Group Process Quiz 3

Nonconformists are more ___________

self-confident

diffusion of responsibility

A reduction of personal responsibility experienced by individuals in groups and social collectives. But implicit, informational, normative, and even interpersonal influence also contribute.

Conformity increases and decreases depending on a host of other situational factors such as: _____, ________, _______, ________

Accuracy needs Cohesion Task difficulty Status of other members

Social comparison theory:

Basing conclusions on others' responses.

_____________ minorities sometimes change the majority.

Behaviorally consistent

Conformity:

Changing one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior to match the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of other people.

Latané's (1997) dynamic social impact theory identifies four processes that determine influence over time: _______, ________, _______, ________

Consolidation Clustering Correlation Continuing diversity

Individuals select particular tactics depending on their personal characteristics and the nature of the group setting: 3 Types of Tactics: ______ ______ _____

Hard-soft Rational-irrational Lateral-bilateral

Predicting Minority Influence: Status

Hollander argues minorities that are accorded high status are most effective, for their idiosyncrasy credits protect them from sanctions

______________ is associated with conformity

Individualism/collectivism

The Bystander Effect:

Individuals help less when they are in groups compared to when they are alone

Dual process theories:

Members base choices on available information (direct process) or nonrational processes, such as heuristics and emotional responses (indirect process).

__________ can cause individuals to conform automatically

Mindlessness

False consensus effect:

Misjudging the extent to which others agree

Predicting Minority Influence: Consistency

Moscovici predicts a consistent minority is most effective.

___________ are specific methods, such as persuasion, bargaining, and evasion, that people use to attain the goal of influencing others.

Power tactics

Claiming Status: Bullying

Repetitively teasing, ridiculing, provoking, or tormenting others through various types of irritating, harassing, or aggressive actions, such as name-calling, threats, insults, and physical injury.

French and Raven's (1959) theory of power bases emphasizes six sources of power: ______, ______, _____, ______, _____, _____

Reward Coercive Legitimate Referent Expert Informational

__________ stresses three key factors: strength, immediacy, and number (Latané, 1981).

Social impact theory

Minority influence:

Social pressure exerted by a lone individual or smaller faction of a group (the minority), directed toward members of the majority.

Claiming Status: Status Hierarchies & Stability

Status differences emerge quickly as the group organizes hierarchically even in "leaderless" groups

The Moscovici Experiments:

Volunteers were asked to make judgments of the colors shown in a series of slides. The task was an easy one but one member (sometimes more) who was part of the study team made deliberate errors.

Normative Influence

We feel, think, and act in ways that are consistent with our group's social standards.

Informational Influence

We use others' responses as reference points and informational resources.

Types of Conformity: Congruence (uniformity)

agree with the group from the onset

•People who conform consistently tend to be more ___________ but seek ___________.

authoritarian social approval

Types of Conformity: Compliance

privately disagree with group but publicly express matching opinion of majority

Types of Conformity: Coversion (private acceptance)

change position because you think the group is correct—take position as own

Weber's (1956/1978) concept of ________ suggests that certain leaders exert their influence by relying on legitimate power and referent power.

charisma

Asch's subjects displayed two predominant forms of social response to the group pressure:

compliance and independence.

Minority influence is more indirect than majority influence, so it generates _________________ rather than compliance.

conversion and innovation

Types of Nonconformity: Independence (dissent)

disagree and publicly express personal ideals, beliefs, and judgements

Normative Influence: Disagreeing with others can trigger cognitive _________

dissonance

Individuals in online groups conform at rates _____________________ than face-to-face groups

equal to and sometimes greater

Types of Nonconformity: Anticonformity

express ideas or take actions that are opposite of the group

Milgram's results suggest obedience is common in ___________________

hierarchically organized groups.

Influence is sometimes direct and obvious, but in other cases indirect and subtle. It can take many forms, including _____, ______, _____, _____

implicit, informational, normative, and interpersonal

Expanding minorities are more ________.

influential

Cialdini's (2011) focus theory of normative conduct suggests that _______ norms (normative influences) are often—but not always—more potent than descriptive norms (informational influences).

injunctive

Social power

is a group-level process that is predicated on differences in members' capacity to influence one another.

Implicit influence

is produced by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes that are neither consciously controlled nor noticed

Larger majorities are more influential up to a point, but then adding more members to the majority has ______ ______ .

less impact

Types of Nonconformity: Strategic anticonformity (Devil's advocate)

members take a position that opposes that endorsed by the majority publicly, even though privately they agree with the majority

__________ is not a reflection of the nature of the individuals in the group, but an indication of the power of the group itself. By controlling key bases of power, using power tactics, and exploiting the nature of the subordinate-authority relationship, authorities exert great influence on group members.

obedience

Communication with a disliked deviant eventually diminished, at least when cohesive groups are working on ____________.

relevant tasks

•Women conform ___________ than men, primarily in face-to-face groups.

slightly more

Conflict is lower and cooperation tends to be higher in groups with _________

stable hierarchies

Conformity rates dropped slightly in the last half of the ____________

twentieth century.

•Majorities are more influential when ________ and in ________ (rather than weak) situations.

unanimous & strong

Predicting Minority Influence: Decision rules

•A majority-rules decision rules favors majority influence and a unanimity rule favors minorities.

•Behavioral commitment

•Ask for commitment before revealing costs

•Brainwashing

•Combining a series of compliance tactics with physical threats

Claiming Status: Status Hierarchies & Stability: Interpersonal Complementarity

•Dominant actions tend to "trigger" submissive actions from others.

Interpersonal Influence

•Influence is sometimes direct and not subtle at all. Members selectively encourage conformity and discourage or even punish nonconformity. For example:

Predicting Minority Influence: Effort

•Minorities exert more effort in their attempts to influence than majorities do.

Claiming Status: Status Hierarchies & Stability: Michel's Iron Law of Oligarchy

•Power is concentrated in the hands of the few.

Those without power experience inhibition but also sometimes rebel against authority : ___________ ___________ ___________

•Resistance to influence •Kelman's three-stage model of conversion (compliance, identification, internalization) •Destructive obedience

•Foot-in-the-Door Technique

•Small request followed by a much larger one