HDFS: Adolescence: Unit 1 Exam
Elongation of Adolescence
-Adolescence lasts longer today than ever before -Start puberty earlier and enter into adult roles of work and family later -Elongation of adolescence has had important implications for how young people see themselves, relate to others, and develop psychologically
Thinking about possibilities
-Example: Ways in which their lives might be affected by different career choices -Moves easily between the specific and the abstract to generate alternative possibilities -Development of deductive reasoning "If-then" thinking Major intellectual accomplishment
Environmental factors of puberty
-Nutrition -Environmental molecules (e.g. plastics and pesticides) -Stress -Social interaction (siblings, prescence of father)
Physical Manifestations of puberty
-Rapid growth -Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics -Changes in body composition
Frued's 5 stages of psychosexual development
-oral -anal -PHILLIC (adolescents r in) -latency -genital
Erickson's Psychosocial Stages
1)Trust v mistrust 2)autonomy v shame 3)initiative v guilt 4)industry v inferiority 5)IDENTITY V ROLE CONFUSION (adoles) 6)intimacy v isolation 7)generativity v stagnation 8)integrity v despair
Process of decision making
1. identify alternative choices 2.indentify consequences 3. Evaluate the costs and benefits (desirability) of each possible outcome 4. assess liklihood of each possible consequnce 5. combine all info to make final decision adults and adolescents differ in 3... way costs and benefits differently adolescents less future oriented and more succeptible to influence
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational (early adolescence) 4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL (adolescent) >metacognition, egocentrism >construct involvement in world through interaction
early adolescence
10-13 (middle school)
middle adolescence
14-17 (high school)
late adolescence
18-21; transitioning out of high school and into college and the real world
adolescent egocentrism
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. results in imaginary audience and personal fable
Organismic Theories
Assumes that genetically organized processes are the primary determinant of psychological development ; focuses on processes within the individual ; assumes that individuals are active rather than passive ; internally biologically structured and interfere with environment
maturational deviance hypothesis
Being "off" relative to peers promotes psychological distress and behavioral problems.
Bands of Adolescence
Early Adolescence, Middle Adolescence, Late Adolescence, and Emerging Adulthood Occurs between ages 10-20 roughly Phases have varied historically
HPG axis
Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, the negative feedback loop that regulates sex-hormone production.
thinking about abstract concepts
In adolescence, appearance of more systemic, abstract thinking Seen through adolescents facility and interest in thinking about abstract concepts: interpersonal relationships (friendship), politics (democracy), religion (faith), morality (fairness and honesty)
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
Intimacy, dating, and marriage
Need for new decisions about sexual activity
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems
Historical and Anthropological Theories
Recognition that adolescence as a developmental period varies from one point in history to another (ex. growing up during industrial revolution)
Vygotsky's Socio Cultural Theory
Social interaction is critical to the development of thinking and problem-solving; stages in the development of reasoning reflect internalized language learning occurs across two levels > interaction (interpsychological) and mental structure (intrapyschological)
estrodial
Steroid made from estrogen that gives women female characteristics. increases 8 times for girls and only doubles for boys
Recapitulationism
The idea that the stages of each person's intellectual, emotional, and psychological development pass through the same stages as our pre-human ancestors as they developed into the humans of today (savage nature of adolescence) (biosocial theory)
adolescent growth spurt
The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight peak height velocity
G. Stanley Hall
Theory of Recapitulation; "father of adolescence"
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher Things you can do alone > things you can do with help > things you cannot do yet
semenarche
a male's first ejaculation
normative development
a pattern of development that is typical, or average
synaptic pruning
a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Tanner stages
a widely used system that describes the five stages of pubertal development progression not universal- depends on timing of puberty starts at age 7 for girls and 10 for boys stage 1 no development - stage 5 full development
imaginery audience
adolescent believes they are the focus of everyones attention
The "Arches"
adrenarche, menarche, semenarche, spermarche
adolescent brains not fully developed until..
age 25
legal status shifts
age of the majority age designated for which an individual is recognized as adult (US:18)
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows (ex. stern lecture, grounded, disapproval)
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
spermarche
beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
kisseptin
brain chemical that triggers the onset of puberty
Periods of Transitions
changes in ranges of processes > transitions in biological (puberty), brain and cognition, contexts and social relations
Social interaction Vygotsky
children are active learners, but their knowledge is socially constructed cultural values and customs > what is important to learn and the tools
Jean Piaget
cognitive perspective > made by watching his own child ; abstract thinking ; hypothetical reasoning
Dual Systems Theories
contemporary theory that researched brain development and brain physiology interaction; blend of organismic and biosocial perspectives on adolescence; stresses simultaneous development of 2 brain systems > processing self rewards, punishments, and socio-emotional cues > self regulation, reasoning, planning decision making
Brain Development
continues to mature into the mid twenties
bioecological model
cronosystem > microsystem > mesosystem > exosystem > macrosystem progressively gets larger
Socio-cultural
cultural factors that play an important role in "becoming mature" and defining it
social construction of adolescence
defined primarily by societal distinction of this period from childhood to adulthood
on-time maturer
develop along with other same aged peers (average)
memory
develop long term and short
evolutionary perspective
development of the individual determined primarily by instinct (biological and genetic forces)
Non-normative development
development that is NOT typical or average
late maturers
develp one and a half years or more later than the average development
Interactionist focus
emphasis on the interaction between biological and socio contextual factors associated with adolescence
clarity
explicitness of transition
Anna Freud
extended her fathers work; focused on second decade of life > old conflicts revived; detachments and individuation (ex. mommy's boy is unable to detach); emotional detachment > adolescents need to "break away" and detach from parents (OT)
Dr. Urie Bronfehbrehner
father of the study of HDFS ; contemporary ecological theory model focuses on multiple different levels that affect a persons ecology say child is embedded in multiple environmental systems > important links between system that directly or indirectly influence child's development bioecological model
Estrogens
female sex hormones
learning theories
focus on the context in which behavior takes place ; capacity to learn from experience is biological ; importance placed on context of what is learned and the process of learning ; often not developed in approach > learning processes are same across lifespan
attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events can concentrate longer can multitask
Overproduction
grey matter
contemporary adolescence
historical, biological, cognitive, social, sociological, cultural factors all can show where you are on the developmental spectrum
melatonin
hormone that impacts kisseptin
pubertal timing
how developed an adolescent is compared with their peers some girls as early as 5-as late as 22 boys can start at age 6 and a half
Erickson
identity development, ego; acquisition of ego identity; adolescent in psychosocial crisis
Maturational Imbalance
imbalance in regulation causes adolescents to partake in risky behaviors and adolescent problems
mental operations
in Piaget's theory, the mental process of combining, separating, or transforming information in a logical manner manipulating and reasoning about objects
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows (ex. verbal praise, detention, good grade (can be positive or negative))
Chronosystem
in the bioecological model, changes in developmental circumstances over time individual
Exosystem
in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly ex.) parents workplace, church group, could be
microsystem
in the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences often have daily interactions with these settings > direct influence ex.) family, teachers, friends
Mesosystem
in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings direct and indirect influence on development ex.) parental conflict, parent teacher conference
Macrosystem
in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded potentially important influences on development ex.) beliefs, values, laws, economic system
body composition
level of body fat late onset of puberty nutrition internal factors
Androgens
male sex hormones
increase in body weight
males- muscle females -fat
adrenarche
maturing of the adrenal glands
thinking about thinking
metacognition, introspection and self conciousness
Adolescent Relativism
more likely to question others' assumptions, less likely to accept "facts" as absolute truths see things in shades of grey
organization
more planful better able to weigh pros and cons
Sociological Theory of Development
moves away from the individual and focuses on how adolescence as a group develops ex.) by generation > baby boomers looks at adolescents today vs yesterday
changes in roles and expectations
new roles increased expectations changes in interpersonal status maintain new types of social relationships changes in political status expected to serve changes in economic status changes in legal status responsibility for self management and social participation\
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
gonads
ovaries and testes; sex glands
Hypothalamus
part of brain that controls endocrine system helps monitor and regulate productioin of hormones
discontinuous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into abruptly little or no training
continous transitions
passages into adulthood in which adult roles and statuses are entered into gradually
Dynamic and rapid changes during adolescence
physical, psychological, emotional and social development; rapid and uneven physical growth; sexual maturity and onset of sexual activity, desire for exploration & experimentation; development of adult mental process and self identity, transition from dependence to relative independence
Albert Bandura
pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play individuals need a sense of self efficiency to succeed accomplishments are socially judged > rely on others to find out how we're doing
early maturation hypothesis
predisposition to develop more stress (girls)
understanding the "problems" of todays youth
preparing them for adulthood
fat cells
produce protein called leptin which are major players in the onset of puberty
B.F. Skinner
proposed that children "operate" on their environment ; operational conditioning > learning could be broken down into smaller tasks and that offering immediate rewards and punishments stimulate further learning ; behavioral learning requires reinforcement
impressionable years hypothesis
proposition that adolescents and young adults are more easily persuaded than their elders
Leptin
protein that stimulates kisseptin signals hypothalamus to begin the hormonal changes that start puberty
Sigmond Freud
psychoanalyst who believed that adolescents are in a psychological crisis, biologically based sequences of development ( stage model ), focused on sex drive > source changes with each stage of development (OT)
processing speed
quicker to take in info and solve a problem
Socio-cultural Example
quince, barmitzvah
Nature V Nurture
role of biology and environment combined
development of autonomy
shifts in independence, responsibility, and freedom
pituitary gland
signals the sex glands to release sex hormones
continuity
smoothness of transition
early maturer
someone whose physical development is one and one-half years or more ahead of average development
achievement
something done successfully; something gained by working or trying hard
information processing
specific skills that develop as one matures in thinking ability -attention -memory -processing speed -organization
Hallmarks of adolescence Today
storm and stress of adolescence, suicide and depression, violence, dating and romance, peers and crowds and bullying, crimes and adulthood, impressionable years
Biosocial Theories of Development
stresses the importance of hormonal and biological changes are the driving forces of behavior and development
factors that have changed the way adolescence is looked at
technology/media, school systems, siblings, nutrition (hormones in food)
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
menarche
the first menstrual period
Myelination
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty males increase 20 x during puberty and only doubles in girls
mental structure
the organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing multiple changes occur during this : physiology, anatomy, and physical characteristics
social redefinition
the process through which an individual's position or status is redefined by society (quince, barmitzvah)
identity development
the process through which individuals achieve a sense of who they are and of their moral and political beliefs, their career preferences, and their relationship to their culture and community
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
emerging adulthood
the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age
inventionists
theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention
theory of adolescent decision making
theory about reasoning less focus on aspects of cognative development process model of how individuals make decisions > particularly about risky behaviors
cognative development
thinking about everthing, themseleves and how other people think
abstract thinking
thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts
complex thinking
thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm language processing and a culture link
adolescence is transitional meaning....
transition from childhood to adulthood
personal fable
type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm no one understands what they are going through
Theories of Adolescent Development
understanding theoretical perspectives; ways of describing, explaining, and predicting development > guides empirical inquiry; provides a lens for understanding normative and non normative development
asynchronity
uneven growth in different parts of body (ex. big feet little person)
anatomical changes occur in....
visual, auditory, and prefrontal cortex
More Knowledgeable Other
- According to Vygotsky, we turn to a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) as we learn tasks and skills. The MKO may be a teacher, parent, or other adult. However, peers including other children may also serve the role of MKO