aperture extends superiorly, but not superior to the neck of the first rib is strengthened by a layer of dense fascia called the supra pleural membrane
A good understanding of the anatomy of the sternum is clinically important because?
AOTA it serves as a site for the aspiration of red bone marrow splitting it in the median plane permits access to the anterior mediastinum it protects the great vessels and the right side of the heart its surface landmarks are utilized in physical examination
Blood is supplied to the intercostal spaces by the?
AOTA musculophrenic arteries internal thoracic artery costocervical trunk descending thoracic aorta
A typical intercostal nerve has?
AOTA rami communicates connecting it to a sympathetic trunk collateral branches supplying the intercostal muscles lateral cutaneous branches supplying the skin of the thoracic wall an anterior cutaneous branch that supplies the anterior aspect of the chest
The skeleton of the thorax includes the?
AOTA ribs sternum costal cartilages thoracic vertebrae
Which of the following are muscles of the thorax proper?
AOTA serratus posterior intercostals subcostals lavatories costarum
The volume of the thorax increases when the?
AOTA vertical diameter is increased transverse diameter is increased anteroposterior diameter is increased diaphragm contracts and descends
Which of the following contributes most to the thoracic cage?
Ribs
The right coronary artery generally supplies the....
SA node right atrium AV node right ventricle
The superior thoracic aperture is......
a relatively small, kidney-shaped opening located at the root of the neck bounded by the first thoracic vertebra posteriorly
The distinguishing characteristic of the second rib is?
a roughened tuberosity for the attachment of the serratus anterior muscle
Each of the following statements about a pleural cavity is correct except?
air moves freely in and out of it during respiration
The weakest part of a typical rib is its ________.
angle
Tributaries of the coronary sinus include each of the following except the.....
anterior cardiac veins
Correct statements about the surface anatomy of the heart include each of the following except the?
apex beat or apical impulse in adults is usually found in the fourth intercostal space
In a radiograph of the chest (PA projection), the left border of the heart is formed by the.....
arch of the aorta pulmonary trunk left auricle left ventricle
The first seven pairs of ribs....
are called vertebrosternal ribs increase in length in a cranial caudal direction articulate with the vertebrae and the sternum
The internal thoracic artery......
arises from the first part of the subclavian artery descends into the thorax posterior to the clavicle passes inferiorly posterior to the superior six costal cartilages ends by dividing into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries
The apex of the fibrous pericardium is pierced by all of the following except.....
ascending aorta pulmonary trunk superior vena cava
The azygos vein.....
ascends through the posterior and superior mediastina is commonly formed by the junction of the right subcostal and right ascending lumber veins ascends on the right side of the bodies of the inferior eight thoracic vertebrae
Branches of the arch of the aorta include the.....
brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery left subclavian artery
Autonomic nerve plexuses in the thorax include the....
cardiac pulmonary thoracic aortic esophageal
Notching of the inferior borders of the ribs commonly results from?
coarctation of the aorta enlargement of the intercostal arteries
The transversus thoracis muscle......
consists of four or five slips of muscle arises from the inferior part of the sternum becomes continuous with the transversus abdominis muscle passes superolaterally to the second to sixth costal cartilages
The left lung is?
divided into superior and inferior lobes
"floating ribs"......
do not attach the sternum end amongst the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
Correct statements about the lungs include each of the following except?
during infancy the lungs are normally dark and mottled
Each of the following statements about movements of the thoracic wall is correct except?
during the "bucket-handle" inspiratory movement, the inferior ribs move medially
Each of the following statements about bronchopulmonary segments is correct except?
each bronchopulmonary segment has an anatomical name, but these terms are not used clinically
The costal pleural reflection passes obliquely across the.....
eighth rib in the midclavicular line 10th rib in the midaxillary line 12 rib at its neck or inferior to it
Most of the lymph of the body reaches the venous system via the thoracic duct which.....
empties into the angle of junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins originates at the cisterna chyli
When notching of ribs is observed in radiographs it is most likely produced by?
enlargement of the intercostal arteries
Which completion is inaccurate? The right atrium....
has a smooth-walled part called the sinus venosus
The first intercostal nerve.....
has no anterior cutaneous branch divides into a large superior part and a small inferior part
The left atrioventricular valve.....
has obliquely set anterior and posterior cusps is commonly called the mitral valve because its cusps are shaped like a bishop's miter is located posterior to the sternum at the level of the fourth left costal cartilage
The costal margin....
if formed by the seventh to 10th costal cartilages diverges on each side joins the costal margin on the other side to form the costal arch is used to locate the correct hand position for external cardiac compression
Correct statements concerning the pleurae include each of the following except?
in the deflated lung, the parietal pleura is closely applied to the visceral pleura
Correct statements about the thoracic aorta include each of the following except?
in the superior part of its course, the thoracic aorta lies anterior to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
Movements of the thoracic wall are concerned with.....
increasing the intrathoracic volume decreasing the intrathoracic volume air being drawn into the lungs air being expelled from the lungs
The SA node...
initiates the impulse for contraction of the heart is located at the superior end of the crest teminalis
The arterial supply of the parietal pleura is from which of the following arteries?
intercostal internal thoracic musculophrenic
The arteries of the fibrous pericardium are derived from the....
internal thoracic arteries descending thoracic aorta
The pericardium......
is a double walled fibroserous sac lies posterior to the body of the sternum is composed of two layers
The atrioventricular bundle.....
is a slender strand of specialized conducting muscle fibers arises from the atrioventricular node runs anteriorly to the membranous part of the inter ventricular septum divides into right and left crura which straddle the muscular part of the inter ventricular septum
The thoracic mediastinum....
is a thick partition of tissue in and on each side of the median plane contains all structures in the thorax except the lungs and pleurae is divided into four parts for descriptive purposes extends superiorly to the root of the neck and the superior thoracic aperture
The pleural cupola.....
is also called the cervical pleura covers the apex of a lung passes through the superior thoracic aperture
Correct statements concerning the costal pleural reflection include each of the following statements except it?
is continuous with the cervical pleura superiorly
The diaphragmatic surface of the lung.....
is its semilunar concave surface is often referred to as the base of the lung rests on the cupola or domes of the diaphragm
The pulmonary valve.....
is located at the level of the third costal cartilage consists of three semilunar valve cusps lies at the left side of the sternum
Which completion is incorrect? The pericardium.......
is located in the anterior mediastinum
Correct statements about the neurovascular bundle in an intercostal space include each of the following except it?
is located near the middle of the intercostal space
The visceral layer of serous pericardium....
is reflected on to the heart forms the epicardium
The xiphoid process....
is the thin, sword-shaped part of the sternum is the smallest and most variable part of the sternum is cartilaginous during infancy and early childhood
Each of the following statements about the subcostal nerve is correct except?
it courses inferomedially, anterior to the quadratus lumborum muscle
Each of the following statements about the superior thoracic aperture is correct except?
it is also known as the thoracic outlet
Each of the following statements concerning the xiphisternal joint is correct except?
it is classified as a synchondrosis
Each of the following statements about the azygos system of veins is correct except?
it is constant in its origin, course, tributaries, anastomoses and termination
Correct statements about the left atrioventricular valve include each of the following except?
it is guarded by three more or less triangular cusps
Correct statements about the brachiocephalic trunk include....
it is the first and largest branch of the arch of the aorta it passes superiolaterally to reach the right side of the trachea
Correct statements concerning the right brachiocephalic vein include each of the following except?
it lies medial to the arterial brachiocephalic trunk
Correct statements about a typical intercostal nerve include each of the following except?
it lies superior to the intercostal artery in the neurovascular bundle
Each of the following statements about the xiphoid process of the sternum is correct except?
it usually begins to ossify during the third year
Each of the following statements about the thorax is accurate except?
its anteroposterior diameter in adults is greater than its transverse diameter
Correct statements concerning the thoracic cavity include each of the following except?
its capacity corresponds with the bony thoracic cage
Each of the following statements concerning the left lung is correct except?
its lobes are separated by horizontal fissure
Which of the following completions is inaccurate? The base of the heart is......
its most inferior part on which the heart rests
The base of the heart is....
its most superior part formed by the atria its posterior surface opposite the apex of the heart
Correct statements about the external intercostal muscles include....
they run obliquely inferiorly and anteriorly they run from the rib above to the rib below
Each of the following statements about the first rib is correct except?
its small rounded head has a single articular facet by which it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
Which statement about the apex of the lung is false?
its summit is at the level of the medial third of the clavicle
Each statement about the sternal angle is correct except it?
lies at the level of the intervertebral disc between T3 and T4 vertebrae
Which of the following abnormalities of the ribs is most common?
lumbar ribs
The mediastinum contains each of the following except the?
lungs
The superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from each of the following structures except the?
lungs
The sternal angle (angle of Louis) is located between the?
manubrium and the body of the sternum
The manubriosternal joint......
moves slightly during respiration in young people
The lungs are....
normally light, soft, and spongy very elastic and shrink to about one-third their size when the thoracic cavity is opened often dark and mottled in appearance during later life separated from each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum
One completion is incorrect. Which one is it? The root of the right lung contains........
one pulmonary artery
The coronary sinus....
opens into the right atrium is a derivative of the embryonic sinus venosus
The principal or main bronchi.....
pass inferolaterally from the termination of the trachea enter the hill of the lungs subdivide within the lung to form the bronchial tree are maintained in a patent condition by rings of cartilage
The arch of the aorta......
passes to the left of the trachea and esophagus
The apex of the adult heart.....
points inferiorly, anteriorly, and to the left is located where the "heart beat" can be felt
The endothoracic fascia?
provides a natural cleavage plane for the surgical separation of the costal pleura from the thoracic wall
The portion of mediastinal pleura that extends as a double layer inferior to the root of the lung is called the?
pulmonary ligament
Branches of a typical intercostal nerve include....
rami communicantes lateral cutaneous nerves muscular branches to the subcostal muscles
The visceral pleura....
receives no nerves of general sensation is insensitive to pain
The contents of the middle mediastinum include the.....
roots of the great vessels pericardial cavity and heart
One of the following is an atypical intercostal nerve. Which one is it?
second
The muscles of the thorax proper include the....
serratus posterior intercostals subcostals
How many pairs of ribs usually articulate directly with the sternum through their costal cartilages?
seven
The sternal angle is.....
situated at the level of the second costal cartilage indicated by a horizontal ridge on the sternum located at the level of the junction of the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae
One completion is inaccurate. Which one is it? The heart is.....
situated so that most of its anterior surface consists of the left ventricle
Each of the following statements concerning the costodiaphragmatic recesses is correct except?
they are filled with lung tissue during quiet respiration
Correct statements concerning cardiac innervation include...
stimulation through the sympathetic nerves increases the heart rate the vagus nerves are the cardiac parasympathetic nerves stimulation through the parasympathetic nerves reduces the force of the heart beat
The internal thoracic artery usually arises from the?
subclavian artery
Which of the following refer to the lobes of the left lung?
superior inferior
When inserting a hypodermic needle through an intercostal space, it is best to insert it?
superior to the rib
Each of the following statements about the impulse-conducting system of the heart is correct except?
the atrioventricular node lies in the posterioinferior part of the interventricular septum
Each of the following statements about the ribs is correct except?
the first seven pairs of ribs are called vertebrocostal ribs
Correct statements concerning the internal intercostal muscles include each of the following except?
the inferior internal intercostal muscles are continuous with the transversus abdomens muscle
Each of the following statements about the sinuses of the pericardium is correct except?
the oblique pericardial sinus may be entered superiorly
Correct statements concerning the coronary circulation include......
the right coronary artery courses in the coronary groove the left coronary artery passes between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk
In a description of the subcostal muscles a student makes an error. Which statement is incorrect?
they lie external to the internal intercostal muscles
Correct statements about the bronchial arteries include each of the following except?
the single right bronchial artery usually arises from the aorta
During a description of the first rib, a student made an incorrect statement. Which one is it?
the subclavian vein crosses the first rib posterior to the scalene tubercle
Each of the following statements about the sternum is correct except?
the superior surface of the manubrium is indented by a sternal notch
Each of the following statements about the costal cartilages is correct except?
the two most inferior costal cartilages occasionally articulate with the xiphoid process
Each of the following statements about the radiographic anatomy of the heart is correct except?
there are four main types of cardiovascular silhouette or cardiac shadow
Correct statements about the coronary arteries include each of the following except?
there is a sharp line of demarcation between the ventricular distribution of the coronary arteries
Each statement concerning the dermatomes is correct except?
there is little overlapping of contiguous dermatomes
Correct statements about the pleural cavities include.....
they are almost completely filled by the lungs they contain a capillary layer of pleural fluid
Each of the following statements concerning the external intercostal muscles is correct except?
they are attached to the superior margins of each of the first 11 pairs of ribs
Each of the following statements about the intercostal spaces is correct except?
they are deeper posteriorly than anteriorly
