hist 110a exam #2

Nirvana

The state of englightenment for Buddhists. Buddhist teaching. a place of perfect peace and happiness

Slavery

women captives were the first slaves. ancient greeks "it was a terrible thing to become a slave but a good thing to own one. children of slave mothers became slaves. abandoned children became slaves. captured people became slaves, had to provide neccessiets for slaves. some slaves commited suicicde, some slaves rebelled.

Trade

Allowed Greek ideas to spread, and allowed Greeks to learn about other cultures.

Pataliputra

the capital city of the Mauryan Empire was a city in ancient India, originally built by Magadha, near the ganges river.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Classical Greece, teacher of Plato. Founder of western philosophy. Greek philosopher who was considered the father of Western philosophy. Plato was his most famous student and would teach Aristotle who would then tutor Alexander the Great. His main focus was on how to live a good and virtuous life. laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy He believed that philosophy should achieve practical results for the greater well-being of society. The more a person knows, the greater his or her ability to reason and make choices that will bring true happiness.

Confucius

(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history. Wanted to put his ideas into action but did not get the chance. Assistant to a few warlords. He criticizes a Warlord and ends up getting fired. The warlords would later die and because ___ would teach their sons they had his ideas ingrained to them already. Didn't have much to say about the afterlife. Confucianism key ideas: social harmony through moral example (no laws and punishments); secular outlook (did not deny the reality of gods and spirit); importance of education; family as a model of the state. (Used in Han Dynasty) Relationships: father/son, husband/wife, older brother/younger brother, ruler/subject. First one is the superior. If the superior behaves well, the inferior will follow. 551-479 BCE

Classical Hinduism

300-600 C.E. Axial age; Guptas spread; advances in arts and sciences; Shiva and Vishnu grew in prominence. Religion or a way of life that is found most notably in India and Nepal. Oldest religion in the world. Hold on the veta text, reinforce, degrade the notion of sacrifice, allegorical Gitah, same concept of word of god The Baghavad Gitah A Dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna Concept, nothing is real Replication of appaneshad

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. Advocates clear rules and harsh punishments as a means of enforcing the authority of state (used in Chin dynasty) Believed most people were stupid; Human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self-interest. Resulted in huge loss of life. This went away with the Cast system and sacrificing. Asceticism was brought up in this time. A Chinese philosophy that stressed the importance of laws dependence on moral law rather than on personal religious faith.

Wang Mang

A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. Han Dynasty. Farmers were in debt and in fear of becoming slaves. Mang got rid of all debt and divided land (took from wealthy and gave to farmers) in hopes that this would solve society's problem. The poor now had no debt and land but did not have money to buy seed. They had to loan it from the rich and all the problems the poor once had came back and they were all in debt again. Mang was blamed for the issues and his body was dragged for days. "No good deed goes unpunished"

Zoroastrianism

A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail. World's oldest monotheistic religions. Ancient pre-islamic religion of Iran that survives there in isolated areas and more prosperously in India. Descendants of Zoroastrian Iranian immigrants were known as Parsis or Parsees. You have to be Persian in order to follow this tradition. a Persian religion based on the belief of one god the movement started by Zoroaster a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.Fought between Greeks and Persians conflict when Greeks tried to rebel to rid themselves of Persian rule defeated greece, destroyed athens, divided states 499 BC Battle of Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, Platoea

Epicureans

Ancient group of followers of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who maintained that the gods were removed from the concerns of human life and so were not to be feared or placated. Happiness came in establishing a peaceful harmony with other like-minded people and enjoying the simple pleasures of daily existence. System of philosophy based upon the teachings of the Ancient Greek Philosopher Epicurus. Seek modest pleasure in order to attain a state of tranquility, freedom from fear and absence from bodily pain."Eat, Drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we may die." You needed the knowledge of the workings of the world and limiting of desires.

Jainism

Ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live a life of harmlessness and renunciation. Path to spiritual purity and enlightenment is through disciplined nonviolence to all living creatures. Gets rid of Cast system and Sacrificing. Everybody is now equal.an The teachings of Mahavira that teaches all life is sacred a nonviolent religion based on the teachings of Mahavira Attracted many young starting at the age of 14 Vardhamana Mahavir/JinaVegans No food grown below ground No fire requirement Quantity is restricted, by the grain Sexuality is forbidden 14hour meditation Animism, Ahimsa Everything has a soul Kill anything brings karma Stepped lightly/shuffled fee

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests, Association of artisans or merchants who controls he practice of their craft in a particular town. Dictates, prices and who can open shops. Guild members dealt with a lot of internal issues. Example: if the men of the household died then the guilds would step in to make sure they were paying their dues. Portions of the money that guilds grew would go to orphans, widows and charities.

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Buddhism is a religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies Key ideas - Suffering caused by desire/attachment; end of suffering through modest and moral living and mediation practice

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. king of Macedonia who conquered Persian empire that spread eastward to the Indus River towards IndiaTutored by Aristotle and ended the great Persian Empire. Wearing horns in coinage which meant he was divine and had power. Didn't have a clear political agenda but more of a cultural agenda which he used to spread Greek. He dies with no heir to take over his throne. he has a great influence over what it is to be civilized. the national language was greek. Greek did not have anything to do with ethnicity or biology. To be greek meant to be educated and know the language.

Daoism vs. Confucianism

Confucist strive for better, daoist strive for the past.daoist saw a human harmony with nature, confucist want to tame nature.. Confuciu valued education, striving for moral improvment, and good government. daoist ridiculed this ideas and focused on natural, individualistic ideas. They both viewed family life as central to Chinese society and thought the element of male/female hierarchy was downplayed in favor of complementarity and balance between the sexes. Said to complement eachother despite their differences --- Ying/Yang.

First Emperor (Chin)

Emperor Chin (221-210 BCE) Army with iron weapons; rapidly rising agriculture and growing population in Chin dynasty. Used a legalist approach. Reunified China and defeated the other warning state in a matter of 10 years. Named himself the first emperor because he felt that he had created a universal and eternal empire. Extended China's boundaries. Scholars who opposed Chin's policies were execute. Chin imposed a uniform system of weights, measures, and currency and standardized the lenght of axels for carts and the written form of the Chinese Language. Chin dynasty fell due to the speed and harsh policies. Han Dynasty took over.

Stoics

Greco-Roman philosophers who urged people to understand the way the world worked and to live in accordance with it, letting nothing outside of themselves affect their internal state of well-being. Group of Philosophers who first began teaching their ideas in the Hellenistic period. School of the Hellenistic Philosophy that flourished throughout the Roman and Greek world until the 3rd Century AD. Personal path to happiness for humans is found in accepting that which we have been given in life by not allowing ourselves to be controlled by our desire for pleasure or our fear of pain.

Citizenship

Greeks - became citizens by obtaining a greek education, speaking the language, dressing appropriately, and assuming greek names Romans -citizenship offered clear advantages - the right to hold public office, to serve in the roman military units, to wear a toga, did not erase other identities.

Ahimsa

Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life. emperor Ashoka (268-232 BCE) made it the law

Wu Wei

In Daoism, "not doing" in the sense of taking no action contrary to the natural flo. doctrine of internal action "Non Doing". Important concept of Daoism and it means the natural action or action that does not involve struggles of excessive effort. Cultivation of a mental state in which our actions are quite effortlessly in alignment with the flow of life.

Sasanids

Later powerful Persian dynasty (224-651) that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Arabic expansion. 224-651 CE expanded trade the Sasanians started a process of "Iranization" unlike the Parthians before them: Zoroastrianism became one of the founding stones of the Empire (away from hellenization)

polis

Means "City" in Greek. Also a body of citizens. Polis is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states like Athens. Considered to be an urban centre that was often fortified and with a sacred centre built on a natural harbor.

Arhat

One who has become enlightened; the ideal type for Theravada Buddhism. In Buddhism, a perfected person, one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has achieved nirvana (spiritual enlightenment).

Different railing between Chandragupta and Ashoka of the Mauryan Dynasty of classical India

Overlap at self improving and diverge at daoism excluding everything that is unnatural like education because it is everything Erik I s the world, and government. Confucianism wants an active government and daoism wants wu wei.

Achaemenid Empire

Persian Empire (550-330BCE). One of the largest empire that the ancient world has ever seen. Extends from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to Northern India and Central Asia. Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great Challenges: distance for soldiers, merchants etc, language because of big empire, and religion. The tomb of cyrus I. Everyone claimed to be the son of cyrus. He was the son of cambyses and named his son cambyses founded by cyrus the great. Constructed an imperial system that drew on previous examples, but surpassed them all in size and splendor.

Parthians

Persian dynasty. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration. temporarily unifies Persia under natural traditions Major Iranian political and cultural power in Ancient Iran. Largely adopted the art, architecture, religious belief, and royal insignia of their culturally heterogeneous empire.

Siddharta Gautama

The founder of the Buddist religion,he was known as Buddha or "the enlightened one". Buddhism Key ideas - Suffering caused by desire/attachment; end of suffering through modest and moral living and meditaion practice. Classical India.Also known as Buddha, he became Buddha by living in a utopia and his father not letting him out so he could be pure and he gets married and asked one of his workers to go out with him and he begins to questions things and he asks why people get sick and questions life known as the four passing sights, then he returned home nd found no pleasure in life and began his path to enlightenment, then he sat under a tree and said. He wouldn't move from there until he reached enlightenment

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184). Great administrator of the Mauryan Empire. Practices Ahimsa which is a concept of nonviolence which includes animals. First person to be known as a Vegan. . Also wants to claim Kalinga. Converts to Buddhism which becomes official religion of the land. Makes it illegal to slaughter more than you can consume. Hemsa doctrine of nonviolence. He demilitarizes by using violence to prevent violence. He makes greek and Aramayik (two foreign languages) the languages of the empire. Only the elites can afford to teach their children the new languages. He reinforces the cast system. Pays a large army for doing nothing which causes financial debt.

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes. Persians.He was the third Achaemenian king and was considered by many to be "the greatest of the Achaemenian kings." Darius completed the work of his predecessors, and not only did he "hold together the empire," but he also extended it in all directions. he was responsible for more than just the expansion of the empire. He also centralized the administration of the empire, encouraged cultural and artistic pursuits, introduced legal reforms, and developed juridical systems. In addition, many large building projects were started under Darius' rule, including the construction of a new capital city called Persepolis.

Theravada

This school of Buddhism believes that it has remained closest to the original teachings of the Buddha Theravada Buddhism emphasises attaining self-liberation through one's own efforts. Meditation and concentration are vital elements of the way to enlightenment. The ideal road is to dedicate oneself to full-time monastic life. Theravada beliefs The Supernatural: Many faiths offer supernatural solutions to the spiritual problems of human beings. Buddhism does not. The basis of all forms of Buddhism is to use meditation for awakening (or enlightenment), not outside powers. Supernatural powers are not disregarded but they are incidental and the Buddha warned against them as fetters on the path. The Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama was a man who became Buddha, the Awakened One - much in the same way as Jesus became Christ. Since his death the only contact with him is through his teachings which point to the awakened state. God: There is no omnipotent creator God of the sort found in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Gods exist as various types of spiritual being but with limited powers. The Path to Enlightenment: Each being has to make their own way to enlightenment without the help of God or gods. Buddha's teachings show the way, but making the journey is up to us.

Peloponnesian Wars

Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece Persia versus Greece Greece wins Wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in Southern Greece; didn't unify Greece Greek War fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Was divided into 3 different phases. Archidamian War, invasion of Attica. 2nd -> Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily. 3rd -> Decelean/Ionian War. Sparta is receiving support from Persia and they take over Athen's empire which deprives the city of naval supremacy. Reshaped the ancient Greek world.

Zen Buddhism

a Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline. He focuses on attaining enlightenment through meditation as Siddharta Gautama did. He teaches that all human beings have the Buddha-nature, or the potential to attain enlightenment, within them, but the Buddha-nature has been clouded by ignorance. To overcome this ignorance, Zen rejects the study of scriptures, religious rites, devotional practices, and good works in favor of meditation leading to a sudden breakthrough of insight and awareness of ultimate reality. Training in the Zen path is usually undertaken by a disciple under the guidance of a master.

Bodhisattva

a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings. are beings who are dedicated to the universal awakening, or enlightenment, of everyone. They exist as guides and providers of relief to suffering beings. we follow teachings about generosity, patience, ethical conduct, meditative balance, and insight into what is essential, so we can come to live in a way that benefits others. At the same time, we learn compassion for ourselves and see that we are not separate from the people we have imagined are estranged from us. Self and other heal together.

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians. It was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and as a defense to possible revenge attacks from Persia The alliance of over 300 cities would eventually be so dominated by Athens that, in effect, it evolved into the Athenian empire. Athens became increasingly more aggressive in its control of the alliance and, on occasion, constrained membership by military force and compelled continued tribute which was in the form of money, ships or materials. Following Athens' defeat at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE the League was dissolved

Mauryan Dynasty

first ruler was Chandragupta Maurya; unified much of the entire subcontinent; large armies with thousands of chariots and elephant borne troops; developed a substantial bureaucracy with a postal service; autocratic government. India. Boasted a large military force; civilian bureucracy. Taxes on trade, herds of animals, and land. Best known for emperor Ashoka.After Ashoka's death, however, the Mauryan dynasty came to an end and its empire dissolved.

Han Dynasty

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy. 2nd Imperial dynasty of China. One of the longest of China's major dynasty. Liu Bang was the founder and was also the one who led the revolt against the repressive policies of the preceding short lived Quin Dynasty. Adopted Confucianism instead of legalism. During Han times, pulleys and wheelbarrows were used to move goods. silk road,

Plato

one of the world's best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal, and unchanging world of the Forms. He saw love as motivated by a longing for the highest Form of beauty—The Beautiful Itself, and love as the motivational power through which the highest of achievements are possible. Because they tended to distract us into accepting less than our highest potentials, however, Plato mistrusted and generally advised against physical expressions of love.

Daoism (taoism)

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. Dualistic tradition that has no founder trying to find a solution for violence and chaos. Emerges with a book all about the dao, the dao is all powerful, self healing/guiding. The power of the Dao is the Chi. Taoism believed more on nature. They think that education is a problem as well as the government. They wanted self-healing of themselves.

Li

principle of gain, benefit, order, propriety; concrete guide to human action. 1. Two basic meanings to li: (1) concrete guide to human relationships or rules of proper action that genuinely embody jen and (2) general principle of social order or the general ordering of life. Confucius recognized that you need a well ordered society for wren to be expressed.First Sense: the concrete guide to human relationships. a. The way things should be done or propriety: positive rather than negative ("Do's rather than Don'ts). b. The main components of propriety emphasize the openness of people to each other. (1) The reification of names: language used in accordance with the truth of things. (2) The Doctrine of the Mean: so important that an entire book is dedicated to it in the Confucian canon: the proper action is the way between the extremes. (3) The Five Relationships: the way things should be done in social life; none of the relationships are transitive. (Note that 3 of the 5 relations involve family; the family is the basic unit of society). (a) father and son (loving / reverential) (b) elder brother and younger brother (gentle / respectful) (c) husband and wife (good / listening) (d) older friend and younger friend (considerate / deferential) (e) ruler and subject (benevolent / loyal) (4) Respect for age: age gives all things their worth: objects, institutions, and individual lives.

Etruscans

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted. The Etruscans occupied the region to the north of Rome, between the Arno and Tiber Rivers to the west of the Apennine Mountains. The Romans were first a subject people of the Etruscans and later their conquerors. Rich in mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. Italy's first great civilization. They were the first "superpower" of the Western Mediterranean who, alongside the Greeks, developed the earliest true cities in Europe. They were responsible for teaching the Romans the alphabet and for spreading literacy throughout the Italian peninsula.

Age of Pericles

the period between 461 B.C. and 429 B.C. when Pericles dominated Athenian politics and Athens reached the height of its power. Pericles- Athen's leading political figure. Athenian culture flourished during this time. Pericles was a brilliant general, orator, patron of the arts and political. Name means "Surrounded by Glory". Leads Athens from 461 to 429. Pericles tapped the league's treasury to fund vast cultural projects in Athens, most notably a series of structures on the city's hilltop Acropolis: the temple of Athena Nike, the Erechtheum and the towering Parthenon.

Warring States Period

the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty. a period from about 481 B.C. to 221 B.C. of great conflict in ancient China Era in Ancient Chinese history. Zhou dynasty was divided between 8 states and had frequent wars in which Qin conquered them all. Fighting was sometimes fierce and Kings were fighting to survive or to retain power. Some wanted more power and territory.

Hellenization

the spread of Greek culture and the assimilation into Greek culture of non-Greek peoples. Alexander the Great was responsible for the widespread of the greek language.

Where do Confucianism and Daoism overlap and where do they diverge?

verlap at self improving and diverge at daoism excluding everything that is unnatural like education because it is everything Erik I s the world, and government. Confucianism wants an active government and daoism wants wu wei.