HIEU 242: Chapter 15 (Liberal Challenges to Restoration Europe)

In 1828, the British Parliament repealed the Test and Corporation Acts, which had

forced anyone who wanted to hold public office to receive communion in the official Anglican Church

After returning to France, Louis XVIII

granted a Charter which made France a constitutional monarchy and retained most of Napoleon's laws and administrative structure.

What was the fundamental problem of the July Monarchy in France?

having come to power through revolt, it could not claim royal legitimacy and at the same time did not have the popular sovereignty demanded by republicans.

Even though Great Britain was fairly democratic, the system was far from open and fair. Dunwich was deemed a "rotten borough" because

it was represented in Parliament even though the district had no voters, since it had been covered by the sea since the twelfth century.

"Utilitarianism" was a nineteenth-century theory which claimed that

laws should provide "the greatest good for the greatest number" of people.

Dreams of German unification found most of its followers among

liberal nationalists & economic liberals

What were the "Russification" and "Germanization" policies?

policies by Russia and Prussia seeking to suppress cultural and political currents in the parts of Poland controlled respectively by Russia and Prussia

The Reform Act of 1832

reformed the electoral law of Great Britain.

In 1814, the victorious allies imposed the Treaty of Paris on France. According to the treaty,

France received generous terms; it went back to its 1792 borders and the old Bourbon dynasty was allowed back.

What best describes the "Monroe Doctrine"?

President Monroe warned the European powers not to expand their colonial empires in the Western hemisphere any further

What was known as "Dutch arithmetic"?

a branch of mathematics dealing with navigation

What was Chartism?

a reform movement in Britain advocating universal male suffrage, the secret ballot, and other electoral and political changes

What was the "Concert of Europe"?

an agreement between the five Great Powers of Europe (France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) wherein their representatives would meet annually and, if need be, act together to combat threats to the status quo

What was "Romanticism"?

an artistic movement with conservative roots which emphasized emotions; a reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenmen

Besides being an Italian patriot, Giuseppe Mazzini was also

an early proponent of a European federation of nations

Holy Alliance

an international agreement between Russia, Prussia, and Austria pledging to act in accordance with the religious teachings of Christ

Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations argued that

countries should allow the unrestricted functioning of the free economy, which would ensure the pursuit of private interests, and, by result, public interests.

What was nineteenth-century political liberalism?

the belief that there are political and social rights embodied in constitutions, defined by law, and guaranteed by the state

What were the aims of the victorious allies at the Congress of Vienna?

to redraw the map of post-Napoleonic Europe, re-establish the balance of power, and avoid future revolts

In 1815, after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, the allies imposed the second Treaty of Paris on France. According to the treaty,

France was limited to its 1790 borders, it was forced to pay 700 million francs to the allies, and an allied army was stationed in the country until the debt was settled.