HAP lecture exam; urinary system

pH of blood must remain between

7.35-7.45

respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation of lungs; blows off CO2

which cells can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin when in response to decrease Na+ in the filtrate?

Macula densa cells of the DCT

Constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles are controlled by?

Myogenic mechanism and Tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism

explain reabsorption at the PCT

Na+ is actively transported across basal membrane using a sodium-potassium pump. Now the cells have a concentration of Na+ that is lower than that of the tubule lumen. Na+ diffuses across the apical membrane and brings glucose, amino acids, or chloride by symport. Water follows by osmosis

filtrate

Solution that enters the nephron at Bowman capsule

if you cannot excrete enough H+ and pH becomes _________ then you have __________

acidic; acidosis

Micturition reflex

activated when the bladder wall is stretched

if you excrete too much H+ and pH becomes _________ then you have __________

alkaline; alkalosis

what is reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?

amino acids, glucose, fructose, water, and ions

the kidneys are retro-peritoneal. what does this mean?

behind the peritoneal lining

what molecules act as buffers in urine?

bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia

renal arteries branch off of abdominal aorta and bring ______ into the kidneys

blood

What happens in the glomerulus?

blood is filtered into the nephron

Baroreceptor cells within the atria of the heart, aortic arch, carotid sinuses, and large veins detect what

blood pressure. if blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors stimulate pituitary gland secretes ADH.

name the body fluid that are regulated by the kidney

blood, interstitial/extracellular fluid

Afferent arteriole enters __________ and becomes the ________. Blood plasma is filtered into the Bowman capsule. Remaining blood merges into the efferent arteriole

bowman capsule; glomerulus

what molecules within blood can move through the filtration membrane?

carbohydrates, amino acids, water, glucose, Na+, H+, urea

The afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole can regulate glomerular filtration rate by _________

constricting or relaxing

Where is aldosterone released?

cortex of the adrenal gland

if blood becomes alkaline in the urinary system, ___________

decrease H+ in urine and decrease HCO3- in blood

if blood becomes alkaline in the respiratory system, ___________

decrease rate of breathing

metabloic acidosis

decreases pH of body below 7.35 (except respiratory acidosis)

If the afferent arteriole becomes constricted, blood pressure within glomerulus ______ and GFR ______.

decreases; decreases

Hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood

what are the functions of the nephron?

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

as the bladder fills, there is little change of pressure on the wall of the bladder until the volume gets above 400ml. explain what prevents pressure from increasing on the bladder wall when volume of urine increases?

folds in the lumen

Hypernatremia

high sodium in blood

what are the three sensors that regulate thirst?

hypothalamic osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, and juxtaglomerular apparatuses

How quick do buffer systems work?

immediately

if blood becomes acidic in the respiratory system, _____________

increase rate of breathing

ADH causes water reabsorption to ______, it causes blood osmolality to _____.

increase; decrease

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

increases or decreases the number of Na+ transporters in the cell membrane

What does the ADH hormone do?

increases or decreases the number of aquaporin proteins in the cell membrane

metabolic alkalosis

increases pH of body above 7.45 (except respiratory acidosis)

If the efferent arteriole is constricted, blood pressure within glomerulus _____ and GFR _____.

increases; increases

respiratory acidosis

increasing acidity of blood

water comes in via?

ingestion and cellular respiration

starting from the interlobular arteries of the kidney, what is the order?

interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus (capillary), efferentarteriole, peritubular capillaries and vasa recta capillaries

how does the interstitial fluid osmolality outside the tubule change as you move from the cortex to the medullar, to the deeper areas of the medulla.

it gets more concentrated as you get deeper in the medulla

which cells secrete renin into the blood in response to the decrease in blood pressure?

juxtaglomerular apparatus

which body part controls 60% of water out?

kidneys

explain how changes in blood volume cause changes in blood pressure

more volume=more pressure; less volume=less pressure

if blood becomes acidic in the urinary system, ________

move H+ to urine and HCO3- to blood

within the kidney, blood plasma is filtered into the

nephron tubules

what are the four mechanisms that control urine production and thirst?

neural mechanisms, ADH, renin, atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism

identify 2 of the variables in the blood the kidney regulates

pH of the blood and concentration of solutes

when water and solutes are reabsorbed, they move into which capillaries?

peritubular and vasarecta

what is the cell type that covers the glomerulus and serves as a filter?

podocytes

what molecules within blood cannot move through the filtration membrane?

red blood cells and big proteins

starting from the renal arteries of the kidney, what is the order ending at the cortex?

renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery

Osmoreceptors detect what

solutes within the interstitial fluid/blood. if osmolality increases, osmoreceptor cells stimulate the pituitary gland secrete ADH.

buffer system

stabilizes pH and resists change in the pH

what happens if the mean arterial pressure drops below 90mm Hg?

the sympathetic nervous system will decrease blood flow to the kidneys (renal blood flow)

what controls water in?

thirst

true or false Ureters use peristalsis to push urine to the bladder

true

different portions of the nephron are specialized by

types of transport molecules or relative concentration of interstitial fluid outside of the tubule

water goes out via?

urination, perspiration, respiration, defecation

what're the five functions of the urinary system?

vitamin D synthesis, red blood cell production, excrete waste, regulate blood pH and volume, and regulate extracellular fluid pH

tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism

when macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect increased flow rate, they tell the afferent arteriole to constrict

when is the DCT and collecting duct permeable to water?

with ADH

how quick do urinary systems work?

within hours to days

how quick do respiratory systems work?

within minutes