HGAP FINAL: progress check review

Since the mid-twentieth century, wheat production has risen dramatically in some regions of the world but not others, which may increase the uneven development among countries. Which statement best explains the increase in wheat production in Europe and the United States compared to sub-Saharan Africa? B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds. C Climate change made Europe and the United States more conducive to growing wheat than in sub-Saharan Africa. D Wheat became the highest-selling commodity for farmers in Europe and the United States pushing farmers from sub-Saharan Africa out of the local markets. E Developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa have been pushed out of the global wheat market by farmers in developed countries.

B Farmers in Europe and the United States use high-yield seeds and other technology but farmers in sub-Saharan Africa depend on low levels of mechanization and non-genetically modified seeds.

Which of the following best explains how irrigated commercial agriculture in arid environments creates both environmental opportunities and challenges? A Deforestation increases production but can damage natural habitats. B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources. C Desertification decreases available farmland and decreases production. D Terracing hillsides increases production but reduces water quality. E Shifting cultivation increases available farmland but damages habitats.

B Irrigation increases production but potentially depletes water resources.

Which of the following explains the prevalence of banana plantations in Central America? A Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and were later cultivated to be exported to the United States and Canada. B Bananas were first domesticated in Central America and then hybridized to grow in other climate zones around the world. C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. D Banana plants were brought to Central America from sub-Saharan Africa to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada. E Banana plants were brought to Central America by early European colonizers to provide a staple food crop for local farming populations.

C Banana plants were brought to Central America from Southeast Asia to be grown closer to markets in the United States and Canada.

Which of the following scenarios best explains the Columbian Exchange? A Grain crops such as wheat, oats, and barley were introduced to Europe as a result of interaction with indigenous people in the Americas. Prior to this, the only significant grain crops grown by Europeans were rice and corn. B Many new diseases were introduced to European colonizers when they began to explore the Americas. In particular, diseases like smallpox, influenza, and the measles decimated many of the early colonial populations. C Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas. E Many crops that became valuable cash crops were introduced by European colonial powers to the Americas. Specific examples of these valuable plantation crops are tobacco, cacao, and pineapples.

C Domesticated animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens were introduced to the Americas by European colonizers. Prior to this, very few animals had been domesticated in the Americas.

Slash-and-burn cultivation is an agricultural practice used by subsistence farmers in tropical forest areas. Which of the following best explains an environmental effect of this practice? A Environmental damage from this practice is short-lived and only affects a small area of land with no impact on larger areas or regions. B There are long-term benefits to the tropical soil in the clearings from the increased exposure to the sun and the infusion of nutrients from the burned biomass. C Conservation efforts are in place that have largely stopped this practice, minimizing any environmental issues that might occur. D Tropical soil is damaged from the increased exposure to the sun, but there is a sharp increase in biodiversity that overrides any soil damage. E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

E Air pollution and long-term land-cover change are side effects of slash-and-burn agriculture that have a long-ranging effect on a broader region.

Which of the following best compares a technological consequence of the Green Revolution in more developed and less developed countries? B Farmers in less developed countries experienced increased profits from manufacturing and selling genetically modified seeds on the open market to more developed countries. C Farmers in less developed countries experienced a decrease in water pollution through the use of chemical fertilizers first used in more developed countries. D Farmers in more developed countries experienced substantial profits because of the increasing emphasis on more sustainable practices such as organic farming first used in less developed countries. E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

E Farmers in less developed countries were able to increase their profits from growing and exporting high-yield grain to levels similar to those in more developed countries.

Which of the following explains a reason why education and employment rates for women are lower in less developed compared to more developed countries? A Females participate more in harvesting than cooking in less developed countries compared to more developed countries. B Females and males share food production and consumption tasks equally in more developed countries. C Large-scale food service industries have reduced the labor burden of cooking for females in less developed countries. D Males carry out most food production and consumption tasks in more developed countries. E Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.

E Females take primary responsibility for harvesting and cooking food in less developed countries.

which of the following best explains the spatial variations of rural women's roles in food production and food preparation? A In less developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks. B In more developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks. C In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in food-production tasks. D In more developed countries, females tend to participate more than males in harvesting and less in preparation tasks. E In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

E In less developed countries, females and males tend to participate equally in harvesting and preparation tasks.

Which of the following best explains the significance of a similarity among locations where olives, figs, grapes and lemons are grown? A Extensive agriculture is practiced in a humid continental climate. B Plantation agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet climate. C Intensive agriculture is practiced in a humid subtropical climate. D Extensive agriculture is practiced in a tropical wet and dry climate. E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

E Intensive agriculture is practiced in a Mediterranean climate.

Which of the following correctly explains the relationship between wheat and its early hearth of domestication? A Wheat was first domesticated in the foothills of the Himalayas because the tropical climate in the region is necessary to grow wheat. B Wheat was first domesticated in the Yellow River valley because vast floodplains are the best places to grow wheat. C Wheat was first domesticated in the Nile River valley because overharvesting of the wild form of wheat was causing a widespread famine. D Wheat was first domesticated in Mesoamerica because the wild wheat variety flourished in the highland climate. E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

E Wheat was first domesticated in Mesopotamia because of a favorable climate and a great diversity of wild grains that led to crossbreeding of seeds.

Which of the following best explains a negative economic consequence of the Green Revolution in less developed countries as compared to more developed countries? B The increased demand for fertilizer in more developed countries, which was required for the new crop varieties, led to fertilizer shortages in less developed countries. C The overuse of expanded irrigation systems resulted in flooding and damage to export crops in less developed countries, which led to higher food prices in more developed countries. D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

D Because of the increased capital investment required to produce new crop varieties using technology that was pioneered in more developed countries, there was an increase in wealth disparity in many farming communities in less developed countries.

Agriculture is practiced at the local scale, and agricultural yields are measured at the national scale. Which of the following best explains why the concept of the global system of agriculture is helpful to geographers? A The concept is most useful for predicting local productivity and market changes. B The concept is the best way to map out the environmental effects of agricultural land use. C The concept is a way to help countries that have become highly dependent on an export commodity. D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain. E The concept helps geographers be specific and consider every detail about global farming practices.

D The concept helps geographers simplify and visualize a vast and complicated global supply chain.