Health Psychology Exam I
Spiral Stage Theory
1. Precontemplation 2. Preparation 3. Action 4. Maintenance
Health Psychologist
Alongside physician and patient, develop goals with patients, psychological causes
Illness Behavior
Behaviors done before diagnosis No medical treatment
Nervous System
Central and Peripheral
Curanderos
Healers
Conceptualization Process
Identify disease Timeline Cause Consequences Controllability
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Medulla and Pons
Involuntary - respiratory control
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest/digest
Medicare
Retirement plan >65
American India Treatment
Rituals 'sweat' lodges Western biomedicine
Tao
Source of energy
Neuroticism
Tend to seek help more Complain more = less attention from physician
Ayurveda
Traditional Indian Medicine Earth Water Air Fire Ether (source of matter)
People without insurance
Uncontrollable health concerns Difficulty attaining medicine More crisis, emergencies, deaths
Biomedical Model
Physiological and philosophical Separates mind and body Focus mainly on bodily processes only - illness Reductionistic
Health Maintenance Organization
Prevention is preferable, limit services, referrals
Ultimate Goal of Health Psychology
Put theory into practice Promote healthy behaviors and prevent illness
Reductionistic
Reduces illness to smallest single factor - chemical imbalance factor
Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior
Attitude, subjective norms, and motivation influence behavior and planned behavior is controlled
Self-Efficacy
Bandura Cognitive social learning theory; expectancy that one's efforts will be successful
Acupuncture
Began in U.S. in 1970s (Nixon) 2000 points on human body that affect qi Painless
Sick Role Behavior
Behaviors done after diagnosis
Acupuncture Theories
Block pain signals Stimulate nervous system Endorphins and opiates naturally released in body
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
What is Health Psychology
Causes and responsibilities of illness and treatment
Why is Health Psychology Needed
Changing patterns of illness Role of epidemiology
Hospital challenges for children
Separation from family Unfamiliarity Diagnostic tests Anesthesia immunizations Surgeries PAIN - hard to determine - distraction, modeling ,virtual reality
Ayurveda Treatment
Shamans
Yin
Darkness, moon, cold, and female
Sick Role Responsibilities
Duty to maintain health - take medication, listen to doctor Perform routine health care expectations Use range of health care ***Works well for acute not well for chronic
Insurance Plans
Employer or preferred providers
Qi
Energy flow in one's body
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight/flight
Hospital Environment
Shorter stays - technology Hospital-Patient Role - voice concerns
Goals of Health Psychology
1. Evaluate role of behavior and cause of illness 2. Predict unhealthy behaviors 3. Evaluate interactions between psychology and physiology 4. Understand role of psychology in illness 5. Evaluate role of psychology in treatment - hybrid approach
Factors that affect seeking medical care
1. Personal factors 2. Gender 3. Age 4. Social Economic Status 5. Ethnicity 6. Symptom characteristics
Predictors of Adherence
1. Severity of disease 2. Treatment conditions 3. Personal factors 4. Environmental factors 5. Cultural norms 6. Practitioner-patient interaction 7. Practitioner personal characteristics
History of Health Psychology
1973 - APA task force 1978 - Division 38 1982 - Health psychology journal 2001 - APA mission statement
African American Beliefs
African healing/healers European medicine mixed West Indies voodoo Fundamentalist christianity HERBS Spiritual healers - ancestral spirits - still apart of you
American Indian Medicine
Herbal remedies Ritual purification Symbolic rituals Healers - medicine men/women or shamans 10000 years Everyday responsibility to maintain to balance Healing - mind, body, emotion - SPIRIT
Brain
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Western Biomedicine
Hipporates and Galen Body - reductionist Technology Drug Therapy
Practitioner Preferences
Holistic Competent Confident Humane Personal Respectful Empathetic
Psychological Influences
How you stay healthy, become ill, and respond to illness
American India Sources of Illness
Humans Natural world Out of spirit/balance
Behavioral Theory
Skinner Operant conditioning +/- reinforcement Cues Rewards Contracts
Onset
Influenced by health beliefs, behavior, and stress
Outcome
Influenced by quality of life, longevity, behavior, and adherence
Adaption
Influenced by seeking help, pain, support, behavior, belief, and adherence
Biopsychosocial model
Interplay between biological, psychological, and social - Equally important and included in treatment plan Diagnosis and treatment with whole patient in mind Patient/Practitioner open relationship
Factors that influence culture
Social economic status and sex
Health Psychology Studies
Interventions - applied research Preventions and treatment Etiology - research cause of illness Healthcare - policy
Yang
Light, sun, hot, and male
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and autonomic
Medicaid
Low income Physical problems
Sick Role Privileges
Make decisions regarding their healthcare Exempt from certain duties Dependent on someone else
Mexican American Treatment
Material - religious symbol, household items, food Spiritual/Christian based - medium trans Mental - investing into healer
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Treats majority Body = whole Tao Yin/Yang Qi Physician/Treatment - plants/drugs Macroscopic = Holistic
Hindbrain
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
Curanderismo and Spiritualism
Mexican American folk-healing system Use mechanisms of food, herbs, plants, oils
Female Physician
More patient centered Positive communication Emotional focus
Cerebellum
Motor movement control
Mexican American Sources of Illness
Natural and supernatural Biblical influences - Luke 10:34
Culture
Stable set of shared goals, beliefs, and attitudes
Difficult aspects of hospital stays
Nonperson Lack information/communication Loss of control Long waits
Mortality
Number of deaths at specific time
Morbidity
Number of flu cases at specific time
Transtheoretical Model
Stages of Change Model Spiral Stage Theory
Illness
Onset Adaption Outcome
Midbrain
Pathway for sensory and motor impulses
Adherence
Patient's choice/willingness to follow recommended health practices
Symptom Characteristics
Visibility Severity Interference w/ life Frequency and persistence
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary muscle
