HIS 141 - Age of Exploration Reformations
Richelieu
French cardinal who strengthened the central government by destroying the power of the nobles
What did John Calvin believe in?
He believed in predestination and that all people were decided by God whether they would enter heaven or hell at conception. He also created the religion Calvinism.
What did the Council of Trent do?
The addressed matters of the doctrines; demanded strict standards of church authorities; said popes view on the bible was final
Causes of the Thirty Years War
Religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants. Political divisions between the strong monarchy of the Austrian Habsburgs and the small German cities. International powers intervened to help support their religion/balance of power
What made the Silk Road dangerous?
Risked being robbed or killed.
bureaucrat
Serve the state
The mission of the society of Jesus
Serving the Catholic Church for the greater glory of God
What was in high demand on the Silk Road?
Silk, spices, and salt.
Why did King Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?
Since he wanted an annulment but was not granted it from the catholic church
What was the catholic defense of the trans-substantiation?
The bread and wine used for communion becomes the body and the blood of Jesus Christ
During the Renaissance, what did they have an appreciation for?
The classic's such as the arts.
What was Columbus convinced of?
That china lay just over the horizon of the Caribbean sea, beyond the newly discovered continent.
Spain 1492
The 1st voyage of Columbus to the Americas trying to find a shorter route to Asia.
The meaning of renaissance?
rebirth
English Reformation
result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom
Who is Anne Boleyn?
wife that Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon for because she told him the child she was pregnant would be a boy
Revolution of 1688
(1688) quick and bloodless coup to stop James II son from becoming heir to the thrown by Protestant bishops and leaders of the Whig Party; led to a new political era in both England and America.
Luther's Theology
-FAITH alone -Church is the "priesthood of all believers" -Consubstantiation -Rejected celibacy
When did the Rennaissance begin?
1400-1600
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
Founding of the Society of Jesus
1540
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
How many voyages did Columbus make?
4 voyages
Renaissance
A post-medieval burst of intellectual energy and creativity that manifested itself among the educated classes of europe.
The jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Silk Road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
English Civil War (1642-1649)
Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.
How did they find the American continents?
Columbus underestimated the distance to Asia, causing a landfall in the "west indies" aka the Bahamas.
Spain and Portugal
Competing in the race for a world empire; a larger domestic resource base and extraordinary finds of metals enabled Spain to achieve more permanent success than Portugal.
What resulted in the glorious revolution?
Consitutional monarchy, controlled power of the king
Bill of Rights (1689)
Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king's powers in taxing and prohibitted the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime.
Restoration of the Monarchy (1660)
End Puritan Hopes to return church to primitive simplicity
What got blocked during The Fall of Constantinople?
Europe's route to Asia got blocked, no way for them to get their product to the market. They came up with an alternate water route to Asia.
Cromwell
Excellent military leader, helped Parliament win civil war, dismissed parliament and was dictator, attacked + destroyed Irish who said Charles II was rightful leader of England
How is god revealed in the scripture and tradition?
He is revealed through Jesus in the Bible to inspire us
What did Marco Polo learn while living with the emperor?
He learned about the Chinese economy to enhance his families wealth.
How did King Henry VIII respond to the Protestant Reformation?
He made himself the head of the Church of England (Anglican).
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
He sponsored the first Portuguese fleets to explore the west coast of Africa.
Who was Marco Polo and what did he do?
He was an Italian merchant who travelled to China on the Silk Road. He wrote a book called "The Travels", which inspired people to explore.
Absolutism in France
Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French Monarchy, with Louis XIV setting the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe
What was the renewed confidence in the renaissance?
Human ingenuity
95 Theses
It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
The Thirty Years War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Calvin's Theology
Puritan and Calvin belief, stressed doctrine of predestination, God had destined people to salvation or damnation before birth.
English Puritanism
Reform the Church of England, believed in predestination; Calvinism.
the columbian exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Similar to the Roman's and the Greeks, the renaissance people believed..
They did not control their lives, it was by a god; pagans.
Myth about the Europeans
They did not think that the world was flat, just did not realize how big the world was.
Pre-destination
This is the idea that God decided long ago who would and wouldn't be saved. this is one of the basic principles of Calvinist and Presbyterian doctrine.
What was the secular focus during the renaissance?
This life rather than the afterlife because they cared more about what was going on right now.
Jean Bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice
Europeans living during the renaissance
Wanted to explore what else was out in the world
Orgins of the Protestant Reformations
a post-medieval Catholic Church aka the roman Catholic church reasserted the absolute sovereignty, and its remained in authority which made them only a answerable to god.
Absolutism in England
after the 30 years war kings and queens wanted more power; this was not popular amongst the nobles that lose power
State definition
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
The Fall of Constantinople, 1453
capture of the capital of Byzantine Empire by Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453 by Mehmed II
what was not supported in the protestant reformations?
funds for indulgences
Catholic Counter-Reformation
how the Catholic Church responded to the challenges of the Protestants, led to new church laws and punishments for those who opposed the Catholic Church
Royal Absolutism
king has absolute rule; developed by Thomas Hobbes (published Leviathan); king has obligations to the subjects as the subjects have obligations to the king
