HDFS: Adolescence: Unit 1 Exam

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Elongation of Adolescence

-Adolescence lasts longer today than ever before -Start puberty earlier and enter into adult roles of work and family later -Elongation of adolescence has had important implications for how young people see themselves, relate to others, and develop psychologically

Thinking about possibilities

-Example: Ways in which their lives might be affected by different career choices -Moves easily between the specific and the abstract to generate alternative possibilities -Development of deductive reasoning "If-then" thinking Major intellectual accomplishment

Environmental factors of puberty

-Nutrition -Environmental molecules (e.g. plastics and pesticides) -Stress -Social interaction (siblings, prescence of father)

Physical Manifestations of puberty

-Rapid growth -Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics -Changes in body composition

Frued's 5 stages of psychosexual development

-oral -anal -PHILLIC (adolescents r in) -latency -genital

Erickson's Psychosocial Stages

1)Trust v mistrust 2)autonomy v shame 3)initiative v guilt 4)industry v inferiority 5)IDENTITY V ROLE CONFUSION (adoles) 6)intimacy v isolation 7)generativity v stagnation 8)integrity v despair

Process of decision making

1. identify alternative choices 2.indentify consequences 3. Evaluate the costs and benefits (desirability) of each possible outcome 4. assess liklihood of each possible consequnce 5. combine all info to make final decision adults and adolescents differ in 3... way costs and benefits differently adolescents less future oriented and more succeptible to influence

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational (early adolescence) 4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL (adolescent) >metacognition, egocentrism >construct involvement in world through interaction

early adolescence

10-13 (middle school)

middle adolescence

14-17 (high school)

late adolescence

18-21; transitioning out of high school and into college and the real world

adolescent egocentrism

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. results in imaginary audience and personal fable

Organismic Theories

Assumes that genetically organized processes are the primary determinant of psychological development ; focuses on processes within the individual ; assumes that individuals are active rather than passive ; internally biologically structured and interfere with environment

maturational deviance hypothesis

Being "off" relative to peers promotes psychological distress and behavioral problems.

Bands of Adolescence

Early Adolescence, Middle Adolescence, Late Adolescence, and Emerging Adulthood Occurs between ages 10-20 roughly Phases have varied historically

HPG axis

Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, the negative feedback loop that regulates sex-hormone production.

thinking about abstract concepts

In adolescence, appearance of more systemic, abstract thinking Seen through adolescents facility and interest in thinking about abstract concepts: interpersonal relationships (friendship), politics (democracy), religion (faith), morality (fairness and honesty)

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Intimacy, dating, and marriage

Need for new decisions about sexual activity

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems

Historical and Anthropological Theories

Recognition that adolescence as a developmental period varies from one point in history to another (ex. growing up during industrial revolution)

Vygotsky's Socio Cultural Theory

Social interaction is critical to the development of thinking and problem-solving; stages in the development of reasoning reflect internalized language learning occurs across two levels > interaction (interpsychological) and mental structure (intrapyschological)

estrodial

Steroid made from estrogen that gives women female characteristics. increases 8 times for girls and only doubles for boys

Recapitulationism

The idea that the stages of each person's intellectual, emotional, and psychological development pass through the same stages as our pre-human ancestors as they developed into the humans of today (savage nature of adolescence) (biosocial theory)

adolescent growth spurt

The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight peak height velocity

G. Stanley Hall

Theory of Recapitulation; "father of adolescence"

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher Things you can do alone > things you can do with help > things you cannot do yet

semenarche

a male's first ejaculation

normative development

a pattern of development that is typical, or average

synaptic pruning

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Tanner stages

a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development progression not universal- depends on timing of puberty starts at age 7 for girls and 10 for boys stage 1 no development - stage 5 full development

imaginery audience

adolescent believes they are the focus of everyones attention

The "Arches"

adrenarche, menarche, semenarche, spermarche

adolescent brains not fully developed until..

age 25

legal status shifts

age of the majority age designated for which an individual is recognized as adult (US:18)

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows (ex. stern lecture, grounded, disapproval)

Metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

spermarche

beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

kisseptin

brain chemical that triggers the onset of puberty

Periods of Transitions

changes in ranges of processes > transitions in biological (puberty), brain and cognition, contexts and social relations

Social interaction Vygotsky

children are active learners, but their knowledge is socially constructed cultural values and customs > what is important to learn and the tools

Jean Piaget

cognitive perspective > made by watching his own child ; abstract thinking ; hypothetical reasoning

Dual Systems Theories

contemporary theory that researched brain development and brain physiology interaction; blend of organismic and biosocial perspectives on adolescence; stresses simultaneous development of 2 brain systems > processing self rewards, punishments, and socio-emotional cues > self regulation, reasoning, planning decision making

Brain Development

continues to mature into the mid twenties

bioecological model

cronosystem > microsystem > mesosystem > exosystem > macrosystem progressively gets larger

Socio-cultural

cultural factors that play an important role in "becoming mature" and defining it

social construction of adolescence

defined primarily by societal distinction of this period from childhood to adulthood

on-time maturer

develop along with other same aged peers (average)

memory

develop long term and short

evolutionary perspective

development of the individual determined primarily by instinct (biological and genetic forces)

Non-normative development

development that is NOT typical or average

late maturers

develp one and a half years or more later than the average development

Interactionist focus

emphasis on the interaction between biological and socio contextual factors associated with adolescence

clarity

explicitness of transition

Anna Freud

extended her fathers work; focused on second decade of life > old conflicts revived; detachments and individuation (ex. mommy's boy is unable to detach); emotional detachment > adolescents need to "break away" and detach from parents (OT)

Dr. Urie Bronfehbrehner

father of the study of HDFS ; contemporary ecological theory model focuses on multiple different levels that affect a persons ecology say child is embedded in multiple environmental systems > important links between system that directly or indirectly influence child's development bioecological model

Estrogens

female sex hormones

learning theories

focus on the context in which behavior takes place ; capacity to learn from experience is biological ; importance placed on context of what is learned and the process of learning ; often not developed in approach > learning processes are same across lifespan

attention

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events can concentrate longer can multitask

Overproduction

grey matter

contemporary adolescence

historical, biological, cognitive, social, sociological, cultural factors all can show where you are on the developmental spectrum

melatonin

hormone that impacts kisseptin

pubertal timing

how developed an adolescent is compared with their peers some girls as early as 5-as late as 22 boys can start at age 6 and a half

Erickson

identity development, ego; acquisition of ego identity; adolescent in psychosocial crisis

Maturational Imbalance

imbalance in regulation causes adolescents to partake in risky behaviors and adolescent problems

mental operations

in Piaget's theory, the mental process of combining, separating, or transforming information in a logical manner manipulating and reasoning about objects

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows (ex. verbal praise, detention, good grade (can be positive or negative))

Chronosystem

in the bioecological model, changes in developmental circumstances over time individual

Exosystem

in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly ex.) parents workplace, church group, could be

microsystem

in the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences often have daily interactions with these settings > direct influence ex.) family, teachers, friends

Mesosystem

in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings direct and indirect influence on development ex.) parental conflict, parent teacher conference

Macrosystem

in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded potentially important influences on development ex.) beliefs, values, laws, economic system

body composition

level of body fat late onset of puberty nutrition internal factors

Androgens

male sex hormones

increase in body weight

males- muscle females -fat

adrenarche

maturing of the adrenal glands

thinking about thinking

metacognition, introspection and self conciousness

Adolescent Relativism

more likely to question others' assumptions, less likely to accept "facts" as absolute truths see things in shades of grey

organization

more planful better able to weigh pros and cons

Sociological Theory of Development

moves away from the individual and focuses on how adolescence as a group develops ex.) by generation > baby boomers looks at adolescents today vs yesterday

changes in roles and expectations

new roles increased expectations changes in interpersonal status maintain new types of social relationships changes in political status expected to serve changes in economic status changes in legal status responsibility for self management and social participation\

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

gonads

ovaries and testes; sex glands

Hypothalamus

part of brain that controls endocrine system helps monitor and regulate productioin of hormones

discontinuous transitions

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly little or no training

continous transitions

passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually

Dynamic and rapid changes during adolescence

physical, psychological, emotional and social development; rapid and uneven physical growth; sexual maturity and onset of sexual activity, desire for exploration & experimentation; development of adult mental process and self identity, transition from dependence to relative independence

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play individuals need a sense of self efficiency to succeed accomplishments are socially judged > rely on others to find out how we're doing

early maturation hypothesis

predisposition to develop more stress (girls)

understanding the "problems" of todays youth

preparing them for adulthood

fat cells

produce protein called leptin which are major players in the onset of puberty

B.F. Skinner

proposed that children "operate" on their environment ; operational conditioning > learning could be broken down into smaller tasks and that offering immediate rewards and punishments stimulate further learning ; behavioral learning requires reinforcement

impressionable years hypothesis

proposition that adolescents and young adults are more easily persuaded than their elders

Leptin

protein that stimulates kisseptin signals hypothalamus to begin the hormonal changes that start puberty

Sigmond Freud

psychoanalyst who believed that adolescents are in a psychological crisis, biologically based sequences of development ( stage model ), focused on sex drive > source changes with each stage of development (OT)

processing speed

quicker to take in info and solve a problem

Socio-cultural Example

quince, barmitzvah

Nature V Nurture

role of biology and environment combined

development of autonomy

shifts in independence, responsibility, and freedom

pituitary gland

signals the sex glands to release sex hormones

continuity

smoothness of transition

early maturer

someone whose physical development is one and one-half years or more ahead of average development

achievement

something done successfully; something gained by working or trying hard

information processing

specific skills that develop as one matures in thinking ability -attention -memory -processing speed -organization

Hallmarks of adolescence Today

storm and stress of adolescence, suicide and depression, violence, dating and romance, peers and crowds and bullying, crimes and adulthood, impressionable years

Biosocial Theories of Development

stresses the importance of hormonal and biological changes are the driving forces of behavior and development

factors that have changed the way adolescence is looked at

technology/media, school systems, siblings, nutrition (hormones in food)

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

menarche

the first menstrual period

Myelination

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty males increase 20 x during puberty and only doubles in girls

mental structure

the organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing multiple changes occur during this : physiology, anatomy, and physical characteristics

social redefinition

the process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society (quince, barmitzvah)

identity development

the process through which individuals achieve a sense of who they are and of their moral and political beliefs, their career preferences, and their relationship to their culture and community

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

emerging adulthood

the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age

inventionists

theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

theory of adolescent decision making

theory about reasoning less focus on aspects of cognative development process model of how individuals make decisions > particularly about risky behaviors

cognative development

thinking about everthing, themseleves and how other people think

abstract thinking

thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts

complex thinking

thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm language processing and a culture link

adolescence is transitional meaning....

transition from childhood to adulthood

personal fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm no one understands what they are going through

Theories of Adolescent Development

understanding theoretical perspectives; ways of describing, explaining, and predicting development > guides empirical inquiry; provides a lens for understanding normative and non normative development

asynchronity

uneven growth in different parts of body (ex. big feet little person)

anatomical changes occur in....

visual, auditory, and prefrontal cortex

More Knowledgeable Other

- According to Vygotsky, we turn to a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) as we learn tasks and skills. The MKO may be a teacher, parent, or other adult. However, peers including other children may also serve the role of MKO


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