HEALTH BEHAVIORS FINAL

What happens when people are excluded from a social network?

- They have no access to its social capital -There is a negative effect on behavior -They can't be "named, blamed, or shamed" -There is little incentive to conform

Social Capital refers to: (select all that apply)

-Social cohesion -Support -Integration or participation

The construct of expectations in Social Cognitive Theory explains that people avoid certain health behaviors because they?

Anticipate the outcome to be unpleasant

If you were implementing a program to address the transportation needs of older adults who no longer drive based on the idea that "It takes a village", it'll be important to get the "Innovators" in your town interested in it first because they

Are the risk takers who try everything as soon as possible

If you were designing an intervention using the Social Ecological Model addressing interpersonal factors that was focused on increasing green vegetable consumption on your campus, which of the following would you do?

Ask club officers to serve as role models by increasing their green vegetable consumption

Imagine you were asked to work with the student health services on your campus to reduce the incidence of binge drinking using the construct of bridging relationships from the Social Capital Theory. Which of the following would be consistent with this approach?

Asking student leaders to help in developing a means to address the problem

The construct of observational learning in Social Cognitive Theory explains that?

Behavior is learned by watching other people

The underlying concept of the Social Ecological Model is best reflected in which of the following?

Behavior results from the interaction between personal and environmental influences

Project DARE was extremely popular ending up in 75% of schools, However it was eventually shut down when proven to be very ineffective. This is an example of which step of the Innovation-Decision Process?

Confirmation

Protection Motivation Theory has its roots in health communication where it is used to?

Create fear campaigns to get people to adopt recommended behaviors

When using the Social Cognitive Theory construct of reinforcement to change behavior?

Desirable behavior is rewarded

If you were asked to work with the student health services on your campus to reduce the incidence of illegal drug use using Social Capital Theory focusing on bonding relationships, which of the following would be consistent with this approach?

Develop an alcohol contract for parents and students to sign that clearly delineates the consequences of infractions

If you were working with the local school district to increase physical activity using the Social Capital Theory construct of bonding relationships as the framework, which of the following would be consistent with this approach?

Developing age appropriate physical activity focused homework for the children and parents to complete together

You are planning a comprehensive, year long early detection lead poisoning program for Anytown, NJ that uses a state of the art home lead detection kit. Intervention must be a communication campaign to increase awareness of the lead poisoning in the town. Which of the following theories would be most applicable to use as the framework for the whole program?

Diffusion of Innovation

Given the sheer number of people in this group, when they begin to adopt an innovation, it becomes mainstream.

Early Majority

The low rate of flu immunization among students living in residence halls at ABC University is cause for concern. When surveyed to find the underlying reason for this, the health office staff discovered a large number of students were afraid of needles. To increase student vaccination rates, they decided to offer nasal administration along with injection. Which construct of Social Cognitive Theory below would be consistent with this approach to behavior change?

Emotional arousal

Women who avoid having mammograms often cite the reason for their behavior as not wanting to know if they have cancer, i.e. ignorance is bliss. Which of the following constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory would explain this behavior?

Emotional arousal

In Social Capital Theory, which of the following would represent a linking relationship?

Employer and employee

You are developing an innovative program to the increase of fruit and vegetable intake of pre-schoolers. According to the construct of communication channels, which phase of Diffusion of Innovation the best means to inform the people for whom the program is intended is to:

Enlist a group of parents to help you spread the word among their peers.

People over 65 in ABC Township, in general do not participate in the annual flu vaccination program. After discussion with the more vocal citizens among this group, it was found that they do not believe it is worth the risk of getting sick from the vaccine itself, which sometimes happens. To counter this concern, which construct of Social Cognitive Theory would be consistent with this approach to behavior change?

Expectancies

A federal mandate to states to develop a system for implementing classes for new parents on child safety, including the proper use of child safety seats, is an example of using the Social Ecological Model to change behavior by addressing societal factors.

False

A linking social capital relationship explains the types of food we each eat for holidays and the need to conform to these expectations.

False

According to Social Capital Theory, before behavior can change there has to be financial equality between people.

False

According to the Diffusion of Innovation, a social system is a group of people with very diverse characteristics, values, and goals all of whom decide if they will pass information along about an innovation.

False

According to the Social Capital Theory, linking relationships enable people to have access to others they normally would not have access to.

False

An innovation that is different than what social norms dictate is more likely to be adopted that one that is consistent with the social norms.

False

Bridging relationships, according to the Social Capital Theory, are those that provide a safe haven for people as they transition from one relationship to another.

False

In an effort to address the childhood obesity epidemic, you have been assisting the school board, parents' association and town council to develop policies to encourage children to walk to and from school. This is an example of influencing behavior at the community level.

False

In conducting a school-based childhood obesity program using a social ecological approach, the community level of influence would be addressed by focusing on the relationship between family members.

False

Response self-efficacy is the process in the Protection Motivation Theory concerned with community level ability to adopt recommended changes?

False

The Social Cognitive Theory of reciprocal determinism explains behavior as being the result of the back and forth mutual relationships we have with others in our social environment?

False

The aim of Protection Motivation Theory is safeguarding against disease transmission?

False

The more complex an innovation is, the more likely it is to be adopted?

False

The usefulness of the Social Cognitive Theory construct of observational leaning is determined by the extent to which the person observing intends to learn the behavior being modeled?

False

When using the Social Cognitive Theory construct of reinforcement to change behavior, the premise behind it is that people change behavior more readily to avoid punishment rather that to receive a reward?

False

When using the Social Cognitive Theory construct of reinforcement, keep in mind that behavior that is punished tends to be repeated unless the punishment is viewed as unfair by the person?

False

1. Which of the following statements best reflects the concept underlying Protection Motivation Theory?

Fear motivates people to change their behavior

Bridging relationships, according to Social Capital Theory, are those that:

Form when groups of people from diverse backgrounds come together for the same reason, to attain the same outcome

To increase the likelihood of older adults using a new health app, the innovation about it should come from:

Friends

If you were designing an intervention using the Social Ecological Model addressing personal factors that was focused on increasing fruit consumption on your campus, which of the following would you do?

Have a taste testing station set up in the Student Center and give out free samples of different fruit

The first step in the innovation decision process of Diffusion of Innovation is?

Having knowledge of the Innovation

What would be the rationale for using the constructs of threat appraisal in the Protection Motivation Theory as the basis of a health communication.....the risk of small children dying from being left in hot cars in the summer heat?

Having parents know the seriousness of leaving a child in a hot car and the chance of the child dying, will stop them from doing it

If you are using Protection Motivation Theory to promote behavior change, why is self-efficacy expectancy important?

If people don't expect they will be able to do the new behavior, they won't try it

According to Diffusion of Innovation, what is the relationship between the attitude toward an innovation and its ultimate adoption?

If the attitude is positive, the likelihood of adoption is increased.

Protection Motivation Theory tells us that response cost is an important factor to consider when developing an intervention because?

If the price of the recommended action is more than people can "spend," they won't adopt it

You used Diffusion of Innovation to develop a campus wide walking program aimed at increasing physical activity among the faculty and staff. During which phase of the Innovation-decision process would you expect to begin seeing more people walking on campus?

Implementation

The concept underlying Social Capital Theory explains that behavior is:

Influenced by our social relationships with others

Which of the following would be an example of the social ecological approach to health behavior change at the institutional level?

Instituting an incentive program for attending yoga class during lunch

In developing a school-based childhood obesity program using a social ecological approach, which level would be addressed by focusing on the food served in the cafeteria?

Institutional level

If you were developing an intervention for employees at the very progressive XYZ corporation to help them achieve a more satisfying work/life balance, which level of the Social Ecological Model would you be addressing?

Intrapersonal level

In planning an intervention using the Social Ecological Model, which level would you be addressing by focusing on attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge?

Intrapersonal level

The significant difference between the concept underlying the Social Ecological Model and the other behavior models and theories is that it.

It is a point of view, or perspective, explaining behavior by levels of influence

You'll know everyone on the adoption curve is using your innovative exercise program as soon as which of the following groups begins using it?

Laggards

If the trial implementation results are mixed, the innovation is:

Modified

According to the Diffusion of Innovation, in order for an innovation to ultimately be adopted it has to be:

Observable

According to the Social Capital Theory, linking relationships:

Occur among people when there is a power gradient with one person having authority or power over the other

According to Social Capital Theory, which of the following would represent a bonding relationship?

Parent and child

According to Social Cognitive Theory, behavior is influenced by expectations. Which of the following demonstrates this?

People brush their teeth to reduce the risk of cavities

The obesity epidemic has garnered substantial attention in the public health arena with much attention on weight control through the adoption of healthier diets and increased exercise. However, according to the Social Cognitive Theory construct of behavioral capability, before behavior can change in which of the following has to happen?

People need to know what behavior they have to change and how to change it

If you wanted to encourage someone to develop a positive attitude toward an innovation, during which stage of the innovation process of Diffusion of Innovation would you focus on your efforts?

Persuasion

Response self-efficacy of the Protection Motivation Theory impacts behavior change in that it?

Reflects belief in personal ability to perform the recommended behavior

If you were designing an intervention using the Social Ecological Model addressing institutional factors that was focused on increasing fruit consumption on your campus, which of the following would you do?

Replace processed snack food in vending machines with fruit

The Social Cognitive Theory construct considered the single mot important determinant of behavior is?

Self-efficacy

The two processes of threat appraisal are and severity and vulnerability?

Severity, probability

One of the responsibilities of your position at the local health department is to visit pre-schools in the community and teach children about health. You want to use the Social Cognitive Theory construct of observational learning to encourage youngsters to choose fruits over candy for snacks. Which of the following reflects this approach?

Show a video of a "super hero figure" choosing an apple instead of a candy bar

When using the Protection Motivation Theory construct of threat appraisal, behavior change can result when the focus of change is not....?

The attitude toward the rewards of the unwanted behavior

Response efficacy of Protection Motivation Theory is?

The belief in the effectiveness of the recommended behavior

The usefulness of the Social Cognitive Theory construct of observational leaning is determined by?

The extent of attention given to the person modeling the behavior

In using the Social Cognitive Theory concept of reciprocal determinism to elicit behavior change you would focus on?

The interplay between a behavior, personal factors and the environment

In some situations the Protective Motivation Theory construct of threat appraisal isn't effective in changing behavior because?

The reward from continuing the old behavior is greater than from the new

Threat severity, expectancy of exposure and response efficacy are best described as?

Thought processes used when deciding to adopt health protective behaviors

Contact lenses are more likely to be adopted over Lasik due to the fact you can test it out before you decide. This is an example of:

Trialability

According to Social Cognitive Theory construct of behavioral capability, before people can change their behavior, they have to know what the new behavior is and have the skill to perform it?

True

According to the Social Capital Theory, linking relationships occur among people when there is a power gradient with one person having authority or power over the other

True

An innovation has a greater likelihood of being adopted if it can be tried or sampled before a commitment to it is made.

True

Bridging relationships, according to Social Capital Theory, are those that form when groups of people from diverse backgrounds come together for the same reason, to attain the same outcome.

True

From a social ecological perspective, changing the norms of a neighborhood or school district changes behavior because social or environmental norms drive people's behavior?

True

If you were working with an employer to change health related policies at a large corporation using the Social Ecological Model, you would be working at the institutional level of influence?

True

In a corporate setting, the relationship between lower health insurance costs for the employer and expected employee behaviors is demonstrative of linking social capital.

True

In conducting a school-based anti-bullying program using the social ecological approach, the interpersonal level of influence would be addressed by targeting the relationships between family members.

True

Sometimes even when the health threat is serious, it is the perception of susceptibility to the threat that leads to behavior change?

True

The construct of expectations in Social Cognitive Theory is demonstrated when people buckle up their seat belts in anticipation of reducing injury in as accident?

True

The coping appraisal construct of Protection Motivation Theory explains that when people believe a recommended behavior is health....to adopt it?

True

The expectation of excessive alcohol use among fraternity members is an example of how a bridging social capital relationship negatively influences health behavior.

True

The usefulness of the Social Cognitive Theory construct of observational leaning is determined by the extent of attention given to the person modeling the behavior?

True

When a pregnant woman looks forward to her prenatal visits and gets upset at the thought of missing one, the social cognitive theory construct of emotional arousal can explain this behavior?

True

According to Social Capital Theory, which of the following is essential for behavior change?

Trust and reciprocity between people

From a Social Capital Theory perspective, before behavior can change, which of the following is needed?

Trust and the desire for mutual exchange of resources among the people involved

An innovative way to reduce the burden of diseases related to aging- dementia, diabetes, cancer- would be to slow the aging process. To this end, the FDA approved research on a drug that may be able to do just that-slow aging. If research results show the drug does in fact do this, use of the drug would most likely be adopted because it meets which of the following characteristics of an innovation?

advantageous

The more observable an innovation is, the less likely it is to be adopted?

false