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6th Amendment:

Right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury

4th Amendment:

Right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure

8th Amendment:

Right to not face excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishment

Obergefell v. Hodges

Same-sex couples have the right to marry in all states.

Trade policy:

United States interacts with other countries to ease the flow of commerce and goods and services between countries. -a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports

Preemptive Strategy:

United States intervenes militarily before the enemy can make its move.

LULAC

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) to protest against discrimination and to fight for greater rights for Latinos.

Stonewall Inn:

a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex

Title IX

the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex

Rational basis test:

the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens

Why does the United States assist developing countries economically?

to buy influence in developing countries, secure a position in the region, obtain access to resources, or foster dependence on the United States.

Public Policy:

to see it as the broad strategy government uses to do its job. More formally, it is the relatively stable set of purposive governmental actions that address matters of concern to some part of society.

Korematsu v. United States:

upheld the actions of the government as a necessary precaution in a time of war

Indian Removal Act:

which forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.

Tariffs

fees charged for moving goods from one country to another Taxes on imported goods

What are entitlement programs?

guaranteed to those who meet certain qualifications, usually based on age, income, or disability. These programs, discussed above, include Medicare and Medicaid, Social Security, and major income security programs such as unemployment insurance and SNAP

What is the largest source of federal tax revenue?

income tax

Civil Rights Act of 1964:

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Eminent domain:

Power of a government to take private property for public use.

What are examples of discretionary spending?

-approximately $1.2 trillion set aside for discretionary spending each year pays for most of the operations of government, including employee salaries and the maintenance of federal buildings. It also covers science and technology spending, foreign affairs initiatives, education spending, federally provided transportation costs, and many of the redistributive benefits. Other half for military government spending that Congress must pass legislation to authorize each year

War Powers Act:

Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.

Arizona v. United States:

This case involved federal attempts to prevent an Arizona state immigration law (S.B. 1070) from being enforced. The United States brought suit, arguing that immigration law is exclusively in the federal domain. Agreeing with the federal government, a federal district court enjoined specific provisions in the law. Arizona appealed to the Supreme Court to overturn the decision. In a 5-3 decision, the court found that specific provisions in the law did conflict with federal law, while others were constitutional

Patriot Act:

a law passed by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks that broadened federal powers to monitor electronic communications; the full name is the USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act)

Conscientious objector:

a person who claims the right to refuse to perform military service on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion

Habeas Corpus

a petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person's detention is legal

Neo-isolationism

a policy of distancing the United States from the United Nations and other international organizations, while still participating in the world economy

What are examples of regulatory policy?

a policy that regulates companies and organizations in a way that protects the public -policies designed to protect public health and safety, and the environment. These regulatory policies prevent manufacturers or businesses from maximizing their profits by excessively polluting the air or water, selling products they know to be harmful, or compromising the health of their employees during production.

Dream Act:

a proposal for granting undocumented immigrants permanent residency in stages), and court action on executive orders on immigration

Exclusionary rule:

a requirement, from Supreme Court case Mapp v. Ohio, that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure cannot be used to try someone for a crime

Top-down implementation:

a strategy in which the federal government dictates the specifics of public policy and each state implements it the same exact way

United Farm Workers

a union for migrant workers they founded in 1962. organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

Supply-side economics:

an economic policy that assumes economic growth is largely a function of a country's productive capacity

United Nations

an international organization of nation-states that seeks to promote peace, international relations, and economic and environmental programs

Indian Reorganization Act:

ended the division of reservation land into allotments. It returned to Native American tribes the right to institute self-government on their reservations, write constitutions, and manage their remaining lands and resources. It also provided funds for Native Americans to start their own businesses and attain a college education.

Why did Congress create the Federal Reserve?

maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates -central bank to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve was created on December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law.

What are the responsibilities of the Federal Reserve?

maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates.30 All of these goals bring stability. The Fed's role is now broader and includes influencing monetary policy (the means by which the nation controls the size and growth of the money supply), supervising and regulating banks, and providing them with financial services like loans.

Does the Constitution explicitly grant a right to privacy?

no

Where is the Due Process Clause found in the Constitution?

provisions of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments that limit government power to deny people "life, liberty, or property" on an unfair basis

De jure segregation:

segregation that results from government discrimination

De facto segregation:

segregation that results from the private choices of individuals

Jim Crow Laws

state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction

Excise Taxes

taxes applied to specific goods or services as a source of revenue

Mendez v. Westminster:

the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Court held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate schools was unconstitutional.

Lawrence v. Texas:

the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional state laws that criminalized sexual intercourse between consenting adults of the same sex

Neoconservatism

the belief that, rather than exercising restraint, the United States should aggressively use its might to promote its values and ideals around the world

Trail of Tears

the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839