Heart Review

3 Muscles layers of the heart

Endocardium- a thin, smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the hearts interior. It provided smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels through the heart. It covers the flaps of the heart valves. myocardium- the thickest layer and pumps blood through the vessels. The heart layer containing intercalated disks. epicardium- serous membrane that forms a thin, outermost layer of the heart wall. Also considered the visceral layer of the pericardium.

word part meaning rapid

Tachy-

extra

-by what does blood return the heart? Via the superior and inferior vena cavor What takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs? -The pulmonary artery Which two valves does the right side of the heart contain? -The tricuspid and the pulmonary valves. Which two valves does the left side of the heart contain? -The mitral and aortic valves. What are the three layers of the pericardium (pericardial membranes)? Fibrous pericardium Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium, often called the epicardium

systemic circuit

-pathway that carries blood to all the tissues of the body to deliver oxygen and pick up. -supplies oxygenated blood to all the tissues of the body path: left ventricle aorta arteries to body capillaries anterior vena cava/ posterior vena cava right atrium pulmonary circuit - left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

pulmonary circuit

-pulmonary circuit- -pathway that carries blood from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide and then returns the blood to the heart. -carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart -Deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart -Carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange path: Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Capillaries of the lungs Pulmonary vein Left atrium systemic -The right side of the heart supplies this division -Receives blood that has circulated through the body, unloads oxygen and nutrients, picks up carbon dioxide and other wastes. -Pumps oxygen-poor blood into a large artery -Right side pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs.

order of impulses that travel through the heart

1. SA (sinoatrial node) generates the electric impulse that begins the heartbeat. 2. Excitation wave travels throughout the myocardium of each atrium, causing the atria to contract. Impulses also travel to the AV node that make up the intermodal pathways. 3.Atrioventrical node is stimulated. A slower rate of conduction through the AV node allows time for the atria to contract and complete the filling of the ventricles before the ventricles contract. 4. the excitation wave travels fast through the AV bundle and then throughout the ventricular branches and purkinje fibers. The ventricular muscles contracts almost at same time. SA node AV node AV bundle (bundle of His) Purkinje fibers

Chambers of the heart

Atria- The upper chambers on the left and right sides. They are blood receiving chambers. ventricles- lower chambers on the right and left side. They are forceful pumps. Right Atrium- thin walled chamber that receives the blood returning from the body tissues. The blood is low in oxygen, carried in veins, the blood vessels leading back to the heart. -The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. -The chamber that receives oxygen poor blood from the body. -The superior vena cava brings blood from the head, chest, and arms. -The inferior vena cava delivers the blood from the trunk and legs. Right Ventricle- The chamber that pumps blood to the lungs. It pumps the venous blood received from the right atrium to the lungs. It pumps into a large pulmonary trunk, then divides into left and right pulmonary veins, and carry blood to lungs. pulmonary arteries are blue(carrying blood low in oxygen) other arteries are red carrying blood high in oxygen. Left Atrium- The chamber that receirves blood from the lungs. Receives blood high in oxygen and returns it to the pulmonary veins. veins- blue, arteries- red left ventricle- chamber with the thickest wall pumps high oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. The blood goes through the aorta the largest artery, then goes into systemic arteries that take to blood in the tissues. Apex is at lower art of left ventricle.

hearts own blood supply

Coronary circulation. The main arteries supply blood to the heart muscle are the right and left coronary arteries. They branch of from the aorta. the receive blood when ventricles relax because the aortic valve must be closed to expose the entrance of the vessels. blood drains into cardiac veins that brings blood toward the right atrium. coronary sinus- dilated vein that opens into right atrium near the inferior vena cava.

why is the heart considered a double pump

The first pump carries oxygen-poor blood to your lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. It then delivers oxygen-rich blood back to your heart. The second pump delivers oxygen-rich blood to every part of your body.

What is the pacemaker of the heart

The sinoatrial node in the upper wall of the right atrium in a depression called the sinus. The node initiated the heartbeats by generating and an action potential at regular intervals. The SA node sets the rate of heart contractions making it the pacemaker. The second node in the septum at the bottom of right atrium is called the atrioventricular node AV

heart sounds when and where

an abnormal sound caused by a structural problem in the heart or nearby vessels is called an organic murmur a sound heard during the workings of a healthy heart is called functional murmur the lub sound is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves the dub sound is cased by the closure of the semilunar valves the first heart sound is the lub and is longer lower pitched and occurs at the start of ventricular systole. the second heart sound is the dub which is shorter and sharper. it occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation. An abnormal sound is called a murmur, if a valve doesn't close tightly and blood leaks back a murmur can be heard.

valves

atrioventricular- one of the 2 valves dividing upper and lower chambers. The entrance valves. They are between the atria and ventricles. semilunar valves- exit valves, each flap resembles half moon. The pulmonary and aortic valves. Right atrioventricular AV valve- or tricuspid valve, has 3 cusps or flaps that open and close. When the valve is open blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle. Right ventricle contacts then the valve is closed by blood squeezed backward against the cusps. When valve is closed blood cant return to right atrium but then flows to pulmonary trunk. left atrioventricular AV- bicuspid valve or mitral valve. blood goes to left atrium into left ventricle. The right and left AV valves are attached with thin fibrous threads called papillary muscles, in the walls of the ventricles. The threads function is chordae tendineae which is to stabilize flaps when the ventricles contract, and prevents backflow of blood when the heart beats. pulmonary valve- located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk that leads to the lungs. The high pressure in the pulmonary artery back pressure, closes the valves and prevents blood from returning to the ventricle. This valve prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle. aortic valve- located between the left ventricle and the aorta. After contraction of the left ventricle, back pressure closes the aortic valve and prevents back flow of blood from the aorta into the ventricle. Prevents blood from returning to left ventricle.

bradycardia vs tachycardia

bradycardia- a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute tachycardia- a heart rate more than 100 beats per minute.

systole vs diastole

diastole- the resting period of the cardiac cycle (ventricles) systole- contraction phase of the cardiac cycle. (ventricles) each cardiac cycle( complete sequence of heart contractions and relaxation) represents a single heartbeat. begins with the contraction of both atria that moves blood through the AV valves into the ventricles. while ventricles are contracting forcing blood through the semilunar valves the atria are relaxed and are filling with blood. After ventricles have contracted the chambers are relaxed as they fill with blood.

heart instruments

stethoscope- instrument used to detect heart murmurs by their sound and listen to sounds in the body to convey them echocardiography- technique that uses ultrasound to study the heart as it beats c- reactive protein- a marker of inflammation that can predict heart attack risks electrocardiography- technique that measures the electrical activity of the heart catheterization- any procedure when a thin tube is inserted into a vessel coronary angiography - a procedure that uses a catheter to visualize the hearts blood vessels CRP- can predict a risk of myocardial infraction fluoroscope- instrument used for examining deep structures with x rays to show route taken my catheter. ultrasound- sound waves

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped ny each ventricle in 1 minute. It is the product of stroke volume the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle