HIST 101 Multiple choice study guide (150-300)
By the fall of 1894, a full-scale war over the fate of Korea and northeast Asia, called the _________ War, was under way.
Sino-Japanese
In the 1870s, conservative intellectuals broadened the conceptualization of Russian nationality into an ideology of Pan-__________.
Slavism
Even though Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls of Vienna in several places in 1683, a __________ relief army allied with the Habsburgs arrived just in time to drive out the besieging forces.
Polish
After the forced suicide of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan and the end of his movement in 1864, Chinese leaders began to move toward a reform strategy of what a later slogan called:
"Chinese studies for the essence; Western studies for the practical application."
In the aftermath of losing the war, a group of young Chinese officials pushed for a series of widespread reforms aimed at completely revamping China's government and many of its leading institutions in what became known as the _________.
"Hundred Days of Reform"
Much of Ito's Constitution was aimed at preserving the traditions of Japan's Confucian society, chief among them the concept of kokutai, or _________, reflecting Japan's unique unbroken line of emperors and their familial and spiritual bond and the Japanese people.
"national polity"
The severity of peace provisions after 1895 signaled to the Western powers in East Asia that China was now weak enough to have massive economic and territorial demands forced on it and led to a _________ in which not just Japan, but also France, Great Britain, Russia, and Germany all made known their own territorial demands on China.
"race for concessions"
Two leaders who led the Manchus to military might by the seventeenth century were:
Nurhachi and Abahai
Kabuki theater was altered in the Meiji period by now:
Often having female actors playing female parts.
When they entered Mexico City in 1915, Álvaro Obregón and his Constitutionalists were:
Opposed to Emiliano Zapata's land redistribution policy.
In _____, after widespread revolts against tax increases to cover a lavish European trip by the shah of Persia, a constitutional revolution put parliamentary limits on the Qajar regime.
1906
In Japan, the Gekokujo ("those below toppling those above") period of civil war erupted in 1467 and continued, on and off, until the ________.
1570s
The poetic form of haiku reached its golden age in the Tokugawa period, and the most renowned practitioner of the form, composed of ___-syllable couplets, was Matsuo Basho.
17
Spanish colonialism in Latin America finally ended in which of the following decades?
1820s
Mexico refused to recognize Texan national independence, and the state of Texas entered the United States in ___________.
1845
As a result of its loss in the Crimean War of __________, Russia was forced to recognize the Ottoman Empire's right to full integrity.
1853-1856
In April ________ the new Emperor Meiji issued a "charter oath" in which he renounced, at least officially, the restrictive measures of the past.
1868
When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________ inhabitants.
5 million
There were ___ banner organizations:
8
Dubbed Doña Marina, Malinche was:
A Nahuatl-speaking woman who acted as translator for Hernán Cortés.
The US Constitution seemed to embody many of the ideals of the Enlightenment, except for:
A commitment to abolish slavery within two decades.
The ambitious plans of Chile's president José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández fell apart as soon as 1891, due to:
A coup against him, led by conservative landowners, and his subsequent suicide.
Junior military officers launched a coup in 1908 and forced the sultan to:
Accept a new parliament.
_______ published his Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776
Adam Smith
The assassination of ________ in 1881 by a leftist terrorist organization impatient for further reforms triggered a repressive backlash from the next tsar.
Alexander II
In __________, nearly one-third of the population consisted of immigrants, a share much higher than at any time in the United States.
Argentina
Between 1894 and 1896, the Ottoman sultan armed Kurdish tribal units, which massacred thousands of _______ villagers.
Armenian
Shiites are unique in having a small number, about half a dozen today, of ___________ ("signs of God"), who are distinguished by their knowledge of the Quran and Islamic tradition.
Ayatollahs
During the period between the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, China's population was reduced from about 100 million to about 60 million by:
Banditry, fighting, and lingering effects of the Black Death
The first Amerindian to accede to the office of President of Mexico was:
Benito Juárez
As a result of the Seven Years' War, Spain lost Florida to ___________ in 1763.
Britain
The _________ East India Company, having established its base at Calcutta in 1690, soon sought to expand its operations to China.
British
By 1800, the viceroyalty of La Plata, with the rising port of _________, had grown through contraband trade with Great Britain.
Buenos Aires
Seven years after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the sultan was forced to recognize the independence of _____.
Bulgaria
The family of Simón Bolívar owned _______ plantations worked by African slaves and was engaged in colonial trade.
Cacao
In 1810, the New Granadans created juntas, or committees, among which the junta of _________ was the most important, and they drove the colonial Spaniards from their positions.
Cartagena
In a reform of the educational system in 1782, _________ made education, from urban primary schools to high schools, free and mostly staffed with clergy.
Catherine II the Great
The successor of Louis XVIII of France, __________, took the extreme course of restoring the property of the aristocracy lost during the Revolution.-
Charles X
Spanish colonialism in Latin America finally ended when the last troops surrendered to Bolívar's forces in 1826, on an island off the ________ coast.
Chilean
Some 235,000 _________ "coolies" were brought to Peru, Cuba, and Costa Rica, working in silver mines, sugar and cotton plantations, and later on railroads—and only about 10% of them returned home.
Chinese
The "queue edict" mandated that:
Chinese men had to adopt the Manchu style of a shaved forehead with a long braid in back.
The most prominent of the ___________, which emerged in the 1860s, was Shenbao.
Chinese-language newspapers
With the ascension of the infant Guangxu as emperor in 1874 came the regency of Empress Dowager ________.
Cixi
In retaliation for the defiant actions in Boston Harbor, Britain imposed the so-called _________, also known as the "Intolerable Acts" in colonial North America, which put Massachusetts into effective bankruptcy.
Coercive Acts
The Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria:
Collaborated in the First Balkan War against the Ottomans.
Simón Bolívar's "Gran Colombia" encompassed the modern states of _______________.
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
The constitution introduced by Dom Pedro I of Brazil in 1823:
Concentrated powers in the emperor's hands.
Qing philosophers based themselves at the Donglin Academy, founded in 1604, and devoted themselves to reconstituting an activist ________ based on rigorous self-cultivation and advising court officials.
Confucianism
By 1810, when the first independence movements were formed in the viceroyalty of La Plata, the porteños were:
Creoles living in Buenos Aires who favored independence from Spain.
A form of forced enslavement in direct contradiction to Islamic law, the _________ system was a levy on Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire by which the conquered Christian population was obligated to contribute adolescent males to join the military and administrative classes.
Devshirme
Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to:
Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.
In 1822, __________ proclaimed, "Independence or death!" thereby making Brazil an independent kingdom.
Dom Pedro I
The Tonghak, or "_________", movement kept the Korean peninsula a volatile one in the 19th century, inspiring peasant rebellions in 1810 and 1860.
Eastern learning
The movement's new regime moved to the Tokugawa capital of _________ and renamed it Tokyo.
Edo
Louis XVI held an assembly of the ________, which had not met since 1614, at Versailles beginning in May 1789.
Estates-General
__________ painted in the Romantic style, including a scene of a languid harem in The Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834).
Eugène Delacroix
In the five years after the abolition of slavery, the Brazilian economy _____________.
Expanded
Between 1877 and 1914, US Southern state legislatures systematically attacked African-Americans' rights in respect to all of the following except:
Federal attempts to integrate schools
Which of the following is the correct chronological order?
Founding of the Ming Dynasty; founding the Tokugawa Shogunate; Shimabara Rebellion; founding of the Qing Dynasty.
In 1549 the Franciscan missionary ___________ landed in Japan.
Francis Xavier
In order to prevent any serious challenges to the samurai class's military role, the Tokugawa:
Gave up firearms, ordering that they be seized and destroyed except for a few museum relics.
The most systematic of the so-called idealist philosophers in Germany, ______________ asserted that all thought proceeded dialectically from the "transcendental ego" to matter and from there to the spiritualized synthesis of nature.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Independence and the end of Spanish rule initially benefited which Latin American trading partner the most?
Great Britain
______ became independent of Ottoman rule in a war of liberation (1821-1832), and it was the first country in which ethnic nationalism was an element in its foundation.
Greece
Much of the resistance to the Emperor _________'s "hundred days' reform" program, issued in a flurry of edicts in 1898, was centered on the empress dowager.
Guangxu
In his Social Contract, and to the consternation of French radicals, Jean-Jacques Rousseau espoused the notion that humans _________.
Had suffered a steady decline from their "natural" state ever since civilization began and imposed its own external authority on them.
José Antonio Aponte, head of a Yoruba confraternity (cabilde) in __________, led an abortive revolt against Spanish control in 1812.
Havana
Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamit II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909 EXCEPT:
He encouraged ethnic nationalism within the Empire.
As a proponent of Copernican heliocentrism, Galileo seemed to contradict the passage in the Hebrew Bible's Book of ___________, in which God stops the sun in the sky for a day.
Joshua
Count Camillo di Cavour, the prime minister of _________, was the politician who did the most to realize Italy's unification.
Piedmont-Sardinia
All of the following are true about the "Rites Controversy" EXCEPT:
High officials in the Church disapproved of the decrees of Kangxi and his successor Yongzheng that Chinese Christians must follow the Jesuit orthodoxy.
The familiar term "pajamas" comes from the __________ word pajama, the lightweight summer garments worn in India and popularized as sleepwear in Europe.
Hindi
Napoleon's invasion of Ottoman Egypt in 1798 and Russia in 1812 drove home to their rulers that:
His armies of mass conscripts, equipped with flintlock muskets, were superior to theirs.
In France, Protestants were known as
Huguenots
Otto von Bismarck argued that, in order to unite Germany, Prussia must progress from talk to action, by employing "blood and _________".
Iron
All of the following are true of the second Ottoman siege to Vienna EXCEPT:
It resulted in a third siege, when peace negotiations failed in 1699.
Publication of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie was difficult because:
It was banned as subversive by the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878 EXCEPT:
It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress to better represent ethnic minorities.
One of the positive outcomes of the Boxer Protocols of 1901 was that the US agreed to return its share of the indemnity money to China on the condition that:
It would be used to send Chinese students to study in American institutions.
Louverture became emperor of Haiti, renaming Saint-Domingue after:
It's supposed original Taíno
______________ eventually became strong enough to assume control of Saint-Domingue after the slave rebellion
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Armillary spheres and a celestial globe were cast by Chinese artisans to the specifications of the ________ court mathematician Ferdinand Verbiest in the 1680s.
Jesuit
Continuing the repressive policies of his father, Nicholas launched a pogrom of Russian _________ in 1903-1906, triggering mass emigrations to the United States.
Jews
The ruler with the longest reign in France was:
Louis XIV
The Congress of Vienna restored the French Bourbon monarchy with the coronation of King _________, the brother of Louis XVI.
Louis XVIII
By 1557, the Portuguese had wrested the first European colony from the Chinese at _________, and they held it until 1999.
Macau
The British administration offended the American colonists of the upper urban class when it dissolved the ________ Assembly for opposing the Stamp Act, but it withdrew the taxes in 1766.
Massachusetts
The _________ Constitution was promulgated in 1889 and remained in force in Japan until it was supplanted by a constitution composed by Allied occupation forces after World War II.
Meiji
As the trade in "foreign mud" (opium) began, heavily armed ships would unload their cargo of opium on small, sparsely inhabited offshore islands, from which:
Middlemen picked up the drug and made their rounds on the mainland.
Ottoman troops were able to repress nationalist agitators in Macedonia in the 1890s because:
None of the groups received outside support in their effort.
The Chinese signed treaties with France and the US, conceding in a clause that any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who were "__________ nations."
Most-favored
Toward the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman sultans equipped their Janissaries with cannons and _________.
Muskets
Choose the correct chronological order of the events below:
Ottoman siege of Vienna; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; First Ottoman-Russian war; Crimean War
Coffee, rubber, and sugar exports yielded high profits and taxes in Brazil until 1896, when:
Overproduction of coffee resulted in diminishing returns.
Gran Colombia was divided in 1831 into its component parts, which included all of the following except:
Peru
For the English, the acquisition of Bombay (Mumbai) from the _________ in the 1660s gave the British East India Company a superb harbor.
Portuguese
The two key terms in the popular Chinese self-strengthening formulation Zhongxue wei ti and Xixue wei yong meant "Chinese studies for the essence" and "Western studies for the __________."
Practical application
Like his model Genghis Khan, Timur:
Proved surprisingly liberal in the treatment of at least some cities that surrendered.
The proclamation of a Brazilian republic resulted in which two political constituencies?
Provincial federalism vs. supporters of a strong central presidency
All of the rights of Japanese subjects set out in the Meiji Constitution's 15 articles are:
Qualified by such praises as "unless provided by law".
The Japanese daimyo were:
Regional warlords.
In regard to military might and technology, the Ming have been characterized in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
Reliant on diplomacy and negotiations in the best Confucian tradition.
The Qianlong emperor built a Tibetan version of the Buddhist stupa, or __________, for the visit of the Panchen Lama in 1779.
Reliquary
Contrary to expectations, wages for laborers in Latin America ____________ in the 1800s.
Remained low, because ethnic discrimination and racism trumped market conditions.
In 1839, the Ottoman government issued a series of reform edicts that are collectively known as Tanzimat or "______".
Reorganizations
Chikamatsu Monzaemon's most famous play is based on a real incident, in which the daimyo of 47 samurai was killed by a political opponent, leaving them as _________—masterless.
Ronin
In the course of his unification of Germany, Bismarck launched wars against all of the following countries except:
Russia
The Boxer Rebellion came about as a result of the anti-Qing and anti-foreign plots of a group known as the _________, also known as the "Boxers" on account of their ritual exercises.
Society of the Harmonious Fists
After supplying the American colonists with money, arms, and officers, in 1778-1779, in alliance with _________, France declared war on Great Britain.
Spain
In 18th-century eastern Arabia, a local _________, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, exploited Ottoman decentralization to ally himself with Ibn Saud, the head of a powerful family.
Sunni cleric
Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong, three powerful emperors of the Qing (a foreign, Manchu dynasty), strove to validate their reigns by all of the following EXCEPT:
Supporting creative artists and poets even when they were unorthodox.
Governmental auction of the taxes in kind of a particular district to the highest bidder was known as _________.
Tax farming
The novel _________, written by Cao Xueqin, is considered to be the greatest literary masterpiece of the Qing Era and is such a hallmark of Chinese vernacular literature that there is an entire field of "red studies" or "redology" devoted entirely to the examination of the work.
The Dream of the Red Chamber
What did Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès believe the Third Estate stood for, in his pamphlet entitled "What is the Third Estate?"
The French Nation
The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans EXCEPT:
The Parliament took over governance and the Sultan retained only symbolic power.
In the commercial trade between Europe and China, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
The Qing dynasty incorporated the European merchants into the diplomatic system during the seventeenth century.
The Shimabara Rebels were largely:
The Shimabara Rebels were largely:
Which of the following factors did not shape Japan's pursuit of an overseas empire?
The Tokugawa shogunate's desire for contact with Western culture.
The Monroe Doctrine stated that...
The United States government would not tolerate European attempts to re-colonize the new republics of the western hemisphere.
Theoretically, the Land Code of 1858 subjected all users of the "sultan's land" to taxation, but:
The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors.
One of the results of the revolutions of 1848 was:
The election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as president of France.
Among the Enlightenment-inspired reforms of Alexander I was:
The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces.
Among the innovative measures proposed by Nikolai Chernyshevsky in his novel What Is to be Done? was:
The liberation of women.
At the battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur's army had the advantage of:
The new military technologies of matchlock muskets and field cannon.
Foremost among the aims identified by Vladimir Lenin in his treatise What Is to Be Done? was:
The overthrow of the tsar.
Choose the correct chronological order for the events below:
The reign of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; Emancipation of Russian serfs; Young Turks rise to power.
ll of the following is true of the Donglin Academy EXCEPT:
The scholars of the Academy avoiding arguing with the Court about any matters, believing a stable, self-assured government was the strongest.
Among the causes espoused by the Paris Commune of 1871 was:
The separation of church and state and a confiscation of church properties.
The Tokugawa attempt to conquer China in the late sixteenth century was led by:
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Jesuit priests like Matteo Ricci and Ferdinand Verbiest:
Used their expertise in the New Sciences to advise the imperial court.
The Popes found Jesuit practices in China like ___________ problematic.
Using tea and rice for the Eucharist instead of bread and wine
When they established power, the Qajars:
Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges.
In urban areas, ________ frequently ran shops, managed markets, were proprietors of cantinas, and performed a host of skilled and unskilled jobs, particularly in the textile and food trades.
Women
Like the Chinese "self-strengtheners", Japanese senior advisors to the emperor sought to use new foreign technologies and institutions to strengthen the state ___________.
against further foreign intrusion
In later treaties signed by China with France and the United States, an important addition was the most-favored nation clause, which stated that:
any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who by treaty were "most-favored nations."
______________ ended slavery in Brazil in 1888.
central government
After he had __________ and suffered a nervous breakdown, Hong Xiuquan came to believe that he was Christ's younger brother.
failed his civil service examination for the third time
In the 15th century, more than ______ of the people in the Mexican Basic lived in cities like Tenochtitlán.
half
Which of the following was not a Meiji regime economic reform?
keeping tight regulatory controls over Japanese private enterprise
Although affirming the concept that the equality of all "men" was "self-evident," the Declaration of Independence tacitly excluded the _________ of all Americans who were Black slaves and the roughly half who were women, as well as Native Americans.
one-fifth
A backlash against the foreign presence in Japan, resulting from the "treaty port" era of exposure to Western powers, led to the creation of an anti-foreigner movement aimed at driving out the Tokugawa and _________ had coalesced around the samurai of two southern domains, Satsuma and Choshu, the so-called "Satcho clique."
restoring imperial rule
In order to stem the tide of Western encroachment and influence, a growing number of Chinese officials advocated a policy of _________, whose two most prominent advocates were Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan.
self-strengthening
Despite many diverging interests, Argentina and Brazil were allies in the Paraguayan War of 1864-1870
to maintain the traditional policy of keeping Paraguay and Uruguay weak
Under the leadership of _______________, the Mexican Revolution was ended late in 1920.
Álvaro Obregón