High Incidence Final
what is CBM for math?
A way of documenting the extent to which the student is learning the critical elements in the targeted curriculum.
How long should fluency practice sessions generally be?
10-15 minutes
According to the Common Core State Standards, by fourth grade, what percentage of student reading should be expository or informational text?
50%
How many vocabulary words should be taught each week to students?
7-10
Fluency is most frequently measured by the:
A) Number of words read correctly per minute (WCPM).
What are some examples of instructional procedures that consider the needs of students from diverse cultures and language backgrounds?
As with any student, it is important to link instruction to content that is familiar to the student and provide examples that are relevant to everyday experience. The teacher may provide story problems that reflect events from diverse cultures. For example, data representing cultures of students in the class can be used to develop word problems. When designing math games, the teacher may consider games that are culturally relevant. To address linguistic barriers, the teacher can use the native language of the student when introducing new terms and use manipulatives to demonstrate concepts.
Ms. Salamon is teaching her third-grade students a geography lesson. She has several words she would like to arrange in a relationship chart. Which word should be a subordinate concept in relation to continent?
Asia
What are some ways to monitor students' comprehension?
At the younger reading level (first- and second-grade readers), it is possible to monitor students' reading comprehension by monitoring their fluency level. As students get older, a teacher can monitor students' comprehension by asking them to retell the most important parts of the text that they have just read. Maze passages also provide a way to monitor comprehension.
The main advantage of group-administered math measures over individually administered math measures is that:
Group-administered measures take less time to administer.
"Before reading" activities that include helping students determine what they know already and deciding what they want to learn are part of which strategy?
K-W-L
How does language development affect a student's ability to learn math? Name two ways a teacher can help students who have language problems.
Language development plays an important role in learning mathematics. Reduced vocabulary levels and difficulties with reasoning and conceptual abstractions interfere with learning. To assist those with lower cognitive abilities and ELL learners, teachers can do the following: a. The teacher can use the more readily understood vocabulary and follow it with a less complex term meaning the same thing. b. The teacher can also use an example that is visually easy to image. c. Teachers can make revisions to the directions provided in texts hereby allowing better understanding.
What are the three types of study skills and why are they important to learning?
Personal development skills, process skills, and expression skills are three types of study skills. They are important because they help students to manage their time; use strategies to organize, synthesize, and remember new information; and communicate what they have learned to others. Study skills are critical to independent and efficient learning.
Which of the following principles does NOT reflect the RTI model for math?
Providing intervention for all students, whether they need it or not
What are factors that can contribute to difficulties in problem solving? How can teachers assist students in improving their problem solving abilities?
Reading problems, poorly developed logical reasoning skills, and instruction that focuses primarily on computation contribute to difficulty with mathematical problem solving. Teachers can increase students' problem-solving abilities by teaching big ideas, using sameness analysis, teaching cue words, teaching reasoning strategies, simplifying the sentence structure of word problems, eliminating extraneous information, and monitoring the number of concepts presented as well as the interest level. Computer-assisted instruction is a motivating way to provide practice in problem solving and feedback on performance.
How does mathematics instruction under the RTI model differ from traditional mathematics instruction?
Schools that use the RTI model may provide universal screening measures in math to determine which students are falling below benchmark scores in mathematics. Traditional instruction in math has typically not included such universal screening measures. In addition, the RTI model advocates frequent progress monitoring to guide instruction and to assess student progress. Tier 1 instruction is based on evidence-based math instruction. Students who do not respond to Tier 1 instruction are provided with additional instruction through short-term interventions. These short-term interventions are typically not available in the traditional model of instruction. Within the traditional model, students may not receive additional assistance until they qualify for special education services.
Mrs. Gawn is asked by the reading coach at her school if she teaches specific vocabulary words to her fifth-grade students. "Of course I do," she answers. "We have a spelling list every week. These words are our vocabulary words. I use words with similar spelling patterns and have the students look up their definitions." What can Mrs. Gawn do to make the vocabulary instruction in her class more effective?
Spelling words are not always the best words to use to teach vocabulary. Vocabulary words should be high utility words, words that are encountered in multiple situations and allow the students to better comprehend the text. These words should be carefully chosen and introduced within context. Rather than having the students look up definitions, Mrs. Gawn may introduce them in context, provide a synonym for each word, and then have the students actively form connections with the words (e.g., semantic maps). By actively using and manipulating the words in various contexts, the students are more likely to retain word meaning than if they simply copied definitions.
How can teachers help students understand how to use context to determine the meanings of unfamiliar words?
Teachers can begin by presenting a difficult word in isolation and asking students for its definition. The word is then presented in context, and the students can read the sentence containing the word, as well as the sentences directly before and after. The teacher will ask for the definition of the word and how students derived it. The students can then compare the definitions of the word in context and in isolation to determine how context enabled them to figure out the wordʹs definition more accurately.
Mr. Ellis agrees to do some textbook adaptations. However, he is concerned because he is unsure about what he can do. How can Mr. Ellis adapt the textbooks for the students in his class who need adaptations?
Text adaptation involves making the existing text more comprehensible for students. Methods for adapting textbooks include using study guides, highlighting important points, or using alternatives to reading such as audio taping text chapters or reading aloud. To minimize the time involved in making adaptations, Mr. Ellis wants to consider purchasing commercially available study guides. In addition, he may pair students with another student who can read aloud the text.
which of the following is true about textbooks?
Textbooks continue to serve as a key resource for instruction, even with the increased use of the internet and other media.
Ms. Parker demonstrated how her students could predict the questions that will be asked on a test. The students can use what they know about the teacher's testing style, their class notes, their maps, and other study aids to predict questions. Two days before a test, Ms. Parker had the students work in cooperative groups and write what they thought would be the most important questions on the test and then answer them. What was the main purpose of Ms. Parker's instruction?
To practice study skills
What are some features teachers should look for when assessing a textbook?
The introduction should be clearly defined and provide purpose, relevance, and an overview of the rest of the text. Titles and headings should reflect main ideas, and key terms should be highlighted and defined. Information might be expanded on or highlighted through marginal notes, illustrations, or photos. Summaries should be clearly identified and should reflect goals and key ideas and review questions should encourage students to review these. Lastly, questions should demonstrate a balance among main concepts, details, comprehension, and critical analysis.
What are the three types of approaches to mathematics intervention? Which method do you think would be best for children with learning disabilities and why?
There are three types of methods for mathematics instruction and intervention: cognitive approaches, behavioral approaches, and alternative ways to deliver math instruction, which include cooperative learning, computer, assisted instruction, and interactive videos.
Which of the following statements regarding the use of calculators during math instruction is true?
Use of calculators can increase self-concept by giving students confidence in their math abilities.
what activity can teachers use to orient students to the material before reading or class presentation?
advance organizers
Mr. Vrabel is an eighth-grade social studies teacher. He is teaching a unit on the Great Depression. Before the students read the text, he informs them of the purpose of learning about the Depression and provides some background information. In addition, he introduces new vocabulary and provides an overview of the unit. He is providing:
an advance organizer
graphic organizers can be used in the writing process in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
as replacements for rough drafts
which of the following plays a critical role in determining how effectively students will comprehend and retain any information and vocabulary presented?
background knowledge
What type of morpheme is "re" in the word "replace"?
bound
If a student is not succeeding with one approach or program, the teacher should
change the approach or program
Students in Mr. Roskey's class were given a worksheet to identify the missing number in a sequence. Mr. Roskey told the students to do only the first problem. After they completed the first problem, they were to check it and make any necessary changes. If they thought that their answer to problem one was correct, they were to put a small check by the answer. If they thought that it was incorrect, they should mark a small "i" next to the answer. By this activity, Mr. Roskey is teaching his students to:
check their work and monitor their errors
Mrs. Harris is a speech therapist who works with a group of kindergarten children to sort different ideas. She asks them to sort animals that swim and animals that live on land. This activity addresses which important prenumber skill?
classification
Students with learning disabilities struggle with story problems in mathematics because they have difficulty with all of the following choices EXCEPT:
classifying
The SLANT strategy is an acronym for: 1.Sit up. 2.Lean forward. 3.Activate your thinking. 4.Name key information. 5.Track the talker. This strategy is intended to improve:
classroom participation
Which of the following instructional procedures for teaching math facts involves: 1) presenting a student with a math fact; 2) allowing the student at a specific amount of time to give a correct answer; 3) modeling the correct response if the student doesn't respond within the allotted time; and 4) having the student repeat the model?
constant time-delay procedure
Students with math difficulties frequently display all of the following traits EXCEPT:
difficulty operating a calculator
Bobby is a third grader with learning disabilities. He is asked to write a grocery list and then predict how much a dozen eggs, a gallon of milk, and three apples would cost. He said $50.00. Bobby has poor skills in:
estimation
Kendra is a kindergarten student who is asked to sort food by fruits and vegetables and then asked to sort those groups by size. After that, she has to make a list of how many items are in each pile. This activity involves all of the following skills EXCEPT:
estimation
"Eddie had a birthday party. Albert gave him two turtles. Alan gave him four dinosaurs. Matthew gave him three turtles. How many turtles did Eddie receive altogether?" Which of the following factors that can cause difficulties when solving story problems is most evident in this problem?
extraneous information
In Mr. Swift's second grade class, a group of students is experimenting with cooking utensils such as measuring cups and spoons, egg cartons, and muffin pans. What concept is Mr. Swift most likely discussing with his students?
fractions
The most important consideration in selecting words for vocabulary instruction is to choose words that:
have a high impact on learning and instruction
Which of the following is NOT one of the most common factors in preventing homework success for students?
having a detailed plan for completing assignments at school and at home
When writing sentences and paragraphs, students with learning behavior problems require explicit instruction in all of the following EXCEPT:
how to split compound and complex sentences up into several smaller ones
Mr. Capolongo shows his students a pattern of numbers "5, 10, 15, ___, 25, 30, ___" and asks them to figure out what goes in the blanks. This activity provides practice in
identification of missing numbers
"Getting the Gist" is a strategy that is designed to assist students in:
identifying the main idea of a paragraph
Critical reading involves all of the following skills EXCEPT:
ignoring the author's purpose and focusing only on the text
which of the following choices is NOT a characteristic that should be used in evaluating textbooks and texts?
implicitness of main ideas
Which of the following statements about semantic mapping is NOT true?
it can serve as an initial blueprint for teaching
which of the following statements about semantic mapping is NOT true?
it can serve as an initial blueprint for teaching
vocabulary is one of the most difficult areas of reading to assess because it entails all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
knowing how many synonyms and antonyms there are for each word
many students who have learning disabilities and experience difficulty with mathematics tend to:
lack the prerequisite skills required to move from one area to the next
All of the following points about conferring with students are true EXCEPT:
make sure the student is writing in the way you would write it
Mrs. Basir holds flash cards of numbers and asks kindergarten students to say the numbers when they see them. This activity provides practice in:
number identification
Whether a student's understanding of a number and of its use and meaning is flexible and fully developed refers to which of the following choices?
number sense
asking students to count to 20 and count by tens are ways to measure a student's:
number sense
30) These are two problems that Melissa completed as part of her homework assignment. 52 23 +39 +17 200 715 Which concept or skill is Melissa struggling with?
numeration
text highlighting is a useful strategy for assisting students in
obtaining the most salient information
Mrs. Fleming is a preschool teacher who uses every opportunity to teach students the relationship between number words (e.g., one, two, three, four) and objects. For example, "Here are two paintbrushes: one for you and one for Madju." "There are six students in our group, and we need a book for each student." Which prenumber skill is she focusing on in these conversations?
one-to-one correspondence
which of the following statements about readability formulas is NOT true?
paragraph difficulty is measured by the number of sentences in a paragraph
Henry often tries to stay up late to finish book reports the night before they are due. He often falls asleep and his mother has to wake him up early to finish the assignment. Even if he gets up early, he often doesn't have time to complete the work. Although he knows in advance when the assignments are due, he always waits until the last minute to start. His mom is frustrated because she encourages him to start early but he doesn't listen. He makes C's on his work but would be able to get B's or A's if he started them earlier. Henry has difficulty with which of the following study skills?
personal development skills
study skills can be categorized into which three areas?
personal development skills, process skills, and expression skills
What is the cause of spelling difficulties for most students with learning and behavior disorders
phonological awareness problems
Lydia knows that the "3" in 38 represents 3 tens and the "8" represents 8 ones. She understands:
place value
learning prefixes are easier than learning suffixes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
prefixes generally don't have abstract meanings while suffixes always do
which of the following is not an appropriate alternative approach to instruction?
provide students with calculators
individualized programming means
providing instruction that is designed to meet the individual needs of a student
Which of the following choices is NOT a prenumber skill?
quantity discrimination
All of the following are recommended ways to adapt textbooks EXCEPT:
rewriting the text so that the sentences are shorter and easier to read
Which of the following choices is the most difficult aspect of reading to assess?
reading comprehension
Which of the following about comprehension is NOT true?
reading comprehension is unaffected by low oral language skills
Charles made the following errors on his math test: 45-36=11 75-47=38 86-47=43
regrouping
expression skills are study skills that include all of the following skills EXCEPT:
retrieval skills
Mr. Ferro is about to start a unit on the American Revolution. He has several students with learning disabilities in his class and some students who are English language learners. What is his first step in getting ready to teach the chapter?
select the major concepts and related vocabulary to be taught
which of the following choices is NOT one of the deficits that can hinder math acquisition?
sensory and motor ability (gross and fine motor skills)
Mr. Gergen has his kindergarten class line up by height. The shortest children are in front and the tallest children are in back. This activity focuses on which skill?
seriation
To practice using percentages, Ms. Rocchino had her students record their spending habits in an Excel spreadsheet. Each time a student bought something, they had to record the purchase under the appropriate category (e.g., food, clothes, entertainment). At the end of the month, the students needed to figure out the percentage of their spending for each of these categories. This activity is based on which principle of instruction?
situated cognition
"Using doubles" and "counting-on" are examples of strategies primarily designed to assist students in:
solving basic math facts
A study skill called SQ3R has the following five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review. SQ3R is a technique for:
studying text
Content enhancements are techniques to help students with all of the following choices EXCEPT:
summarize the information
All of the following techniques have been identified as effective for increasing reading fluency for struggling readers EXCEPT:
summarizing
which of the following can be used as a prelearning activity or content enhancement device?
summarizing
In the following sentence, what type of context clue allows the reader to understand the word "amiable"? "Lucy was very friendly. In fact, she was so amiable that she had more friends than she could count."
synonym
according to a report by the National Research Council (2001), "strategic competence" is a part of mathematical proficiency that refers to:
the ability to formulate and conduct mathematical problems
Ms. Hallock takes a break at certain points during her lectures and has students work as partners for about two minutes to discuss what they are learning and review their notes. At the end of the two minutes, she asks the students if they have any questions and then she resumes her lecture. She finds that this method allows students to review the information and generate questions of their own. This procedure is called:
the pause procedure
selecting vocabulary and concepts to teach depends on all of the following choices EXCEPT:
the students' access to the textbooks at home
Brad is a second grader who has heard the word "economy" and knows that it has something to do with money. However, he is unable to define the word or use it in a sentence. His partial understanding of this word illustrates which characteristic of vocabulary words and vocabulary knowledge?
there are different levels of word knowledge
According to a report by the National Research Council (2001) "adaptive reasoning" is a part of mathematical proficiency that refers to:
thinking about, explaining, and justifying mathematical work
Mr. Mondschien emphases the sequence of events that his class does during the day (e.g., "First, we have circle time, then we have reading, and then recess..." etc). He also asks students to think about which events take longer (e.g., recess or reading, lining up for lunch or math). By discussing these topics, Mr. Mondschien is helping his students to understand:
time
According to a report by the National Research Council (2001), "conceptual understanding" is a part of mathematical proficiency that refers to:
understanding mathematics concepts and operations
Mr. Barnes has several students who speak Spanish in his class and who are from a variety of countries in Latin America. When trying to teach percentages, he brings into class some recent figures from the U.S. census on how many people speak more than one language at home. In teaching the math principles, Mr. Barnes also uses Spanish words for percent, percentage, and fraction in addition to the English terms. By incorporating these techniques in his instruction on percentages, Mr. Barnes is doing all of the following EXCEPT:
using cross-curricular strategy to teach his students both math and Spanish
Paul's teacher pretested all of his multiplication facts in random order, timing him while he completed a worksheet and graphing the number of problems correct. Together, they planned for Paul to take a version of this test every week to determine whether he could increase the number of problems he got correct and decrease the amount of time he needed to complete the test. They kept a graph of Paul's progress. In this activity, Paul and his teacher are doing all of the following EXCEPT:
using individualized assessment
Which of the following statements is NOT true, with regard to knowledge being hierarchically organized?
using nonexamples can be confusing, so teachers should only use examples
the term "situated cognition" refers to the principle that students:
will learn complex ideas and concepts in the contexts in which they occur in day-to-day life
Ms. Perreca examines several math errors of one of her students to try to figure out the pattern of errors. What is the pattern of error for these particular problems? 10 11 +6 -5 4 16
wrong operation
Charlie reads rapidly and without pause. When he comes to the end of the sentence, he often does not use appropriate intonation to signify punctuation. After he finishes reading, he is unable to answer comprehension questions about what he has just read. What interferes most with Charlie's comprehension?
Charlie has poor comprehension monitoring skills
Which of the following fluency measures has leveled reading passages for assessing fluency for kindergarten through sixth grade?
DIBELS
What are some ways in which teachers can monitor students progress in writing?
Teachers can note whether students are able to complete a writing project. They may also keep records of how proficient students are at certain writing skills (e.g., planning, spelling). They can assess whether students are able to apply the skills across a variety of text types and genres. In addition, they may examine how well a student can explain the process that they are using. Data can be obtained by 1) collecting students' writing products, 2) observing students during writing times and 3) keeping notes during writing conferences. The focus of progress monitoring will vary depending on the age of the student and the level of their writing.
What guidelines should be considered when assessing a students' reading fluency?
Text passages used for assessment should be comparable in difficulty to one another so that accurate comparisons can be made over time. A word should be counted as correct if it is pronounced correctly in context or if the student corrects an error within three seconds. Mispronunciations, omissions, substitutions, or pauses longer than three seconds should be counted as errors.
Which of the following is not a spelling approach recommended for possible use with students with learning disabilities?
The Goldman and Fristoe method
According to Fernald (1943), specific school techniques that tend to produce poor spellers include which of the following?
a focus on spelling errors
Which of the following is used as a "before reading" activity?
activate relevant background knowledge
Which of the following choices refers to the quick, effortless, and accurate reading of words?
automaticity
Which strategy has students reading texts to younger students?
buddy reading
Sheila is a second grader who read 60 words during a one-minute sample and made 7 errors. What is her WCPM?
c. 53
The conventions of teaching writing include which of the following selections?
capitalization, punctuation, and sentence structure
You are a reading coach and have just stepped into Mrs. Lorena's fifth-grade class. They are divided into groups of four and five students. You hear students being called names like "The Leader," "The Clunk Expert," "The Announcer," and "The Timekeeper." Most likely, Mrs. Lorena's class is engaged in:
cooperative learning groups
The purpose of a directed reading-thinking activity (DR-TA) is to provide readers with the ability to do all of the following things EXCEPT:
determine purposes for reading
when providing new vocabulary words, teachers should perform all of the following steps EXCEPT:
discuss the meaning of the word without using synonyms so as not to confuse students
Mrs. Gupta has a child in her class who has illegible handwriting. The letters are poorly formed and there is inconsistent spacing between the letters. Some letters slant to the right while others slant to the left. Mrs. Gupta suspects that the student might have:
dysgraphia
Which of the following instructional concepts would most likely be mastered first in writing development?
end of sentence punctuation
Text that is designed to explain phenomena or provide information is called
expository text
Which of the following choices is the most common cause of illegible handwriting?
forming letters incorrectly
The following are all instructional strategies used to teach spelling EXCEPT:
graphic organizers
Fun and simple activities that families could do to help promote their children's writing might include all of the following EXCEPT:
have them write a report of what they did that day
The purpose of partner reading is to improve students':
implicit understanding of text
All of the following statements about previewing are true EXCEPT:
it helps students make predictions about what they are going to learn from the passage
Which of the following techniques refers to a teacher-directed approach that assumes students have some spelling skills and begins with teaching small units of meaningful writing?
morphographich spelling
which of the following is NOT an example of expository text?
nursery rhymes
Mr. Epstein is doing an error analysis of a student's work. One of the sentences in a student's composition is: "When he wnt to the pet stor, he cudn't decid betwen the two pets so he got both of them." This sentence reflects which error pattern?
omission of letters
the words that a reader recognizes in listening and uses in speaking refer to
oral vocabulary
Which of the following strategies involves matching higher readers with less able readers to practice rereading text and asking and answering questions about text meaning?
peer-supported reading
Mr. Barcola tells his class, "Imagine you have been given a million dollars by a long lost relative. Think about how you would spend the money. Would you spend it on yourself or on others? Would you by lots of things or would you spend money of experiences like going to Disney World? I want you to make a list of things you would do with your money. You will not have to write about all of these things. The purpose of this exercise is to brainstorm and think of as many ideas as you can. Go ahead and write." Mr. Barcola is engaging his class in a
prewriting activity
the words that a reader recognizes or uses in print refer to
reading vocabulary
RAP is an acronym that stands for the following steps: 1.Read a paragraph. 2.Ask yourself, "What were the main ideas and details of this paragraph?" 3.Put the main idea and details in your own words. This series of steps is a strategy used to assist students in:
recalling the main ideas and specific facts of materials they read
All of the following choices are ways for RTI to be used for students with writing difficulties EXCEPT:
restrict computer usage
The strategy of "box and explode" is used to assist with which component of the writing process?
revising
When dealing with older students with reading disabilities, all of the following are factors to be considered EXCEPT:
secondary students are less eager to succeed as readers than elementary students
The visualization approach is used to teach:
spelling
All of the following assertions for teaching spelling words are based in research on spelling interventions EXCEPT:
students with LD should not be shown the correct spellings of any words they spell wrong, but should be encouraged to sound it out
Which of the following choices is NOT a strategy for improving the writing of older students?
tell students to avoid more complex sentence types so they can focus on improving easier ones
When information can be derived directly from the text, it is referred to as:
textually explicit
After reading Where the Wild Things Are, Mrs. Lillman asked her students what they thought the boy would dream about next. What type of information will the students need to answer this question?
textually implicit
which of the following factors would NOT influence the writing of an English Language Learner?
their proficiency in their native language
Spelling is difficult in English because:
there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the individual sounds of spoken words and the letters of written ones
With regards to writing, students with learning disabilities display all of the following traits EXCEPT:
they are better at revising, despite their initial difficulty with planning
Which of the following statements about high-utility words is NOT true?
they are words that are unlikely to be seen or used outside the specific unit
Which of the following characteristics of students with dysgraphia is NOT true?
they can still write quickly when required
What is the purpose of the "Questioning the Author" technique?
to increase students' active engagement with the text
Lupe is an eighth grader who has just moved to Boston from Nicaragua. Her class is learning about the 13 colonies. Lupe is a good reader in Spanish and knows English well enough to converse with her friends, but she struggles to comprehend the concepts in the social studies text. She is more comfortable reading the science text because the topics were covered in her science class the year before. The main reason for Lupe's difficulty with the social studies is text most likely:
her background knowledge
Teachers can monitor students' progress by noting all of the following choices EXCEPT:
how proficient they are at the writing process as a whole instead of focusing on individual elements
Spelling words should ideally
include high frequency words
What level of text should be used for repeated reading?
independent to instructional level
what are the two main approaches for teaching vocabulary?
indirect and direct
When trying to determine whether or not there is a pattern to a student's spelling errors, all of the following questions should be asked EXCEPT:
is the student purposely misspelling words that he knows how to spell
whereas revision focuses mainly on content, editing focuses on
mechanics
describe the types of morphemes that are in the word unsuccessful
one prefix, one free morpheme and one suffix
Which of the following is a recommended practice for teaching affixes (morphemic analysis)?
only 1 or 2 prefixes or suffixes should be introduced at a time
Which of the following categories of comprehension refers to information that is not stated in the text, and where readers have to activate and use their background knowledge to obtain information?
scriptually implicit
In the Gillingham and Stillman approach to teaching spelling, echo speech refers to which of the following descriptions?
the teacher says the word and students repeat the word after the teacher
Miss Schultz reads the first page of a story to her kindergarten class: "Henry put on his mittens, scarf, and wool sweater. He would have to wear his boots today." She then asks hers class, "What do you think the weather is like in this story?" To answer this question, the children need to do all of the following choices EXCEPT:
use explicit information
Ms. Kirchner provides lessons in specific writing skills for 15-20 minutes each day to her 3rd grade class. Which of these topics would be appropriate to include in her focused writing skill lesson?
using quotation marks
Which of the following choices refers to both the amount and type of reading in which children are engaged?
wide reading
The use of contextual analysis and morphemic analysis are considered:
word-learning strategies
All of the following are critical points about teaching conventions EXCEPT:
writing conventions should be less emphasized for students with LD because they have negative associations with writing
Which of the following choices correctly lists the components of reading fluency?
C) Rate of reading, accuracy of word reading, and prosody.
Mr. Sampson reads a story aloud to his Kindergarten students for 20 minutes each day. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this activity?
He wants to provide students with an opportunity to apply the word recognition strategies that they have been learning
What are some important considerations in instructing spelling for students with learning and behavior problems?
It is important to begin instruction with an analysis of students' errors. After completion of an error analysis, spelling instruction can be based on students' needs. Only a few words should be introduced at once (three words). Instruction should include spelling vocabulary as well as supplemental instruction in basic phonics rules. Students should also have multiple opportunities for practice and feedback. Words that have been taught should be continually reviewed. Spelling instruction should also include motivating activities (e.g., games) to encourage students to spell words correctly. In addition, dictionary training should be a component of any spelling program.
Mrs. Lorena teaches a fifth-grade class and has five students who read several years below grade level. The five students who struggle with reading are hesitant to choose books at their level because they are afraid that others will make fun of them. Mrs. Lorena is frustrated because she knows that these students will never improve their reading ability without multiple enjoyable experiences for reading. What can Mrs. Lorena do to make the "difficult" books more accessible for these older readers?
One difficulty that older readers face is inability to access books in their interest level. A teacher can use tape-recorded books and books on CD or DVD. In addition, a teacher can read aloud to all of the students. Partner reading with students who are paired in mixed ability levels can expose poorer readers to different materials. The teacher can also provide several books on the same topic or genre and encourage students to read the easier books first, allowing them to build their vocabulary before tackling the more difficult books. Series books (e.g., Beverly Cleary's Ramona series) help students to become familiar with the characters so that the topics and concepts are presented repeatedly and become easier to access.
Principles of direct instruction for teaching spelling words include all of the following EXCEPT:
Providing multiple opportunities for incidental word learning in spelling.
What is repeated reading and what are some of its benefits?
Repeated reading involves reading the same story multiple times to a student, allowing students to rely on memory to become more confident, fluent readers. Because they become familiar with the story, they are able to practice identifying unknown words while relying on their knowledge of the context and flow to assist them. Repeated reading is recommended mainly for young students just beginning to read and has a lower reported effectiveness for older readers.
Describe the difficulties that students with learning disabilities have with the writing process.
Students with LD have difficulties with various components of the writing process. Some students have trouble organizing their first drafts and planning what they want to write. Writers who are not confident will often use the same topic repeatedly and be reluctant to take creative risks. Some students with limited text organization skills have difficulty categorizing ideas related to a topic or extending ideas about a topic. Others struggle with editing and producing the final drafts because they have difficulty with mechanical skills such as spelling, punctuation, and handwriting. Students who struggle with these components often view writing as unpleasant and are unmotivated to write. This lack of motivation also negatively affects their writing production.
What are the causes of handwriting problems?
Students with handwriting difficulties may have dysgraphia, a written language disorder that results in poor letter formation, incorrect use of capital/lowercase letters, poor spacing between letters, incorrect alignment of letters and lack of fluency in writing. In addition, writing may not be legible because the student is using poor posture or incorrect pencil grip.
Describe the elements of the writing process. How does the student move through these components?
The elements of the writing process include prewriting, composing, revising, editing, and publishing. During the prewriting stage, students plan or collect information about the topic that they would like to write about. During the composing stage it is important for students to have the opportunity to share their pieces with other students or the teacher (e.g., conferencing) to get feedback. During the revising stage, students focus on content and may expand certain topics or reduce information on other topics. Students review the mechanics of writing during the editing stage, such as punctuation and spelling. Publishing may include sharing the work with the class or with the school community (e.g., binding it, putting it on poster board). Movement through the stages is not always linear; students may go back and forth between stages.
List and describe 3 of the strands that are weaved throughout the grades in the Common Core State Standards for fluency and comprehension.
The key ideas and details in a text refer to the characters, events, themes, and story setting. Craft and structure refers to acquiring proficiency in text types, interpretation of perspectives and character in text, and understanding of word meanings and use in text. Integration of knowledge and ideas refers to making connections between key ideas across texts. Finally, range of reading and level of text complexity refers to students' reading and understanding increasingly complex texts that address history, social studies, science, and technical topics at their grade level and beyond.
Tony is a second grader and has just read two passages for progress monitoring fluency. He read 75 words on the first passage and made five errors. He read 87 words on the second passage and made seven errors. What is fluency score for these two passages?
b. 75
Within the Common Core State Standards pertaining to fluency and comprehension, there are four strands weaved in throughout. Which of the following choices is NOT one of them?
c. self-monitoring ability
Mrs. Koenig is teaching her fifth-grade class to spell "democracy." First, she shows the class the word. Then she shows the class the word with the vowels missing "d_m_cr_c_" and students write the word, supplying the missing vowels. Then she shows the class the a card in which the word is missing the consonants "_e_ o _ _ a _y." The students write the word again and try to fill in the blanks. Lastly, the students write the word without a model. She is using which method of spelling instruction?
cloze spelling approach
The strategies "previewing," "click and clunk," "getting the gist," and "wrap-up" are all associated with:
collaborative strategic reading
The process of prewriting includes:
collecting information about a topic by observing, remembering, interviewing, and/or reading
Cue cards are most often used to assist during which component of the writing process?
composing
What is the essence of reading and the ultimate goal of reading instruction?
comprehension
Activating background knowledge, preteaching critical vocabulary, generating questions, and finding the main ideas are all considered:
comprehension strategies
all of the following are advantages to using a computer to facilitate writing EXCEPT:
computers can assist students in using accurate paragraph and sentence structures
Which type of context clue can be used to determine the meaning of "gregarious" in this sentence? "The husband and wife were very different. Al was reserved and shy, but Sophie was quite gregarious."
contrast
Johnny us a second grader who continues to sound out many words when he reads and who reads very slowly. He uses so much effort in identifying the words that he frequently misses the main points of the story. He concentrates his effort on unlocking the word rather than on reading the word automatically. Johnny's main barrier to comprehension is his:
fluency
It is important to alleviate handwriting problems in students for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
handwriting difficulties will prevent that student from going to college or getting a job