H2 - Cell Structure
glycocalyx
a layer of carbohydrate chains that are components of plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids; function if cell recognition and cell adhesion
matrix
compartment enclosed by the inner membrane
inner membrane of mitochondria
contains proteins that function in oxidation reactions of the respiratory ETC, synthesis of ATP, and regulation of metabolite transport into and out of the mitochondrial matrix
rough endoplasmic reticulum
cytosolic side is studded with ribosomes; often continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope; prominent in cells specialized in protein export
autophagy
digestion of intracellular particles, such as proteins and organelles, which become enclosed by ER membranes and then fuse with lysosomes
integral proteins
directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer
cisternae
flattened stacked membrane folds
residual bodies
indigestible compounds retained in the cytoplasm
phagocytosis
ingestion of large particles such as bacteria, cell debris, or foreign materials
Nissl bodies
large basophilic structures comprised of both RER and free ribosomes in neurons
peripheral proteins
loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer
lysosome
membrane-bound spherical bodies filled with hydrolytic enzymes active in the low pH
polysome
multiple free ribosomes attached to a molecule of mRNA
cytoplasmic inclusions
non-living elements of cells; can by membrane bound or non membrane bound
pinocytosis
nonspecific ingestion of fluids via small vesicles
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
not associated with ribosomes, appears more as a system of channels than a system of flattened sacs
ribosome
organelle that facilitates protein synthesis
outer membrane of mitochondria
permeable to many small metabolites and ions
plasma membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins; forms the external boundary of a cell
modified fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane is a two-dimensional lipid fluid with associated proteins
apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
clathrin
protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis
free ribosome
ribosome not associated with RER
intermembrane space
space between the outer and inner membranes of mitochondria
receptor-mediated endocytosis
specific transport facilitated by binding of the extracellular molecules to their receptors concentrated on the cell surface
peroxisome
spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane; use molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to perform oxidation reactions
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
vesicular transport
the only type of transport typically observed under a microscope
mitochondria
transform the chemical energy of metabolites present in the cytoplasm into high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP molecules
exocytosis
vesicular transport in which substances leave the cell
endocytosis
vesicular transport of substances that enter the cell
negative golgi
well-developed golgi apparatus in secretory cells that appears as a clear area close to the nucleus