HESI A2 practice questions

What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?

Connective There are four fundamental types of tissue. Connective tissue serves as the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs. Connective tissue is the most abundant, widely distributed, and varied type of tissue. It includes ligaments, tendons, fat, cartilage, bone, bone marrow, and blood. Like the name implies, connective tissues often bind organs together, hold organs in place, cushion them, and fill space. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that form muscles and allow the muscles to contract, which makes body movement possible. Epithelial tissue is made up of cells joined tightly together to form a protective layer around the body (skin) as well as to line some internal cavities and organs of the body. A characteristic of epithelial tissue is that it does not contain blood vessels. Nervous tissue is made up of uniquely specialized cells, neurons, and neuroglia. Neurons transmit signals (messages) between the different parts of the body and neuroglia are connective tissue cells that support the neurons. This tissue allows the body to be able to use the five senses to inform the brain about stimuli it experiences and subsequently reacts accordingly.

Which type of tissue is most widely distributed throughout the body?

Connective tissue A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body. There are four fundamental types of tissues: Epithelial: these cells cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs. Connective: these cell groups are the framework for the body, providing structure and support for the organs. Muscle: tissues that have the ability to contract (shorten). Nervous: the tissues of the nervous system, composed of neurons and connective tissue called neuroglia. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue throughout the body. It includes fibrous tissues, fat, cartilage, bone, bone marrow, and blood. Connective tissue serves as the framework of the body by providing support and structure for organs.

Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body

Connective tissue Connective tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the the body. Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulse. Epithelial tissue functions as lining and covering of body surfaces and cavities. Muscle tissue functions in facilitating voluntary and involuntary movements.

What is secreted by the adrenal glands?

Cortisol and aldosterone The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. Adrenal glands secrete cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is a hormone that regulates a wide range of processes throughout the body, but is best known as being the body's "stress hormone." Aldosterone affects the body's ability to regulate blood pressure. Oxytocin stimulates lactation. It is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone, which helps the kidney regulate osmolarity ( the electrolyte-water balance in the body) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. Progesterone prepares the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. It is produced mainly by the corpus luteum in the ovaries. Estrogen is a hormone that is important for sexual and reproductive development, mainly in women. It is also produced in the ovaries.

Which of the following is a molecule carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction for all organisms?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins. The nucleus is the cell organelle that contains the cell's DNA. Ribosomes are cell organelles that create proteins.

Which structure lies between the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Diaphragm The diaphragm is a thin muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity and is a vital structure when it comes to breathing. When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts, which enlarges the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of the lungs. The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, the ascending aorta (the large artery which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart on its way to the rest of the body) and right and left pulmonary arteries. It is located in the thoracic cavity but does not separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The sternum is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. Ribs are attached to the sternum. There are three parts of the sternum: Manubrium (top) Body (middle) Xyphoid process (bottom)

The malleus, incus, and stapes are bones found in the _________.

Ear The malleus, incus, and stapes are three tiny bones (called ossicles) in the ear. The diagram below illustrates the various structure in the ear.

Which structure in the epidermis is responsible for cooling the body to maintain temperature homeostasis?

Eccrine glands A derivative of the epidermis (or epidermal derivative) refers to anything that comes out of the epidermis, which is the top and most protective layer of the skin. Epidermal derivatives include sweat glands, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, hair, and nails. The epidermal derivative that helps regulate your body temperature are the eccrine glands (also called merocrine glands), which are the glands of the skin that produce a thin, watery secretion (sweat) that cools the body when it evaporates (turns from liquid into a gas). The sebaceous glands secrete an oil (called sebum) onto the skin and hair for lubrication and to prevent drying. Ceruminous glands are a type of apocrine gland. They secrete earwax into the ear canal to protect the ear from bacteria and viruses.

Which system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones?

Endocrine system The endocrine system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones. The circulatory system is responsible for circulation of blood. The muscular system is responsible for the body's movement. The respiratory system is responsible for respiration.

Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function?

Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling The Endocrine system is responsible for regulating homeostasis through hormone signaling. The Digestive system is responsible for obtaining nutrients through the breakdown and absorption of food. The Circulatory system is responsible for transport of substance to all tissues of the body. The Excretory system is primarily responsible for waste elimination.

Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?

Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue functions as the lining and covering of body surfaces and cavities. Muscle tissue functions in facilitating voluntary and involuntary movements. Connective tissue is responsible for the support and protection of tissues and organs. Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.

Which of the following terms describes the process of forming new red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis If you remember that red blood cells are also called erythrocytes, it makes sense that erythropoiesis is the term for forming new red blood cells. "Poiesis" means "to make." In the early development of a fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the yolk sac, spleen, and liver. After birth, all erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Hematopoiesis is the process of forming new blood cells, however, this is inclusive of all blood cells, not just red blood cells. Thrombopoiesis is the process of forming thrombocytes, which is another term for platelets. The term autopoiesis is a more general term referring to the ability of an organism to be self-sustaining; this term is not related specifically to the formation of blood cells.

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells. In the early development of a fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the yolk sac, spleen, and liver. However, after birth, all erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow.

Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process?

Evaporation Eccrine glands (also called merocrine glands) are the most widely distributed sweat glands in the body. They secrete a watery substance (sweat) onto the skin, which cools the body when it evaporates (turns from liquid into a gas). This process is called evaporative cooling. As heat from your body causes the water (sweat) on the surface of your skin to evaporate (and leave) it cools your body down because the evaporating sweat takes heat with it. Condensation is the process of gas turning into a liquid. Water collecting on grass as dew in the early morning is an example of condensation. Absorption is the process by which one substance takes up another substance through minute pores or spaces between its molecules. A paper towel picking up water is an example of absorption. Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail — any kind of weather condition where something's falling from the sky.

In which of the following reproductive structures does the fertilization of an ovum occur?

Fallopian tube An ovum is a mature female reproductive cell - it is an unfertilized egg. When an ovum is fertilized, it means that the ovum has united with a male reproductive cell (a sperm cell) and becomes a zygote. This happens in the fallopian tube, (also called the oviduct). The endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus. Its function is to provide structure to the uterus and maintain patency (openness). If the ovum is fertilized in the fallopian tubes, the fertilized ovum (zygote) travels down and implants itself in the endometrium. If the ovum does not become fertilized, the lining of the endometrium is shed during menstruation. The corpus luteum (which means "yellow body") is a yellowish mass of endocrine tissue that forms in the ovaries immediately after ovulation. It secretes progesterone and estrogen, which help develop and maintain the endometrium. The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis. Functions of the uterus include nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into the fetus and holding it until the baby is mature enough for birth.

Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down

In what area of the body would you expect to find especially thick stratum corneum?

Heel of the foot The stratum corneum is the very top layer of the epidermis and exists to protect the inner layers of skin. Areas of skin like your eyelids can be thinner, while other layers such as on the palms of your hands and heels of your foot may be thicker.

T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands?

Thymus Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte (white blood cells) that are crucial to our immune systems. There are three main types known as T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Lymphocytes are part of our immune defense and act to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy cells that could cause damage. T-lymphocytes (also called T cells), specifcally, are at the core of adaptive immunity, the part of the immune system that customizes the body's immune response to specific pathogens. You can think of T cells as soldiers in your body who search out and destroy the targeted invaders. T-lymphocytes are developed in the thymus (hence the "T" in the name), which is located directly posteriorly (behind) to the mediastinum (a part of the sternum). Lymph nodes are small glands that filter lymph, the clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system produces antibodies and works closely with the circulatory system by returning body fluids to the blood. The hypothalamus is the portion of the brain that maintains the body's internal balance and regulates the body's temperature. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate. The thyroid is located on the anterior (front) surface of the trachea.

Which of the four chambers of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?

Left ventricle There are four chambers in the heart: The right atrium receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated. The left atrium receives the re-oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the re-oxygenated blood to the body. The left ventricle has to send blood the furthest (throughout your entire body), which takes a lot of pressure. This is why the left ventricle has the thickest muscular wall of the four chambers in your heart.

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitral valve?

Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle The heart has 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers (the right and left atrium) and 2 lower chambers (the right and left ventricles). Blood passes through a valve before leaving each chamber of the heart. The purpose of these valves is to prevent the backward flow of blood. There are 4 valves: Tricuspid valve: This valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle. Pulmonary valve: The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs to be re-oxygenated. Mitral valve: This valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle. This valve is also called the bicuspid valve. Aortic valve: The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta. It allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. NurseHub Hint: When talking about blood flow, the atrium always comes before the ventricle. Think "A before V."

Which of the following is not a bone of the lower extremities?

Lower extremity means leg. The bones of the lower extremities are: femur (thigh) patella (kneecap) tibia and fibula (shin) tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges (foot) The ulna is not a bone in the leg. It is one of two bones that make up the the forearm (the other bone that makes up the forearm is the radius).

Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell?

Lysosomes Lysosomes are responsible for intracellular digestion of damaged structures, macromolecules, and bacteria. The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for the transport of proteins within and out of the cell. Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for converting nutrients to energy as ATP. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is where synthesized proteins are processed and sorted.

Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes?

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are found in all animal cells but are most numerous in infection-fighting cells, such as white blood cells (leukocytes). This is because white blood cells must digest more material than most other types of cells as their main job is to attack bacteria, viruses, and other foreign intruders. Ribosomes are organelles that make protein for cells. Mitochondria are organelles that are the site of cellular respiration and provide energy for the cell. Golgi bodies sort and process the proteins made by the ribosomes.

Which of the following types of cancer would present warning signs that are identified using the ABCDE method?

Melanoma, the most dangerous of the three types, presents warning signs that can be identified using the ABCDE method to examine moles on the body. A- asymmetry B- borders (the outer edges are uneven) C- color (dark black or have multiple colors) D- diameter (greater than 6mm) E- evolving (change in size, shape and color)

Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA?

Nucleus The genetic material, DNA, is found within the membrane-bound nucleus. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is where synthesized proteins are processed and sorted. The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for the transport of proteins within and out of the cell. Lysosomes are responsible for digesting molecules/ substances being transported inside the cell from the outside.

The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during gas exchange?

Organ system Tissues are a collection of specialized cells that perform a specific functions (e.g. protection, support, nerve conduction and movement). A group of tissues that has a specialized function is referred to as an organ. A group of organs that work together to perform several related functions is an organ system.

Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption in response to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood?

Osteoclasts The body needs calcium to build and fix bones, help nerves work, make muscles squeeze together, help blood clot, and help the heart work. Almost all (about 99%) of the calcium in the body is stored in bone. When calcium-sensing membrane receptors in the parathyroid gland detect that there are low levels of calcium in the blood, it releases parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone increases the number and activity of osteoclasts (osteo- means "bone" and clast means "broken"), which are cells that break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood (this process is called bone resorption). Osteoprogenitor cells (also called osteogenic cells) are the stem cells of bone. They form osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are the cells that secrete the matrix for bone formation. Osteocytes are matured bone cells, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. They continue to maintain the bone tissue.

Which of the following structures is part of the upper respiratory system?

Pharynx The major passages and structures of the upper respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx). The pharynx is the structure that connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus. The trachea, also called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous (made of cartilage) tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. The trachea is part of the respiratory system, but not the upper respiratory system. The bronchi are the two branches that connect the trachea to the lungs. The bronchi are part of the respiratory system, but not the upper respiratory system. The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system; however, they are not part of the upper respiratory system. The main function of the lungs is respiration. In respiration, oxygen from incoming air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide, a waste gas from the metabolism, leaves the blood.

Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter B.

Picture of heart model

Which of the following makes up the largest component of whole blood?

Plasma Blood is composed of two main parts: plasma and hematocrit (i.e. red blood cells). Plasma, the watery portion of blood, makes up roughly 55% of total blood volume with the remaining 45% coming mostly from red blood cells, or erythrocytes. White blood cells and platelets make up a very small portion of total blood. It is important to maintain plasma volume so that blood consistency is maintained. Blood that contains less plasma and more erythrocytes would be thicker and more viscous, leading to thicker blood that is harder to transport through the blood vessels.

If the femoral artery was cut, which of the following blood vessels would not receive blood as a result?

Popliteal artery The popliteal artery runs along the back of the knee and is a continuation of the femoral artery. If the femoral artery, which is a large artery, was cut, many arteries that branch off the femoral artery would not receive blood. This includes the popliteal artery. The brachial, thoracic, and iliac artery are all superior to the femoral artery therefore they would not be directly affected by the interruption in the femoral artery.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of transport of filtrate from the nephrons to the renal pelvis?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis From nephrons, glomerular filtrate is transported from the Proximal Convoluted Tubule to the Loop of Henle, then to the Distal Convoluted Tubule, and finally on to Collecting Ducts. The Collecting ducts come together to form the minor calyces which forms the major calyces, and eventually the renal pelv

Which blood vessel returns blood from the lungs back to the heart?

Pulmonary veins The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary arteries are the arteries that deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the upper body into the right atrium of the heart. NurseHub Hint: Remember that veins carry blood to the heart, whereas arteries carry blood away from the heart. Also, "pulmonary" is the word that refers to the lungs. Knowing this, we could determine that it must be the pulmonary vein that returns blood from the lungs to the heart.

The carpals articulate with the distal ends of which two bones?

Radius and ulna Articulate means "to form a joint with." The carpals are your wrist bones. The distal end of a bone is the part of the bone that is farthest away from the trunk of your body. For example, your hands are distal to your forearm. So, the far end of which bones form a joint with your wrist bones? This would be the bones of your forearm - the radius and ulna. The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower part of your leg. The distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with the tarsals (feet bones). The metacarpals are hand bones. The phalanges are finger and toe bones. The tarsals and metatarsals are bones in your feet. anatomical direction

Which of the following could result from a damaged olfactory nerve?

Reduced sense of smell The olfactory nerve is located deep in the nasal cavity and is associated with the sense of smell. A compromised or damaged olfactory nerve could result in a reduced sense of smell or loss of your sense of smell, entirely. The optic nerve is located behind the eye. A damaged optic nerve could lead to distorted, reduced, or total loss of vision. The lumbar region refers to the lower back. Damage to the lumbar or sciatic nerve could result in lower back pain or discomfort. Damage to the ulnar or radial nerve, which are both located in the arm, could lead to a loss of sensation in the arm.

What is one of the functions of the hypothalamus?

Regulate body temperature The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain that regulates your body temperature, releases hormones, and helps to maintain homeostasis. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which is responsible for regulating blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone is released whenever blood calcium levels are low. PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, which break down bone to release calcium into the bloodstream. Several endocrine glands and other organs play a part in regulating your blood pressure including the kidneys, adrenal glands, and pituitary glands. The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels.

Which of the following options correctly lists the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest layer?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum The skin (called the integumentary system) is the largest organ of the body. The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis (the outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells) and the dermis (the underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures). The layers of the epidermis, from the most superficial layer (outer) to the deepest layer (inner), are: stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum germinativum (made up of two sub-sections - the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum). The visual below is a diagram illustrating the layers of the skin. Note: The innermost layer, stratum germinativum, is not specifically labeled below. The stratum germinativum is made up of two sublayers - the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum.

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

Stratum germinativum The innermost stratum germinativum is the only layer of skin that contains cells that can divide via the process of mitosis. Therefore it is the only place mitosis can occur. The dermis is the inner layer of the skin, composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands. Cells in this layer do not germinate (do not divide via the process of mitosis). The layers of the epidermis, from the outer layer to the inner layer, are: stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum germinativum (which includes the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum).

Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva?

Submandibular glands The submandibular glands produce ⅔ of the saliva. The Parotid gland is exclusively an enzyme-producing salivary gland. The Sublingual gland is the smallest of the three major salivary glands and only produces about 3-5% of the saliva. The Lingual glands are minor salivary glands found in the tongue.

Which part of the brain is involved in processing auditory information?

Temporal lobe Each side of your brain contains four lobes: The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex, which receives direct sound input from the ears, so it plays a major role in auditory functioning (hearing). The frontal lobe is important for cognitive functions (knowledge) and control of voluntary movement or activity. The parietal lobe processes information about temperature, taste, touch, and movement. The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for vision.

Where does digestion begin in the alimentary canal?

The alimentary canal is the digestive tube and consists of the primary organs of the digestive system. Those organs, in order, are: mouth (oral cavity) pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus

Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can lead to muscular fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain, or a burning sensation in the muscles?

The body makes lactic acid when it does not have enough oxygen to convert glucose into energy. Lactic acid buildup can result in muscle pain, cramps, and muscular fatigue. Folic acid is a type of B vitamin naturally found in many foods. It is recommended for pregnant women to take in order to help prevent birth defects. Citric acid is commonly found in citrus fruits and is an important component of the Krebs Cycle - a step aerobic cellular respiration. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that is present in the stomach. Although it is highly corrosive, it does not hurt your stomach. This is because of a protective mucous lining on the inside of your stomach.

Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus?

The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna The humerus is your upper arm bone. The proximal end of the humerus articulates with the scapula (shoulder bone). The distal end articulates with the radius and ulna (forearm bones). The humerus is a long bone. A long bone has three sections: The diaphysis - the shaft (middle section) of the bone. The epiphysis - the end of each side of the bone. The proximal epiphysis is the end of the bone closest to the point of attachment. The distal epiphysis is the end that is farthest away from the point of attachment. The metaphysis - the part where the diaphysis meets each epiphysis. The end of the humerus bone is the epiphysis. The distal epiphysis is the one that is furthest away from your body, therefore it is the end that articulates (moves against) the bones of your forearm (radius and ulna).

Cerumen is secreted by apocrine glands located in which of the following structures?

The external auditory canal Cerumen is earwax. It is secreted by the ceruminous glands (a type of apocrine sweat gland) near the outer opening of the auditory (ear) canal, which is located in the external auditory canal. If there is an excess of earwax, this is where it would accumulate. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity. It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal to the air pressure outside the body. The cochlea is an internal structure of the inner ear that looks like a snail shell. It is the structure that turns sound pressure waves into nerve impulses, allowing us to hear. The organ of corti is considered "the true organ of hearing." It is a spiral structure inside the cochlea containing hair cells that are stimulated by sound vibrations.

Which bones form via intramembranous ossification?

The flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and clavicles The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or ossification. There are two types of ossification: Intramembranous ossification: In this process, bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane. This is how the flat bones of the skull, mandible (jaw), and clavicles (collarbone) are formed. Endochondral ossification: In this process, cartilage forms first and then is replaced by bone. This process forms most bones in the body.

Where is the tibialis anterior located?

The front of the lower extremities The tibialis anterior is a muscle located anteriorly (in front of) the tibia (shin bone). It acts to dorsiflex foot (when you flex your foot upwards towards your head). NurseHub Hint: Remember that anterior is the anatomical term for "towards the front." Knowing this would allow you to make an educated gues that tibialis anterior must be located towards the front of the body. Furthermore, tibialis has the word "tibia" in it, which we know is one of the shin bones. Most muscles are named after their location or points of attachment, so use your knowledge of anatomical terms (like anterior and posterior) to your advantage.

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

The hypothalamus is commonly know as the "master gland." The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating your body temperature, releasing hormones, and maintaining homeostasis. The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland in the brain that is commonly known as the "master gland" because it produces hormones that control other endocrine glands and several body functions including growth. The pituitary consists of the anterior and posterior pituitary.

Which of the following is located in the thoracic cavity?

The mediastinum The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, the ascending aorta (the large artery which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart on its way to the rest of the body) and right and left pulmonary arteries. It is located in the thoracic cavity. The urinary and reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity. The adrenal glands are the endocrine glands responsible for secreting cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure). They are located on top of each kidney in the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is located in the abdominal cavity. The small intestine is the organ where food's nutrients are absorbed for the body. Below is a diagram of the various body cavities. Note the mediastinum's location in the thoracic cavity. Also note that the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity are separated by the diaphragm.

What does the presence of antidiuretic hormone stimulate?

The most important job of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is to conserve water in the body by reducing the loss of water in urine. It does this by telling your kidneys how much water it needs to put back into your body instead of voiding it as urine. Antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the kidney and promotes reabsorption of water back into the circulation. Parathyroid hormone is the hormone that increases the levels of calcium in the blood. NurseHub Hint: Use the following mnemonic device to remember the purpose of ADH: ADH = Ain't Dumping H2O

The internal reproductive organs are located in which of the following anatomical regions?

The pelvic region of the body houses the urinary bladder and reproductive organs. The thoracic region of the body refers to the chest. The femoral region is the thigh. The brachial region is the arm.

Where is the popliteal artery located?

The popliteal artery is the artery located behind the knee. The artery located on the underside of the wrist is the radial artery. The cubital fossa is the triangular area that is in front of the elbow. This is where you palpate the brachial artery. The artery located below the jawline between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle is the carotid artery.

What is the function of endocrine glands?

They secrete hormones directly into the blood. A gland is an organ that produces and releases substances that perform a specific function in the body. There are two types of glands: endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine glands produce hormones and secrete them directly into the blood. Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that carries the products to the target tissue. Your sweat glands are an example of exocrine glands.

Which of the following best describes the primary function of hemoglobin?

To carry oxygen to tissues and organs Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. The hypothalamus is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland. The primary funciton of the hypothalamus is to regulate balance and body temperature. The medulla oblongata is the structure that is responsible for normal respiratory function - it sends signals to the muscles involved in breathing. Chemoreceptors are receptors in the medulla oblongata (and in some arteries) that detect an increase in carbon dioxide or a decrease in oxygen, and then signal the medulla to correct those changes. Phagocytosis is the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes. There are two types of white blood cells that are phagocytic: neutrophils and macrophages.

What is the purpose of gastric mucous?

To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes.

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

To secrete oil that lubricates the skin and prevents drying The sebaceous glands secrete an oil (called sebum) onto the skin and hair for lubrication and to prevent drying. The eccrine sweat glands secrete a watery substance (sweat) onto the surface of the skin to be evaporated, cooling down the body. Eccrine sweat glands play a significant role in body temperature regulation. Ceruminous glands are a type of apocrine gland. They secrete earwax into the ear canal to protect the ear from bacteria and viruses. Lacrimal glands secrete tears to lubricate the eyes.

A patient complains of decreased sensation in the distal part of their arm and an inability to adduct and abduct their fingers. Based on these symptoms, which nerve is most likely compromised?

Ulnar The distal end of your arm refers to the part of your arm that is away from the point of attachment. This would mean the lower arm/wrist. The ulnar nerve is one of the three main nerves in your arm. It travels from your neck down into your hand. A compromised ulnar nerve could result in decreased sensation in the arm and the inability to adduct (pull towards the middle) and abduct (spread out) the fingers.

Which of the following muscles is located towards the outer side of the leg?

Vastus lateralis Rectus femoris - attached to the hip and helps to extend or raise the knee. Vastus lateralis - located on the lateral side of the thigh. Vastus medialis - located on the medial side of the thigh. Vastus intermedius - located in the anterior region of the thigh below the rectus femoris and between the vastus medialis and lateralis

A sprain occurs when which of the following structures is stretched or torn?

A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones at your joints. A strain is also a stretch or tear, but it happens in a muscle or a tendon. A tendon is a band of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones. A fibrous joint is a joint connected by dense connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen. Fibrous joints are also called fixed or immovable joints because they do not move (unlike synovial joints, which are freely mobile). Fibrous joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The sutures that connect the bones in your skull are an example of fibrous joints.

Which of the following is defined as "a group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that carry out a specific function together?"

A tissue is a group of structurally and functionally similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body. There are four fundamental types of tissues in the body: Epithelial: these cells cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs. Connective: these cell groups are the framework for the body, providing structure and support for the organs. This is the most abundant type of tissue in the body. Muscle: tissues that have the ability to contract (shorten). Nervous: the tissues of the nervous system, composed of neurons and connective tissue called neuroglia.

Which of the following muscles pulls a body part away from the midline of the body?

Abductors Flexors reduce the angle at the joint. An example of a flexor muscle is the bicebs brachii, which, when they contract, reduce the angle of your elbow joint, bringing your hand towards your shoulder. Extensors increase the angle at the joint when contracted. Your triceps brachii are extensors as they increase the angle at the elbow joint, extending your hands towards your hips. Abductors draw a limb away from the midline. For example, the abductor muscles of the legs spread the legs away from the midline and away from one another (like doing a split) when contracted. Adductors return the limb back toward the body. The groin muscles (the adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, and gracilis) are adductors. When contracted, they pull the legs back to the midline and back together.

The anterior lobe of pituitary glands is called which of the following?

Adenohypophysis The pituitary gland has two major portions, the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is known as the adenohypophysis, and the posterior lobe is known as the neurohypophysis. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) acts as a second messenger for protein hormones on the cell surface.

Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood?

Amino acids Amino acids and simple sugars get absorbed directly into the blood. Amino acids are the building blocks for polypeptides. Polypeptides are then used to build proteins. Simple sugars are chains made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. Simple sugars are the building blocks of carbohydrates. The fats are added into the bloodstream after lacteals absorb fats into the lymph. Minerals and vitamins are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine.

Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear?

Auricle The Auricle (also known as the Pinna) is the part of the external ear that functions in directing sound waves into the ear. The External Auditory Canal serves as the channel for the sound wave and air. Sound waves are then transmitted to the inner ear through the vibration of the eardrum or tympanic membrane. The Modiolus is the bony core of the cochlea. Important Note: There are also auricles within the heart. The heart has two auricles, and each one is attached to the anterior surface of the outer walls of both the left and right atria. These pouch-like structures help to increase the capacity of each atrium, which in turn increases the volume of blood each is able to hold. In order to determine which auricle is being discussed in a particular question, look closely for clues that suggest the question is either focused on the ear or the heart.

The shoulder is an example of which type of synovial joint?

Ball-and-socket joints are made up of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone. Ball-and-socket joints allow the greatest range of motion, as all movement types are possible in all directions. Your shoulders are ball-and-socket joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend. The movement is similar to a door opening and closing. The elbows are hinge joints. Pivot joints allow only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. Your neck, specifically between the C1 and C2 vertebrae, is an example of a pivot joint. Condyloid joints consist of a shallow depression of one bone that receives a rounded end of another bone. Condyloid joints are found at the base of the fingers and at the wrist.

In which part of the body would you find aqueous humor?

Between the lens and cornea in the eye Aqueous humor is the clear liquid found between the cornea and the lens of eye. The aqueous humor helps maintain intraocular pressure and nourishes the lens and cornea. Synovial fluid is found in the cavities of synovial joints. Synovial fluid lubricates the articular cartilage of synovial joints allowing them to move freely. The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and foreign substances. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells (called antibodies), throughout the body. Lymph also works closely with the circulatory system by returning body fluids to the blood. The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, the ascending aorta (the large artery which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart on its way to the rest of the body) and right and left pulmonary arteries. It is located in the thoracic cavity. The mediastinum contains a tiny amount of serous fluid to lubricate the pleural surface (the lining of the lungs) and makes it easy for them to slide over each other during lung inflation and deflation.

A tissue sample studied under a microscope exhibits the following characteristics: an extracellular matrix providing rigidity to the tissue, and the presence of lacunae. Which type of tissue is this?

Bone Bone (particularly spongy bone) is a type of connective tissue that consists of a rigid extracellular matrix. Lacunae are small spaces in the bone tissue. Each lacuna contains an osteocyte, which is a mature bone cell. Adipose, or fat, is another type of connective tissue. Adipose tissue is loose. It is white or yellowish in color. It does not contain lacunae (only bone and cartilage do). Epithelial tissues form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. Epithelial cells fit closely together and form continuous sheets. Nervous tissue is specialized tissue found in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. It consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia. Nervous tissue, under a microscope, looks like large dark cells with long projections sticking out of them (like stars).

Which type of connection do ligaments create?

Bone to bone A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable. A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball.

What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?

Calcium Calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) must be present for a muscle cell to contract. Nervous stimulation from efferent (motor) neurons causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle. The calcium ions then attach to inhibitory proteins of the actin filaments within the cell, moving them aside so that cross-bridges can form between actin and myosin filaments. Then, using energy supplied by ATP, the filaments slide together to contract. Lactate (lactic acid) does not play a role in muscle contraction but does cause a burning sensation in muscles when your muscles run low on oxygen.

Which important minerals are stored within the skeletal system?

Calcium and phosphorous Bones have many functions, including: Support - the skeletal system forms a framework that supports the body. Protection - provide a protective case for soft, vital organs. Movement - muscles attach to bones, giving us the ability to move. Blood cell formation - hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs in the bone marrow. This includes the formation of all red blood cells (called erythrocytes, formed in the red bone marrow), 60-70 percent of the white cells (i.e., the granulocytes), and all of the platelets. Mineral storage - bones store 99% of the body's calcium and 85% of the body's phosphorous.

The pulse point located on the neck is palpated over which artery?

Carotid "Palpate" means "to examine a part of the body by touch." The carotid arteries are in the neck. Specifically, you would palpate the area below the jawline between the trachea and sternomastoid muscle to get a pulse reading from the carotid artery. The popliteal artery is the artery located behind the knee. The femoral artery is a large artery in the thigh and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. The median cubital is a vein that is located in the medial (center) position of the arm within the triangular area inside the elbow known as the cubital fossa. This is a very important vein in nursing as this is the vein used when drawing blood from the antecubital region (just below the elbow).

Which organelle is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell?

Cell membrane: Protects the cell, aids in communication with other cells, regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell, and is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell. It is also sometimes called the plasma membrane. Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell; the site of cellular respiration and energy production. Nucleus: Contains the DNA of the cell in organized masses called chromosomes. The nucleus is the brain of the cell. Ribosomes: Synthesize (make) proteins. They are found in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Covered in ribosomes and assists in protein synthesis and membrane production. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: The part of the ER not covered in ribosomes, it functions in the detoxification and metabolism of molecules in the cell. Golgi Apparatus: Packages and transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell. This is the cell's post office. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are full of hydrolytic enzymes that digest and break down cell waste. Vacuoles: membrane-enclosed structures that take in food (through a process called phagocytosis) and store it in the cell.

Which of the following glands secrete earwax?

Ceruminous There are two types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine. Eccrine sweat glands are the most widely distributed. They help regulate body temperature by secreting a watery substance on the surface of the skin that cools you down as it evaporates. Apocrine sweat glands are located mainly in the armpits and groin. Their secretions include bits of cell debris that attracts bacteria, leading to body odor. Ceruminous glands are a type of apocrine gland. They are located in the ear canal and secrete earwax. Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth; whereas sebaceous glands secrete sebum (an oily substance) onto the hair and skin to keep them lubricated and prevent

Listening to music stimulates which of the following organs?

Cochlea The cochlea is the part of the ear that functions in hearing. The utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals, on the other hand, play roles in balance and equilibrium.

Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side?

Veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries. Veins and arteries both carry blood, however, blood that leaves the heart through the arterial system is moving through the circulatory system at higher pressures. This is because the heart develops significant force and pushes blood through the vessel and also because the arteries have thicker, more muscular walls. On the venous side, blood is entering from tissues at much lower pressure because the "pump" activity is not as strong as it is coming from the heart. Additionally, the vessel walls of veins are thinner and more compliant, meaning they stretch more easily, allowing more blood to flow through the venous side but under lower pressure. While veins do contain valves, this is not directly related to the lower pressures seen in the venous side. The valves play a role in preventing back-flow of blood. Venous blood is oxygen-deficient, but this is not directly related to pressure within the vessels.

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?

Vena cava The largest vein, the vena cava, dumps blood directly back into the heart at the right atrium. When blood is pumped out from the heart, the left ventricle ejects blood to the body through the aorta (the body's largest artery), and then through the branching of arteries. As blood travels throughout the body, it travels through various arteries. The arteries get smaller, becoming arterioles, as they get closer to the tissues. At the tissues, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged through capillary beds. Capillaries act as transition vessels between the arteries and veins. Once the oxygen and nutrients are unloaded to the tissue, the remaining blood enters the venous circulation and travels back to the heart. Smaller veins closer to the capillary beds are called venules, becoming larger veins as they get closer to the heart. The largest vein, the vena cava, dumps blood directly back into the heart at the right atrium.

A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum?

Vomer The vomer is a thin, vertical bone in the nose. Specifically, the vomer forms the inferior (back) part of the nasal septum (the part of your nose that separates your right and left nostrils).

patient who is on a plant-based diet complains that their skin is appearing to take on a yellowish color. Which of the following foods would you expect the patient to have eaten a large amount of?

When you consume too many carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, or any other food high in carotene, excess beta-carotene will enter the bloodstream and be stored under the skin, giving it a yellow tint.

A patient complaining of pain in their sternum reveals that they were recently in a mild car accident. Which of the following structures may have been injured in the accident?

Xiphoid process The xiphoid process is the most inferior (bottom) part of the sternum, located in the middle of your ribcage. The fontanelle is a space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed. It is the "soft spot" of a baby's head. The vastus lateralis is a muscle in the quadriceps femoris (thigh) muscle group. It is the muscle on the outside (the lateral side) of the thigh. The vomer is a bone in the septum of your nose. The septum is the part of your nose that separates the right nasal cavity from the left nasal cavity.

Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning?

cranial/skull Cranial refers to the bone comprising the skull. Carpal refers to the bone comprising the wrist. Cervical refers to the region of vertebrae in the neck. Inguinal is the superior region of the thigh.

A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________.

extensive bleeding Thrombocytes (platelets) are one of the main components of your blood. The purpose of thrombocytes is to help the blood clotting process by gathering at the site of an injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel, and forming a platform on which blood coagulation can occur. A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes will experience difficulty with blood clotting, which would lead to extensive bleeding.

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?

lysosomes White blood cells contain a larger number of lysosomes because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes are responsible for digesting and removing waste from a cell. This means they can digest bacteria and viruses that are engulfed by white blood cells in order to protect the body. Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for generating energy-rich molecules for the cell. The Golgi apparatus collects small molecules and combines them to make more complex molecules within the cell. Then it packages up the complex molecules to either store or to send out of the cell. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. mRNA is translated into proteins by the ribosomes.

The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils?

nasopharynx The Nasopharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils while oropharynx contains the palatine tonsils. The nasopharynx is exclusive for air passage. The oropharynx is the middle portion that serves as passageway for both food and air. The Laryngopharynx or Hypopharynx is the most inferior portion of the pharynx that also serves as passageway for both food and air.

The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium.

progesterone Progesterone is a hormone produced by the ovaries and is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining, or endometrium. Oxytocin is a hormone that is involved with the processes of childbirth and milk production and is released by the pituitary gland. Luteinizing hormone is also an important hormone for the female reproductive system; however, it is not involved with the formation or maintenance of the endometrium. Instead, it stimulates ovulation along with estrogen. It is also not produced by the reproductive organs but by the pituitary gland in the brain. Testosterone is the primary male reproductive hormone, however, it is produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries in women. The role of testosterone in women is to regulate libido, body composition, and muscular strength.

The components found in blood that carry out blood clotting are:

thrombocytes Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are necessary for blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding. When there is an injury to the blood vessel or tissue, platelets join together to form a clot, thus slowing the bleeding. Leukocytes are white blood cells, and although important for an immune response, they are not directly involved with blood clotting. Neutrophils are a specific type of white blood cell. Leukotrienes are derivatives of leukocytes and are involved in the body's inflammatory response, but not blood clotting.

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum The skin consists of two layers: epidermis (the outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells) and the dermis (the underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin structures). The layers of the epidermis, from the outer layer to the inner layer, are the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, and the innermost stratum germinativum (which includes the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum). Use the visual below as a reference for the layers of the skin. Note: The innermost stratum germinativum is not separately labeled below. It is made up of the stratum basal and the stratum spinosum, which are the two layers labeled below, so those two layers combined make up the stratum germinativum.

The elbow is what type of joint?

Hinge A synovial joint is a joint that is freely mobile. There are six types of synovial joints: Hinge: In hinge joints, the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone. One bone moves while the other remains stationary, like the hinge of a door. Your elbows and knees are hinge joints. Planar: Planar joints are bones with articulating (moving against each other) surfaces that are flat or slightly curved faces. The tarsal bones in your foot and the carpal bones in your wrist are examples of a planar joint. Pivot: Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This allows for rotational movement. An example of a pivot joint is the joint of the first and second vertebrae of the neck that allows the head to move side to side. Condyloid joints: These joints consist of an oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow end of another bone. These joints allow biaxial movements—i.e., forward and backward, or from side to side, but not rotation. Saddle joints: Saddle joints are so named because the ends of each bone look like a saddle, with concave and convex portions that fit together. Saddle joints allow angular movements similar to condyloid joints but with a greater range of motion. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint, which can move back and forth and up and down but more freely than the wrist or fingers. Ball-and-socket joints: These joints possess a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone. This type of joint has the greatest range of motion with all movement types possible in all directions. An example of a ball-and-socket joint is your shoulder.

Which of the following male reproductive organs is also a part of the urinary system?

In males, the urethra is the tube through which urine is voided. It is also the tube that semen flows through during sexual activity. Therefore, it is part of both the urinary and reproductive systems in males. The ureter is the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder in both males and females. It is only part of the urinary system and not the reproductive system. The vas deferens is part of the male reproductive system. It is the duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra in males. The epididymis is part of the male reproductive system. It is a duct behind the testis, that passes sperm to the vas deferens.

The diaphragm is _________ to the lungs

Inferior Inferior is the correct term, as the diaphragm is located below the lungs. Superior would indicate the diaphragm is above the lungs. Anterior would indicate the diaphragm is in front of the lungs. Posterior would indicate the diaphragm is behind the lungs. Below are the important terms of direction as well as a diagram to use as a visual reference: Superior (above) Inferior (below) Anterior (toward the front; in front of) Posterior (toward the back; behind) Medial (toward the midline) Lateral (away from the midline or toward the sides) Proximal (closer to the point of attachment - usually in reference to limbs) Distal (farther away from the point of attachment - usually in reference to limbs)

How does serotonin affect the body?

It helps to regulate mood, anxiety, sleep, memory, and appetite. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers within the brain that allow communication between nerve cells. Serotonin is involved in regulating mood, stress and anxiety, sleep, overall happiness, and appetite. Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in regulating motivation, euphoria (pleasure), and fine motor function (the coordination of small muscle movements). Antidiretic hormone (also called vasopressin) is involved in regulating urine output and maintaining osmolarity (the electrolyte-water ratio in your body). Oxytocin is involved in stimulating the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth and promoting lactation. NOTE 1: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are both hormones and are not neurotransmitters. They are both produced by the hypothalamus gland and stored in the posterior pituitary gland for later release. NOTE 2: Neurotransmitters are different from hormones because hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood, whereas neurotransmitters are messages between nerve cells in the brain.

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

It is an oxidative catabolic activity An anabolic reaction is a reaction that uses energy to build molecules the organism needs. A catabolic reaction breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules to create energy for the organism to use. Oxidation is when an element loses one or more electrons to oxygen. Reduction is when an element gains one or more electrons. Cellular respiration is the process in which a cell takes in oxygen and uses it to break down glucose to create energy in the form of ATP. In the final stage of cellular respiration (called the electron transport chain), oxygen accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water. So, because elements lose electrons to oxygen and it is a reaction in which energy is created, cellular respiration is both an oxidative and catabolic activity.

Which of the following about the hyoid bone is correct?

It is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located at the root of the tongue in the anterior (front) of the neck and between the mandible (lower jaw) and the largest cartilage of the larynx (voice box). The primary function of the hyoid bone is to serve as an anchoring structure for the tongue. It is the only bone with no articulation with other bones. This means it is not connected to any other bone. Intramembranous ossification is the process where bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane. This is how the flat bones of the skull, mandible (jaw), and clavicles (collarbone) are formed. The hyoid bone is formed via endochonral ossification. The hyoid bone is located on the ventral (front) side of the body - not the dorsal (back). The three bones that comprise the ossicles, or bones of the ear, are the malleus, incus, and stapes.

Which part of the eye allows us to see color?

Retina The retina is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the inside of the eye, near the optic nerve. The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send those signals to the brain for visual recognition. There are two types of photoreceptor cells found in the retina: rods and cones. Rod cells can function in low levels of light but do not pick up on colors. This is why things we see can see at night but things tend to look more grey and fuzzy. Rods also help with our peripheral vision, as they are concentrated on the outer edges of the retina. Cone cells need more intense light to function and are the receptors that allow us to see colors. Most cone cells are found in the fovea, at the back of the retina. The fovea helps us see details in objects we are looking at. The human eye contains three different types of cone cells: blue, red, and green. The different types of colorblindness arise from one, two, or all three types of cone cells not working properly (or not working at all).The iris is the pigmented (colored) part of the eye. The iris dilates and constricts to change the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. The pupil is the black opening in the center of the iris. The purpose of the pupil is to allow light to enter the eye so it can be focused on the retina to begin the process of sight. Aqueous humor is the clear liquid found between the cornea and the lens of the eye. The aqueous humor helps maintain intraocular pressure and nourishes the lens and cornea.

Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function?

Ribosome/ Protein synthesis Ribosomes are responsible for synthesis of proteins. The nucleus houses the genetic material and is responsible for cellular division, not intracellular digestion. The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, wherein ATP is generated. They are not involved in cell division. Lysosomes contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes which is essential for breaking down of molecules. Lysosomes are not involved in ATP production.

Which of the following lists the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body tissues, vena cava, right atrium The pathway of blood through the circulatory system starts in the right atrium of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, the blood flows through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, it pumps the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood is oxygenated and returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, which empty into the left atrium. From the left atrium, the oxygenated blood flows through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, it pumps the oxygenated blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The aorta carries the oxygenated blood to the body's tissues and organs. As the oxygenated blood travels through the body, it delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava, and the process starts again in the right atrium.

Which plane divides the body into left and right sides?

Sagittal Body planes are imaginary lines used for reference in anatomy. There are four types of body planes: Frontal Plane - A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Sagittal Plane - A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides. Median plane - This is a sagittal plane but one that specifically goes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right halves. Transverse Plane - A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts. Sagittal plane is the best answer to this question. If the question specified that the body was divided equally into left and right halves, then median plane would be a better answer.

Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right?

Sagittal The sagittal plane is also a vertical plane but it equally divides the body into left and right. The Coronal plane is an imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior). The horizontal, or transverse, plane is an imaginary plane at right angle with coronal and sagittal planes and it divides the body into superior and inferior. You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the different types of planes used to divide the body

Which glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying?

Sebaceous glands Sebaceous glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles called sebum that lubricates the skin and prevents drying. Apocrine glands, mostly found in the armpits and groin area of humans, are sweat glands that secrete an oily fluid that usually carries an odor. Eccrine glands are sweat glands that regulate body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin, which significantly lowers the body temperature. Ceruminous glands are sweat glands that combine their secretion with sebum and dead epidural cells to form ear wax (cerumen).

Which organ is responsible for most of the nutrient absorption in the body?

Small intestine The small intestine is the part of the digestive system where 90% of the digestion and absorption of food occurs. The other 10% taking place in the stomach and large intestine. The main function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food. Digested nutrients pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the small intestine through a process of diffusion. The gallbladder is a hollow organ that is part of the digestive system. It is involved with the production, storage and transportation of bile. Bile is a yellowish-brown fluid produced by the liver that is used to break up and digest fatty foods in the small intestine.