Heart and Blood
Know the difference between Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells
-Both Striated -skeletal Muscle is voluntary controlled by nervous system- pacemaker cell - cardiac muscles are involuntarily controlled. -Cardiac muscle can't be tetanized -Skeletal is attached to bone -Cardiac found on walls of the heart -Skeltal Fatigue -Cardia do not Fatigue
Know the characteristics of neutrophils
-Staining pale lilac color with pink granules. -Nuclei has two to six lobes. -More lobulation with age. Younger neutrophils called bands that are a rod-shaped nucleus.
1) Know that activation of plasminogen to plasmin and it dissolute clot.
. Activated plasmin can dissolve clots by: a.) digesting fibrin threads. b.) inactivating substances such as: fibrinogen, prothrombin and factor V, VIII, and XII. (Fibrinolysis) -process begins when 2 enzymes activate the proenzyme plasminogen; the enzymes involved are thrombin (produced by the common pathway) and tissue plasminogen activator released by damaged tissues at the site of injury ; the activation of plasminogen produces the enzyme plasmin which begins digesting the fibrin strands and eroding the clot
At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts _______
1 sec
Know characteristic of whole blood
1) Temp = 38 celcius, PH = 7.4 2) Bright red color if taken from artery 3) dull red color if taken from vein 4) viscosity Greater water NOT a characteristic: viscosity about the same as water
What are the functions of eosinophils?
1. body's primary defense against parasites 2. phagocytic 3.modulate allergic inflammatory responses 4. destroying antibody-labeled antigens
Function of Intercalated discs?
1. help to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the heart 2. forms a bridge linking cells together so they all pull as a unit 3. allows for direct electrical connections of all cells
A person with Type A blood has _______
A Antigen
A Antigen
A Blood
B agglutinin/antibodies
A Blood
Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?
A) blood viscosity B) vessel diameter C) turbulence D) vascular resistance *** All of the answers are correct***
Materials can move across capillary walls by _______
A) diffusion. B) reabsorption. C) filtration. *** all of the above ***
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from _______
A) excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma. B) extensive breakdown of RBCs. C) destruction of hemoglobin. D) the recycling of hemoglobin. *** All of the answers are correct.***
Know factors that will increase heart rate?
A) faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential B) increased levels of epinephrine C) increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers
A heart murmur might be caused by _______
A) swirling of blood in the ventricle. B) aortic valve insufficiency. C) mitral valve insufficiency. D) pulmonic valve insufficiency. **** All of the answers are correct.***
Which of the following is a function of the blood?
A) transport of nutrients and wastes B) transport of body heat C) transport of gases D) defense against toxins and pathogens *** All of the answers are correct***
Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in _______
A)bicuspid regurgitation. B) mitral regurgitation. C) bicuspid prolapse. D) mitral valve prolapse. ***All of these answers are correct.****
A and B Antigen
AB Blood
No agglutinins/antibodies
AB blood
The first heart sound is heard when the __________________
AV valves close.
Tom suffers from severe liver disease secondary to alcoholism. Which of the following signs would you expect to
Accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the extremities and Decreased clothing ability
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are _______
Albumin -60%
Agglutinins are aka ____
Antibodies
B Antigen
B Blood
A agglutinin/antibodies
B blood.
The cardioacceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons and the cardioinhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons. What is true?
Both parts of the statement are true and relate to brainstem control of heart rate
________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate.
Bradycardia; tachycardia
What is the source of calcium for cardiac muscle contraction?
Cardiac-muscle contraction is actin-regulated, meaning that the calcium ions come both from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (as in skeletal muscle) and from outside the cell (as in smooth muscle).
Know the sequence of conducting system of the heart.
Sinoatrial (SA) node Atrioventricular (AV) node Bundle of His Bundle branches Purkinje fibres
Know factors that will increase cardiac output,
Stroke volume Heart rate A) increased force of contraction. B) increased venous return. C) increased heart rate. D) increased sympathetic stimulation.
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
Megakaryocytes
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
Monocytes
A and B agglutinins /antibodies
O Blood
No blood antigen
O Blood
Know the reasons for the increase in the level of erythropoietin in the blood
Oxygen levels in the blood decrease ***
What happens when papillary muscles contract?
Prevent atrioventricular valves from reversing
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.
QRS complex
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex.
________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation
Reticulocytes
Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to _______
arterial pressure
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are _______
basophils
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
) A moving blood clot is called a(n) _______
embolus.
The hormone that accelerates heart rate is: _______
epinepherine
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone _______
erythropoietin
Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?
ferrritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin
A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is _______
fibrinogen
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of _______
hemmorhage
Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as _______
hemosiderin and ferritin.
Mary is tested for the amount of hemoglobin in her blood. The test results indicate that her hemoglobin level is 16g/dL of blood. This value indicates that
her hemoglobin level is normal
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
liver
Know location and function of Pacemaker cells in the SA node
located - in the right atrium Sets the heart rate This electrochemical wave passes through both atria (resulting in atria contraction).
Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the _______
medulla oblongata
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of _______
neutrophils
Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by _______
njections of vitamin B12.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased _______
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Surgical removal of the stomach could cause _______
pernicious anemia.
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is _______
plasmin.
The waste product bilirubin is produced from _______
portions of heme molecules that do not contain iron
The smallest arterial branches are called the _______
precapillary arterioles.
A person's blood type is determined largely by the _______
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
The right ventricle pumps blood to the _________
pulmonary arteries to the right and left lungs
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the _______
release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as _______
reticulocytes
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the ______
right atrium
The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the _________
right coronary artery
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle
Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased _______
salt and water loss through the kidneys.
Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following, except the _________
stroke volume
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the _______
stroke volume.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if _______
the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible. mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by _________
the coronary arteries.
Tetanic muscle contractions don't occur in a normal cardiac muscle because _______
the refractory period lasts until the muscle relaxes.
What happens if the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked?
the ventricles will beat more slowly.
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of _____
iron
Know how body respond to hemorrhage.
Compensation • Vasoconstriction • Normal BP, Pulse Pressure, Respirations • Slight Elevation of Pulse • Release of catecholamines • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Anxiety, slightly pale and clammy skin Unable to maintain BP • Tachycardia & Tachypnea Decreased pulse strength • Narrowing pulse pressure • Significant catecholamine release > Late Decompensation Classic Shock • Weak, thready, rapid PULSE Irreversible • Pulse: Barely palpable • Respiration: Rapid, shallow and ineffective • LOC: Lethargic, confused, unresponsive • GU: Ceases • Skin: Cool, clammy and very pale • Unlikely surviva
White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the _______
Eosinophils
What happens if the connection between the vagus nerve and the heart is severed?
Heart will beat faster.
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the _______
Immunoglobulin
Plasma is closest in composition to _______
Intetstitial fluid
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the _______
activation of Factor XII exposed to collagen.
Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by _______
The liver
People who suffer from hemophilia A fail to produce a functional Factor VIII; as a result
They do not have a functional intrinsic pathway
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if _______
a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal
ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for _______
a serious hemorrhage.
Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?
albumin
People with type AB blood are considered the ʺuniversal recipientʺ for transfusions because
antigens. B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.
The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to _____
chordae tendinae
How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?
coagulation would be prevented
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the _______
conversion of Factor X to prothrombinase.
When a blood clot forms on a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, the condition is referred to as a(n) _______
coronary thrombosis
Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except _______
increased blood concentration of glucose.
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except _______
increased hematocrit.
Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexly results in _______
increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the _______
interatrial septum
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.
tricuspid
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except _______
vasodilation.
What nutritional deficiency causes nutritional anemia? Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?
vitamin B12 deficiency
Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
vitamin K
