HIS 107 Test #1

Struggles of Jamestown

1) Located in a swamp 2) Disease 3) "Starving Time", shortage of food killed many villagers 4) High-death rate 5) Internal Divisions 6) Few supplies from England

German Migration

1. Germans, 110,000 in all, formed the largest group of newcomers from the European continent. 2. Germans tended to travel in entire families. 3. Their migration greatly enhanced the ethnic and religious diversity of Britain's colonies.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. Obey just and equal laws.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. As the French began to leave North America, the Indians feared their freedom was in jeopardy because they were on both sides of the war (mainly France)

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. Dissenter Roger Williams suggested that Massachusetts Bay should separate church and state, argued that its congregations should withdraw from the Anglican Church, and also rejected the conviction that Puritans were an elect people on a divine mission to spread the true Protestant faith. When banished from the colony, Williams and his followers founded Rhode Island, which became a beacon of religious freedom, with no established church or religious qualifications for voting.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Slaves were packed onto ships with little room and many died due to disease and starvation.

Maryland Toleration Act

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Walking Purchase

An arrangement in which the Lenni Lenape Indians agreed to cede to Pennsylvanian colonists a tract of land bounded by the distance a man could walk in thirty-six hours; a team of swift runners who were hired to mark out the area far exceeded the amount that the Indians had anticipated.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. The government regulated economic activity to promote national power by encouraging manufacturing and commerce through special bounties, monopolies, and other measures, primarily to manipulate trade to make sure that more gold and silver entered the country than left it. *EXPORTS EXCEEDS IMPORTS*

Uprising of 1622

An uprising against the Virginia colony led by Powhatan's brother, Opechancanough, that wiped out a quarter of the settler population; the remaining settlers responded by massacring scores of Indians and devastating their villages.

Why did the French and Indian War begin?

Both the French and the British wanted control of the Ohio River Valley.

Differences between Spain and England by the late 1500's

Both the Spanish and English shared similar goals, which was to conquer land for economic gain and to spread their religion. The Spanish used violence and force to get rid of the Indians while spreading Catholicism. The English wanted to one-up Spain and stop their spread of Catholicism by conquering North American territory and find their own "gold" while treating the Indians decently.

Georgia Colony

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

Religious involvement in Columbus's explorations

Columbus was a Catholic and wanted to convert Asians to Christianity and get them to help take make Jerusalem from Muslim control. Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade.

Reasons for Bacon's Rebellion

Conditions in the colony were awful; colonists were angered by the governor's tight control over the colony and refusal to hold elections; only landowners could vote; high taxes; lack of available farmland; reluctance to expand Westward and have aggressive policies towards Indians

Similarities between Aztec and Inca Empires

Conquistadors destroyed the empires, and then Europeans built new settlements Both Empires fell to Spanish destruction and disease both worshiped one god (polytheistic) both had human sacrifices both built temples for god both managed resources both had their economy based around agriculture both were based off civilizations before them

Slavery in Africa

Europeans did not invent slavery in Africa. Africans enslaved their captives and they could earn their freedom. Portugal was one of the first European countries to trade for slaves with Africa Imp--> European slave involment started.

Maryland Colony

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration (1634); Proprietary = owned by Calvert Family; freedom of religion with certain act and established religion with Church of England

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer, sponsored by French fur-trading, established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635). Wanted religious toleration for all Christians and denied that Native Americans were intellectually or culturally inferior to Europeans

George Whitefield

George Whitefield was born and educated in England but then traveled to Savannah, Georgia in 1738 where he became a parish priest. During his time in Georgia, he became convinced that the region needed an orphanage and returned to England to raise funds. In 1740, he returned to the colonies and started a tour through the colonies preaching to thousands of Americans over the span of 3 years and spreading his ideas and religion through the colonies

Toleration Act

Guaranteed religious toleration to trinitarian Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn't believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ,

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor. Most Englishmen arrived as indentured servants, who voluntarily surrendered their freedom for a period of time (often five to seven years) in exchange for passage to America. Servants were as unfree as slaves in some ways: they could be bought and sold, could not marry without their owner's permission, were subject to physical punishments, and could not refuse to work. Unlike slaves, however, servants, at least those who survived their term of labor (not many, for most of the seventeenth century), eventually became free and received "freedom dues," sometimes including land.

Glorious Revolution in America

In 1675, England established the Lords of Trade to oversee colonial affairs. The Dominion of New England threatened liberties. The Glorious Revolution in England resulted in the reestablishment of former colonial governments. A governor was appointed in London rather than elected. The colony had to abide by the Toleration Act.

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, The Glorious Revolution was triggered by fear that the son of James II would be raised Catholic, so Parliament invited James II's daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to take the throne. Under their rule England obtains a Bill of Rights and becomes a constitutional monarchy. When news of The Glorious Revolution reached New England, the colonies revolt against Governor Andros and ship him back to England in chains. John Coode also led Protestants in a revolt against Charles Calver, the Catholic Lord of Baltimore.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

In the Treaty of Paris Britain gained the French territories in Canada, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, and Tobagao and the Spanish territories in Manila and Havana. By returning Frances territories in exchange for Canada and Spain its territories in exchange for Florida, Britain was able to gain most of eastern North America.

Yamasee uprising

Indian rebellion against debts and enslavement. Yamasee and Creek Indians alarmed by their trading debts and English slave-traders raids into their territories mounted a rebellion which, when crushed, resulted in the enslavement or expulsion into Spanish Florida of most of the Indian tribes.

American Enlightenment

Influenced by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, this event emphasized the power of reason gained and applied it to human nature and society. The new intellectual culture in the Colonies stressed the importance of humanism and reason, removing the power of Church and placing more power in the hands of the individual, a mark of the modern age.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Puritan migration (Great Migration)

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Why were European diseases so deadly to Native Americans?

Native Americans haven't developed immune systems to battle European diseases, such as smallpox

John Smith and John Rolfe

One of the leaders of Jamestown; Smith led the colony through starvation. Fellow settler John Rolfe played a crucial role when he helped start the colony growing tobacco and it became the cash crop of Virginia. Rolfe also married the Indian princess Pocahontas.

How did William Penn acquire Pennsylvania?

Penn obtained the land from King Charles II as payment for a debt owed to his deceased father.

Republicanism

Public welfare, civic virtue Celebrated the active participation in public life by economically independent citizens as central to freedom. republicanism- belief that property-owning individuals possessed virtue or interest in the pursuit of the public good

John Calvin and the Puritans

Puritans followed the idea of French reformer who introduced the idea of "predestination." (God has already determined if you go to heaven or hell). These types of Protestants were the most radical of the group. Determined to worship as they pleased.

Puritans

Puritans: a diverse group of English Protestants united by their belief that the Anglican Church retained too many of the practices and doctrines of the old Catholic Church. They to emigrated to America in order to fully practice their Protestant faith away from the influence and control of the Anglican Church and the English government that enforced its rules.

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society. proposed a written constitution abolishing both the monarchy and House of Lords, and extending the franchise to those without much property.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Liberalism

Social contract, limited government, rights Individual and private. A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans. Las Casas and other Spaniards believed that colonists' cruel treatment of the natives undermined their empire's mission to convert and assimilate them. 1. one of the first to write about the discovery and conquer of the Americas 2. wrote about injustices/human rights violations against Indians

Dutch relationship with the Natives

The Dutch wanted a peaceful relationship with the Natives. The Dutch wanted to work and trade with the Indians. They were also tolerant of their religions and didn't want to forcefully convert them to their religion. More focused on economics than assimilating Indians.

European interpretation of Native American usage of land

The Europeans wanted to use the land for wealth opportunities and business. The Native Americans wanted to use the land for survival. Unlike the Europeans, North American Indian societies did not treat land as a commodity to be owned privately by individuals, but instead had family and communal-based notions of property. Although Indian tribes and groups had systems of social status, Indians did not devote themselves to accumulating wealth and material goods, and Indian trading was as much a social and cultural practice, emphasizing generosity and gift-giving, as an economic exchange.

Pueblo Indians

The Pueblo Indians lived in the Southwestern United States. They built extensive irrigation systems to water their primary crop, which was corn. Their houses were multi-storied buildings made of adobe. In North America about 3,500 years ago, one native culture, the "mound builders," centered their community in the lower Mississippi River valley around a series of semicircular mounds and established extensive trade networks throughout the continent. For over 3,000 years, in what is now northeastern Arizona, the Hopi and Zuni and their ancestors lived in settled villages with irrigation, dam, and canal systems and engaged in long-distance trade, becoming, after a period of decline, what the Spanish called the Pueblo Indians.

Roanoke

The Roanoke Colony was set up on Roanoke Island in North Carolina and is later known as the Lost Colony. The colony is formed in 1585 by people known as the "West Country Men," who includes Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Francis Drake, etc. The colony is completely wiped out by 1587 and no one from the colony is left to be found which dubs the term the "Lost Colony." Roanoke is significant because it is Great Britain's first attempt to colonize, which is pretty late in the game compared to France and Spain.

Techniques of Spanish conquistadors for overpowering Native Americans

The Spanish conquered the great Aztec and Inca empires by bringing diseases to kill most of them off quickly, scaring them with the horses, and using their more advanced superior weapons to kill them. Horses, armor, steel, advanced weapons, and alliances were some of the ways they overpowered Native Americans.

Black Legend

The false notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

3 distinct slave systems

There were three distinct slave systems in the colonies: tobacco-based plantations in the Chesapeake, rice-based plantations in South Carolina and Georgia, and no plantations in New England and the Middle Colonies. In the Chesapeake, it was a slave society. In the South, slavery was big and the discrimination between blacks and whites increased during the eighteenth century. In New England, slaves had certain rights that were unknown in the south.

Anglicanization

To make or become English in outlook, attitude, or form.

Martin Luther

a German priest who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Accused the church of worldliness and corruption. Wanted to cleanse the church of abuses. Told people to read the Bible for themselves and not rely on priests to interpret them. Led to the rise of Protestant churches.

Types of people enslaved in Africa

criminals, debtors, and war captives.

Diggers

denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land A more radical group, the Diggers, advocated the common ownership of land. Complete social and political equality.

French and Native Americans fur trade relations

friendly - relationship on gift giving & fur trading. The fur trade required the French and Indians to have a friendly relationship

Governor Berkeley

governor of Jamestown; supported trade with indians and created an annual tax; disliked by colonists

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Hispanola

the first island that was found by Christopher Columbus. Island of modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic and site of Columbus' first outpost (Navidad) in the New World