Heart and Blood

Know the difference between Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells

-Both Striated -skeletal Muscle is voluntary controlled by nervous system- pacemaker cell - cardiac muscles are involuntarily controlled. -Cardiac muscle can't be tetanized -Skeletal is attached to bone -Cardiac found on walls of the heart -Skeltal Fatigue -Cardia do not Fatigue

Know the characteristics of neutrophils

-Staining pale lilac color with pink granules. -Nuclei has two to six lobes. -More lobulation with age. Younger neutrophils called bands that are a rod-shaped nucleus.

1) Know that activation of plasminogen to plasmin and it dissolute clot.

. Activated plasmin can dissolve clots by: a.) digesting fibrin threads. b.) inactivating substances such as: fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor V, VIII, and XII. (Fibrinolysis) -process begins when 2 enzymes activate the proenzyme plasminogen; the enzymes involved are thrombin (produced by the common pathway) and tissue plasminogen activator released by damaged tissues at the site of injury ; the activation of plasminogen produces the enzyme plasmin which begins digesting the fibrin strands and eroding the clot

At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts _______

1 sec

Know characteristic of whole blood

1) Temp = 38 celcius, PH = 7.4 2) Bright red color if taken from artery 3) dull red color if taken from vein 4) viscosity Greater water NOT a characteristic: viscosity about the same as water

What are the functions of eosinophils?

1. body's primary defense against parasites 2. phagocytic 3.modulate allergic inflammatory responses 4. destroying antibody-labeled antigens

Function of Intercalated discs?

1. help to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the heart 2. forms a bridge linking cells together so they all pull as a unit 3. allows for direct electrical connections of all cells

A person with Type A blood has _______

A Antigen

A Antigen

A Blood

B agglutinin/antibodies

A Blood

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?

A) blood viscosity B) vessel diameter C) turbulence D) vascular resistance *** All of the answers are correct***

Materials can move across capillary walls by _______

A) diffusion. B) reabsorption. C) filtration. *** all of the above ***

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from _______

A) excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma. B) extensive breakdown of RBCs. C) destruction of hemoglobin. D) the recycling of hemoglobin. *** All of the answers are correct.***

Know factors that will increase heart rate?

A) faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential B) increased levels of epinephrine C) increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers

A heart murmur might be caused by _______

A) swirling of blood in the ventricle. B) aortic valve insufficiency. C) mitral valve insufficiency. D) pulmonic valve insufficiency. **** All of the answers are correct.***

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

A) transport of nutrients and wastes B) transport of body heat C) transport of gases D) defense against toxins and pathogens *** All of the answers are correct***

Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in _______

A)bicuspid regurgitation. B) mitral regurgitation. C) bicuspid prolapse. D) mitral valve prolapse. ***All of these answers are correct.****

A and B Antigen

AB Blood

No agglutinins/antibodies

AB blood

The first heart sound is heard when the __________________

AV valves close.

Tom suffers from severe liver disease secondary to alcoholism. Which of the following signs would you expect to

Accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the extremities and Decreased clothing ability

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are _______

Albumin -60%

Agglutinins are aka ____

Antibodies

B Antigen

B Blood

A agglutinin/antibodies

B blood.

The cardioacceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons and the cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons. What is true?

Both parts of the statement are true and relate to brainstem control of heart rate

________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate.

Bradycardia; tachycardia

What is the source of calcium for cardiac muscle contraction?

Cardiac-muscle contraction is actin-regulated, meaning that the calcium ions come both from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (as in skeletal muscle) and from outside the cell (as in smooth muscle).

Know the sequence of conducting system of the heart.

Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Bundle of His Bundle branches Purkinje fibres

Know factors that will increase cardiac output,

Stroke volume Heart rate A) increased force of contraction. B) increased venous return. C) increased heart rate. D) increased sympathetic stimulation.

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

Megakaryocytes

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Monocytes

A and B agglutinins /antibodies

O Blood

No blood antigen

O Blood

Know the reasons for the increase in the level of erythropoietin in the blood

Oxygen levels in the blood decrease ***

What happens when papillary muscles contract?

Prevent atrioventricular valves from reversing

Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.

QRS complex

Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the

QRS complex.

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation

Reticulocytes

Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to _______

arterial pressure

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are _______

basophils

The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

) A moving blood clot is called a(n) _______

embolus.

The hormone that accelerates heart rate is: _______

epinepherine

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone _______

erythropoietin

Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?

ferrritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is _______

fibrinogen

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of _______

hemmorhage

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as _______

hemosiderin and ferritin.

Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16g/dL of blood. This value indicates that

her hemoglobin level is normal

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

Know location and function of Pacemaker cells in the SA node

located - in the right atrium Sets the heart rate This electrochemical wave passes through both atria (resulting in atria contraction).

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the _______

medulla oblongata

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of _______

neutrophils

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by _______

njections of vitamin B12.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased _______

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause _______

pernicious anemia.

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is _______

plasmin.

The waste product bilirubin is produced from _______

portions of heme molecules that do not contain iron

The smallest arterial branches are called the _______

precapillary arterioles.

A person's blood type is determined largely by the _______

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

The right ventricle pumps blood to the _________

pulmonary arteries to the right and left lungs

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the _______

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as _______

reticulocytes

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the ______

right atrium

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the _________

right coronary artery

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased _______

salt and water loss through the kidneys.

Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following, except the _________

stroke volume

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the _______

stroke volume.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if _______

the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible. mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by _________

the coronary arteries.

Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because _______

the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.

What happens if the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked?

the ventricles will beat more slowly.

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of _____

iron

Know how body respond to hemorrhage.

Compensation • Vasoconstriction • Normal BP, Pulse Pressure, Respirations • Slight Elevation of Pulse • Release of catecholamines • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Anxiety, slightly pale and clammy skin Unable to maintain BP • Tachycardia & Tachypnea Decreased pulse strength • Narrowing pulse pressure • Significant catecholamine release > Late Decompensation Classic Shock • Weak, thready, rapid PULSE Irreversible • Pulse: Barely palpable • Respiration: Rapid, shallow and ineffective • LOC: Lethargic, confused, unresponsive • GU: Ceases • Skin: Cool, clammy and very pale • Unlikely surviva

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the _______

Eosinophils

What happens if the connection between the vagus nerve and the heart is severed?

Heart will beat faster.

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the _______

Immunoglobulin

Plasma is closest in composition to _______

Intetstitial fluid

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the _______

activation of Factor XII exposed to collagen.

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by _______

The liver

People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor VIII; as a result

They do not have a functional intrinsic pathway

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if _______

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for _______

a serious hemorrhage.

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

People with type AB blood are considered the ʺuniversal recipientʺ for transfusions because

antigens. B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to _____

chordae tendinae

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

coagulation would be prevented

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the _______

conversion of Factor X to prothrombinase.

When a blood clot forms on a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, the condition is referred to as a(n) _______

coronary thrombosis

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except _______

increased blood concentration of glucose.

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except _______

increased hematocrit.

Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexly results in _______

increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the _______

interatrial septum

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.

tricuspid

Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except _______

vasodilation.

What nutritional deficiency causes nutritional anemia? Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

vitamin B12 deficiency

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?

vitamin K