health exam 3

What was the original intended use for Ketamine Hydrochloride ("Special K")? What does it do when snorted?

"K" was originally created for use in a medical setting on humans and animals. Ninety percent is legally sold for veterinary use. Ketamine usually comes in liquid form and is cooked into a white powder for snorting. Higher doses produce a hallucinogenic effect and may cause the user to feel far away from their body. This is called a "K-hole" and has been compared to near-death experiences. Low doses can increase heart rate and numbness in the extremities with higher doses depressing consciousness and breathing. This makes it extremely dangerous if combined with other depressants such as alcohol or GHB.

What are the four types of cancers named by your book? Be able to recognize the differences between each. Note: A dangerous property of cancer cells is that they can live indefinitely.

1. Carcinoma cancers originate in epithelium (layers of cells that cover the body and line organs and glands). These are the most common. Skin cancer 2. Sarcomas begin in the supporting or connective tissues including bones, muscles, and blood vessels. 3. Leukemias arise in the blood-forming tissues of bone marrow and spleen. 4. Lymphomas form in the lymphatic system.

What percent of all cancer deaths are attributed to smoking?

30% of all cancer deaths are attributed to smoking (Donatelle 2010)

What is a communicable disease?

A disease that can be transmitted person to person, animal to person and insect to person

How much does a single dose of crack typically sell for?

A single dose of crack sells for $30 or more, so to maintain a habit would cost hundreds of dollars a day.

80-90 percent of cancers are thought to be caused by what?

About 80%-90% of all cancers are thought to be caused by environmental factors that could be prevented by either avoiding certain substances or using protective substances or devices.

According to the NHTSA, how many people are injured as a result of drowsy driving every year?

According to the NHTSA, drowsy driving accounts for approximately 100,000 accidents each year, injuring 71,000 and producing 1,550 fatalities (NHTSA 2011)

What is the difference between acupuncture and acupressure?

Acupressure is similar to acupuncture, but without the needles. The practitioner applies pressure to critical points along the meridian lines to balance yin and yang. Shiatsu is a type of acupressure massage using fingers, elbows, fists, and so on to apply pressure to restore the flow of energy in the body.

acupuncture

Acupuncture is an ancient medical art using the insertion of very fine needles on the body to affect physiological functioning in the body. The needles are placed on the body at points that correspond to 12 meridians throughout the body. Manipulation of the needles, electrical stimulation, heat, and burning herbs (moxibustion) can be used in acupuncture. Before making a diagnosis, the practitioner talks with, and asks questions about, the patient. Typically, the acupuncturist will check the pulse and the tongue of the patient to help diagnose the problem. A reputable acupuncturist will use disposable needles or sterilize reusable needles in an autoclave. With the millions of people treated with acupuncture, there have been relatively few complications reported to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Acupuncturists have a Master of Traditional Oriental Medicine and are required to be state-licensed.

Be able to recognize the stages of HIV infection if I give you an example of one.

Acute-infection: A person who contacts HIV will usually experience flu-like symptoms up to 4 weeks after infection. Symptoms of HIV infection include fever, body rash, swollen glands, headache, upset stomach, aches, and muscle pain. It may be too early to get an accurate HIV test result during this stage. Asymptomatic stage: when people begin to feel better. Patients may go up to 10 years without showing signs or symptoms of the virus; however, the virus is still very much active and making copies of itself during this time as well as damaging the immune system. Symptomatic HIV infection: occurs when significant damage has been done to the immune system. During this stage, patients are more prone to developing serious infections from bacteria or fungi that they would have otherwise been able to fight off. opportunistic infections: They are called "opportunistic infections" because they are caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that will take advantage of an opportunity to spread, such as a weakened immune system in an untreated HIV patient. Symptoms of symptomatic HIV infection include weight loss, diarrhea, night sweats, fever, mouth and skin problems, serious illnesses, persistent cough, and regular infections.

What are examples of websites that can spread health misinformation?

Advice and referral sites—look for the credentials, reputation, or experience to see if the source is credible. Activist sites—typically promoting a particular cause rather than providing information. Chat groups—can be unreliable but also a valuable extension of your community; a great way to connect with others sharing the same experience, such as a rare disease. Individual testimonials—interesting but not always reliable or authoritative. Commercial sites—the majority of websites are commercial and typically set up to sell products, therefore the information is usually biased. TIP: You can avoid commercial websites by including "NOT .com" in your search string.

Who is at particularly high-risk of being raped, according to your text?

Ages of reported cases range from 6 months to 90 years old, with the majority of victims under the age of 25 and the majority of their attackers also under the age of 25 mostly women, although it can also happen to men

What is the most effective method of quitting smoking and what are some examples?

Although there are various pharmacological agents used to aid smokers in quitting, nicotine replacement therapy has been shown to be the most effective The transdermal nicotine patch is safe, as well as nicotine gum, although the patch appears to be preferred by most. In addition to the patch and gum, a nicotine nasal spray and nicotine inhalers are also available.

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

An example of RSI, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is inflammation in the tendons of the wrist, damaging nerves in the hand and can be caused by computer use, or any repeated use of the hands

anemia

Anemia means "without blood." It is a condition in which the quantity or quality of red blood cells is insufficient. Normal red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to organs and tissues. Anemic individuals have a reduced oxygen carrying capacity. Anemias can be the result of too little iron, loss of blood (including heavy menstrual bleeding or frequent blood donations), insufficient red cell production or genetic abnormalities. Symptoms include fatigue, infection, and/or trouble healing. There are four types of anemias known: Iron-deficiency anemia—develops with inadequate iron intake in the diet or excessive loss of iron, which can result from heavy menses. This is the most common form of anemia and can be corrected with iron supplements. Pernicious anemia—caused by deficiency of vitamin B12, which decreases the production of red blood cells. The deficiency is due to an inability of the body to absorb B12 and is treated with vitamin B12 injections. Aplastic anemia—stems from bone marrow failure resulting in a decreased number of red blood cells. Injury to bone marrow usually results from ingesting a toxic drug or chemical. Treatment is primarily with blood transfusions; however, the condition is most often fatal. Sickle cell anemia—an inherited trait caused by abnormal hemoglobins. These abnormal hemoglobins cause the red blood cells to be sickle shaped, which impedes the flow of oxygen-carrying blood. Signs and symptoms include episodes of severe pain, swelling in hands or feet, susceptibility to infection due to a weakened immune system, and possible premature death. There is no cure for sickle cell anemia, although the cancer drug hydroxyurea has proved to be successful in alleviating the pain. Sickle cell anemia affects approximately 72,000 African Americans and 1 out of every 1000-1500 Latinos in the United States (Floyd et al. 2007). This type of anemia is a recessive trait-inherited condition, so there are many asymptomatic carriers without the disease. Because of this and the fact that there is no cure, the emphasis is shifting to prevention through education and genetic counseling.

tb continued

As mentioned previously, the rates of TB infection have risen over the past decade. Reasons for the increased incidence of this disease in the United States include HIV infection that attacks the immune system and allows a latent infection to reactivate, the emergence of drug-resistant forms of mycobacteria, immigration into the United States from countries with a high prevalence of TB infection, and social conditions that foster increased risk of transmission such as poverty, drug and alcohol abuse, and homelessness. Active TB is diagnosed with a chest X-ray, culture, and microscopic examination of sputum samples. The sputum culture not only identifies the causative organism, but also allows for determination of drug sensitivity or resistance.

What is the ABCDE method of detecting a melanoma (the deadliest form of skin cancer) Note: Severe sun burning during childhood is LARGELY responsible for a lot of skin cancers later on in life—so always protect your children and yourself with sun block/sun screen!

Asymmetry Borders (uneven) Colour (dark or multiple colours) Diameter (greater than 6 mm) Evolving (change in size, shape and color)

What are the acute effects of nicotine on the nervous system?

At first, nicotine acts as a stimulant and then it tends to tranquilize the nervous system. The effects depend largely on how one chooses to smoke. Shallow puffs seem to increase alertness because low doses of nicotine facilitate the release of acetylcholine, which creates feelings of alertness. Long, deep drags tend to relax the smoker because high doses of nicotine block the flow of acetylcholine. Ninety percent of the nicotine inhaled while smoking is absorbed into the body, while 20%-30% percent of nicotine is absorbed if the smoke is drawn only into the mouth, not the lungs.

Who is especially susceptible to household poisons?

Children under 5 years of age are especially susceptible to household poisons, such as cleaning agents and medications. The 15-24-year-old age group has a higher death rate as a result of poisons, possibly due to alcohol and drug overdoses and fatal drug interactions.

How many lives do colon and rectum cancers claim each year?

Colon and rectum cancers are the third leading types of cancer in men and women, claiming about 51,000 lives a year (American Cancer Society 2011) The majority of cases occur in men and women over the age of 50

What are some complications of uncontrolled diabetes as described by your book?

Complications of Type II, much like uncontrolled Type I, include blindness, amputation, renal (kidney) failure, gastroparesis, neuropathy (nerve damage), Alzheimer's, skin conditions, cardiovascular disease, sexual dysfunction, and a number of many other problems. For those already living with Type II, taking proper care of your body through diet and exercise (tertiary preventative measures) can limit or reduce the need for medications such as pills or insulin and help them live longer as well as prevent the abovementioned complications. It is important that patients of diabetes regularly visit their primary care doctor and endocrinologist to ensure their care is the best it can possibly be.

How many people quit smoking every year?

Each year an estimated 1.3 million smokers quit successfully

Risks associated with narghile, shisha, goza, and hookah

For centuries, smokers have been lead to believe that water pipe smoking is a safer alternative to cigarette smoking, but research shows that this method exposes the smoker to high rates of lung cancer and heart disease, as well as other tobacco-related diseases. There is also a high risk of communicable diseases like tuberculosis and hepatitis because of shared mouthpieces (WHO, 2005)

Homeopathy

Homeopathy is based on a three pronged theory that like cures like, treatment is very individualized, and less is more. Homeopathic practitioners give very diluted forms of the substance that causes the symptoms of the disease in healthy people to the ill in the hopes that it will help support the body's natural healing power. The World Health Organization (WHO) has cited homeopathy as one of the systems of traditional medicine that should be integrated worldwide with conventional medicine in order to provide adequate global care in the twenty-first century (Goldberg 2002). Homeopaths use low cost herbals, chemicals, and minerals. Despite its long history, homeopathy has been the center for controversy in the health care community and has often been criticized for being a largely ineffective practice with no scientific basis. Patients treated and "cured" through homeopathy are often said to be experiencing a placebo effect of the medications they receive. Over the counter homeopathic remedies sold in the United States are now required to display a warning that they are based on outdated theories "not accepted by most modern medical experts" and that "there is no scientific evidence that the product works." Failure to display these labels will mean the makers of these homeopathic products will risk running afoul of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (Stoye 2016).

What does the immune system do to cause Type 1 diabetes?

In Type I diabetes, the immune system attacks its own body's beta cells (cells in the pancreas that produce insulin) until they are all destroyed. This leaves the patient unable to produce insulin and completely dependent on daily insulin injections or insulin pumps to metabolize glucose.

Why aren't antibiotics usually prescribed for people suffering from influenza?

Influenza (flu) is a viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs. The flu is spread in a similar manner as the common cold. Symptoms include high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint ache, coughing, and fatigue (see Table 11.2). As with the common cold, there is no treatment for the flu; however, medication can be taken to ease the symptoms. **ANTIBIOTICS fight BACTERIA; influenza is VIRAL

What are some common interventions for treating IBS?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (spastic colon or irritable colon) is a common problem resulting from intestinal spasms. Symptoms include episodes of abdominal cramping, nausea, pain, gas, loud gurgling bowel sounds, and disturbed bowel function. No biochemical or structural abnormalities have been identified as the cause; therefore, no standard medical treatment exists for IBS. Common interventions include reducing emotional stress, eating high-fiber diets, or taking stool softeners, laxatives, and drugs to reduce intestinal spasms.

What is the number 1 cause of cancer related death? What is the 5-year survival rate of this type of cancer?

Lung cancer the major cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking, accounting for 85% of all lung cancer deaths, making it one of the most preventable forms of cancer 16%

What is the fastest growing drug in the United States?

Methamphetamine is considered to be the fastest growing drug in the United States.

What is mindfulness? What can being mindful throughout the day result in? Be able to identify examples of mindfulness.

Mindfulness is a concept that includes strategies and activities that help us be more in the present moment. This helps us connect more intently with ourselves, others, and with nature. Peacefulness can be the result of being mindful throughout the day. Mindfulness is often thought of in conjunction with spirituality.

More than 90 percent of people with Lupus are what?

More than 90% of people with lupus are women. Symptoms and diagnosis occur most often when women are in their childbearing years, between the ages of 15 and 45.

How many smokers say "they want to quit?"

More than four out of five smokers say they want to quit (AHA, 2006)

Naturopathy

Naturopathy is based on the motto "Vis Medicatrix Naturae," which is Latin for helping nature heal. Naturopaths emphasize restoring health rather than curing disease. Naturopaths utilize many different healing "tools" found in nature, such as magnets, water, heat, crystals, the sun, herbal medicine, manipulation, light therapy, electrical currents, and more. Naturopaths argue that Americans should return to a more natural and to a simpler way of life. Some naturopaths contend that we should go so far as to cease fluoridation of water and eliminate the addition of preservatives to food. There are three naturopathic training schools in the United States and one in Canada. Although these schools have a four-year program emphasizing humanistic medicine, the naturopath is not an MD.

Almost what percent of motorcycle riders are killed each year due to alcohol impairment?

Of the 35,900 occupant deaths in motor vehicle crashes, nearly 5,000 fatalities were motorcycle riders.

What are the non-nervous system acute effects of nicotine?

Other side effects include inhibiting formation of urine, discoloration of the fingers, dulling the taste buds, and irritating the membranes in the mouth and throat. Because nicotine constricts blood vessels, it causes the skin to be clammy and have a pallid appearance, as well as reducing body temperature. The highly addictive nature of nicotine can cause withdrawal symptoms to occur quite suddenly. These symptoms include irritability, anxiousness, hostility, food cravings, headaches, and the inability to concentrate.

alcohol poisoning symptoms

Person does not respond to talking, shouting, or being shaken. Person cannot stand up. Person has slow, labored, or abnormal breathing—less than 8 breaths/minute or 10 or more seconds between each breath. Person's skin feels clammy. Person has a rapid pulse rate and irregular heart rhythm. Person has lowered blood pressure. Vomiting.

What are the energy therapies named by your book?

Qi gong combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of vital energy (qi), improve blood circulation, and enhance immune function (Donatelle 2004). Qi gong literally means the skill of attracting vital energy. Those that practice qi gong call it a "self-healing art" that uses visualization and imagery with movement and meditation. Reiki (pronounced ray-key) is a type of energy work that utilizes touch and visualization. Reiki is based on ancient Tibetan teachings and is said to date back thousands of years. Today, reiki is practiced using the Eastern concept of the five chakras in the body, as well as using the organs and glands from Western anatomy. Therapeutic touch is purported to induce the relaxation response, alleviate pain, and to speed the healing process. In therapeutic touch, the patient is not actually touched. In one study, people were wounded on their arms. The control group had conventional therapy, while the other group experienced therapeutic touch. The entire second group experienced quicker healing (Wirth, 1990). Bioenergy practitioners use psychotherapy, grounding exercise, and deep breathing to assist in releasing muscular tension, pain, and illness. Pain and illness are thought to be caused by suppressed emotions and behaviors (AMFI 2005).

What are the harmful effects of smokeless tobacco during pregnancy?

Smokeless tobacco used during pregnancy increases the risk for preeclampsia, a condition that includes high blood pressure, fluid retention, and swelling. It also puts the mother and newborn at higher risk for premature birth and low birth weight. smokeless tobacco may also cause leukoplakia, a precancerous condition that produces thick, rough, white patches on the gums, tongue, and inner cheeks

How many American women have been the victims of an attempted or completed rape?

Studies indicate that as many as 25 percent of college women will experience an attempted or completed rape while in college

What is mononucleosis?

Symptoms: Fatigue, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, swollen tonsils, headaches, skin rash, and swollen spleen.

tuberculosis (TB)

TB is caused primarily by the bacillus (or rod-shaped) microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis; other mycobacteria strains are responsible for some cases, particularly with coexistent HIV infection. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets when someone with the active disease coughs, talks, or sneezes. Those at risk for contracting TB are persons who spend a lot of time, particularly indoors, with individuals who have active infectious TB. The mycobacterium is covered with protective waxes and fatty substances, and is thus more durable and difficult to eradicate than many other infectious organisms. The bacteria lodge in the lungs, particularly the upper lobe, then migrate to the lymph nodes where an immune response occurs, mobilizing defenses which wall off the bacteria. Most individuals infected with TB are successful in "locking away" the bacillus organisms, which are then incapable of growing and multiplying. Those with "latent" (inactive) TB are not ill and cannot infect others. However, there is an overall lifetime risk of 1 in 10 of developing active TB later in life, particularly when immunity declines. Someone with latent TB will have a positive skin (Mantoux) test, which is a test for the presence of antibodies against the mycobacterium organism. Many physicians recommend that someone with a reactive skin test receive preventative (prophylactic) antibiotic treatment to destroy the TB bacilli and minimize the risk of developing active TB later in life. The most common prophylactic treatment is a 6- to 12-month course of the medication isoniazid.

What is a Jane/John Doe Rape Kit? How much does it usually cost to complete this kit?

The Violence Against Women Act of 2005 requires states to allow victims to receive a medical forensic exam without having to report the crime to law enforcement. These unreported sexual assault kits allow victims access to medical care while collecting important medical evidence. This way, the evidence is there in case the victim chooses to report the crime at a later time. Results are not reported without the victim's consent and most states will cover the cost of completing the kit (The National Center for Victims of Crime 2016).

What is the primary cause of gas poisoning and where can this type of poisoning come from?

The primary cause of gas poisoning is carbon monoxide (CO) (odorless and colorless gas) due to incomplete combustion involving heating equipment, cooking stoves, and motor vehicle exhaust.

seven warning signs of cancer

The seven warning signs of cancer are: Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in the breast, testes, or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness

List all the signs and symptoms of Type 1 diabetes.

The signs and symptoms of Type I diabetes appear suddenly and dramatically. Symptoms include fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger and thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss (Floyd et al. 2007). This type of diabetes is seen in about 5%-10% of all diabetics.

What are the risks with shared mouthpieces?

There is also a high risk of COMMUNICABLE DISEASES like tuberculosis and hepatitis because of shared mouthpieces

tb cont.

Those at greatest risk are infants, adolescents, and young adults. Common symptoms of the illness include fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, decreased appetite, low-grade fever, and night sweats. A cough generally develops slowly. Eighty-five percent of TB infections involve the lung (pulmonary TB), destroying healthy tissue in the process; however, the disease can be spread through the bloodstream to many other parts of the body including the central nervous system, bones, joints, kidneys, uterus, heart, intestines, and skin. In progressive pulmonary TB, approximately one-half of untreated individuals will die. Overall, 5%-10% of patients die despite treatment due to drug-resistant disease, poor medication compliance, or improper drug therapy.

(ch 12) What does holistic self-care consider? Hint: One example is exercise.

Today, alternative medicine is also called holistic, complementary, or integrative. a holistic practitioner considers the physical, emotional, mental, social, occupational, environmental, and spiritual factors associated with the individual as a "whole person."

According to the NCDC, what state has the most tornadoes every year?

Tornadoes are the most destructive of all storms, causing almost ninety deaths each year. According to data from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), TEXAS has the greatest number of tornadoes, with 132 during an average year.

Your book discusses 4 different treatment options for cancer. What are they?

Treatment usually involves one or the combination of the following procedures: Surgery—removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue Radiation—X-rays that are aimed at the tumor to destroy or stop the growth Chemotherapy—an intravenous administration of 50 or more drugs combined to kill the cancerous cells Immunotherapy—activating the body's own immune system with interferon injections to fight the cancerous cells

Note: Know what insulin is and how Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are different in regards to insulin production/utilization. Insulin is a hormone that works kind of like a "key" to unlock "glucose transporters" in your body's cells and allow the entry of glucose into these cells to be used for energy.

Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes is typically associated with childhood or adolescent onset. In this form of diabetes the pancreas does not produce insulin, and the individual requires regular injections. The signs and symptoms of Type I diabetes appear suddenly and dramatically. Symptoms include fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger and thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss (Floyd et al. 2007). This type of diabetes is seen in about 5%-10% of all diabetics. Type I is an autoimmune disorder that cannot be prevented through healthy lifestyle and behavioral practices. In Type I diabetes, the immune system attacks its own body's beta cells (cells in the pancreas that produce insulin) until they are all destroyed. This leaves the patient unable to produce insulin and completely dependent on daily insulin injections or insulin pumps to metabolize glucose. Without insulin, human beings cannot breakdown glucose for energy and eventually die. People living with diabetes today have many options for treatment including different types of insulin, insulin pumps, and the newly released artificial pancreas—an insulin pump by Medtronic that works in conjunction with a 24-hour glucose sensor to better control blood sugar levels (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation 2016). The artificial pancreas is not a bionic/transplantable organ. Living with Type I is a daily challenge but if patients practice optimal blood glucose control, they can lead long and healthy lives. Even though people living with Type 1 diabetes will require insulin every day for the rest of their lives, a healthy diet and exercise can further help to bring blood glucose levels under control and reduce the amount of insulin required daily.

Which type of diabetes can be prevented? Which cannot?

Type I, autoimmune disorder

Note: The 2 cures for hangovers are HYDRATION and TIME. all you need is water and a long nap.

When food is already being digested, that is the only time food can "slow down" the rate of alcohol absorption. This does NOT mean that giving your friend a cupcake or bread when they are already drink/vomiting will change or slow anything down.

Why do you think cervical cancers are typically diagnosed in later stages?

With early diagnosis and a localized tumor, there is an 89% chance of surviving five years.

What is yoga and when/where is it rooted?

Yoga is a mind/body/spiritual discipline that is rooted in the ancient Hindu religion traced back 5000 years.

Gestational diabetes

a form of glucose intolerance or insulin resistance that is typically diagnosed in some women late in pregnancy. This type of diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women in the United States each year (American Diabetes Association [ADA] 2005) or Gestational Diabetes. Gestational diabetes can cause dangerously high blood sugar levels to occur in the pregnant female. This type of diabetes occurs more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Asians (Dabelea et al. 2005). (See also Figure 11.5) It is also more common among obese women and women with a family history of diabetes.

What are the side effects of nicotine? Withdrawal symptoms?

a major contributor to heart and respiratory diseases causing short-term increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow from the heart, resulting in narrowing of the arteries. A strong dependence on nicotine can occur after as little as three packs of cigarettes The highly addictive nature of nicotine can cause withdrawal symptoms to occur quite suddenly. These symptoms include irritability, anxiousness, hostility, food cravings, headaches, and the inability to concentrate.

Ayurveda

a system of traditional medicine, understood as a teaching transmitted from the sages Ayurveda is thought to be the oldest medical system known. In Hindu mythology Ayurveda is considered the medicine of the gods. In Sanskrit, ayurveda is "knowledge of life," with life being defined as mind, body, and spiritual awareness. "Ayurveda is based on the belief that the natural state of the body is one of balance. We become ill when this balance is disrupted, with specific conditions or symptoms indicating a particular disease or imbalance. Ayurveda emphasizes strengthening and purifying the whole person, whereas in conventional medicine, the focus is on a set of symptoms or an isolated region of the body" (Alternative Medicine Foundation, 2005).

How long does it usually take for untreated HIV to become AIDS?

about 10 years or less

alcoholism: is it hereditary?

alcoholism = alcohol dependence -chronic, progressive disease with symptoms that include a strong need to drink and continued drinking despite repeated negative alcohol-related consequences. **4 symptoms:STRONG CRAVING OR NEED to drink, IMPAIRED CONTROL or inability to limit drinking, PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE (with withdrawal symptoms), and INCREASED TOLERANCE Alcoholism has a biological base. The tendency to become an alcoholic is inherited. Men and women are four times more likely to become alcoholics if their parents were (NIAAA, 2008).

Approximately 126 million nonsmokers are exposed to secondhand smoke in homes, work places, and public places. This leads to how many deaths and how much in healthcare costs?

an estimated 38,000 deaths and healthcare costs exceeding $10 billion annually

What is Lupus and what characteristic does it share in common with Type 1 diabetes?

autoimmune disease? Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when your body's immune system attacks your own tissues and organs. There are four different types of lupus. They are: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), drug-induced lupus, and neonatal lupus.

What can meditation be used to deal with?

chronic stress

alcohol hepatitis

condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol, in which the liver is inflamed; can be fatal enlarged and tender liver with an elevation of white blood cells. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice. If alcohol use continues, this could progress to cirrhosis.

Physiological effects of alcohol

is a depressant; -slows nervous system (resp and cardiovasc) -irritates nerve endings, eventually Sedates them. -impaired vision

What usually kills a person who develops AIDS? *AIDS is not a virus. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS is a syndrome that occurs when someone's T-cell count falls below 200 OR they are diagnosed with certain opportunistic infections (basically infections that healthier people's immune systems can easily battle off). Having the virus (HIV) that can lead to AIDS can also lead to leukemia/lymphoma.

it is not the HIV itself that kills the person, but rather, the infections they acquire during this stage.

Long term risks associated with alcohol abuse

liver disease- common hepatotoxic trauma ("fatty liver") enlarged liver. Some damage can be reversed if alcohol is completely avoided. alcoholic hepatitis - enlarged and tender liver with an elevation of white blood cells. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice. If alcohol use continues, this could progress to cirrhosis. alcohol cirrhosis- may cause permanent scar tissue to form when the liver cells are damaged. This problem usually occurs in 10%-15% of people who consume large quantities and can develop in as little as five years of heavy drinking. alcohol pellagra- is a deficiency of protein and niacin. Symptoms may include skin inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhea, and mental and nervous disorders. malnutrition- occurs from a lack of needed nutrients through prolonged alcohol consumption, by depressing the appetite and attacking the lining of the stomach. Heavy drinkers do not get the calories they need, which triggers increased mineral loss and increases fatty acids because of the interference of the transfer of glucose into energy. polyneuritis- condition caused by thiamine deficiency, which causes inflammation of several nerves and causes the drinker to become weak and have a tingling sensation. cancer- It is established that 2%-4% percent of all cancer cases could be caused by alcohol use. Cancer of the upper digestive tract such as mouth, esophageal, pharynx, and larynx can be attributed to alcohol use. Liver cancer as well as breast cancer may be caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Studies indicated that a woman's risk of developing breast cancer increases with age and alcohol consumption (JAMA, 1995). fetal alcohol syndrome- The alcohol crosses the placenta but experts don't know exactly how drinking causes problems for the fetus. It may directly affect the fetus or it may be acetaldehyde, the metabolic by-product of alcohol that is harmful to the fetus. Some researchers believe that alcohol effects on the placenta cause blood flow and nutrient deficiencies. Whatever the reason, drinking during pregnancy clearly puts infants at risk for birth defects (Herman, 2003).

(ch 10) What is the leading cause of unintentional death and what attributes to nearly 80% of this cause?

nearly 80 percent of crashes involve some form of driver inattention. This signifies the importance of the driving task and that the need for attention is critical (NHTSA 2010).

Lung cancer usually develops because the smoke overcomes the lungs' ability to clean themselves and become exposed to cancer causing agents. Lung cancer is EXTREMELY deadly. A person diagnosed usually only has a 15-16% chance of surviving past 5 years after his or her diagnosis. Lung cancer is usually fatal because it is detected at a LATE STAGE. Also, a lifetime 2-pack a day smoker will shorten his/her life by 7-8 years (if this person doesn't die earlier from cancer).

note: A small percentage of smokers are known as "chippers" or "social smokers" (people who can smoke only on occasion and not become addicted). A lot of people mistakenly believe that they too can become chippers or social smokers and smoke without becoming addicted, but usually after just a few months, they end up becoming addicted.

One in how many women will develop breast cancer during their lifetime?

one in eight (8)

What is Tuberculosis caused by? How is it transmitted?

primarily affects the lungs and was responsible for a large number of deaths and disabilities until the middle of the twentieth century. There was a sharp decline in the devastation caused by this illness from 1950 to 1980 due to the discovery of effective medications. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets when someone with the active disease coughs, talks, or sneezes. Those at risk for contracting TB are persons who spend a lot of time, particularly indoors, with individuals who have active infectious TB.

what should you do if you suspect someone of alcohol poisoning

seek medical attention immediately, stay with person until help arrives be honest about amount of alcohol consumed, if possible turn victim onto side in case of vomiting; choking to death on vomit is common **do not leave them alone

Study the section regarding what to do if you are raped. "Taking the necessary steps" entails what?

take the necessary steps: Do not shower, wash your hands, change your clothes, brush your teeth, drink anything, urinate, or douche. Doing so may remove or destroy important evidence (such as hairs, fibers, or saliva) that your attacker has left behind. For this reason, it is essential you try to get to a hospital as soon after the attack as you can. A hospital will treat you for injuries, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and check for pregnancy (if you are female). Most states will pay for evidence collection and the Attorney General's Rape Victims Assistance Program will pay for evidence gathering at the hospital, including the emergency room registration fee, doctor's fee, and two lab tests.

What age range for men does testicular cancer predominately affect?

the majority of cases identified between the ages of 20 and 54

Why do even giant websites like Yahoo sometimes spread health misinformation?

the majority of websites are commercial and typically set up to sell products, therefore the information is usually biased.

tcm

traditional oriental medicine (TOM) is a comprehensive system that dates back to the Stone Age. Also called TCM, it includes acupuncture, acupressure, herbal medicine (discussed under Biological-Based Therapies), oriental massage, and qi gong (discussed under Energy Therapies).

Neurological disorders assoc w alcohol use

wernicke's disease- THIAMINE DEFICIENCY. Some symptoms include decreased mental functions, double vision, and involuntary oscillation of the eyeballs. korsakoff's syndrome- caused by B COMPLEX VITAMIN DEFICIENCY symptoms: amnesia, personality alterations, and a loss of reality. This person may become apathetic and have difficulty walking.

Tolerance:

when an individual adapts to the amount consumed so that larger quantities are needed to achieve the same effect. need to drink more to get same effect