HAP lecture exam; urinary system
pH of blood must remain between
7.35-7.45
respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation of lungs; blows off CO2
which cells can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin when in response to decrease Na+ in the filtrate?
Macula densa cells of the DCT
Constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles are controlled by?
Myogenic mechanism and Tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism
explain reabsorption at the PCT
Na+ is actively transported across basal membrane using a sodium-potassium pump. Now the cells have a concentration of Na+ that is lower than that of the tubule lumen. Na+ diffuses across the apical membrane and brings glucose, amino acids, or chloride by symport. Water follows by osmosis
filtrate
Solution that enters the nephron at Bowman capsule
if you cannot excrete enough H+ and pH becomes _________ then you have __________
acidic; acidosis
Micturition reflex
activated when the bladder wall is stretched
if you excrete too much H+ and pH becomes _________ then you have __________
alkaline; alkalosis
what is reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?
amino acids, glucose, fructose, water, and ions
the kidneys are retro-peritoneal. what does this mean?
behind the peritoneal lining
what molecules act as buffers in urine?
bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia
renal arteries branch off of abdominal aorta and bring ______ into the kidneys
blood
What happens in the glomerulus?
blood is filtered into the nephron
Baroreceptor cells within the atria of the heart, aortic arch, carotid sinuses, and large veins detect what
blood pressure. if blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors stimulate pituitary gland secretes ADH.
name the body fluid that are regulated by the kidney
blood, interstitial/extracellular fluid
Afferent arteriole enters __________ and becomes the ________. Blood plasma is filtered into the Bowman capsule. Remaining blood merges into the efferent arteriole
bowman capsule; glomerulus
what molecules within blood can move through the filtration membrane?
carbohydrates, amino acids, water, glucose, Na+, H+, urea
The afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole can regulate glomerular filtration rate by _________
constricting or relaxing
Where is aldosterone released?
cortex of the adrenal gland
if blood becomes alkaline in the urinary system, ___________
decrease H+ in urine and decrease HCO3- in blood
if blood becomes alkaline in the respiratory system, ___________
decrease rate of breathing
metabloic acidosis
decreases pH of body below 7.35 (except respiratory acidosis)
If the afferent arteriole becomes constricted, blood pressure within glomerulus ______ and GFR ______.
decreases; decreases
Hyponatremia
deficient sodium in the blood
what are the functions of the nephron?
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
as the bladder fills, there is little change of pressure on the wall of the bladder until the volume gets above 400ml. explain what prevents pressure from increasing on the bladder wall when volume of urine increases?
folds in the lumen
Hypernatremia
high sodium in blood
what are the three sensors that regulate thirst?
hypothalamic osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, and juxtaglomerular apparatuses
How quick do buffer systems work?
immediately
if blood becomes acidic in the respiratory system, _____________
increase rate of breathing
ADH causes water reabsorption to ______, it causes blood osmolality to _____.
increase; decrease
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?
increases or decreases the number of Na+ transporters in the cell membrane
What does the ADH hormone do?
increases or decreases the number of aquaporin proteins in the cell membrane
metabolic alkalosis
increases pH of body above 7.45 (except respiratory acidosis)
If the efferent arteriole is constricted, blood pressure within glomerulus _____ and GFR _____.
increases; increases
respiratory acidosis
increasing acidity of blood
water comes in via?
ingestion and cellular respiration
starting from the interlobular arteries of the kidney, what is the order?
interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus (capillary), efferentarteriole, peritubular capillaries and vasa recta capillaries
how does the interstitial fluid osmolality outside the tubule change as you move from the cortex to the medullar, to the deeper areas of the medulla.
it gets more concentrated as you get deeper in the medulla
which cells secrete renin into the blood in response to the decrease in blood pressure?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
which body part controls 60% of water out?
kidneys
explain how changes in blood volume cause changes in blood pressure
more volume=more pressure; less volume=less pressure
if blood becomes acidic in the urinary system, ________
move H+ to urine and HCO3- to blood
within the kidney, blood plasma is filtered into the
nephron tubules
what are the four mechanisms that control urine production and thirst?
neural mechanisms, ADH, renin, atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism
identify 2 of the variables in the blood the kidney regulates
pH of the blood and concentration of solutes
when water and solutes are reabsorbed, they move into which capillaries?
peritubular and vasarecta
what is the cell type that covers the glomerulus and serves as a filter?
podocytes
what molecules within blood cannot move through the filtration membrane?
red blood cells and big proteins
starting from the renal arteries of the kidney, what is the order ending at the cortex?
renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery
Osmoreceptors detect what
solutes within the interstitial fluid/blood. if osmolality increases, osmoreceptor cells stimulate the pituitary gland secrete ADH.
buffer system
stabilizes pH and resists change in the pH
what happens if the mean arterial pressure drops below 90mm Hg?
the sympathetic nervous system will decrease blood flow to the kidneys (renal blood flow)
what controls water in?
thirst
true or false Ureters use peristalsis to push urine to the bladder
true
different portions of the nephron are specialized by
types of transport molecules or relative concentration of interstitial fluid outside of the tubule
water goes out via?
urination, perspiration, respiration, defecation
what're the five functions of the urinary system?
vitamin D synthesis, red blood cell production, excrete waste, regulate blood pH and volume, and regulate extracellular fluid pH
tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism
when macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect increased flow rate, they tell the afferent arteriole to constrict
when is the DCT and collecting duct permeable to water?
with ADH
how quick do urinary systems work?
within hours to days
how quick do respiratory systems work?
within minutes