Hardware

Blu-ray

(BD's) make use of the shorter wavelength of blue light to read and write even smaller pits on the optical disc surface for higher capacity -developed for high definition movie distribution

multicore processor

(ex- dual, triple, quad, core) combines multiple CPU's on one chip to share the workload and speed up processing -computers, smartphones

electricity flowing through transistor= electricity stopped=

1 0

LED-1 LCD-2 OLED-3

1 liquid emitting diode 2 liquid crystal display 3. organic OLED

hardware devices organized into three categories

1 processing hardware 2 storage hardware 3 input/output hardware

ROM-1 RAM-2

1- secondary storage, permanent storage that holds data without the need for electricity, classified or sequential 2- primary storage, the main store for data being processed

Machine Cycle steps (can do multiple steps simultaneously)

1. Fetch- records the location of the current instruction(instruction pointer) and fetches that instruction from RAM or its cache memory 2. Decode- the control unit decodes the instruction and then sends it to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 3. Execute- ALU executes information 4. Store- instructions are then stored back in RAM

ppm- 1 dpi- 2

1. pages printed per minute 2. dot per inch

current transistors

22nm processor built in 3D processing cubes

ROM stores _____ program

BIOS (basic input/output system) -BIOS stores information about your hardware configuration along with the boot program- used to start up the computer

3D printer

CAD blueprints as input, and output actual 3D color scale prototype model in a matter of hours

Chips used to store data...

Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) solid state storage- flash drives, storage

CD

a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) an optical medium that stores up to 700 MB of data. CDs are used for music distribution, software distribution, and carious forms of data storage

DVD

a digital video disc read-only memory (DVD-ROM) stores more than 4.7 GB of data in a fashion similar to CDs, except that DVDs can write and read much smaller pits on the disc surface and can sometimes write to and read from multiple disc layers

flash memory

a form of solid state storage that updates the data it holds in large blocks -requires no moving parts to read and write data -ex.- flash memory cards, USB flash drives, and solid-state disks

central processing unit (CPU)

a group of circuits that perform the processing in a computer, typically in one integrated circuit called a microprocessor -electrons- shorter distance to travel-- faster

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor developed...

a method to integrate multiple transistors into a single module called an integrated circuit, aka chips and microchips

flash memory card

a small chip encased in a plastic housing that stores data permanently without the need for poet -when used in cameras, camcorders, music players etc- referred to as media cards

typical PC computer motherboard includes

a socket for the microprocessor RAM ROM expansion slots electrical pathways called buses that connect the components

bus

a subsystem on the motherboard that transfers data among system components -connects the carious components of the computer system

electronic paper (e paper)

a technology that doesn't use backlighting like other display tech. but instead uses pixels made of particles or oils that reflect light to more closely resembler the pages of a book

cache

a temporary storage area for frequently accused or recently accessed data; having certain data stored in a catch speeds up the computer; cache size is measured in megabytes

plasma display

a think flat display that uses plasma gas between two flat panels to excite phosphors and create light

flash drive

aka USB drive/thumb drive si a small flash memory module that conveniently plugs into the USB port of a PC or other digital electronics device to provide convenient, portable, high capacity storage

DNA computing

aka molecular computing, programmable molecular computing machine composed of enzymes and DNA molecules that can perform 330 trillion operations per second, 100000 times PC speed

large format printer

aka plotter, used for printing large graphic designs

video memory

aka video RAM, VRAM, or graphics memory, used to store image data for a computer display in order to speed the processing and display of video and graphics images -buffer/intermediate storage area between the CPU and display -most PCs have at least 512 MB if video memory

touch screens

allow the user to select items on the screen by touching them directly with a finger or stylus -translated into ASCII

multi-touch displays

allow the user to use two or even three fingers on a touch display to manipulate objects on the display

output device

allows a user to observe the results of computer processing with one or more senses -ex- GPS

transistor

an electronics component typically composed of silicon that opens or closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity -allows to control the flow of electricity -performing logical and mathematical functions to produce useful information -used in computer storage and many types of electronics devices: ex- radios, telephones, guitars, amps -invented by Labs 1947 -key for digital circuits in computers

printer

an output device dedicated to providing computer output on paper or three-dimensional output in plastic

pointing devices

are used to select objects on a display -ex- mouse

input device

assists in capturing and entering data into a computer system

processing turns _____ into ____

bits of data into useful information and services

chips massed produced by

building millions of transistors and other processing components one layer at a time, metal layered on to make electrical connections, then microscopic patterns

page scanners and handheld scanners

can convert monochrome or color pictures, forms, text, and other images into digital images

processing

carries out the instructions provided by software using specially designed circuity and a well-defined routine to transform data into useful outputs

expansion board/card

circuit board with specialized peripheral devices

flexible display

color images on a flexible film of plastic

video card (graphics card)

combines video processing and storage onto an expansion card, or integrated onto the motherboard to manage video images for display

circuit created by...

combining transistors and sometimes other components, in a manner that accomplishes a specific task

LPC bus

connects ROM and sometimes other input devices to the CPU

integrated circuit

connects tiny transistors and other electronics components on a thin piece of semi conductive material such as silicon

microprocessor

contain more than two billion transistors contain multiple CPUs

arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

contains the millions of circuits created to carry out instructions, such as mathematical and logical operations

three-dimensional processing

cube, stacking wafers into 3D arrays speeds processing by allowing it to occur horizontally and vertically simultaneously

cathode ray tube (CRT) display

deep, relatively bulky splay that uses a large vacuum tube in which an electron gun shoots an electron beam rapidly across a fluorescent screen to create moving images (been replaced)

special-purpose input device

designed for one unique purpose ex- pill sized camera, game controller

general purpose input device

designed to be used for a wide variety of computing activities -ex- keyboards and mice

LCD projectors

designed to project presentations form your computer onto a larger screen

Solid-state storage

device stores data using solid-state electronics such as transistors and unlike magnetic and optical media, does not require any moving mechanical parts -fast access time

audio and special media output

devices designed to provide output to all of the sense

multicore processors

dual core (two processors) quad core (four processors)

different types of RAM

each type of RAM reflects a manufacturer's effort to use a new technology to get data to the processor more quickly

FSB

front side bus -its speed can impact the overall performance of a CPU -connects the CPU to the north bridge, a memory controller hub that controls access to RAN and graphics systems -feeds data to CPU

speech recognition software

general purpose input device- translate spoken words into ASCII

microphones

general purpose input device-digitize human input sounds

other types of multiprocessors

graphic processors workstations- high end PCs that are specialized for motion pictures

registers

hold the bytes currently being processed

photo printer

inkjet printer that is specially designed for printing photo quality images on special paper

PCI bus

internal bus that connects external devices to the core system components through expansion slots, or USB or PCI connections

source data automation

involves automating data entry errors where the data is creates, thus ensuring accuracy and timeliness -ex- librarians use to scan books

Fixed hard disk (hard drive) storage

large storage capacity and fast access time -also external card drives- back up data

apple

largest PC manufacturer and the largest smart phone manufacturer in the world

methods of storage

magnetic optical solid-state

quantum computing

manipulation of quantum states to perform computations far faster than is possible on any conventional computer. A quantum computer uses qubit instead of bit, quibit: displays properties in adherence to the laws of quantum mechanics, which differ radically from the laws of classical conditioning

optical storage

media, such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, store bits by using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective disc. -pit in a specific location represents a 0 and the lack of a pit represents a 1 -portable storage medium for quantities of data up to several GB -not same capacity of magnetic storage -used for music, movies, photos, etc.

parallel processing

multiprocessing system that divides processing equally among multiple CPU's ex- Japan's supercomputer which distributes processing over 88,128 8-core processors

massive parallel processing

multiprocessing systems utilize hundreds or thousands of CPU's working together to server either many users or a few users processing large data sets ex- IBM's roadrunner super computer utilized 12,960 AMD Opteron dual-core processors to crunch the numbers necessary for modeling the decay of the U.S nuclear arsenal

silicon based transistors

n silicon and p silicon- negative and positive aspects of their electron applying and removing voltage to the gate and drain of the transistor, electrons flow through the transistor or are stopped

expansion slots

on the rear of the computer's motherboard, one or more slots typically contain cards installed by comp. manufact.

multifunction

printer combine printing, copying, and faxing functions

multiprocessing

processing that occurs using more than one processing unit to increase productivity

processing chips aka processors

provide computer functionality- general-purpose computers and special-purpose computers

machine cycle

provides and organized method for the processor to carry out sequential instructions provided by software -without it processors wouldn't be able to execute software code

Read-only memory (ROM)

provides permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change, such as firmware- programs and data from the computer manufacturer, including the boot process used to start the computer -place to permanently store the instructions needed to start up the computer and load the operating system into RAM -stores using circuits with states that are fixed

display

provides visual computer output for observation on a monitor or screen -ex- kindle

optical character recognition

readers read hand-printed characters

optical mark recognition

reads bubbled in forms of commonly used in examinations and polling

magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)

reads special magnetic ink characters such as retinal or iris patterns, fingerprints, or facial features

Expansion

refers to a computer's capacity to interface with a variety of external devices such as I/O devices, network devices, and storage devices by connecting through ports, slots, and wireless technologies

Control unit

sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, nd coordinated the flow of data in and out of the ALU, the registers, RAM, and other system components, such as secondary storage, input devices, and output devices

single in-line memory module (SIMM) or a dual in-line memory module (DIMM)

set of chips grouped together on circuit boards -most PC's use DIMMs- 64 bit data path- double SIMM

AMD and Intel- first dual processor

slow speed clock- require less power

CPU carries out

software instructions using the four step sequence of the machine cycle each step carried about by the system clock

Firmware

software stored in ROM , can be updated over time to correct bugs or provide additional functionality

clock speed

speed of the processor's internal clock, which dictates how fast the processor can process data; clock speed is usually measured in GHz (gigahertz aka billions of pulses per second)

PCI Express

speedier bus technology, utilizes BT/s, which translates to gig transfers per second

ink-jet printer

spray droplets form ink cartridges onto paper to create pixels, not as good as laser

what happens when transistors become too small...

start to use hafnium in place of silicon to create transistor gates and reduce the scale of transistors

Moores Law

states that the number of transistors on a chip will double about every two years

network storage

storage accessed over a network

local storage

storage located on the computer or device in use

magnetic storage

storage technology that uses the magnetic properties of iron oxide particles rather than electric charges to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM -hard disk drives -main storage medium for most computer users -surface coated with a layer of particles that are organized into addressable regions

storage area network or SAN

storage that links many storage decides over a network and treats them as one huge disk - cloud storage- accessible anywhere

typical digital motherboard holds

sustem components and allows outside devices to be connected to the system components

random access memory (RAM)

temporary or volatile memory that stores bites of data and program instructions for the processor to access -primary storage area in a computer -computers need at least 1 GB of RAM, most have at least 2

storage media

term used for the material on which the data is stored ex- DVD drive= storage device, and the DVD is the media where the data is stored

point of sale devices

terminals or I/O devices connected to larger systems, with scanners that read codes on retail items and enter the item number into a computer

storage device

tern used for the hardware that stores and retrieves data

flash BIOS

the BIOS has been recorded on a solid-state memory flash chip rather than a ROM chip. -stores data permanently but can be updated with new revisions

storage

the ability to maintain data within the system temporarily or permanently

I/O input and output

the manner in which data is received into a computer system and the manner in which information and the results of processing are provided to the user from a computer system -ex- UPS customer signatures device

motherboard

the primary circuit of o computer to which all core components are connected, including the CPU -enables them to communicate -used by general and special computers

burning

the process of writing to an optical disc R- recordable disc RW-rewtitable disc

hardware

the tangible parts of a computer or digital device, and typically includes support for processing, storage, input, and output

High-k materials

the use of materials with a high dielectric constant (k), ex- hafnium and zirconium, creates smaller transistors than silicon can

magnetic disks

thin steel platters -computer can go directly to the desired piece of data by positioning the read/write head over the proper track of the revolving disk- direct access storage medium

microdrives

tiny hard drives that can store gigabytes of data on a disk one or two inches in size -ex- revolutionized portable media players were used in easy iPods

USB

universal serial bus, to standardize computer interfaces around one type of connection

3D Displays

use polarization technologies that generally require the viewer to wear special glasses

magnetic tape

used by businesses and organizations that need to store and back ip large quantities of data. -mylar film coating with iron oxide particles -sequential access- read from beginning of tape to end

chips and microchips

used in most electronics devices and are used in computers to store and process bits and bytes

optical computing

used light waves instead of electrical current. high speed, potential to be 500 ties faster than traditional electronic circuit

graphics processing unit (GPU)

used to process the graphics and take the load off the CPU

high definition TV

uses a resolution that is at least twice that of traditional television displays for sharper, crisper images

laser printer

uses tech. similar to those of photocopiers to provide the highest-quality printed output