HE 110 chapter 4

What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adult

130 grams per day

If you were consuming 2000 Calories a day, you should eat less than ____ Calories as added sugar.

200

To make up a healthy diet, carbohydrates should provide

45% to 65% of total calories in the diet

Some ingested carbohydrate may be used as an energy source as early as _____ minutes following ingestion.

5-10 minutes

Rank the following stores of carbohydrate in the body from least to most abundant.

Blood glucose Liver glycogen Muscle glycogen

Which macronutrient is used as the primary energy fuel for high-intensity anaerobic events lasting for less than 1 minute and high-intensity aerobic events lasting more than an hour or two?

Carbohydrates

A hypothesis that explains the roles of branched chain amino acids and low muscle glycogen levels on fatigue and brain function is called the

Central fatigue hypothesis

Fiber is considered a

Complex carbohydrates

Which of the following is another term for glucose?

Dextrose

Which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Dizziness Fatigue

Carbohydrates are used as the primary energy source

During intense exercise

The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for

Glycogen

The new formation of glucose from either specific amino acids, glycerol or lactate is called

Glyconeogenesis

Muscle fatigue following high-intensity exercise most likely results from the accumulation of

Hydrogen ions

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 45 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

Hypoglycemic

Carbohydrates are used as the primary energy source

Intense exercise

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

Is a complex carbohydrate may contain lignin or resistant starches. A substance found in plants

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

Liver

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver & muscle

What food additives are primarily sugar?

Molasses High-fructose corn syrup Honey

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar ?

Monosaccharide

One effect of endurance training is that you may be able to store _______ in the muscle.

More glycogen

The greatest amount of carbohydrate stored in the body is in the form of

Muscle glycogen

Insulin is secreted by the

Pancreas

The process whereby carbohydrates are synthesized in plants using the energy from the sun is called ?

Photosynthesis

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is

Starch

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy for the body

The central fatigue hypothesis stems from the observations that

after prolonged exercise, the levels of free tryptophan in the blood will rise. decreased blood glucose levels will stimulate gluconeogenesis from muscle protein increased brain levels of tryptophan may stimulate the production of serotonin.

Example starch

amylopectin. amylose

Some effects of endurance training on exercise status include

an increased maximal capacity to utilize carbohydrates. using more glucose during intense, maximal exercise. an increase in V02max

As muscle glycogen is being used during exercise ______ enters the muscles and the energy pathways.

blood glucose

In the process of gluconeogenesis, glucose can be formed from

certain amino acids. lactate. glycerol.

Lactic acid levels ________ muscle fatigue following high-intensity exercise.

do not appear to be the cause of

Carbohydrate loading

has similar effects on muscle glycogen levels in men and women.

Complex carbohydrates are found primarily in

legumes. starchy vegetables. Whole grains

Insulin

lowers blood glucose levels. causes fat cells to take up glucose. causes muscles cells to take up glucose.

Added sugars in a food refers to

only those sugars that are added during food [production.

The primary contributors of carbohydrate to the diet include foods from the

protein foods (of plant origin). fruits group. grains group.

The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbohydrates is set to

provide adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system.

Metabolic by-products of carbohydate metabolism that have been studied as possible ergogenic aids include

pyruvate lactate. dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch polysaccharides

3 disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

A person with a blood glucose concentration of 90 mg per dl would be considered

to have normal blood glucose levels.

Foods from both the fruits and grains groups generally yield ____ grams of carbohydrates per serving.

15 grams

If rapid re synthesis of muscle glycogen is not important, the consumption of adequate amounts of carbohydrate over a ______ period will restore muscle glycogen levels to normal following exercise.

24 hour

Ways to assess increases in muscle glycogen content include

monitor changes in body weight. have a muscle biopsy taken.

Stores of carbohydrate in the _____ are important for energy production during various forms of exercise.

muscle glycogen blood as glucose liver glycogen

Amylase is an enzyme that is released from the

salivary glands. pancreas.

Mechanisms for the development of fatigue include

signals sent from peripheral tissues to the brain. the use of fat for energy. the depletion of muscle glycogen

The term applied to refined sugars that are added to foods during production is called

Added sugars

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

Fructose

_________ must show beneficial effects in humans, whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food.

Functional fiber

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.

The major monosaccharide found in the body is

Glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

Glucose

What's is also known as dextrose or grape sugar

Glucose

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

Glucose Galactose

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

Glucose Galactose Fructose

Cane sugar or table sugar is composed of ______________.

Sucrose

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides

They are made of glucose units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates or starches

Carbohydrate loading is usually performed ________ a major athletic competition.

3-7 days in preparation of

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

Normal blood glucose levels range from ____ mg/dl.

80-100

The glucose in cornstarch may be converted to the manufactured carbohydrate

High-fructose corn syrup