Chem Ch. 13 Solutions
in general ____ polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non polar in non polar
"likes dissolves like"
states that at given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid
Henrys law
gas in gas example
air
colligative property example
antifreeze
liquid in liquid
antifreeze
gas in liquid
carbonated water
any physical effect of the solute on the properties of the solvent
colligative property
a suspension that never settles out is called a
colloid
a quantitative measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution
concentration
the ability to conduct an electric current
conductivity
liquid in solid
dental fillings
a water-soluble cleaner that can emulsify dirt and oil
detergent
surfactants used for cleaning
detergent
surfactants
detergent and soap
a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current
electrolyte
if one liquid is insoluble in another, the liquids are __
immiscible
liquids that are not soluble in each other
immiscible
liquids that separate shortly after being mixed together are said to be
immiscible
a substance that does not dissolve is __.
insoluble
a substance that does not dissolve in a solvent is said to be
insoluble in that solvent
__ solutions are the most common types of solutions
liquid
Percent by mass =
mass of solute / mass of solution X 100
2 liquids that are soluble in each other
miscible
If one liquid is soluble in another liquid, such as acetic acid in water, the two liquids are ___
miscible
liquids that are soluble in each other are said to be
miscible
the # of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution
molarity
Molality (m) =
moles of solute / kilogram of solvent
Molarity (M) =
moles of solute / liters in solution
example of suspension
muddy water
is a liquid or solid substance that does not allow the flow of an electric current
non electrolyte
example of conductivity
salt water
solid in liquid
saltwater
a _ solution contains the max amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solvent at a specific temp. and pressure
saturated
colloid
smoke, fog
a _ is a substance that is used as a cleaner and is made of natural components
soap
naturally occurring surfactants or 1 made of natural ingredients
soap
the max amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temp. and pressure
solubility
Because oxygen gas dissolves in a solvent, oxygen gas is a ___ substance.
soluble
a substance that dissolved in a solvent is said to be
soluble
the part of a solution that dissolves
solute
the oxygen in air is the __ , and nitrogen is the __ .
solute ; solvent
a homogeneous mixture in which one substance dissolves in another substance
solution
air is a ___ of oxygen gas dissolved in nitrogen gas
solution
__ continues as long as the salvation rate is greater than the crystallization rate
solvation
in a saturated solution, __ and __ are in equilibrium
solvation and crystallization
the part of a solution that the substance dissolves in
solvent
solid in solid
steel
3 ways to increase the rate of solvation
stir or shake, crush, increase temp. of heat
a _ solution contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temp.
supersaturated
a compound that concentrates at the boundary surface between two phases
surfactant
a type of mixture whose particles settle out over time and can be separated by filtration
suspension
3 factors that affect solubility
temperature, pressure, and Henrys law
How does the strength of the attraction between water molecules and sodium and chloride ions compare with the strength of the attraction between the sodium ions and chloride ions? How do you know?
the attraction with water molecules are stronger than the salt. We know this because it dissolves.
additional solute can be dissolved in an __ solution
unsaturated
solution that contains less dissolved solute for a given temp. and pressure than a saturated solution
unsaturated
__ is called the universal solvent because it dissolves both types
water
