H2 - Cell Structure

glycocalyx

a layer of carbohydrate chains that are components of plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids; function if cell recognition and cell adhesion

matrix

compartment enclosed by the inner membrane

inner membrane of mitochondria

contains proteins that function in oxidation reactions of the respiratory ETC, synthesis of ATP, and regulation of metabolite transport into and out of the mitochondrial matrix

rough endoplasmic reticulum

cytosolic side is studded with ribosomes; often continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope; prominent in cells specialized in protein export

autophagy

digestion of intracellular particles, such as proteins and organelles, which become enclosed by ER membranes and then fuse with lysosomes

integral proteins

directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer

cisternae

flattened stacked membrane folds

residual bodies

indigestible compounds retained in the cytoplasm

phagocytosis

ingestion of large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, or foreign materials

Nissl bodies

large basophilic structures comprised of both RER and free ribosomes in neurons

peripheral proteins

loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

lysosome

membrane-bound spherical bodies filled with hydrolytic enzymes active in the low pH

polysome

multiple free ribosomes attached to a molecule of mRNA

cytoplasmic inclusions

non-living elements of cells; can by membrane bound or non membrane bound

pinocytosis

nonspecific ingestion of fluids via small vesicles

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

not associated with ribosomes, appears more as a system of channels than a system of flattened sacs

ribosome

organelle that facilitates protein synthesis

outer membrane of mitochondria

permeable to many small metabolites and ions

plasma membrane

phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins; forms the external boundary of a cell

modified fluid mosaic model

plasma membrane is a two-dimensional lipid fluid with associated proteins

apoptosis

process of programmed cell death

clathrin

protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis

free ribosome

ribosome not associated with RER

intermembrane space

space between the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria

receptor-mediated endocytosis

specific transport facilitated by binding of the extracellular molecules to their receptors concentrated on the cell surface

peroxisome

spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane; use molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to perform oxidation reactions

golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

vesicular transport

the only type of transport typically observed under a microscope

mitochondria

transform the chemical energy of metabolites present in the cytoplasm into high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP molecules

exocytosis

vesicular transport in which substances leave the cell

endocytosis

vesicular transport of substances that enter the cell

negative golgi

well-developed golgi apparatus in secretory cells that appears as a clear area close to the nucleus