HDFS EXAM2

Justin is a typical American working adolescent. He is probably busy with school and work for approximately _____ hours a week.

50

On average, all of the following are true in regard to high school student employment except:

50% of adolescents work during the school year

American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, while Japanese high school students average closer to _____.

5; 5 hours per day

According to evidence cited in the text, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between:

600 and 900 students.

Fewer than ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work.

8%

Today, the typical student attends nearly ____ of his/her classes throughout the year.

90%

Chuck is part of the "jock" crowd at his school. Greg is part of the "toughs." Which adolescent probably has high self-esteem?

Chuck

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept?

Claudia Jean, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom

Which of the following statements about cliques is false?

Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

Cliques; crowds

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?

Conscientiousness

Jenny has high academic self esteem while Cory has high physical self-esteem. According to the textbook, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem?

Cory

Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what?

D) positive youth development

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally is transitioning into high school. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?

Rose

Which adolescent would be expected to spend the most amount of time with his parents?

Sanjay, who lives in India

Of these students who were initially placed in a low track, ________ is most likely to be moved to a higher track.

Sarah, a White adolescent

Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?

Selena, an American adolescent

What is the paradox of dropping out of school?

Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so.

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?

It is virtually impossible to predict which student will commit a lethal crime.

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?

James Coleman

Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?

Jeannette, who lives in the United States

Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends?

Jenny, who lives in the United States

Generalizing from Marcia's research on identity, who is most likely to become an authoritarian parent?

Tara, identity foreclosed

Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity?

Jerome, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

Which of the following statements about tracking is false?

Teaching quality is more or less the same in different tracks.

Which of the following research findings does NOT provide evidence to support the achievement gap between White and nonwhite youngsters?

The assessments of Harlem Children's Zone indicated that White and nonWhite students performed equally well.

Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false?

The majority of unemployed youth are unmotivated to find work.

How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work?

They do not get as good an education because many teachers lower classroom expectations.

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

They remain about the same.

Tony, a Black adolescent, and Vicki, a White adolescent, both attend a predominantly Black school. Studies predict that:

Tony will have higher self-esteem than Vicki.

Travis, a Black adolescent, participates in extracurricular activities in an integrated school. According to the textbook, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Travis will show better mental health as a result

Which adolescent male would be expected to have the highest self-esteem?

Paul, who is extremely masculine

Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior?

Robert, who is highly relationally aggressive

Generalizing from the text, who would benefit most from summer school?

Ron, an adolescent living in a low SES neighborhood

Tabatha's parents are worried that as she enters adolescence, her self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Tabatha's parents expect the most fluctuations in her self-image?

When she is 12-14 years old.

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?

a cohort

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

The positive effects of service learning are most likely to occur in all of the following circumstances, except when:

adolescents are closely supervised.

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection?

an aggressive-withdrawn child

Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem.

an increase

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does confidence mean:

an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy

Possessing both highly masculine and highly feminine traits is called:

androgyny.

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs:

are dreary.

According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in neighborhoods that:

are low in collective efficacy

In contrast to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Europe:

are more likely to have an apprenticeship while in high school.

According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for African Americans typically:

are more sensitive to racial cues

Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience all of the following except:

are not aware of racism

In contrast to crowds, cliques:

are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.

Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose:

athletics.

The most popular type of extracurricular activities are:

athletics.

Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of?

authoritative

What kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom environment?

authoritative

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:

baby boom.

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth grade class. What are his results likely to say?

baby-sitting and lawn work

As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to:

be absent from school.

Which of the following is not a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image?

because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?

because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents.

According to adolescents, what is the best thing about school?

being with friends

Being aware of potential racism and mistrusting others are not the same thing. Awareness of racism is associated with _________, while mistrust is associated with _________.

better achievement; doing poorly in school

All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students as a result of the social capital in Catholic schools relative to other schools, except:

better use of academic tracking.

What percentage of today's high school students will have worked in an after school job before graduating?

between 80-90%

Adolescents whose parents are not both from the same ethnic or racial group are known as ________ adolescents.

biracial

All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:

blaming other people for one's problems.

During the 1920s, the _____ was designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

comprehensive high school

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:

diminished social competence.

During the school year, the rate of academic progress was equal between students with higher socioeconomic status and disadvantaged students. During the summer months:

disadvantaged students' scores declined.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that moved children out of the workplace?

discrimination against young workers

What two dominant characteristics distinguish the development of postsecondary education in contemporary America from that in other parts of the world?

diversity and accessibility

To reduce the decline of students' academic knowledge, the Carnegie Corporation Council on Adolescent Development recommends all of the following, except:

divide middle schools into units of 50 to 100 students.

According to the textbook, most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them to:

drink alcohol.

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence?

during adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time.

Simmons and her colleagues found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur:

during the transition into adolescence.

Problems in identity development can result when:

earlier crises have not been resolved.

Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?

early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact?

media practice model

Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called:

meritocratic.

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

middle adolescence.

Secondary education refers to:

middle school, junior high school, and high school.

Marnia attends a school with seventh and eighth graders as well as adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger. This type of educational institution is called a:

middle school.

Taisha was discouraged from taking math classes throughout her high school years. Although she is intelligent, a likely long-term implication of this biased tracking is that Taisha will:

miss the opportunity to pursue certain careers for which she may be well qualified.

International comparisons of student achievement consistently found that American youngsters were faring poorly. Noting that America was losing its competitive edge in the world market, what did reformers call for?

more academic rigor

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become:

more emotionally stable and more extraverted

Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?

more involvement in extracurricular activities

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit that small schools offer?

more varied instruction

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents.

more; than

Which of the following statements regarding internet harassment is false?

most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.

Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____likely to be home unsupervised, and poor, minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely.

most; least

Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activity are next most popular among adolescents?

music-related and academic-related

Identities that are undesirable to parents and community members are referred to by Erikson as:

negative identities.

Jane, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Jane has most likely adopted a:

negative identity.

Which of the following jobs would be least likely to be held by an adolescent girl?

newspaper carrier

Robert, a 15-year-old, works for a fast-food restaurant. How old is Robert's supervisor most likely to be?

not much older than Robert

Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take?

nurses' aide

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

particularistic norm.

Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships.

patterns of substance use

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:

peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:

peers.

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:

personal luxuries.

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?

personality dimensions

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

physical self-esteem

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:

placed less emphasis on academic success than their parents.

Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is:

playing sports.

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

Adolescents are least likely to seek out ________ Web sites on the Internet.

pornography

Research has shown that racial socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with:

positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does connection mean:

positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

According to the textbook, being placed in a more advanced track has which of the follow effects:

positive influence on subsequent course selection

Being androgynous may have _____ effects for girls and _____ effects for boys.

positive; negative

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:

possibly a gang member.

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________than adolescents in previous times.

spend more time in peer groups

Annie is an adolescent enrolled in Mr. Love's science class. Annie will most likely do best in class when Mr. Love:

spends a high proportion of time teaching lessons

Temperament and personality tend to become _________ as we __________.

stable; get older

Debbie is moving from elementary school into middle school. We would expect her to experience declines in all of the following, except her:

standardized test scores.

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called:

student engagement.

Mitch attends a high school where 95% of the students are involved in extracurricular activities. This probably also will mean that at Mitch's school:

student enrollment is low.

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that:

students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:

taking piano lessons.

Contemporary societies are more ________, whereas societies from the past were more ________

universalistic; particularistic

Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex?

unprotected sex can have serious consequences

According to the textbook, compared to young people who are supervised after school by adults, Stephanie, a self-care adolescent, will likely experience all of the following except:

use less drugs and alcohol

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave?

"druggies"

Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent?

"I am a girl; I have two brothers; I like to read."

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?

"populars"

The average working high school student earns _____ per month in wages.

$400

According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?

1 out of 4

The average American school year is _____ days long.

180

Although research presented in the textbook indicates that physical self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents' self-esteem:

1. adolescents, when asked, say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves 2. adolescents may be unaware of the degree to which their self-worth is based on their feelings about their appearance 3.physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among girls than among boys and girls' physical self-esteem is on average lower than boys'

Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:

1. defining the young person's social world and social network 2. shaping psychosocial development 3. the development of motivations, aspirations, and expectations

The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies:

1. more troubled family relationships. 2.more troubled peer relationships. 3. greater difficulty controlling aggression.

Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

1.Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children. 2.Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves. 3.The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations.

Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:

1.Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front 2. Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem

Susannah's school psychologist has recently determined that Susannah has a learning disability. Her parents are concerned about the effects this will have. Which effect should the psychologist warn her parents about?

1.Susannah may have trouble making friends. 2.She is more likely to drop out of school. 3.She will have more trouble coping with school.

Which of the following youth programs around today bear a striking resemblance to the stated goals of positive youth development programs:

1.YMCA 2. the Boys and Girls Clubs of America 3.scouting

Jillian's family is moving to another town. Her parents are concerned that Jillian will have a difficult time adjusting to the new school. In which of the following areas should they anticipate disruptions for Jillian?

1.academic performance 2.behavior 3.self-image

Which of this following is a mechanism by which higher socioeconomic parents help their children become enrolled in higher-track classes?

1.adolescents from more well-off families more frequently consult with their parents about what courses to take 2. higher socioeconomic parents frequently succeed in lobbying their child's school for a changed track placement

Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following:

1.aggression 2.school misconduct 3. minor delinquency

Alex suffers from identity diffusion. In addition to problems with identity development, problems with identity diffusion are likely to be reflected in the area(s) of:

1.autonomy 2. intimacy 3. sexuality

According to the textbook, feeling discriminated against is predictive of all of the following except:

1.conduct problems 2.depression 3. lower achievement in school

According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves:

1.globally 2. along several distinct dimensions

According to the textbook, having race as a central part of one's identity has the following impact(s) on adolescent development:

1.it makes adolescents more sensitive to discrimination 2. it allows adolescents to be more able to cope with discrimination

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?

1.need for part-time workers 2.abundance of low wage positions 3.short shift schedules

Someone who engages in false-self behavior most likely:

1.reports less emotional support from parents and peers. 2.has low self-esteem. 3.is depressed.

Beth attends a multiethnic school. Compared to schools that are less well balanced, Beth is most likely to feel:

1.safer 2.less lonely 3.less harassed

The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of:

1.the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles 2. the extent to which participants are expected to take responsibility for their behavior 3.the extent to which participants are helped to understand the consequences of failing to fulfill their obligations

What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses?

1.the size of the adolescent population 2.the prevalence of student employment 3. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group

According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance:

1.when they lack supervision 2.when the adolescent has friends who like to party and use drugs 3.when the adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure

In societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is ________ for the particularistic normed societies and ________ for the universalistic normed societies.

A) not effective; effective

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.

Which of the following statements is true?

As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.

Which of the following adolescents' self-esteem is most likely affected by their academic success?

Bill, an Asian-American adolescent

According to the textbook, because _____girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.

Black; negatively; higher

Which of the following is not one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of Blacks, why do Black adolescents have high self-esteem?"

Blacks have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them.

Who is more likely to be employed during the school year?

Both Daryl and Theresa are equally likely to be employed.

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

Which adolescent is most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image?

Carol, a 13-year-old female

Which of the following students is more likely to engage in more cross-racial friendships?

Danielle, who participates in extracurricular activities after school

Based on the research findings of Simmons and her colleagues, compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8-11 year olds), which of the following statements about young adolescents' self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false?

Early adolescents' self-esteem remains stable.

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to engage in false-self behavior?

Emily, who has high support from her parents

An adolescent who works in a government-sponsored apprenticeship and spends more time outside of school doing homework is most likely from:

Europe.

Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called:

Experience Sampling Method.

Which of the following statements concerning ethnic identity is false?

Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents express more negative feelings about mainstream American ideals than their more acculturated peers.

Paid youth employment during the school year is virtually nonexistent in places such as:

France, Hungary, Russia, and Switzerland

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model?

Gender Intensification

In general and according to the textbook, which girl is most likely to become less confident as she becomes an adolescent?

Ginny, who has developed a strong feminine gender role identity

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

High achievement boosts self-esteem.

The Experience Sampling Method was created by:

Larson.

Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities:

Little League baseball

Whose research supports Erikson's theory on identity development?

Marcia

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers?

Maya, a white female

Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?

Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.

President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the:

No Child Left Behind Act.

Pam uses marijuana every weekend. Based on the options below and according to the textbook, it is most likely that:

Pam works long hours.

________ involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school.

Parental

Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves?

White females

Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment?

Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:

a clique.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:

a crowd.

A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what?

a curvilinear pattern

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does competence mean:

a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

a reference group.

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:

a reference group.

Bruce, a 2nd-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is in:

a state of psychosocial moratorium.

According to the textbook, young adolescents with __________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, psychosomatic symptoms and irritability.

a volatile self-image

Pepler, Jiang, Craig, & Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10 to 17 year old Toronto youths and found that:

about 40% of adolescents have never bullied anyone.

Ethnic identity may be sped up if parents teach their children:

about racism.

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:

academics.

According to Marcia's research, which identity status is associated with healthy development?

achievement

Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except:

active school involvement.

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

Research assessing adolescent work experiences found:

adolescents are unlikely to see their coworkers outside of work.

The Experience Sampling Method involves:

adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.

In addition to the school year being longer than it was in the past:

adolescents remain in school for more years

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.

According to the textbook, one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is:

adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less control over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:

adult orientation; peer orientation

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading.

Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the amount of dollars spent each year on _____.

alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

A recent study of ethnic identity and academic achievement illustrated how racial centrality, private regard, and public regard work together to influence Black adolescents' school performance and motivation. The researchers identified four distinct clusters within their sample of 600 students. Which cluster of students was most likely to drop out and which cluster of students was most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school?

alienated students were the most likely to drop out; idealized students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.

With respect to violence in schools:

although there has been a decrease in the number of school shootings since the 1990s, there has been an increase in the number of student deaths as a result of school violence.

During the 1970s, educational reformers sought to promote greater emphasis on _____ in the school curriculum.

career and experiential programs

Based on the Five C's of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others:

caring

Samantha attends a public school that has a great deal of freedom to set its own curriculum. This type of school is referred to as what in your text?

charter school

Which aspect of the school climate is the least important in influencing psychosocial development during adolescence?

class size

Sarah was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Sarah NOT likely to experience?

classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:

clique avoiders.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

clique; crowd

Girls are most likely to spend their money on:

clothes.

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence?

cognitive

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of:

crowds.

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is studying:

crowds.

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

cultivation theory

Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas moods while with their families follow a(n) _____ pattern.

curvilinear

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their:

dates.

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:

decrease in family values.

In terms of time spent with peers, recent research has categorized adolescents into four different groups based on their social self-perceptions. Of these four groups, which two spend the most time with peers?

desperate and confident adolescents

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:

differential abilities in athletics.

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

differentiated.

According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform:

educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do

As discussed in your text, the major characteristics of good schools include all but which of the following?

emphasizing rote memorization and passive listening in classrooms

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to:

endorse unethical business practices.

Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's parents should:

enroll Kent in an after-school activity.

Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.

establishing a coherent sense of identity

Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools, or whether to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping, are typically quite controversial; not surprisingly, parents of students in the higher tracks _____, while parents in the lower tracks _____.

favor the practice; oppose it

Of the students who enter college, what percent complete their degrees within six years?

fewer than 60%

Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have?

food server at a restaurant

Prior to the early twentieth century, high schools were designed:

for elite youngsters.

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?

foreclosure

Older students are more likely to hold _____jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are more likely to be employed in _____jobs.

formal; agricultural

Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:

future orientation

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:

gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways increases during adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis.

gender intensification

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to more adult interaction, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do?

get a job at the local music store

According to the text, _____ do better in math during elementary school and _____ are more likely to be enrolled in advanced math classes in high school.

girls; boys

One study described in the textbook indicated that, among Black and Latino students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with all of the following except:

greater engagement in school

Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?

greater enjoyment of school

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have:

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

Michelle has been placed in a school program for gifted children. She was probably selected because she:

has a high IQ.

A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents:

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.

The textbook suggests all of the following for parents who leave their children in self-care, except:

have friends come over for study sessions.

Positive mental health is associated with:

having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture.

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except:

he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media

Research suggests that the best way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:

helping adolescents stay in school.

Jamie works at McDonald's. She had a bad day at work. Who is she least likely to talk to about her bad day?

her adult supervisor at work

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

higher

Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on?

higher education

Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____.

higher; choose to work long hours

Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

hostile attributional bias.

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one's ______ self with one's ______ self.

ideal; feared

Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to ethnic minorities, Whites are more likely to:

identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label.

Among biracial adolescents asked to describe their own ethnic identity, those with one Black parent and one nonBlack parent are more likely to:

identify themselves as Black.

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

identity development

Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called:

identity diffusion.

James has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing:

identity diffusion.

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

Kurt is 15 and spends most of his energy wondering who he is and what kind of person he will become. Erikson would describe him as facing the crisis called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

By the 1960s, after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, schools were called on to:

implement desegregation programs.

Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools is associated with all except which of the following?

improving students' mental and physical health outcomes

Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be:

impulsive.

Identity typically is crystallized:

in late adolescence to the early 20s.

Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ with parents.

inauthentically; false-self behavior

Even though Scott has some difficulty in English, his school places him in the highest track. Scott's school follows which type of tracking system?

inclusive

As discussed in the textbook, during the 1950s, how did the U.S. respond when politicians felt the United States had lost its scientific edge to the former Soviet Union?

increased emphasis was placed on math and science education

Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence?

increased social belongingness

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in community service would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes?

increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

A learning disability:

may be caused by a neurological problem.

According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except:

industrialization.

Specific to the ways of resolving an identity crisis, in which category would you classify Robin, an adolescent who approaches identity related decisions with an open mind and actively seeks information:

informational orientation

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as _

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

Changes in the structure of secondary schools have been linked to broader societal revolutions. All of the following factors have contributed to these changes, except:

intellectualization.

When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more:

intensified.

The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is:

interactions with others.

Racial socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is not one of these themes?

intolerance of the majority culture

According to the textbook, research indicates which of the following is not a correlate of high self-esteem:

involvement in many extracurricular activities

A(an) _____is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique.

isolate; liaison

Amy, a social reformer in the early 20th century, would have likely considered all of the following to be good reasons to push for secondary education, except:

it is effective in increasing the economic development of the United States.

One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is that:

it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect

Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools?

jocks

Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

jocks and brains

Mrs. Denny wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should:

keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except:

larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.

Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner is:

likely to engage in minor delinquency

Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?

longitudinal

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?

lower then average intelligence

According to a recent analysis of national data discussed in the textbook, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in:

lower-track math classes in school in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications

Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:

mainstreamed whenever possible.

Although Chris is significantly delayed developmentally he goes to a regular grade school, takes classes in social studies, music, and physical education with the non-handicapped students, and goes to special classes to learn about reading and arithmetic. This situation is an example of

mainstreaming.

According to the textbook, which of the following explanations support why some researchers believe the availability of private schools in urban areas has contributed to racial segregation?

many White students who would otherwise attend their neighborhood public school attend private school instead

According to the textbook, which of the following is not true?

many working adolescents are busy with school or work commitments for close to 50 hours a week (including time devoted to extracurricular activities or homework).

Based on information from the textbook, among both males and females, many traits traditionally labeled as _____ are associated in adolescence with __________.

masculine; better adjustment and greater peer acceptance

Sex bias in tracking students in junior and senior high schools is most evident in which subject?

math

Kelly's parents are disappointed with the education she is receiving in her public high school, so they have been investigating alternative options. Assuming Kelly's parents are financially strapped but want to send her to a private school, which of the following should they do?

obtain government-subsidized school vouchers to use for private school tuition

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:

offensive-reclusive.

Today's teenagers spend the most hours:

on leisure activities.

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

one-sixth

All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:

organized youth movements.

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems except:

parent-child conflict.

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:

parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:

participant observation.

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

participant observation.

Based on the textbook, which of the following statements is NOT an accurate description of most other industrialized nations?

postsecondary education systems are composed of a wide variety of public and private two-and four-year institutions, some emphasizing a liberal arts education and others focusing more on technical, vocational, and pre-professional training

Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called:

premature affluence.

According to Sellers's Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and its effects. These three components are:

private regard, public regard, and racial centrality.

Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on _____ activities.

productive; leisure

Based on the success rates of different interventions designed to combat youth unemployment, the textbook suggests that efforts be directed at all of the following ways to reduce youth unemployment except:

providing government training programs for adolescents who are not in school.

Some critics of the No Child Left Behind act argued that it was having the unintended consequence of:

providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school

According to Erikson, a necessary "time out" for adolescents is called:

psychosocial moratorium.

Dr. Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:

psychosocial moratorium.

Since Jerry became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Jerry's parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he's going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called:

psychosocial moratorium.

Karen, a 9th grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl.

relational aggression

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

relational aggression

Which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?

religious affiliation

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:

remain constant.

During childhood, Cathy had high self-esteem. As she enters adolescence, Cathy's self-esteem is most likely to:

remain the same or increase.

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that:

researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five C's of positive youth development, what does character mean:

respect for societal and cultural rules

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:

responsibility.

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:

restaurants and retail establishments.

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.

same sex; opposite sex

Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of:

same-age peers.

Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?

school climate

Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?

school size

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:

selecting a negative identity

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

selection and socialization.

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to the text, Gwen is focusing on her:

self-conception.

Maria sees herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of:

self-conception.

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:

self-esteem

Susan, a White adolescent, is more likely to be vulnerable to disturbances in ________ than any other group of youngsters.

self-image

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:

self-regulation.

Identity formation is best seen as a:

series of interrelated developments.

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as:

sex cleavage

Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan's social life been influenced by?

sex cleavage

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

sex cleavage

Professor Lerner is investigating sexism in tracking in same-sex schools and in coeducational schools. She is likely to find:

sexism exists in all of these schools.

Identity status:

shifts across the life span.

According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on:

social class.

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

social competence.

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

social promotion

Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents:

spend more days per year in school.

Jacquelynne Eccles describes all of the following changes in school environment when moving from elementary school to middle school or junior high school, except that:

teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities.

Eccles argues that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to junior high school is a result of the:

teachers' beliefs about junior high students.

All of the following are noted to be benefits of service learning, except:

teaching respect and obedience.

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?

teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

Diane Ravitch, and educational historian, argues that the problem with the comprehensive high school has been a lack of focus. Which of the following is NOT one of the beliefs she argues has interfered with successful educational reform:

that parents need to grant their children more independence

Educational historian Diane Ravitch believes that:

the basic problem with the comprehensive public high school is lack of focus.

One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:

the big-fish--little pond effect.

Which of the following has the least effect on student achievement?

the classroom

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

Experts are likely to express all of the following reasons for the failure of school reform, except:

the explosion of job opportunities in inner-city communities have left many students leaving school to pursue careers.

Kikko hates country music but told Keith, who is a big Garth Brooks fan and her latest love interest, that she adored country music and would love to go with him to see Garth in concert. This type of behavior is called:

the false-self.

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among Blacks. This model is called:

the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI).

President Obama's education secretary suggested what to address the problem of the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind act?

the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states

Jacquelynne Eccles believes that ________ a negative effect on junior high school teachers, which then affects the teachers' interactions with their students.

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools have

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:

the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?

the question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?

the routine activity theory

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Mr. Edwards is the principal at a public school and has just read a research study that discussed ways to maximize student's success. The main message of the research study was that what takes place within a school is probably more important than the nature of its funding and oversight. Based on what you learned from the textbook, what do you think the researchers argued that schools should focus on?

the ways in which schools train, certify, place, and compensate teachers

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:

the youth culture.

The recent, get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated among researchers is known as:

the zero-tolerance approach.

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds?

their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the Playstation crowd")

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:

to be depressed.

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called:

tracking.

Today, approximately _____ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

two-thirds

In the United States, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. This is an example of:

universalistic norm.

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:

universalistic.

As a follow-up to the Supreme Court rulings in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954, 1955), in which the Court found that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race, the Supreme Court rule in 2007 that school districts may no longer:

use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed?

uses and gratifications approach

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

viral marketing

In America today, what percentage of individuals between the ages of 14 and 17 are in school?

virtually all individuals

According to the textbook, which of the following might make individuals especially vulnerable to the effects of stress?

volatile self-image

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

warm but not excessively constraining.

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:

what goes on beyond the classroom.

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

when they are alone

Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one's ethnic group, parents who emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children:

who fare worse in the face of discrimination

Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the U.S. for a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:

worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.