Hawai'i: Center of the Pacific Exam 1

Written Language

- 1826 - Symbols for writing in Hawaiian developed - Missionaries chose standard alphabet - 13 letters: a,e,i,o,u,h,k,l,m,u,p,w,okina

Illegal Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy

- 1893

Organic Act

- 1900 - All legislature proceedings shall be conducted in English language - Hawaiian medium schools decline

Statehood Act

- 1959 - Hawai'i becomes part of the union - Various attempts to reintroduce Hawaiian, but they fail

What does Hau'ofa say that a sea of islands means?

- A more holistic perspective - Things are seen in their totality of their relationships - Oceania corresponds with this idea - Suggests that the islands are grand and romantic - Denotes a sea of islands with their inhabitants

'Aikapu

- A religion in which males and females are separated in the act of eating - Women were viewed as defiling because of menstruation and could not have any involvement in the eating - The priest suggested that 4 nights of each lunar month be set aside for special worship of the 4 major male Akua (Ku, Lono, Kane, and Kanaloa. - Women could not eat Pig, coconuts, bananas red colored fish, certain seafood

Mo'olelo

- A story, a legend, an article, and a piece of literature - Story of Wakea and and Papa is an example of this - Stories of how Hawaiian ancestors lived, how they worked, how they leisured, how they fought, and how they loved are told.

Why did Hau'ofa initially prescribe to the view about Pacific Islanders?

- Agreed at first because it seemed to be based on irrefutable evidence - Eventually changed his view to suggest that the traditional view is very narrow and overlooks a culture's history and world enlargement

Ali'i Nui

- Akua on earth - At the top of society - Provide a connection between Gods and humans

ABCDFM

- American Board of Commission for Foreign Missions - First mission in 1820 - Goal was to christianize Hawai'i

Captain James Cook

- Arrived in Hawai'i in 1778 - Had means to document the Hawaiian people and create their history - Marveled by the genius of the Polynesian people - Stated pacific islanders all shared a similar culture (dance, government, religion) - Described Polynesians as a clean, civilized, deliberated group of people - Brought diseases with him that killed many Hawaiians

Epeli Hau'ofa

- Author of "A New Oceania: Rediscovering our Sea of Islands" - Prolific Tongan writer and citizen of Fiji - Describes the prevalent views of Pacific Islanders - Believes that large countries try to make smaller islands feel like they cannot survive on their own

Larry Kimura

- Author of "Native Hawaiian culture" - Hawaiian scholar - Studied Hawaiian at a time when it was not popular - Revived Hawaiian - Started Hawaiian language program at Manoa

Ngugi wa Thiong'o

- Author of Decolonizing the Mind - Born into a peasant family in Kenya in 1938 - Currently Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of California - Wrote plays and books that criticize repressive life in Kenya - The dictatorship forced him into exile in Britain and then to the U.S after

Paul F. Nohoa Lucas

- Author of E Ola Kākou I Ka 'Ōlelo Makuahine - Helped establish the Pūnana Leo preschools

Kauraka Kauraka

- Author of Thinking About Cook Islands Native Religion

Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa

- Author of Traditional Hawaiian Metaphors - Discusses importance of Hawaiian genealogies - Discusses the story of the Kumulipo

Ahupua'a

- Boundaries used to be marked with pig alters - Wedge shaped sections of land - Run from mountain to ocean - Each had all of the resources needed to survive - Resources shared among all people living in each Ahupua'a

Materials used to make canoes

- Breadfruit: used the trunk of the trees for making the bow of the canoes - Coconut Husks: fibers used to make rope for the canoes, the outer layer of husk used for caulking between planks - Sap: warmed so that it can be used to hold layers of the canoe together

What does Hau'ofa suggest as the future role of Oceanic peoples?

- Break free of their confinement - Move around and away from homelands - Enlarge their world, establish new resources, expand networks of circulation - Must realize that that Oceania is the sea and cannot be called tiny - Must not allow anyone to belittle Oceania

Aikane

- Can be male or female - Good friend to a person in the court - Sometimes lovers of the Ali'i Nui - Took status and normalized their presence in the court

Pottery

- Can be used as evidence to support and prove Cook's theory that Polynesians came from Asia - The designs and materials used to make the pottery can be linked to other islands and parts of Asia -It is also possible that the pottery was just a result of trade

Detail and Subtlety in Hawaiian language- Kimura

- Can do both in Hawaiian language - Developed because it was frowned upon to talk about oneself - Use metaphors to avoid directly identifying something

Mālama 'Aina

- Caring for the land - Explains how Hawaiians create relationships and maintain them - There are reciprocal relationships between land and thepeople - Special relationships between younger and older sibilings that create pono

Kalai'āina

- Carving up the land into kalana (districts) - 6 on O'ahu

Po

- Darkness - In the Hawaiian view, the day begins at darkness - Time belongs to the Gods and is sacred

Kalana

- Districts

According Hau'ofa, what would be the price of accepting the pre-determined view of Pacific Islanders?

- Effects on people's self-image - Effects the way people cope with their situations - Cause people to be hopeless and feel that no matter what they do, their country will not succeed on its own because of its size - May lead to moral paralysis, apathy, and fatalism that is seen among humans that have been confined to internment camps

Pidgin is...

- Embodiment of modern Hawai'i - An ice breaker - Recognition of commonalties - Form of resistance - A way to exclude others - A way to reinforce shared heritage of local residence

Hawaiian Pidgin English (HPE)

- Emergence of sugar plantations made it necessary for people from various countries to communicate with each other - Dialect created out of necessity - Not a persons 1st language - Capital P respects it as a language, lower case p says it is a sublanguage

What does Hau'ofa say that islands in a far sea means?

- Emphasizes dry surfaces in a vast ocean far from the centers of power - Focuses on the smallness and remoteness of the islands - Term introduced by Europeans - Islands are tiny, isolated dots in the vast ocean - Pacific Islands corresponds with this idea

Lahainaluna High School

- Established as center for Hawaiian language in 1831 - Designed to train young men to become teachers of religion

Punahou School

- Established for missionary children in 1842 - Missionaries did not want their children interacting with Hawaiian children

English Mainly Campaign

- Established in 1859

Laws of the Republic of Hawai'i

- Established in 1896 - English shall be the medium of instruction in all public and private schools - Any schools who do not conform will not be recognized - Education becomes way to make English dominant language

Pūnana Leo

- Established in 1984 - Name means language nest - Hawaiian immersion Preschool - First school located in Kakaha - Purpose was to restore the Hawaiian language - Faced several challenges: funding, resources

Why is the Kumulipo important?

- Explains Hawaiian origins - Identifies who can be a ruler - Identifies relationship with the environment and other humans - Shows how all things are connected

Makahiki festival

- Festival celebrating Lono - Konohiki collect resources from each Ahupua'a - No more work or warfare - Enjoyment

Ka Lama

- First Hawaiian newspaper established in 1834

Hāloa-naka

- First child of Wākea and Ho'ohokukalani - Born prematurely and died - Buried in the earth after his death - First Kalo plant grew where he was planted - Is the elder brother of the Hawaiian race and deserves great respect

Wākea and Ho'ohokukalani

- First child together was an unformed fetus, born prematurely, and named Hāloa-naka - Second child was named Hāloa in honor of his elder brother

Huahine

- Fish hooks, jewels, and other artifacts from Polynesian countries have been found here - Reinforces idea of voyagers trading with one another

What happens when a new aesthetic culture is brought in?

- Forces people to abandon there base culture and create a subculture - The native person no longer identifies with being native because they have built up a hatred for it - Cause conflict within the family

Noa

- Free, not prohibited - Maka'ainana are the most free - Ali'i Nui are the least free

Papa Mau

- From Satawal in Micronesia - Died in 2010 - Was one of the last navigators left - Asked to come to Hawai'i and reteach people how to sail - Used clouds, stars, and ocean currents to sail

Cook Island Religion

- Fusion of traits from various religions - Polytheistic - Monotheistic

Spirits: Cook Island Religion

- Good ghosts and bad ghosts - Nuinui: good ghost, former healer, tries to help people

Hawaiian Creole English (HCE)

- Gradual melding of various regional dialects and standard English - Language spoken by children and grandchildren of immigrant plantation laborers

Pono

- Harmony, just, balance

Heiaus

- Hawaiian Temple - Each has a purpose, function, and meaning - Traditionally the work of the Ali'i Nui - The more you build, the more it shows the community is honoring God

Oho'mana

- Hawaiian religion prior to Christianity

Ku'ula and Ko'a

- Heiau for fishing - Stacked rocks - People would bring offerings here to give thanks - Built close to the water - Sacred, but regular people could go in

Heiau Ho'ola

- Honor the characteristics of life - Worshipped life, well-being, and health - Did not just worship people

Heiau Luakini/Po'okanaki

- Human sacrifice happened here - Honored Kū - Sacred place - Could only be built by the Ali'i Nui - Very large to show its signigance

Papahana Kula Kaiapuni Program

- Immersion program set up by the BOE in 1987 - Goals: 1. Assist the Hawaiian speaking families in the revitalization of the language and culture and maintain usage of the language 2. Assist those families who wish to integrate into the Hawaiian speaking community for future generations 3. To assist those families who wish to use Hawaiian as a second or third language in interacting with the Hawaiian speaking community

What do people think are the negative effects of embracing Creole?

- Incompetence in the classroom - Socioeconomic Stagnation - Political powerlessness

Monotheistic God of the Cook Island religion

- Io: thought of as the one God everything comes from

Spiritual Protocol: Cook Island Religion

- It is important to ask permission from the relevant God when crossing boundaries - 3 realms: land, sea, sky

What was significant about navigation?

- It was a practice that Polynesian ancestors engaged in - Connects people to their ancestors and culture - Demonstrates the intelligence of the Polynesian people - Traditionally men who could not navigate were not looked up to

4 Major Hawaiian Gods

- Kū: God of War - Lono: God of Agriculture - Kanaloa: God of ocean - Kāne: God of fresh water

Satawal

- Land belongs to the women (breadfruit, Coconut, Tawa) - Sea belongs to the men - Last navigators - Depend of sailing to West Biu for food

Konohiki

- Land stewards - Take care of the Ahupua'a - Made sure everyone was living in harmony - Under the Ali'i Nui - Provide a connection between the Ali'i Nui and Maka'āinana

Curses: Cook Island Religion

- Language has mana - A good curse correct what went wrong - A bad curse promotes what is wrong - A wrongdoer is cursed - A righteous soul is blessed

What are the dual characteristics of language according to Ngugi?

- Language is a means of communication and the carrier of culture

Role language plays according to Larry Kimura

- Language plays a crucial role in identifying people - Language demonstrates the uniqueness of people - Demonstrates the culture and history of a group of people

Nainoa Thompson

- Learned how to navigate from Papa Mau

Proletarian

- Members of the working class

Po'olua

- Metaphor of 2 heads - Union with the purpose of creating a child that has more mana - Man partners with another women that is not his wife to produce a child - Child is still recognized by both women as their child - THESE TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS NOT FOR MAKA'ĀINANA

Punalua

- Metaphor of 2 springs - Union with the purpose of creating a child that has more mana - Women partners with another man that is not his to produce a child - Child is recognized by both men as their child - THESE TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS NOT FOR MAKA'ĀINANA

'Imi Haku

- Metaphors to 2 paths to power/leadership 1. Kū: war and fighting 2. Lono: peace, have a child and solve the problem - Kū rules for 8 months, Lono rules for 4 months

Pīʻāpā

- Name for the Hawaiian Alphabet

Offerings: Cook Island Religion

- Necessary to give offerings to one's deity - Offering is made to seek the god's blessing or to give thanks for a past blessing - Human sacrifice has been practiced in the past in the cook islands

Kamehameha School for Boys

- Opens in 1887 - Supposed to be legacy of Hawaiian education, but end up being the opposite

Exclusive Economic Zone

- Part of a country's coastline - Where they claim country exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities

Wākea and Papa

- Part of the Kumulipo - Sky father and eath mother - Said to be parents of the islands of Hawaii and Māui as well as the ancestors of Ka Lahui Hawai'i - Gave birth to first human child - Their first human offspring was a daughter, Ho'ohokukalanni (to generate the stars) -Wakea developed a desire for his daughter, which lead to the religious tradition of 'Aikapu

What does Hau'ofa mean when he says that Pacific Islanders are confined by mental reservations?

- People are not able to think about their country and what they are able to do to help it grow. - Instead, they feel hopeless about the place they live because their feelings about themselves and their country are controlled by dominating nations

Hau'ofa speaks of the interconnectedness of Oceanic societies before colonial contact, provide examples of his evidence.

- People moved and mingled, unhindered by boundaries like those enforced by imperial. The sea was open to anyone who could navigate it. - Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue, Rotuma, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Futuna, and Ivea formed an exchange community in which wealth and people with their skills and arts circulated endlessly - Evidence of these voyages is provided in existing settlements within Melanesia and descendents of seafarers

Priests: Cook Island Religion

- Performs the rituals associated with the God - Role can be fused together with that of an ariki (chief) - The population in Hawai'i is larger so the priest and the chief are usually separate people - Seeks the favor of the God on behalf of the Ariki and the people - Expected to know incantations, prayers, and religious knowledge and rituals to be done upon the appropriate occasion

Religious Objects: Cook Island Religion

- Polynesian ancestors did not worship the carved wooden images or other objects they made - Objects meant to inspire them to focus upon God or as a means to enhance communication with God

Pulae

- Prayer before and after voyages - Used because it is wrong to take something without asking permission and giving thanks - Many Polynesians now pray to the Christian God because of missionaries

Kahuna

- Priest

Ipu o lono

- Purpose was to make the land live - Forms that would inspire rain so that planting could happen - Honored agriculture so that al people could be fed - Comfortable and free

Which missionaries worked against Hawaiian culture?

- Richard Armstrong

Kapu

- Sacred, more mana, structured - Maka'ainana are the least sacred - Ali'i Nui are the most sacred

The power of words in Hawaiian language- Kimura

- Saying something give you the power to do it - There are words inside words that strengthen the meaning: Ex- Ohana - Language contains the power of life and death - Power in naming people and places - Spiritual kind of power: can work with you or against you

Hāloa

- Second child of Wākea and Ho'ohokukanlani - Named after his elder brother Hāloa-naka - Was the first Hawaiian Ali'i Nui and became the ancestor of all the Hawaiian people

Hōkūleʻa

- Ship used in 1976 when Polynesians reengaged in voyaging - Created a replica of ancient navigating - Did not use tools - Only needed courage and strength

Ni'aupi'o Mating

- Sibling mating - Thought to produce Akua (Gods) - Believed to have captured the mana and created the universe - Wanted to produce heirs that would keep the Akua status

MIRAB

- Stand for Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy - Type of Society - Pitiful microstates condemned forever to depend on migration, remittances, aid, and bureaucracy, and not on any real economic productivity

What does the Hau'ofa say is the main purpose of neo-colonialism?

- States that the main purpose of neocolonialism is to make people believe that they have no choice but to depend to other nations

Why was navigation lost?

- Technology - People want to leave the islands for "better"opportunities - Sense of identity lost - Time consuming

Hawaiian Genealogies

- The Hawaiian concept of time -Meant to help people make decisions in the present - Plant notion that you move forward while looking back - Anchor Hawaiians to a place in the universe - Psychological comfort - Used to determine who would be a better leader of the people - Play a role in the names Hawaiians carry

Ka Lāhui Hawai'i

- The Hawaiian nation

Describe a "cultural bomb" according to Ngugi?

- The biggest weapon wielded and actually daly unleashed by imperialism - Imperialist destroy a culture and make it resemble their own

Havaiki: Cook Island Religion

- The place where the Polynesian ancestors have come from - Not hell, another world much like the current one - People in this world instruct the living by revealing themselves in dreams and visions

Ka wā manmua

- The time in front or before - Past

Ka wā mahope

- The time which comes after or behind - Future

Omens

- These are signs that foretell the happening of a particular event - In the Cook Islands, certain insects play an important role in being good or bad omens: Dragonfly = unusual event, Cricket = news bearer, Spider egg = money

Kon-tiki Ship Experiment

- Thor Heyerdahl created an experiment to show that it was possible for the Polynesians to have drifted from the Americas - The Kon-tiki drifted to several islands and eventually crashed - Experiment proved that drift voyages were possible

Pu'uhonua

- Type of Heiau - City of refuge - Offered safe passage for people who were trying to escape something

Hule Mua

- Type of Heiau - Men's house - Everyone had one since men and women ate separately - Young boys could not enter until a certain age

Erosion of HCE

- WWII influence English - Statehood brings tourist who do not understand creole - Emergence of middle class who cannot get jobs speaking creole

Which missionaries supported Hawaiian culture?

- William Richard - Gerrit Judd - Rufus Anderson- ABCFM - Lorrin Anderson - Lorenzo Lyons

What does ʻŌlelo Noʻeau mean?

- Wise Proverb

What is I ulu no ka lālā i ke kumu?

- Wise Proverb - Means without our ancestors, we would not be here.

I ka ʻōlelo ke ola, I ka ʻōlelo ka make

- Wise proverb - In the language there is life, in the language there is death

Maka'āinana

- Working Class - Under the Konohiki

Kumulipo

- Written in the 18th century - Origin chant - Tells the creation story of the Hawaiian people - 2,100 lines - Takes 2-3 to recite - 16 wā (time periods): 8 begin in darkness (po), 8 begin in light (lau)

What are the 4 realms of the spiritual world?

1. Ao Kuewa: homeless spirits 2. Ao'aumakua: Ancestral spirits 3. Ao Owana: Wondering spirits 4. Ke au o Milu: Realm of evil

What are the two types of cultures?

1. Base Culture: Daily lifestyle 2. Aesthetic Culture: traditions, sayings, customs

Three Points of the Polynesian Triangle

1. Hawaiian Islands 2. Easter Island 3. New Zealand

What are the two places to go from Ke au o Milu?

1. Hevamaka: death 2. Hevalieli: forgiveness for sins

What are 3 reasons why language is especially important to Hawaiians according to Kimura?

1. It is present in various human activities (music and dance) 2. The importance of subtlety, personality, and detail 3. The power of the word

3 lessons that arise from mo'olelo of Wakea

1. Mans familial relationship to the land 2. Seperation of the sacred male element from the dangerous female, thus creating order in the world 3. Divine power emanates Chief incest

Name the two levels of operations in the Pacific according to Hau'ofa.

1. National Government and regional and international diplomacy 2. Ordinary people, peasants, and proletarians

What are the two types of navigators?

1. Polo: know how to sail 2. Po: Know the magic of sailing

What are the two theories about where the Polynesians came from?

1. Thor Heyerdahl's Theory: Polynesians came from America and drifted to the islands 2. James Cook's Theory: Polynesians came from Asia and intentionally sailed to the islands

Four main deities in Cook Island Religion: Polytheistic

1. Tu: war 2. Tane: life 3. Tangaroa: sea 4. Rongo: land

Primarily as a result of missionization, how do many people of the Pacific still divide their history according to Hau'ofa?

People divide their history into 2 parts: 1. The era of darkness associated with savagery and barbarism 2. The era of light and civilization ushered in by Christianity

What is the prevalent view of the Pacific Islands and its people according to Hau'ofa?

The small island states and territories of the Pacific, all of Polynesia and Micronesia, are.... - Too small - Too poorly endowed with resources - Too isolated from centers of economic growth for their inhabitants to be able to rise above their present condition of dependence on large, wealthy nations