hdfs 312 exam 3
daily life events and how it changes personality
- high affect reactivity to stressors= increases in neuroticism - problems in college = increases in neuroticism - young adults entering first stable romantic relationship: decreases in neuroticism
If you had dementia, would you want to live in a place like "dementia village," even if it meant that you would not be aware of the "deception" involved?
87% of the class said YES
problems with early models
assumes that successful aging in within a person's control
friendships in later life
close friends from earlier life may be retained friendships help to maintain independent functioning via social support
treating anxiety disorders
medications: sedatives, muscle relaxers, beta-blockers (slow heart) cognitive behavioral psychotherapy and relaxation treatment: effective for older adults, high success with only a few sessions
gender matters in occupational selection because
men and women tend to socialize differently (appropriate skills needed)
causes of depression: diathesis stress models
mental disorders emerge from a combination of level of vulnerabilities - genetics - previous life events - current stressors (vulnerability vs challenging events = threshold)
most of the class expected to get married at... and most thought that they would get divorced at...
mid to late 20s NEVER
the sandwich generation
middle-aged adults who have caregiving responsibilities for aging parents and children less health behaviors (e.g. less exercise, more likely to smoke, less likely to wear seatbelts)
Which theory/model predicts that older adults reduce contact with less close ties due to their limited future time perspective?
socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)
how can we test whether older adults are better at regulating their emotions in response to interpersonal stressors compared to younger adults?
socipemotional development and health (SEDH) study overview
limitations for workplace with ethnicity and discrimination
sticky floor: when one's ethnic group dominates only entry-level positions, then leadership of opportunities are restricted to supervising entry-level workers
strain based (work-family conflict)
stressed from work after boss yells at you, go home and yell at your spouse for a minor mistake
mostly 3: volleyers
switch back and forth between integrating and separating
young adulthood: intimacy vs isolation
task objective: establish intimate relationship willing to share oneself= intimacy insecurity and unable to find mate= isolation
romantic relationships
homogamy: degree in which people are similar college environment facilitates finding of homogamy
longevity
how long one lives (measured)
Which of the following is associated with aging in place?
more freedom more physical challenges more family worry increased likelihood of having crisis/ emergency
cohabitation
more younger adults are cohabitating "sliding, not deciding": living together out of convenience (e.g. sharing rent) cohabitation tends to lower the quality of marriage and increase change of divorce (having children during, living to see if it will "work out")
difficulties diagnosing older adults
1. co-morbidity with Alzheimer's 2. co-morbidity with physical conditions 3. age-related changes in sleeping and eating 4. age-related increase likelihood of bereavement 5. thoughts of death may be age-appropriate DEPRESSION IN OLDER ADULTS MAY BE BOTH OVER AND UNDER DIAGNOSED
behavior based (work- family conflict)
persona of being tough and rough with people at work, go home and treat your kids as you did your coworkers
dependent life expectancy
portion of lifespan in which a person lives in a dependent state
active life expectancy (aka health span)
portion of lifespan in which a person retains independence and can complete most activities of daily living
adaptiveness of personality traits: agreeableness
related to... - lower risk taking - lower functional limitations - prosocial behavior - community leadership
adaptiveness of personality traits: openess to experience
related to... - substance use - risk taking - longevity (creativity) - greater likelihood of suicide
glass ceiling
the level someone may rise to within an organization but beyond which they cannot go
when is marital satisfaction lowest?
when children are adolescents
work-family spillover
when stressors from one domain of life (e.g. work) "spillover" and transfer to another domain (e.g. family or home life) example: boss yells at you, you go home and yell at kids
why and how do we choose leisure activities?
why: - mental health well-being (fight off depression and dementia) how: - perceived competence: how good we think are are at something compared to other people our age - psychological comfort: how well we meet our personal goals and performance
neurobiological vulnerabilities with age (all associated with depressive symptoms)
- lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF): compound in blood - lower serotonin: mood and rewards - lower norepinephrine: alertness
why do people retire
- majority is a personal choice to do so - some are forced due to health
other views of successful aging
- may have to do more with older adults' perceptions of how well they aged (rather than a physician's perception of how they aged) - may involve balancing the aspects of what is considered "aging well" in each culture
"quick fixes" to aging successfully
- medications - anti-aging treatments - medical procedures - parabiosis
selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model
- model for understanding how people cope with challenges of aging - selection: surveying resources (time/ energy) and selecting specific personal goals and priorities accordingly (specific goals, general domains, relationships) ex: piainst SELECTS fewer songs to play, easier songs to play -optimization: maximizing performance by directing resources towards selected goals (attentional focus, persistence, acquisition) ex: pianist may PRACTICE fewer and easier songs extensively - compensation: adjusting to age-related losses and limitations (using alternative strategies, external aids) ex: pianist plays easier versions of chords, SKIPS difficult ones
nontraditional route for women
- more work-centered - possible lower exposure to gender-role stereotypes - difficulty finding jobs that match skill level
what are challenges for working parents
- paying for a nanny/ childcare to look after child - feeling guilt of not being constant primary caregiver - commute time is missed family time - unable to breastfeed
what impacts whether people choose traditional vs nontraditional jobs
- personal feelings -
ways to improve cognitive functioning
- physical (aerobic) exercise - nutrition - change in negative stereotypes - foster social interactions - memory and cognitive training (but shows limited transfer to other domains)
harder route to successful aging
- proper nutrition - exercise (those who regularly and vigorously ran delayed disabilities by 16 years) - healthy lifestyle (no smoking) - cognitive engagement - maintain social activity - purpose in life - emotion regulation and coping flexibility, adapting to life events TAKES MORE TIME AND EFFORT, BUT HAS LONGER LASTING EFFECTS
risk factors of widowhood
- social isolation - off time event: earlier than expected=greater difficulty coping - lower educational attainment - lower income
protective factors
- social support - on time event - higher educational levels - higher income
depression treatment considerations
- some medications (SSRI and tricyclic) not as effective for older adults - older adults, minorities, and low SES people are less likely to be treated - east Asia: go to doctor but only treat physical symtpoms (bad stigma for mental issues)
Strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) model
- while SST predicts older adults are more motivated to have rewarding and positive social and emotional experiences... - SAVI model predicts that emotion regulation abilities are also needed to achieve emotional goals older adults have had more life experiences/ expertise at dealing with emotions so they should be better at regulating their emotions
effects of widowhood
- widowhood and divorce negatively influence finances (especially for women) - loneliness - increased mortality risk for up to 10 years after the event/ death
widowhood
- women love longer and tend to marry older men= more likely to be widowed (outliving partner by 10 years)
age difference in leisure activites
- young adults participate in a greater range of leisure activities than older adults - activity level in young adulthood predicts activity level later in life
example
-let's say you have a lot of home demands, which are stressful - these influence your self-esteem, in which you feel down and incapable - you then enter work with this bad attitude, which then hinders your performance (which stacks on even more demands)
nontraditional route for older individuals
-retraining after career plateauing lack of challenges or promotional opportunity in occupational organizations
feedback loops with anxiety disorders
1. Primary appraisals: greater perceived threat than actually present (e.g. stressors) 2. Secondary appraisals: perceived lack of coping abilities 3. Emotional and physiological responses: perception of anxiety (e.g. heart palpitations, sweating).... repeat
distinctive patterns of personality
1. affect (moods, emotional responses) 2. behaviors 3. cognitions (thoughts, ideas)
four symptoms of alcoholism
1. cravings: frequent desire and need to consume 2. impaired control: unable to limit drinking 3. physical dependence: withdrawal symptoms when abstaining 4. tolerance: more alcohol is needed to achieve the same effect
Gottman's 4 predictors of divorce (4 horses of the apocalypse)
1. criticism 2. contempt 3. defensiveness 4. stonewalling
depressed individuals tend to have an explanatory style that is either....qw
1. internal vs external: I'm terrible at this task vs that was a challenging task 2. stable vs unstable: I will always do terrible at this task vs sometimes I don't do well but other times I do 3. Global vs local: I am a worthless person, I can't do anything right vs I failed but I can do better next time
"big five" (most researched model)
1. openess to experiences 2.conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism
medications for depression
1. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI): block the reabsorption of serotonin in the synapse 2. tetracyclic antidepressants: often given if SSRI is not effective, block reabsorption of serotonin AND norepinephrine, facilitates chemical transmission between neurons.... drug side effects are more severe among older adults
risk factors for depression
1. younger age (average age of diagnosis is 32) 2. being female 3. unmarried, widowed, bereaved 4. stressful life events 5. lack of social support
online dating
1/5 couples in US met online its an opportunity for meeting different types of partners helpful for middle-aged and older adults how have limited availability of partners in immediate social network for 65+, 50% of women are widowed while only 15% of men are
prevalence of anxiety disorders
17% of older men and 21% of older women are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder often co-morbid (co-occurring ) with depression up to 60% rates
informal caregivers
29% of US adults are informal caregivers - average age of 48 - older are more likely to care for spouse women are more likely to be caregivers (66%) and spend more time caregiving than men (21 hours vs 17 hours per week) 2/3 of caregivers for older adults and spouses are also in the workforce
Given that the average American works 40 hours per week, about what percentage of their lifetime do they spend at work/working?
30%
work and families
60%of US two-parent household have both parents in the work force reasons: financial necessity, attachment to work
SST predictions: are motivations enough?
71% of people who did the #100happydays failed.... this leads us to SAVI
geriatric depression scale, center of epidemiological studies depression scale, and beck depression scale....
ALL of these are used to help screen for depression, but NONE of them can be used to diagnose depression (only a trained clinician can properly diagnose)
awareness of age-related changes (AARC)
awareness that one has experienced changes as a result of getting older multidimensional (physical, cognitive, social, emotional) includes gains and losses prepositive AARC= more positive aging outcomes
friendships in young adulthood
based on proximity or convenience in adolescence (e.g. classmates) based on shared values/ interests in young adulthood young adults spend more time per day socializing compared to other age groups college students especially likely to increase size of social network
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
based on the epigenetic principle that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of importance 8 sequential stages from infancy to old age, require a lifetime to acquire strengths
why should we consider social relationships when looking at emotional changes that accompany age?
because our strongest emotional experiences tend to occur in social contexts
stonewalling
becoming non responsive to partner (develops over time) *ignoring, disengaging* often times, women want to "talk it out" and men become overwhelmed with conflict and not respond try: take a break from conflict and calm down before discussing the issue
one month prevalence of alcohol dependence
between ages 18-29: 4% of males and 2.5% of women decreases across the lifespan after this always higher for men
mostly 4/5: integrator
blending of work and personal tasks/commitments
What other evidence would support the idea of a midlife crisis?
changes in marital satisfaction across adulthood
gold standard for treating depression
combining behavioral and cognitive therapy
how do emotional experiences change across age? SEDH study conclusions
compared to younger adults, older adults... - less likely to try to change their partner's opinion - more likely to try to avoid conflict - may be better able to regulate their emotions in response to interpersonal stressors - may have more difficulties regulating their emotions in response to general stressors (e.g. cognitive tasks)
work demands and work resources can also result in personal resources
example... - working long hours males you tired and fatigued - you return home and are overwhelmed with all your responsibilities at home
work family enrichment
experience in one role improves quality of life in another role can be... - instrumental: skills, behaviors that you learn in one domain that are helpful in the other (communication skills learned when used with coworker, go home and use it on husband) - affective: something good happens are home(kids are sweet) and you go to work in a good mood
life span theory of control (primary vs secondary)
explains how control changes with age - primary: engaging in behaviors to change/influence the environment according to one's goals (external changes) EXAMPLE: losing your job, applying to new ones IS MOST ADAPTIVE WHEN GOAL IS STILL ATTAINABLE -secondary: changing one's goals and desires to match the environment (internal changes) EXAMPLE: losing one's job, telling yourself that you don't want to work there anyway IS MOST ADAPTIVE WHEN DEADLINE OF GOAL HAS PASSED
anxiety disorders
family of disorders characterized by severe anxiety and physical symptoms that interfere with everyday functioning (sweating, hyperventilation, dizziness, headaches, chest pain, health palpitations, dry mouth, upset stomach, diarrhea, insomnia)
behavioral therapy for depression
focuses on altering (maladaptive) behaviors without necessarily addressing underlying causes example: person no longer engages in activities --> reward but doesn't find out why they are feeling that way TREATS SYMPTOMS RATHER THAN CAUSES
cognitive therapy
focuses on changing (maladaptive) thoughts believed to get closer to the core of depression
assisted living and 3 essential attributes
for people who need assistance with personal care but are not physically or mentally impaired 1. as much like a normal house as possible 2. emphasizes personal control, choice, dignity, autonomy 3. should meet routine services and special needs
what is NOT associated with panic attacks
frequent urination (hyperventilation, heart palpitations, and sweating are all actually associated with panic attacks)
agreeableness
friendly, sympathetic, helpful, selfless, considerate, trusting examples: - high: hagrid -low: voldemort
socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)
future time perspective (perception of how much time one has left to live) is related to chronological age and life goals more time/ younger age: long-term knowledge and goals, investing in the future, education and career, meeting new people less time/ older age: short-term emotional goals, making most of remaining time, max social and emotional experiences
martial satisfaction across adulthood
gender differences... - women are generally less satisfied than men - women are more likely to initiate divorces (at 69% rate) - men benefit more from marriage (social support, extended social network)
life event challenges with age
general daily stressors DECREASE with age (less negative emotions and situations), but major life events INCREASE with age (retirement, bereavement)
Erik Erikson would probably say that the two men in the previous example (knitting sweaters for penguins crazy feminist guy) have achieved
generativity
in class, the most important goals were currently...
getting our college degree and experiencing high emotional well-being
parabiosis
giving younger blood to older adults - anatomically combining circulatory systems of two organisms - blood from younger mouse rejuvenates tissue of older mouse
conscientiousness
hardworking, ambitious, detail-oriented, thorough, careful, dependable, organized examples: - high: hermione granger - low: neville longbottom
what happens during retirement
new patterns of personal involvement changing roles and lifestyles most people are satisfied with their retirement as long as they have - financial security - health - a supportive network of relatives and friends
mostly 1/2: separator
keep work and personal tasks divided
glass cliff
leadership position is precarious (criteria) 1. unexplained differences 2. barriers more severe at higher occupational levels 3. chances of advancement 4. increased inequality throughout the career path
gay and lesbian couples
little data gay men tend to: have more short term relationships, separate feelings of love and sex (similar to heterosexual men) lesbian women tend to:commit and cohabit faster than heterosexual couples, sex and emotional intimacy are connected (similar to heterosexual women)
suicide is predicted by
male gender poor health experience with loss social isolation substance use (alcohol) (attempts more successful if poor health and lethal methods such as firearms)
gender differences in retirement
married women's decision to retire is predicted by her husband's health status or number of dependents (opposite is true for men) women typically live longer women make less money
What do you think is the most important aspect of aging successfully?
most of the class said staying happy and content as they age
scenario 2: last day at CSU
most would spend free time at a family party, as you have a limited future, you want to make most of your remaining time with close social partners
scenario 1: first day at CSU
most would spend free time at a party meeting new people because you have an open ended future, you are seeking new experiences and social partners
social networks across adulthood
network size increases from young adulthood to mid life network size decreases from mid life to later adulthood (BUT these changes mostly only involve less close partners, close social partners tend to remain in the network)
age differences in affective reactivity to stressors (stressors related to conflicts, such as arguments and disagreements, with others)
no age differences interpersonal stressors are the most distressing types of daily stressors
defensiveness
not taking responsibility for one's actions *making excuses, blaming partner instead* try: try to better understand what partner is saying, perspective take, take some responsibility
prevalence of mental disorders
number of people in a population that have a disorder in a given time frame/// total number of people in the population
some job occupations are set to cater to a particular flexstyle
nurse: work all day, go home and focus on self professor: work part of day, go home and still need to grade papers and answer emails
nursing homes and common characteristics
often for people with more severe cognitive or health impairments (nurses available 24/7) - 85+ - recently admitted to hospital - living in retirement housing (vs in their own home) - widowed or divorced - has some cognitive impairments - has some problems with activities of daily living (cooking for self)
context matters with emotion perception
older adults are just as good/ even better are reading emotions IF they are given contextual info older adults use their knowledge of their romantic partner to infer their emotion, rather than just reading expression older adults can alsoinfer how their partners are feeling, even if they are not present in the same room
older adults when identifying positive emotions
older adults just as accurate and younger adults when identifying a stranger's positive emotions
Which of the following is true about older adults and social media/networking sites?
older adults online networking consists of more diverse age groups AND older adults online networks are smaller than younger adults
emotion perception changes in age
older adults perform more poorly on these tasks than younger adults older faces are generally more difficult for ALL age groups to label accurately
older adults when identifying negative emotions
older adults perform more poorly when labeling negative emotions may be due to... - there seem to be more distit negative emotions (anger, disgust, sadness) - older adults may not be as motivated to pay attention to negative emotions (POSITIVITY EFFECT)
adaptiveness of personality traits: extraversion
related to... - exercise compliance - substance use - greater peer acceptance (in childhood and adulthood) - poorer overall health ratings and mortality risk (cheerfulness facet)
onset and diagnosis of schizophrenia
people often learn about their disorder AFTER running into problems with authorities onset is between ages 16-30 symptoms show improvement over adulthood
flexstyle
preferences and needs working have regarding the degree of desired blending of work and home throughout the workday or week
aging at home
pros: - more independence - closer to family - increased self-efficacy cons: - dangerous situations - harder to complete chores - family worry/stress about you
social relationships
provide support, companionship, and connections to broader networks supportive relationships are related to better mental/ physical health, greater subjective well-being/ life satisfaction, longevity
mental disorders/ psychopathology
psychological or behavioral patters that are not expected as normal parts of development or culture cause distress or impair function, are harmful to self and others
Rank-order stability refers to _________, whereas mean-level stability refers to ____________.
rank order: between-person differences mean-level: within-person differences
SEDH
- 159 participants of younger and older adults testsed -results show that older adults exhibit less negative affect reactivity to the social conflict task compared to younger adults -older adults show less diastolic BP reactivity to the task compared to younger adults - older adults show less pulse rate reactivity to task compared to younger adults
risk factors for schizophrenia
1.1% of Americans are living with it
early models of successful aging include characteristic of
- absence of disease or disability - maintenance of cognitive and physical functioning - active engagement with life
developmental expectations and social comparisons of aging
- adults of all ages expect to experience more losses with age...BUT - older adults think their development will be more positive than other older adults
exceptions to these predictors
- agnes fenton: 110 years old and drank 3 beers and a scotch every day for 70 years... only condition she was ever diagnosed with was a benign tumor - jeanne calment: longest verified human life (122 years), longevity ran in her family, healthy at most of her life (fencing and biking)... smoked until she was 119, ate chocolate every day
future of aging
- baby boomers: by 2030, 1/5 people will be over 65 - high demands to understand basic aging processes and how to prepare for this population... we need creative new solutions
effects of caregiving: while it does apply high levels of stress (physical and mental), there are positive outcomes....
- caregivers live longer - older female caregivers who provide physical assistance how slower rates of physical decline - >90% of caregivers report a great appreciation in life - 83% of caregivers said that caregiving was a positive experience
mean level changes with age
- decreased amount in openess to experiences, extraversion, and neuroticism - increased amount in agreeableness - conscientiousness peaks in midlife, then remains high later in life
midlife crisis
- difficulty defining - occurs in middle adulthood after people experience a personal crisis - little evidence that supports it as a universal notion in midlife... - there ARE more overloads of stressors - well-being may be lowest in 40s
more successful marriages tend to occur when partners...
- do not marry at younger ages - are not expecting child at marriage - are financially stable at marriage - are more similar - feel the relationship as equal
what are challenges for organizations who want to support working parents
- don't have room for incorporating spaces for children - distraction of mothers who are supposed to be working - managers who aren't supportive of employees leaving throughout the day to see kids
what are strong predictors of a successful marriage
- equality - higher edu levels - homogamy (marrying at a younger age is NOT)
why do women leave the workforce?
- family obligations - workplace issues (domination of masculine values, disconnection from workplace)
predictors of longevity
- genes, environment, lifestyle - ethnicity (Latino> Euro or AA) - gender (women > men) - sociodemographics - personality and disposition - health beahviors
limitations for workplace gender equality
- glass ceiling -glass cliff
current models add on...
- good mental health - social support - life satisfaction
new solutions to...
- healthcare: find sustainable model, rethink nursing homes - financial preparedness: how to motivate younger adults to save for retirement - life paths: changes in social structure (age integration)
social comparison groups are important: household chores
- husbands compare how much work they do relative to other husbands - wives compare themselves to how much work they do relative to their husbands if husbands do more housework than other peer's husbands, women tend to be more satisfied with division of labor (even though they go more generally)
internal and external considerations
- income discrepancies - culture: one might choose job based on views - age: ageism
diagnosing anxiety disorders
- is the anxiety an appropriate response to life circumstances? - is the person also showing signs of depression? - how does it interfere with everyday functioning? (distress/ impairment, frequent worry, muscle tension, sleep problems)
when deciding living arrangements for older adults...
- its difficult: need some help, but not full time - assess the cognitive and physical impairments (physicians diagnostic evaluation is required in many states) - important to involve the older adult in the decision-making
why should we care
- job outcomes: turnover, performance, safety, satisfaction - psychological health: depression, substance use, burnout are all buffered - physical health: hypertension, cholesterol, cortisol, and cardiovascular disease are all buffered - family outcomes: parenting behaviors, child well-being, partner satisfaction and depression are all improved
physical symptoms of depression
insomnia changes in appetite significant weight loss or gain pain trouble breathing headaches fatigue sensory loss
parenting
average women's age at first child: 25.5 older age at birth is related to better parenting people are having fewer children more childless couples and single parents now than ever before
what is used to definitively diagnose depression
DSM-5: scales help pinpoint symptoms, but see clinician for definitive diagnosis
treatments for schizophrenia
emphasizes medications: antipsychotics difficult to treat with only psychotherapy alone... a compressive and integrated program can be effective to help people adapt to circumstances, but doesn't cure it
Who is more likely to make it to their 100th birthday: Jim, who is 95 years old, or Teagan, who is 1 year old?
Teagan
mean level stability
average scores for individuals remain the same early life traits= traits in adulthood - example: oprah voted most popular by hs early life traits /=/ traits in adulthood - example: tom cruise voted least likely to succeed in hs
grandparenting
average timing is mid-50s 75% of US citizens are grandparents by age 65 grandparenting as a social role: cultural transitions of traditions and beliefs, formal and informal childcare
specifics of abnormal behaviors and emotions
erratic bodily movements inappropriate emotional responses
schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder characterized by impaired though processes, abnormal behaviors and emotions, and delusions/hallucinations
for every $1 a man makes...
a women makes $0.80
emotion perception
ability to accurately label emotions (tasks often involve judging images of people's faces)
life course considerations
actively planning one's funeral has different implications at different points in the lifespan
social media and networking sites
adolescents and younger adults have online friends of mostly the same age group older adults have fewer online friends, but of more diverse age groups older adults primarily use social networking sites to keep in touch with family
friendship in middle adulthood
after marriage, # of friends and time spent with them decreases new friends in midlife may serve multiple roles in a person's life (e.g. friends are also coworkers or also parents of child's friend) this is helpful because it reduces demands on time and makes new transitions to new friendships easier
average life expectancy
age at which half of the people born within a particular year are expected to have died (based on predictions)
demographic changes of work
aging population women in workforce multigenerational households
treating depression
all forms often benefit from some form of therapy
workplace changes
amount of work hours flexibility of work location of work LINE IS BLURRING BETWEEN HOME WORK AND ACTUAL WORK
neuroticism
anxious, worries, tense, uptight, easily upset/ high affect reactivity, emotionally unstable, moody examples: - high: ron weasly - low: dumbledore
median age of first marriage in US
as of 2013: women at 27 and men at 29
criticism
attacking partner's character or personality "you are such a slob" try: it frustrates me when you leave a mess in the bathroom
conscientiousness + neuroticism
conscientiousness is related to better physical health neuroticism is related to poorer physical health older adults with BOTH traits showed the healthiest profiles because neuroticism= more likely to pay attention to health concerns conscientiousness= self-regulation to follow through with doctors and regimens
what is the strongest predictor of divorce?
contempt
openess to new experiences
creative, imaginative, curious, open-minded, deep-thinkers examples: - high: harry potter - low: draco malfoy
retirement
current average age is 62 by 2020, over 25% of workforce will be 55+ can be... crisp: making a clean break from employment by stopping work entirely blurred: repeatedly leaving and returning to work, some periods of unemployment
social relationship quality improves across adulthood
decreased conflict and arguments with social partners increased satisfaction with social relationships INCREASED positive emotions and DECREASED negative emotions
what is NOT a symptom of depression?
delusions (lack of energy, lack of concentration, and lack of appetite are all actual symptoms)
how does emotion regulation change with age? improves? declines? no change?
depends on the context
work-home resources model
describes how home can affect work, and how work can affect home time based, strain based, behavior based - we have demands (# of kids, health of kids) and we have resources (network, fam, friends) - model suggests that these demands and resources result in personal resources that either help or hinder our ability to address the demands and resources at work - model suggests that you have home demands and home resources, which results in personal resources, which transfer into workplace
contempt
disrespecting your partner *rolling your eyes, cursing, mocking* try: pay attention to own behaviors, express appreciation of partner
specifics of impaired though processes
distorted thoughts and perceptions loss of touch with reality distorted sense of self
reasons for grandparents as surrogate parents
divorce incarceration child abuse can buffer effects of stressful family events on grandchildren can cause negative effects such as ill health, stress, isolation, divided loyalties
selective social comparison
double sided nature of negative aging stereotypes - stereotype threat: negative stereotypes hurt performance/ mood if people feel they're being judged according to negative view of their age group social comparison : negative stereotypes improve self-perceptions if people engage in downward comparisons (i.e. compare themselves to people "worse" than them)
affective, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms of depression
dysphoria: feeling sad, down, blue anhedonia: diminished interest in pleasure of activities (more of a characteristic in late life) feelings of worthlessness trouble concentrating recurrent thoughts of death
age differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stressors
emotion goals and regulation are enhanced in social contexts (older adults are motivated to maintain social harmony, avoid conflicts, and appraise others more positively) changes in social contexts benefit older adults more than younger adults (networks consist of more close partners, fewer interpersonal stressors)
emotions vs depression
emotions: subjective, physiological, and behavioral responses to events depression: an affective disorder that interferes with everyday functioning both positive and negative emotions can be functional and adaptive (fight or flight prepares for action after experiences fear)
Janice is often punctual and prepared for meetings. She is also manipulative and self-absorbed. Janice is probably high on ________ and low on ________.
high on conscientiousness low on agreeableness
work-family spillover for personality traits...
high on neuroticism= more negative emotions spilling over high of extraversion= more positive emotions spilling over
prevalence of depression
higher for females across the lifespan spikes around 18-24 and 25-34 years of age <5% of older adults in cummunity >13% of older adults who need home health care >20% of older adults in nursing homes
suicide rates
highest for 65+ (especially for white males)
work-family balance
how effective or satisfied you are on how you manage work and family all three constructs can be working and happening simultaneously
genetics for schizophrenia
identical twins of a person with it have 40-65% chance of developing it themselves may be due to imbalance in neurotransmitters balance may be due to too much dopamine during adolescence and young adulthood
compression of morbidity
if we can choose when these health conditions (diabetes, hearing loss, arthritis) occur, and we choose to experience them later in life (as close to death as possible) refers to the situation in which the average age when people first become disabled/ ill is getting pushed to later in life time between disability onset and death is shorter (people are living fewer years with disabilities)
adapting to nursing homes
important to find optimal levels of support for people with low levels of competence resources
how do emotional experiences change across adulthood
improve! - positive emotions increase and negative emotions decrease exception: sadness remains stable/ even slightly increases during very late life (80+)
emotion regulation and age
improves with age
compression of morbidity in US
in 1980-1990s: compression of morbidity increased (e.g. people lived fewer years with disability before death) 2000s: compression of morbidity is decreasing (people are living more years with disability before death)
later born cohorts have a higher chance of reaching 100
in 2011... - 1 year old: 26% for boys and 33% for girls - 16 years old: 21% for boys and 28% for girls - 95 years old: 18% for boys and 21% for girls
growth is happening regarding gender
in 21st century: - women are starting small businesses at a faster rate than men, - women are finding home-based business to solve challenges faced in home-work balance - women entrepreneurs> male
narcissism
inflated view of self, lack of empathy or concern for others this decreases across adulthood current young adults are more narcissistic than the young adults 20-30 years ago (this may be due to social media, seflies, self-esteem movement)
Abe met a woman, Wendy, on Coffee Meets Bagel. Wendy seems to have the whole package: she is attractive, funny, and interesting. Abe thinks he's found "the one." This is his first serious relationship and he's having a hard time sharing his feelings with her. What are some outcomes we might expect for Abe?
reductions in neuroticism AND isolation
adaptiveness of personality traits: neuroticism
related to... - greater functional limitations - lower relationship quality - less pronounced decreases in negative affect with age - greater risk for dementia - greater mortality risk - higher suicide rate
adaptiveness of personality traits: conciousness
related to... - reduced likelihoo of mental disorders and physical illness - positive health behaviors - lower risk taking - longevity (marshmallow test with kids= self regulation and delay of gratification)
rank order stability
relative standing (order) across individuals remains the same
personality changes with age
relatively stable over time and situations
Milton, 78, is noticing that his night vision is getting worse and is having a difficult time driving at night. He decides that he will only drive during the day. This is an example of:
selection
what are hallucinations
sensory perceptions (hearing, seeing) that are not based in reality
Social network size ________ from middle to later adulthood. Satisfaction with social interactions ________ with age
social network size DECREASES with age satisfaction with interactions INCREASES with age
extraversion
social, outgoing, talkative, energetic, active, assertive, high positive affect examples: - high: george weasly - low: snape
what is associated with sleep across the US
south east reported never getting enough sleep.. these regions also correlated with - CVD - early mortality - poverty - high crime (colorado is doing good, only 8% of people say they never get enough sleep)
Presidential Candidate A plans to make cuts to education in order to maintain Social Security programs that largely benefit older adults. Presidential Candidate B plans to take the opposite action. Based on this plan, Todd, 61, will vote for Presidential Candidate A. Which of the following best describes the outcome of Todd's current Psychosocial Stage?
stagnation
what is mental health
state of successful mental functioning that is characterized by... 1. productive activities 2. fulfilling relationships 3. ability to adapt to change and adversity
grandparents as surrogate parents
steep increase in recent decades: up 50% between the 90s and 2000s
diagnosing major depressive
symptoms must last at least 2 weeks other causes must be rules out (substances, medications, medical conditions, bereavement) clinician must determine how symptoms are affecting daily life
late adulthood: integrity vs despair
task objective: acceptance that one's life is ending positive, self- accepting life review= integrity regret or denial= despair example of integrity: Walter White of Breaking bad
mid adulthood: generativity vs stagnation
task objective: concern for next generation giving back to society= generativity stay self-absorbed= stagnation
emotion regulation refers to...
the ability to control one's emotional experiences and the expression of those emotions
personal/ perceived control
the degree in which a person believes that they have the ability to influence or change their circumstances multidimensional: people can have different perceptions of personal control in different domains (intelligence vs health vs relationships)
this definition of mental health focuses on what?
the presence of positive indicators, rather than the absence of disorders
women same sex marriage was legalized, couples reported why they chose to marry
their responses... 1. love and commitment 2. opportunity to celebrate commitment 3. financial incentives (tax breaks) 4. legal reason (visitation rights, fear of later revoke)
centenarians
those who live to 100 years - in 2000, 77,000 lived in US - in 2050, predicted to have 834,000 in US - 15% of them have never been diagnosed with age-related diseases with CVD or stroke - many of them are good in mental health
in order to balance environmental demands of living independently (such as fitness levels)
use selection (choosing home with no stairs) and compensation (buying a chair lift, putting rails in bathrooms)
friendships
voluntary relationships with less structure than other types of relationships (e.g. spouse) friends enter and exit our lives more easily than other relationships (e.g. family ties)
multidimensional life-span approach to assessing psychopathology
we need to consider all of the following when assessing - biological forces - psychological forces - sociocultural forces (yaeba before and after self-mutilation may be culturally appropriate) - life-cycle forces
what are delusions
well-formed beliefs that are not grounded in reality
time-based (work-family conflict)
working lots of hard hours at work, have less family time or family member gets sick and you stay home to care for the,, have less time to get work done
treatment for alcohol dependence
younger adults: respond best to short-term programs that are individually tailored midlife: many approaches work well, but need to account for individual differences older adults: respond best to education programs (rather than direct confrontations)
lifespan trajectories of alcohol dependence
younger age at drinking onset= greater likelihood of dependence excessive drinking during young adulthood= midlife health problems even moderate drinking in later adulthood can be problematic for health (drug interactions, less tolerance)