HIST 1112 MIDTERM REVIEW

In 1901, Roosevelt invited civil rights leader Booker T. Washington to the White House, to the outcry of white southerners. How did Roosevelt's subsequent actions affect his relationship with the African American population?

- African Americans opposed Roosevelt's decision to dishonorably discharge an entire regiment of African American soldiers.

Put in chronological order the following German actions that pushed the United States to join the war.

- German U-boats sink the Lusitania. - German U-boats sink the Arabic.- The Germans agree to the Sussex Pledge. - The Germans announce a policy shift: they would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean. - The British intercept the Zimmermann telegram and learn of a German conspiracy. - German U-boats sink five American ships in the Atlantic Ocean.

Identify how African American culture changed after World War I through the 1920s.

- Harlem, a neighborhood in northern Manhattan, was the cultural capital of African American life in the 1920s. - Harlem Renaissance writers celebrated African cultural heritage, as well as their contributions to American culture, such as jazz. - The Harlem Renaissance featured a display of black consciousness in the United States.

Identify how Wilson pursued his anti-trust goals.

- He attempted to strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. - He developed the Federal Trade Commission to identify and rectify unfair trade practices. -He aimed to preclude monopolistic trusts, but not to control them.

What factors helped encourage the passage of child labor and workplace safety laws?

- Progressives on the National Child Labor Committee lobbied for legislation to prohibit the employment of children. - A sweatshop fire killed over 100 young workers in an unsafe work environment.

Identify the overarching issues addressed in President Wilson's Fourteen Points.

- They called for the elimination of trade barriers and the ability for countries to trade during war time. - They addressed how countries should conduct diplomacy. - They addressed territorial claims after World War

How did socialist ideas influence the progressive movement in the United States?

- They introduced "progressive taxation" as a solution for closing the income gap between the rich and poor. - They created a focus on the need for improving working conditions.

In the span of about two years, Russia withdrew from the Great War and the United States entered it in full force. German general Erich Ludendorff said that "America became the decisive power in the war." Place the following events in chronological order to show the context in which American troops entered the war and helped bring it to its conclusion.

- Tsar Nicholas II abdicates the Russian monarchy. - Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. - The return of German troops from the Eastern Front strengthens the Western Front for a final campaign against France and Belgium. - Over 1 million Americans take part in the Meuse-Argonne offensive to repel the German advance into France. - The Allied offensive forces German leaders to ask for peace based on Wilson's Fourteen Points.

What were some of the major issues progressives wanted to fix?

- Wealth and power were unequally distributed. - Unregulated urban growth was creating social ills. -Businesses were unregulated and were corrupting politics.

How did the flaws in the progressive movement shape its motivations?

- Wealthy, well-educated reformers' viewpoints were limited by their ethnic and class prejudices. - Progressives were rarely motivated to address racial inequality.

Identify how Wilson's progressive policies differed from those of Taft and Roosevelt.

- Wilson supported strict anti-trust laws. - Wilson succeeded in lowering the tariff, unlike his Republican predecessors.

What were the unintended consequences of running governments more efficiently with the city-manager plan?

- Working-class voters felt disenfranchised. - Local governments provided fewer services to citizens.

Put in chronological order the following events that contributed to the United States joining the First World War.

- World War I begins with a German declaration of war. - President Wilson allows American banks to loan money to the governments of nations at war. - The sinking of the Lusitania outrages the American public and leaders. - Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic. - The American public reacted angrily to the Zimmermann telegram.

Which of the following were elements of Roosevelt's Square Deal?

- conservation of natural resources like water or forests - vigorous use of Sherman Anti-Trust Act - greater control by government of corporations - regulations of food and medicines to protect consumers - attacks on cronyism

Identify the effects that artists and writers following modernism sought to have on American society.

- disseminate new and unconventional ideas - disturb society

Which of the following were issues that motivated progressive reformers?

- women's suffrage - social ills of rapid urbanization and industrialization - political corruption - the consumption of alcohol - the power of large corporations - economic inequality

Why did union membership decline during the 1920s?

-"open shop" policies -company-sponsored incentives for workers -the use of "yellow-dog" contracts by many employers

Identify the events on the home front that demonstrated how the fear and anger brought on by the war affected American society.

-"war relocation camps" -a race riot in Detroit -zoot suit riots -a conservative backlash against the New Deal and labor unions

Which of the following statements accurately describe the impact of the new consumer culture of the 1920s?

-A mass culture in turn developed, as Americans across the nation consumed not only many of the same products but also the same entertainment. -Moderately priced conveniences such as flush toilets and vacuum cleaners transformed everyday life for much of the urban middle class.

During World War II, an African American draftee remarked, "The army is about to take me to fight for democracy, but I would [rather] fight for democracy right here." What does this quotation suggest about African Americans' experiences during World War II?

-African Americans served in the U.S. military, including the army, and were subject to the draft. -Even as African Americans were risking their lives to secure democracy around the world, they were still kept from enjoying equality at home.

First New Deal

-Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) -Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) -Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) -National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Which of the following statements offer an accurate assessment of Hoover's efforts to resolve the crisis of the Great Depression?

-Although ineffective, Hoover made an effort to reassure the American people that the worst was over and that things would get better. -Initially, Hoover brought together leaders in labor, industry, and agriculture for meetings and urged them to avoid firing workers. -Because of his commitment to a balanced federal budget, Hoover cut federal spending and raised taxes and tariffs—all efforts that backfired.

Identify the factors that made it difficult for the government to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment.

-Americans could keep any liquor purchased before Prohibition went into effect. -Illegal alcohol was extremely popular. -Prominent politicians violated the Eighteenth Amendment.

Two children in "Hooverville" are seated next to a collection jar. One of the signs in the image reads, "Hard Times Are Still 'Hoover'ing Over Us." What does this suggest about the Great Depression?

-Americans who were suffering from the problems of the Great Depression placed blame on President Hoover himself. -Farmers were among those who were adversely affected by the economic crisis.

What were the major developments in the 1920s that led to a new consumer culture?

-As the American economy was producing more goods and services than ever before, Americans also had more money to spend than ever before. -The development of economic innovations such as layaway buying expanded the purchasing power of consumers. -The emergence of advertising and marketing resulted in a widespread push to convince consumers that it was their obligation to buy more of the goods being produced.

Identify Roosevelt's strategy for providing federal work relief to jobless Americans, and evaluate its success.

-As unprecedented as the work relief projects were, Roosevelt viewed these programs as temporary and was reluctant to sustain them. -His strategy was initially limited to the state level; however, he implemented a federal work relief program soon after.

Which of the following were among the major factors that led to an Allied victory over the Japanese in the Pacific?

-At the Battle of Midway, the U.S. Navy helped eliminate the threat to Hawaii. -To avoid the high casualties of a potential land invasion of Japan, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -The Allies adopted the strategy of "island hopping" to focus on more strategically important islands.

What were the major challenges facing the Western Allies, including the United States and Great Britain, as they met at Yalta in 1944 to shape the postwar world?

-At the end of the war, the Soviet army occupied most of eastern Europe and part of Germany, so the United States and Britain had to worry about keeping the Soviets from attaining political control of eastern Europe. -They sought a postwar world that reflected their values, such as representative government, democracy, and individual freedoms. -Although they wanted to be in control of deciding on the fate of a postwar Europe, the Soviet Union had played a major role in the defeat of Nazi Germany as well.

Which of the following statements reveal the impact of the Great Depression on families?

-Birth rates decreased. -Divorce rates declined as couples could not afford to live separately or pay the legal fees to separate.

Which of the following descriptions accurately characterize immigration between 1860 and 1900?

-By 1900, the percentage of residents in major cities who were foreign-born had significantly increased. -America's prosperity and the prospect of political and religious freedom drew immigrants to the United States.

Responding to pressure from New Deal critics in 1935, Roosevelt told a reporter, "I'm fighting Communism, Huey Longism, Coughlinism, Townsendism" in order to "to save our system, the capitalist system" from such "crackpot ideas." Still, when FDR launched his Second New Deal in January of 1935, he said that "social justice ... has become a definite goal." Based on FDR's remarks, what conclusions can we draw about why FDR launched his Second New Deal?

-By making social justice a "definite goal" of the Second New Deal, FDR sought to counter criticism from people like Long and Townsend. -By adapting some of Long's and Coughlin's claims and ideas in his Second New Deal, FDR hoped to reduce potential political competition.

In the 1920s and 1930s, Germany, Italy, and Japan took similar paths that eventually led to World War II. Which of the following statements accurately compare their trajectories and describe how they contributed to the outbreak of war in Europe and Asia?

-By the 1930s, Germany and Italy had brutal dictatorial regimes supported by police states, and Japan had fallen under the control of militarist expansionists. -Germany and Japan attempted to justify territorial expansion by claiming they were destined, as members of superior races, to conquer and inhabit their surrounding regions. -In Germany and Italy, ultranationalist and fascist movements—characterized by violence, extreme patriotism, and hyper-emotionalism—had emerged.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the readiness of the United States for war at the time it declared war on Germany?

-Congress passed legislation for a draft in an effort to achieve enough manpower to take on the Germans. -Due to a lack of readiness, the United States government's authority grew to expedite the country's ability to enter the war.

What were some of the ways World War II affected Americans on the home front during wartime?

-Congress passed the War Powers Act, which authorized the president and Congress to regulate the American economy to help the war effort. -Around 16 million men were drafted into the U.S. military, which led to far-reaching social and demographic changes at home. -African American, Native American, and Latino men and women supported the war effort by joining the armed forces and migrating to areas with defense-related jobs.

Which of the following policies reflect President Coolidge's departure from progressivism, which he supported while a state senator in Massachusetts?

-Coolidge refrained from passing much legislation. -Coolidge was a fiscal conservative.

Speaking of campaign contributions to members of Congress, a California railroad tycoon said, "If you have to pay money to have the right thing done, then it is only just and fair to do it." This quotation illustrates which of the following aspects of Gilded Age politics?

-Corruption was a regular feature of American politics. -The wealth of captains of industry allowed them to buy favors from legislators and government officials.

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote in This Side of Paradise that the "sad young men" who had fought in Europe to "make the world safe for democracy" had "grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken." What does this quotation reveal about American art and literature in the 1920s?

-Cynicism was a common theme in American literature. -Art and literature were influenced by the horrors of the Great War. -The horrific experience of the war had undermined a belief in God.

Which of the following statements accurately describe immigration during the decade of the 1880s?

-Efforts to restrict and limit immigration emerged in response to fears over immigrants' cultural differences and their ability to assimilate. -Major changes in American immigration patterns began in the 1880s and persisted for another three decades.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the use of the New Deal to try to resolve the problems of the Great Depression?

-FDR's advisers were initially unsure about the exact causes of the Great Depression, so they used the New Deal to try out various possible solutions. -Rather than the New Deal itself, the change that really ended the Great Depression was the massive increase in federal spending during World War II.

What about FDR contributed to his ability to confront and challenge the problems associated with the Great Depression?

-FDR, as a self-proclaimed "preacher president," brought his unmatched optimism and activism to the White House. -What set FDR apart was his willingness to experiment with government power and try out possible solutions.

Identify the reforms and decisions made by President Hayes in his attempt to reform the Republican party and distance himself from the spoils system.

-He declared that the time had come "for civil service reform." -He fired New York Customs House manager Chester Arthur for his promotion of "ignorance, inefficiency, and corruption."

What was Treasury secretary Andrew Mellon's initial approach to handling the economic crisis of the 1930s?

-He sought to let the economy work itself out. -He believed the liquidation of labor, stocks, real estate, and so on would make the most sense.

The 1928 election was a match-up between Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith and Republican candidate Herbert Hoover, who presented sharply different images. Identify the characteristics of each of the candidates.

-Herbert Hoover- successful business man, widely viewed as a brilliant engineer and humanitarian -Alfred E.Smith- outspoken critic of Prohibition, four-term New York governor

The causes of the Great Depression continue to be debated by economists, though many argue that it was a combination of various factors that led to the economic collapse. What were some of these contributing factors?

-High tariffs were imposed by the U.S. government to protect domestic companies. -There were more goods in circulation than Americans could afford to buy.

What was President Hoover's early approach to the Great Depression, and how did his strategy affect the economy's recovery?

-Hoover took an active role in attempting to end the Great Depression. -Hoover sought to convince business, labor, and other industry leaders to play their part in getting the economy back on track. -Hoover's efforts were unsuccessful

Which of the following statements accurately describe the experiences of minorities and women during the Great Depression?

-Hundreds of thousands of Mexican-born Americans and their American-born children were deported from the United States as a solution to overextended relief organizations. -Facing pervasive discrimination, African American industrial workers were often the "last hired, first fired" when the economy crashed.

This photograph of the Ellis Island reception center shows immigrants in its registry room upon entering the United States. What does this image suggest about the experience of immigrants passing through Ellis Island during the late 1880s and early 1900s?

-Immigration was an organized process. -Large numbers of immigrants passed through Ellis Island. -did NOT head for the south

How did the Allied aerial bombardment of Germany impact the Germans' ability to resist Allied encroachment into Nazi-controlled Europe?

-It failed to cripple German wartime industrial production, despite their massive death tolls. -It claimed the lives of approximately 350,000 German civilians, but the bombings were unsuccessful at breaking the German will to fight. -It forced the German armed forces to commit more troops and resources to the defense of the German homefront

How did the Granger movement seek to help farmers across the South and the Great Plains alleviate some of the hardships caused by a shrinking money supply?

-It helped farmers organize, develop "cooperatives," and reduce storage and transportation fees. -It helped establish Granger laws that provided additional protections to small farmers. -It was the first to help isolated farmers politically organize for policies that would change the money supply.

What impact did the stock market crash of 1929 have on the American economy?

-It led to a widespread panic that deepened the economic crisis. -It exposed the shaky foundations of the 1920s economy.

President Hoover, like many Republicans, supported congressional efforts to pass higher tariffs on imported goods. Leading Republican congressmen in the 1930s Reed Owen Smoot and Willis C. Hawley collaborated on a new tariff that had adverse effects on the economy and helped trigger the Great Depression. What was the objective of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, and how did this bill contribute to the Great Depression?

-It sought to aid the struggling agricultural sector and other industries by eliminating foreign competition. -The tariff prompted numerous European countries to reduce their exports to the United States and imposed obstacles to selling American goods abroad.

Analyze the map below. Immigrants from which nations faced discrimination for their radical political ideologies?

-Italy -Poland -Russian Federation

Which of the following statements accurately describe the birth of jazz?

-Louis Armstrong helped shape a musical style that captured the spirit of the age with its emphasis on pleasure, spontaneity, and rejection of convention. -Jazz often drew members from all ethnicities and ages and brought affluent whites to "black" nightclubs and "jazz joints."

Which of the following statements accurately describe the Bonus Army and its consequences?

-Many Bonus Army members remained near the Capitol with their families and erected a "Hooverville" as a public demonstration of their discontent. -Thousands of World War I veterans and their families went to the Capitol to press Congress to deliver the payment of a bonus promised to them for their military service.

Horace Greeley, the 1872 Democratic presidential candidate, responded to the influx of Americans who moved from rural areas or small towns to cities by saying, "We cannot all live in cities, yet nearly all seem determined to do so." Which of the following trends does this quotation support?

-Many considered cities the place to be, whether for job opportunities or public entertainment. -An increasing urban population of migrants congested the nation's cities.

Late nineteenth century America

-Many native-born Americans believed immigrants needed to be instructed in American culture and values. -Chinese immigrants were the first group to be subject to race-based immigration restrictions. -America in the late nineteenth century was increasingly diverse.

What were some of the reasons for the passage, and subsequent renewal, of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

-Many nativists harbored deep-seated bigotry toward non-whites, which was zealously applied to Chinese immigrants. -Many whites feared that Chinese immigrants would end up taking their jobs. -Chinese immigrants did not usually belong to any denomination of Christianity. -Many Chinese immigrants were illiterate.

How did Herbert Spencer's social Darwinism and his interpretation of "the survival of the fittest" use Darwin's theory, and how did Darwin and others receive it?

-Many people embraced social Darwinism and used it as a justification for limited government intervention. -Social Darwinism took Darwin's ideas of evolutionary theory and applied them to human society. -Social Darwinism argued that competition would produce perfection and happiness.

Which of the following statements accurately describe modernism?

-Modernism was a movement characterized by rethinking traditional standards of taste and beauty. -Modernist art became increasingly abstract and unconventional. -Modernist writers began to experiment with different forms of poetry, short stories, and novels.

How did the New Deal impact American workers?

-New Deal programs and laws strengthened the bargaining power of unions. -Millions of workers began working for the government.

Why did millions of Americans migrate from the country to the city during the Gilded Age?

-New industries in the cities created abundant job opportunities that attracted many individuals who sought work. -Reduced demand for farm labor pushed many rural workers to find work in the city. -Many migrants sought to escape the monotony of the countryside and experience the cultural excitement of the city.

What factors led to agriculture becoming the weakest sector in the economy throughout the 1920s?

-Overproduction brought lower prices for crops. -A bumper crop of cotton resulted in a price collapse. -European agricultural production returned to prewar levels.

What were some of the duties and responsibilities of party bosses?

-Party bosses used their political "machine" to help nominate and elect candidates. -Party bosses organized campaign workers. -Party bosses distributed contracts to financial supporters and government jobs to loyal members of their ring. -Party bosses provided financial assistance to the needy.

What were the consequences of the war at home and abroad? Put the following post-World War I events in chronological order.

-Postal workers intercept nearly forty mail bombs addressed to government officials. -A bomb damages U.S. Attorney General Palmer's house. -J. Edgar Hoover is appointed to head a government agency tasked with gathering information on radical groups, such as anarchists and socialists. -Federal agents round up more than 5,000 suspected radicals and deport some to Russia.

How did fundamentalism shape government policies?

-Prohibition was introduced via the Eighteenth Amendment. -Teaching evolution was banned in a number of states. -John T. Scopes was arrested in Tennessee, which led to the Scopes Trial.

Identify some of the problems that the United States faced domestically following the end of World War I.

-Racial tensions increased and resulted in race riots as more and more African Americans moved out of the South. -American workers began striking in far greater numbers. -Americans developed an overwhelming fear of communism.

Which of the following does the image suggest about the war effort in the United States during the First World War?

-Recruiters appealed to young men's desire to achieve notoriety and contribute to the nation's future. -Recruitment efforts glorified the image of the United States and its role in the war.

Which of the following statements accurately describe why a range of progressive reformers emerged at the turn of the nineteenth century in the United States?

-Reformers were concerned about the corruption in local, state, and federal governments. -Reformers were concerned about the growing power of large corporations.

Put in chronological order the following events that shaped the postwar world.

-Roosevelt and Churchill meet to draw up the Atlantic Charter, which even the Soviet Union endorsed. -During the Yalta Conference, the "Big Three" agree to hold further talks to discuss the structure of the United Nations. -Soviet troops occupy Berlin before the Americans.

Roosevelt's 1912 election campaign and the Bull Moose party

-Roosevelt continued to draw a number of followers, including to the Bull Moose party convention. -Roosevelt had a dominating personality and used the Bull Moose party to advance his own cause.

In what ways did the emergence of new scientific theories influence the rise of cultural forces such as realism?

-Science generated a newfound focus on the value of things that could be observed and calculated, including everyday surroundings. -The facts offered by science influenced a less romantic perspective of human life.

This Prohibition-era photograph from 1926 shows two men inspecting what appears to be a stack of torpedoes on a ship. In reality, they were torpedo-shaped containers with buoyant air compartments filled with malt whiskey. Based on this image, what conclusions can be drawn about the Eighteenth Amendment, which was in effect at the time and prohibited the manufacture, sale, and shipment of alcohol?

-Smugglers or bootleggers were willing to defy the Eighteenth Amendment. -In some cases, the Eighteenth Amendment was likely to result in the need for law enforcement agencies to devote more time and resources. -After the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, there were enough Americans still drinking to fuel the demand for contraband whiskey.

Which of the following statements about the evolution of American culture in the early twentieth century are accurate and supported by George Bellows's painting Stag at Sharkey's?

-Spectator sports were popular. -Influenced by modern science, realist art emphasized the close observation of moments in everyday life. -Realist art depicted the realities of everyday life, not romanticized versions of it.

What were the guarantees put forward by the Atlantic Charter, and what impact did they have on American neutrality?

-The Atlantic Charter promised to ensure that all peoples had the right to self-determination. -The Atlantic Charter proposed that the United Nations would replace the League of Nations as the new system of ensuring international security. -The Atlantic Charter stated that it would ensure freedom of the seas after the war.

In December 1917, seven months after the United States declared war on Germany, French premier Georges Clemenceau told an American journalist, "A terrible blow is imminent. Tell your Americans to come quickly." What was Clemenceau's concern?

-The Bolsheviks' seizure of power meant that Russia would no longer play a role in the war, and the Germans would soon launch a massive offensive along the Western Front. -Though America had entered the war, the time and effort spent enlisting, training, and organizing its troops meant that it had made little contribution to the fighting along the Western Front at this time.

What were some of the shortcomings of the New Deal for African Americans?

-The Federal Housing Administration did not provide mortgages for African Americans who wanted to live in white neighborhoods. -Both the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Tennessee Valley Authority practiced segregation. -Racism by New Deal administrators limited the opportunities available to African Americans.

Which of the following options explain President Wilson's declaration of war on April 2, 1917?

-The German government started an unrestricted submarine warfare against the United States. -The German government was secretly trying to encourage the Mexicans to attack the United States.

Which of the following statements accurately characterize the nature of politics during the Gilded Age?

-The Gilded Age reflected more political corruption than political improvement. -During the Gilded Age, political parties were more powerful than U.S. presidents. -Business moguls were more powerful than political parties during the Gilded Age.

Which of the following statements represent the impact of the Great Migration?

-The Great Migration initiated a major demographic shift nationwide. -The convergence of so many African Americans in New York City created the conditions for the Harlem Renaissance. -By moving to regions beyond the South, African Americans gained more political leverage.

Identify the tactics employed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to support its mission.

-The NAACP researched and publicized the problems faced by African Americans. -The NAACP actively campaigned for racial equality through the use of legal action.

Identify the reasons why Roosevelt's critics were opposed to the National Recovery Administration (NRA).

-The NRA supported big corporations over small businesses. -The NRA did not protect agricultural and domestic workers.

Identify the reasons why Roosevelt's critics opposed the New Deal.

-The New Deal increased taxes and was too socialist. -The United States still suffered from the Great Depression, and Roosevelt's programs didn't do enough to improve the economy.

What developments occurred in women's suffrage in the United States during the Great War?

-The Nineteenth Amendment brought the climactic achievement of the Progressive Era: women's suffrage. -Women's suffrage was met with resistance by the U.S. Congress.

What were some of the political repercussions of the growing resentment of small farmers, ranchers, miners, and the poor toward a restrictive monetary policy?

-The Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) is passed. -The People's party (Populists) rises in the Midwest.

Which of the following were features of the postwar world?

-The Soviet Union became a world power. -The United Nations was formed. -European countries lost their colonies in Asia and Africa.

Identify the changes to the American government and society that stemmed from the need to increase industrial production for the war.

-The War Production Board directed civilian industries to convert for war production. -The power of the president increased once Congress authorized greater federal control over the economy with the War Powers Act.

How did the development of new technology and tactics help reduce the threat posed by German U-boats to Allied shipping and naval vessels?

-The ability of the British to crack German naval codes made it easier for the Allied forces to track the movements of German U-boats. -The Allied Powers began sending cargo ships together in convoys guarded by warships, which drastically reduced effective U-boat attacks. -The development of effective radar and sonar technology enabled Allied ships to successfully track German U-boats.

Identify the circumstances that enabled the U.S. Navy to triumph over the Japanese navy during the Battle of Midway.

-The ability of the U.S. Navy to decipher Japanese radio code enabled U.S. naval strategists to more effectively prepare for the engagement. -U.S. forces' preparations for the Battle of Midway surprised Japanese attackers.

How did the neutrality laws implemented by Congress starting in 1935 restrict the ability of the United States to engage in the conflicts of other countries abroad?

-The cash-and-carry system barred American merchant ships from delivering goods to warring nations. -American citizens were not permitted to travel on ships owned by warring nations. -Some early neutrality acts banned loaning money to nations at war.

What was the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), and how successful was it in the years following its implementation?

-The commission's actual powers proved to be weak. -It was an agency created to regulate railroad rates for interstate traffic.

How did the role of the federal government change under Roosevelt?

-The government became responsible for ensuring a minimum quality of life for Americans. -The government became responsible for regulating the economy and ensuring stability.

the war against the Axis Powers in Europe and Africa

-The major point of departure for the bulk of the Allied aerial bombing campaign was Great Britain, from which Allied aircraft could drop their bombs on Germany. -As the Allied offensive began in 1942, the Axis powers had military control of nearly all of Europe and even parts of the Soviet Union and northern Africa. -By 1944, Germany was facing pressure on at least two fronts as Allied forces closed in from France and eastern Europe.

In what ways did the entry of the United States into World War I contribute to the defeat of the Central Powers?

-The mobilization of 650,000 U.S. troops helped French troops halt and turn back the Germans in the Battle of Belleau Wood in 1918. -The 1.2 million U.S. soldiers deployed during the largest Allied offensive critically turned the tide of the war in favor of the Allied Powers.

What were the effects of the "money question" during the Democratic national convention of 1896 in Chicago?

-The money question divided Democrats into two groups: "Gold Democrats" and pro-silver Democrats. -The Democrats' nomination of Bryan resulted in the Populists nominating Bryan as well.

How did the onset of the Second World War impact the role the U.S. federal government played in the lives of average Americans?

-The number of federal government employees multiplied by a factor of four to staff the newly created government agencies. -Women were integrated into the economy in large numbers to replace the labor force that was lost because of the need for fighting-age males. The federal government used promotional campaigns to encourage women to join the workforce. -The government instituted domestic rationing and price ceilings on goods in high demand. -The federal government demanded the war industries provide equal treatment in the hiring of minority workers.

Which of the following contributed to the growth of the suffrage movement from 1880 to 1910?

-The number of working women tripled during these years. -College-educated women increasingly participated in opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

the emergence of large cities between 1880 and 1920

-The percentage of the population living in cities came to be the largest in California, the Midwest, and the Northeast. -The number of cities in the United States with a population over 100,000 had close to doubled in this time.

How did the passage of the War Powers Act of 1941, which increased the power of the presidency, reshape American society?

-The president gained the power to authorize censorship of certain forms of communication. -The War Powers Act granted the president authority to manage the growing size of the federal government by creating, redistributing, and reorganizing government agencies. -The president gained the power to regulate industries and private businesses.

Identify the arguments made by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book, On the Origin of Species.

-The process of natural selection causes weaker organisms to die from starvation, disease, or predators. -Offspring who survive do so because they enjoy favorable characteristics. -Most organisms generate more offspring than are able to survive.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the political battle over whether to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations?

-The ratification process was constantly obstructed in the U.S. Senate and was ultimately unsuccessful. -German leaders were upset by the treaty and balked during negotiations until France threatened further military action.

Why was the emergence of the Soviet Union as a global superpower surprising in the aftermath of the Second World War, particularly when compared to the rise of the other world power—the United States?

-The ratio of Soviet to American casualties during the war was nearly 60 to 1. -Fighting on the Eastern Front ravaged Soviet territory and severely impacted the lives of Soviet citizens. Conversely, the U.S. home front did not experience any major fighting.

Identify how the First World War shaped postwar events on the international stage.

-The resolution to the war, and particularly the terms of peace, left Germany wanting revenge. -The war accelerated the triumph of the Bolshevik Revolution.

Which of the following statements describe major causes of the Great Depression?

-There was a major gap between how efficiently and how much the American economy produced and the ability of American consumers to purchase those goods. -New technologies of the early twentieth centuries allowed companies to produce at higher levels with greater efficiency. -Wages for workers were not rising at the same pace as production.

In the spirit of Washington Gladden, how did religious leaders and institutions contribute to the progressive movement?

-They adopted the social gospel, which held that religious organizations and individual Christians were obligated to lead the effort in helping the poor. -They often supported the right of workers to unionize and helped the working poor who lacked the legal right to form unions.

Many native-born Americans saw the wave of "new immigrants" as a threat to their way of life and their jobs. Analyze the following quotation in which a Stanford University professor describes these immigrants as "illiterate, docile, lacking in self-reliance and initiative, and not possessing the Anglo-Teutonic conceptions of law, order, and government." What does this description tell us about the nativists' feelings toward immigrants?

-They assumed all immigrants were illiterate, even though they might have been able to read and write in their native languages. -They stereotyped all immigrants as lazy, despite the fact that language barriers and other factors often made it difficult for immigrants to contribute to society. -They thought all immigrants were criminals, despite the fact that some immigrants were driven to commit crimes out of desperation to support themselves and their families.

In the post-Civil War era, what were some of the circumstances that contributed to the difficult economic conditions for farmers in the South and the Great Plains?

-They had to buy manufactured goods protected by tariffs while simultaneously selling their crops on the open market. -Increased competition from national and international producers increased the food supply while lowering food prices. -The decline in the money supply made it difficult to pay off their debts. -The development of national and international market economies forced farmers to pay high shipping and storage fees.

Identify how reformers attempted to deal with the unsanitary conditions of city life.

-They implemented a trash collection system. -They implemented regulations to ensure residents had more space, better lighting, and more toilets. -They fought to ban slaughterhouses and prohibit livestock from being raised in cities.

the "new women" and flappers of the 1920s

-They often used dance as a form of carefree self-expression. -They tended to use fashion to make a statement and defy traditional standards for women. -They often embraced attention and what could be considered risky behavior.

What role did saloons play in urban life, and what types of customers usually frequented these destinations?

-They provided an environment for men to engage in political discussion. -They served as social clubs for working men. -They provided refuge for the homeless.

election of 1912

-Together, Roosevelt and Taft won more popular votes combined than Wilson did as the winner of the election. -As a socialist, Debs made a showing in the election, winning close to a million votes in the popular vote.

American neutrality in 1938

-U.S. foreign policy was caught between those who wanted America to get involved and those who wanted to remain neutral. -The United States was in danger so long as it remained neutral. -The United States was showing signs of trying to break away from the confining nature of its isolationist policies.

How did Roosevelt's vision in the 1932 presidential election differ from that of Hoover, the incumbent president?

-Unlike Hoover, Roosevelt offered an uplifting message of hope. -Roosevelt was a strong believer in experimenting with new and bold strategies to revive the economy.

What factors led to Hoover's victory in the 1928 presidential election?

-Voters associated Harding and Coolidge with economic prosperity. -Hoover's opponent Alfred E. Smith was attacked for his Catholicism and support for the repeal of Prohibition. -High tariffs generated support for Republicans from the business community.

What does President Coolidge's perspective on capitalism and the role of the president demonstrate about Republican party policy in the 1920s and its relationship with the progressivism of the early twentieth century?

-Whereas Progressive era presidents took a very active role in addressing social problems, Coolidge was determined not to be an activist president. -Unlike Progressive era presidents, Coolidge sought to promote industrial growth by reducing the role of the federal government.

What were some of the issues that impeded the implementation of President Wilson's ideal peace plan?

-Wilson's Fourteen Points were considered to be too idealistic for European leaders, who would not support them without reservations. -At the end of the war, Wilson left the United States for six months to attend the peace talks. -Wilson opposed Republicans in Congress who supported him during the war. -In a partisan political move, Wilson refused to appoint Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to the American peacemaking delegation.

the women's suffrage movement during the Progressive Era

-Women of many different ages participated in the movement and were seen as benefiting from it. -A number of women who participated in the movement showed a sense of patriotism and pride in the country in which they hoped to vote.

Second New Deal

-Works Progress Administration (WPA) -Social Security -Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) -National Labor Relations Board

Designed by Secretary of Labor Frances Coralie Perkins, the Social Security Act had three major components. Which of the following comprise the three major parts of this legislation?

-federal grants for welfare payments to dependent children, mothers, and peoples with disabilities -a retirement pension program for people over the age of 65 -an unemployment compensation program

During the early period of the Great Depression, millions of Americans suffered through which of the following experiences?

-homelessness -hunger -unemployment

Identify the few cases in which women were allowed to enter saloons.

-if the saloon offered a "wine room" -if the saloon offered a "snug" -when they were "rushing the growler"

According to progressives, what were the crises facing the United States?

-limited regulation on industrialization -limited planning for urban growth

Given that we now vote by secret ballots, it is difficult for modern Americans to appreciate the coercive party politics of the Gilded Age. Select all responses that describe the coercive behavior you see in the political cartoon below.

-men at the front of the line led to the ballot box in handcuffs -party officials whipping the working-class men to prod them forward

Which of the following did Wilson and Congress use to carry out his vision of preparedness before the United States entered the war?

-progressive legislation that raised the income tax rate -taxes to deter war-related profiteering

Identify the beneficiaries of the Social Security Act.

-retired Americans -Americans who were unemployed -Americans who were unable to work

Identify the components of Roosevelt's three-pronged strategy that he sought to implement in his First Hundred Days.

-subsidize the farm sector to boost low prices -promote compromises between management and labor -provide temporary aid for the unemployed

Eleanor Roosevelt was an important advocate for President Roosevelt's New Deal, embarking on a national tour that was instrumental in winning support for his programs. Which of the following both were accomplishments of the early New Deal and express the humanitarian goals she promoted?

-the Federal Emergency Relief Agencies and other programs that together hired 300,000 women -reversal of Woodrow Wilson's policy of segregation of federal government agencies and offices

During the 1920s, reactionary conservatism revealed major fissures on the surface of what would later be known as the "Roaring Twenties" and the "Age of Prosperity." Nativism was one form of reaction to the new waves of immigration after World War I. Which of the following are manifestations of nativism as a conservative reaction to the changes of the 1920s?

-the Immigration Act of 1924 -the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan -Prohibition -Sacco and Vanzetti's murder trial

Which of the following were among the major factors that enabled the United States and its allies to win the war in Europe?

-the ability of Allied forces to coordinate complex military campaigns -the unmatched productive capacity of American industries -the ability of the Soviet Union to absorb a massive invasion and push the Nazis back to Berlin

Which of the following represent progressive policies that Taft successfully enforced during his presidency?

-the breakup of the Standard Oil Company -the preservation of federal land

"It's like bubbling molasses down there ... the mushroom is spreading out ... fires are springing up everywhere ... it's like a peep into hell."What does this quotation reveal about the bombing of the Japanese city of Hiroshima?

-the devastation not just to the target of the atomic bomb, but also to its surrounding area -the success of the U.S. effort to leverage atomic bombs in hopes the impact would bring an immediate end to the war -the massive scale of explosion at Hiroshima

Which of the following cultural and social movements of the 1920s are evident in Guy Pène du Bois's Nightclub (1933)?

-the flappers' style -modernism -the rise of "Jazz Age" nightclubs

Which of the following strategies did activist Alice Paul use to promote women's suffrage?

-threatening to campaign against Woodrow Wilson's reelection -picketing the White House -going on hunger strikes

Identify the characteristics of fascism as it arose in Italy and Germany prior to the start of World War II.

-use of violence to seize and maintain political power -totalitarian government led by a dictator -use of propaganda as a means of political control -ultranationalist patriotism

chronological order of the German actions that led up to World War II.

1- Hitler becomes the chancellor of Germany. 2- Germany begins reconstructing its military arsenal in violation of the Versailles Treaty. 3- Germany sends troops to the demilitarized Rhineland in violation of the Versailles Treaty. 4- Germany, Italy, and Japan form the "Axis" alliance. 5- World War II begins after Germany invades Poland.

major events in the Allied war effort in chronological order.

1-Allied forces liberate Paris from Nazi military occupation. 2-President Roosevelt is reelected to a fourth term. 3-The "Big Three" Allied leaders meet during the Yalta Conference to determine how the Allied Powers would govern Germany following its unconditional surrender. 4-Berlin falls to the advancing Soviet army. 5-German military leaders declare their unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers.

Put in chronological order the following Japanese actions in Asia.

1-Japanese forces occupy Manchuria, a territory in northeastern China. 2-Japan declares Manchuria independent from China and renames it "The Republic of Manchukuo." 3-The Japanese government accelerates the rate of its military buildup. 4-The clash at Marco Polo Bridge between Japanese and Chinese forces quickly evolves into the Sino-Japanese War.

events of the Gilded Age in chronological order

1. President Hayes attempts to implement civil service reform with limited success 2. President Garfield is assassinated by someone who blamed Garfield's civil service reforms for his failure to receive a government job 3. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act mandates that many federal jobs be filled on the basis of competitive tests rather than patronage 4. Senator James G. Blaine of Maine receives the Republican nomination for the presidency 5. The Mugwumps break with the Republican party 6. Democrat Grover Cleveland wins the presidency as a reform candidate

How did the women's suffrage movement evolve?

1. Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in New York City 2. The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is formed. 3. Nine western states grant women full suffrage rights 4. New York allows women to vote in all elections.

Chronological order of events related to the First and Second deal

1. national recovery administration is created, and agricultural adjustment act is passed 2. the civil works administration is created 3. the works progress administration is created 4. the wagner act is passed, and the national labor relations board is created 5. congress passes the 'cornerstone' of the new deal: the social security act 6. FDR devises his famous "court-packing scheme"

The following events occurred as part of the financial debate between advocates of "sound money" policies and supporters of an expansion of the money supply. Put the events in chronological order to illustrate how the money question became the most important political issue of the late nineteenth century.

1. the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act 2. the People's party platform of 1892 3. the Panic of 1893 4. the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act 5. Democratic nomination of the pro-silver Bryan as its presidential candidate 6. McKinley's inauguration as president

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Created partly in response to the migration of southern blacks northward, this group engaged in activism through legal action, such as by trying to stop residential segregation.

Hoover's response to the Bonus Expeditionary Force protest revealed his concern for the plight of unemployed and desperate Americans. Hoover supported the demands of the veterans for increased benefits, but could not persuade Congress to spend the extra money.

False

Though the economy was soaring by 1927 as a result of consumer spending, investments into the stock market were beginning to slow.

False

The growth of cities, and its associated problems such as overcrowding, were confined to the Northeast and Midwest.

False -Although northeastern and midwestern cities were far more densely populated, all regions of the nation experienced urbanization.

Before he died, President Roosevelt was committed to reviving the isolationist foreign policy posture popular before World War I.

False -President Roosevelt believed that the postwar international community needed to develop a cooperative atmosphere, with the United States situated in a leadership role.

In an effort to improve the democratic process, progressives supported initiatives to allow members of the public greater administrative control in local government.

False -Progressives wanted experts to run cities because they would improve efficiency and save money.

Progressives all shared the same goals and approved of the same tactics needed to achieve those goals.

False -Progressivism focused on creating positive changes in society, but the movement was not necessarily organized under one set of goals. Progressives were a diverse group motivated by different concerns.

During the early years of the economic downturn, national observers noted both the outpouring of support for government relief efforts and how local businesses united in their attempts to keep workers employed and the economy afloat.

False -Protests and riots were common among those suffering the hardships of the Great Depression. Mobs prevented the foreclosure of farms by law enforcement, and various types of workers went on strike against wage cuts.

Like Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, who established Chicago's Hull House, founders of settlement houses believed that charitable works and Christian fellowship could adequately address the issues of urban poverty.

False -Settlement house leaders like Jane Addams began to advocate for political reform to address the root causes of poverty, as they realized their work was unable to provide for the growing number of poor Americans in the nation's slums.

The First New Deal primarily focused on stimulating the economy in order to end the economic downturn. It did little to address the human suffering that resulted from the Great Depression.

False -The First New Deal was composed of several pieces of legislation passed by Congress, which created various programs to combat the social and economic repercussions of the Great Depression.

Roosevelt ensured that his Second New Deal programs would stand by filling the Supreme Court with justices who supported him.

False -The Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act and the Social Security Act without interference from Roosevelt.

The success of the Democratic party in the 1930 midterm election forced Hoover to alter his strategy on the economy in order to gain public support.

False -The election did nothing to persuade Hoover that a change of strategy was necessary. Instead, the president became even more adamant in his refusal to allow the government to intervene in the economy.

President Cleveland's veto of Congress's attempt to provide seeds to Texas farmers was a testament to his devotion to the spoils system.

False -This 1887 veto represented Cleveland's philosophy of limiting the role of government in social and economic situations; it was not an attempt to compensate party loyalists. Mainstream politicians' failure to use government funds to support struggling farmers helped give rise to new political movements.

During the early years of the Great Depression, millions of Americans suffered from rising inflation, a collapsing financial system, food shortages, and land evictions. But because most were willing to endure severe wage decreases, employment remained steady.

False -Unemployment was a huge hardship in the early years of the Great Depression. The number of jobless Americans soared from 4 million in 1930 to 12 million in 1932. The video below describes the scope of the Great Depression and traces some of the factors that led to this dramatic rise in unemployment.

Weak agricultural sector

Farmers' income declined drastically as prices for agricultural goods dropped.

describing why Father Charles E. Coughlin, the popular "radio priest" and founder of the National Union for Social Justice, attacked the New Deal and Roosevelt.

Father Charles E. Coughlin believed that Roosevelt's New Deal was too Communist. In his speeches he accused Roosevelt of being used by the Jews. He applauded Adolf Hitler's policies and supported the idea of similar policies in the United States.

the American Birth Control League

Finding that urban working-class women were struggling to provide for their families and had limited control over their own bodies, this group recognized the fact that the twenties were not "roaring" for everyone.

the ramifications of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with German support, attempted to exercise control over Serbian internal affairs. In response, Russian forces mobilized in defense of Serbia. This initial military mobilization activated both major European military alliances: the Central Powers composed of Italy, Germany, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; and the opposing Allied Powers were made up of Great Britain, Russia, and France.

France

Following the conquest of Poland, the Germans' use of the blitzkrieg strategy allowed for the rapid defeat of this major European power.

describing how progressives used efficiency to achieve their goals

Formerly an engineer, Frederick Winslow Taylor developed the practice of "scientific management" for the manufacturing sector and became the first "efficiency expert" in the United States. His ideas helped businesses and factories run more effectively by improving productivity. Progressives drew on these techniques to make the government more efficient by seeking to ensure that trained specialists took over some positions previously held by political appointees.

Why did Roosevelt choose to vigorously enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?

He wanted to break up companies that acted in unfair and illegal ways.

Which of the following ideologies did suffragists incorporate into their movement?

Activists used the social gospel to make a case for women's suffrage.

Czechoslovakia

Hitler annexed this nation despite British and French efforts to appease Germany with the Munich Pact.

Austria

Hitler forced the Anschluss, or union, of this nation with Germany.

Rhineland

Hitler moved troops into this demilitarized region in violation of the Versailles Treaty.

Identify how the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment changed the political landscape of the United States.

It immediately reshaped the electoral landscape, as women accounted for 40 percent of the electorate in the presidential election of 1920.

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

It imposed a system of competitive tests for the attainment of federal jobs.

McKinley Tariff Act

It protected American businesses from foreign competitors and encouraged domestic companies to raise their prices.

a new interpretation of evolution.

Lester Frank Ward directly challenged Herbert Spencer's social Darwinism by claiming that cooperation, not competition, would advance society. This idea was at the heart of what came to be called reform Darwinism.

describe Wilson's economic policies.

Like Taft, Wilson pursued tariff reform as president; however, he proved more successful than his predecessor. Wilson wanted to reduce the tariff in order to promote competition. Despite initial opposition in the Senate due to the influence of lobbyists, his reforms managed to pass both houses. The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act also led to the creation of the income tax—the first one of its kind following the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment.

describe how the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU), which was led by Frances Willard from 1879 to 1898, and other temperance organizations evolved over time.

Many progressive women believed alcohol caused crime, political corruption, and domestic violence. The temperance movement initially sought to encourage responsible drinking. Eventually, women formed the Anti-Saloon League, which, along with the WCTU, championed the national prohibition of alcohol. Congress eventually approved a constitutional amendment that prohibited alcohol.

This passage describes one of the forms the conservative reaction to immigration took.

Many supporters of PROHIBITION wanted to limit the undesirable activities of immigrant groups, who were believed to DRINK EXCESSIVELY. During World War I, backlash against GERMAN immigrants and beer brewers helped further this cause.

describing the influences on the modernist movement.

Modernism began as a reaction to scientific changes, such as the theory of relativity, as well as World War I (the Great War). Modernists believed that social progress could not be taken for granted and many modernists also did not believe in God. Modernists' experimentation with artistic forms reflected a belief in a subjective reality.

What was the socioeconomic status of most immigrants who came to the United States between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century?

Most immigrants were poor, non-english speaking laborers who sought economic opportunity and were susceptible to exploitation

Which of the following describes how the muckrakers contributed to the progressive movement?

Muckrakers educated the public about the problems society faced.

How did Native Americans' attitudes regarding the New Deal change over time?

Native Americans were optimistic at first, but quickly became disappointed in the New Deal, as it failed to improve their lives in significant ways.

Why did Congress feel compelled to pass the Immigration Act of 1924?

Nativist Americans were afraid of political ideologies of eastern and southern European immigrants

Mass transportation changed the way that people commuted to work in cities, as they could live longer distances from their places of work. Identify the three cities that revolutionized transportation by constructing the first underground subway trains.

New York, Boston, and Philadelphia

describe the controversy surrounding Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.

Objections to Darwin's book were rooted in the religious beliefs of Europeans and Americans who embraced a literal interpretation of the Bible. Intense debate emerged from Darwin's idea of the "trial and error" of evolution. To many, Darwin's arguments seemed to suggest that the universe was not controlled by the hand of God, and they feared that his ideas would lead to atheism.

Universal Negro Improvement Organization (UNIA)

Originally begun in Jamaica and seeking to celebrate black culture, this group promoted black separatism from mainstream American life and became the largest black political organization in U.S. history.

Select the answer that best summarizes why voter turnout was so high during the later years of the nineteenth century.

Party loyalty, the spoils system, and the fact that neither party was dominant or sure to win were key reasons why voter turnout was high

describing how Roosevelt's Second New Deal influenced the Democratic party.

Roosevelt enjoyed a sizeable victory in the election of 1936, and the Democrats controlled Congress. However, many of Roosevelt's policies caused a rift in the Democratic party. The president's Court-packing plan drew harsh criticism from Congress and was voted down. Southern Democrats did not like the increasing number of African Americans and unionists who supported Roosevelt.

describe events leading to the formation of the Progressive party

Roosevelt was angry with Taft's policies and developed a set of principles known as New Nationalism. Roosevelt tried to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912. When the party chose Taft as its candidate, Roosevelt and his supporters formed a party with progressive goals such as women's suffrage, a minimum wage, and other social reforms.

Identify how Roosevelt's Second New Deal programs differed from the programs in his First New Deal.

Roosevelt's Second New Deal programs focused on social justice, whereas the First New Deal programs were designed to save the economy.

Which of the following statements accurately describe factors that led to advances in women's voting rights in the western territories and states?

Territories and states west of the Mississippi River strongly supported Populism, making women in those areas more likely to engage in grassroots political efforts

How did the "Wisconsin idea," proposed by Wisconsin governor Robert M. La Follette, help progressives achieve a "laboratory for democracy" in his state government?

The "Wisconsin idea" used experts to provide politicians across the state with nonpartisan research and to help in the drafting of legislation

Yellow Dog Contract

Employers often required workers to sign "yellow-dog" contracts that forced them to agree not to join a union. This name came from employees feeling as though such restrictions were akin to mistreatment directed toward a yellow dog.

airplane

The Air Commerce Act allowed the government to fund airport construction.

In 1939, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 to allow Britain and France to send their own ships to the United States to bring back American military supplies. Which statement describes Americans' feelings about the war at the time this act was passed?

The American people wanted to arm and financially support nations opposing Germany and Japan, as long as those same powers fought the war and Americans did not.

How did the Bolshevik Revolution affect the war?

The Bolsheviks ended Russia's fighting in World War I, eliminating the fighting on the Eastern Front.

The Supreme Court was hostile to many New Deal elements during Roosevelt's first term, ruling that elements such as the National Recovery Administration were unconstitutional in seven out of nine cases that it reviewed. What was the main theme of the Court's decisions?

The Court ruled that the New Deal gave too much power to the federal government.

Although Alfred E. Smith lost the election by a landslide, what was the glimpse of hope for Democrats in the results that demonstrates the cyclical nature of the political cycle?

The Democratic vote total in the largest cities was double that of the previous presidential election

the social crisis that emerged during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

The LACK of funding at the state level and the federal government's failure to deal adequately with homelessness and joblessness led to the spread of shantytowns throughout the country. These communities were commonly called HOOVERVILLES as a critique of Hoover's handling of the economy. Hoover refused the calls for government intervention to curb poverty and unemployment, fearing that they would lead the nation down a SOCIALIST path.

the experiences of various ethnic communities during the Great Depression.

The black community was one of the most SERIOUSLY AFFECTED groups during the Great Depression, as many African Americans were already poor, barely scratching out a living in the South on small farms. Those who had migrated north to work in factories were often the first to lose their jobs. Blacks, Mexicans, and Asians were often REFUSED charitable assistance. Facing increased competition from whites and Mexican Americans, many Asian migrant farm workers in the West migrated to cities. As the economy spiraled downward, around 500,000 Mexican Americans, along with their American-born children, were eventually DEPORTED regardless of their residency status.

How did members of the Lost Generation contribute to the modernist movement?

They voiced concerns about the state of the post-World War I society.

Immigration Act of 1924

This act limited the number of immigrants who could enter the country to 2 percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 census.

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

This act used the 1910 census to set immigration limits for immigrants from Europe.

Spain

This fascist nation was not part of the "Axis" alliance.

radio

This industry grew as national companies used mass advertising to sell consumer products.

Soviet Union

This nation divided Poland with Germany.

Italy

This nation was the first in Europe to be ruled by fascists.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

This passed in 1890 to prohibit companies from establishing monopolies in their industries.

Although President Coolidge ultimately vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill, it was a success in a broader sense, as it made the "farm problem" a national issue and defined it as a matter of surpluses.

True

Breaking with both progressives and those who favored intense economic competition, Herbert Hoover believed that businesses needed to cooperate to make the economy function efficiently.

True

German and Japanese leaders both claimed that their people were a superior race destined to dominate their respective regions.

True

Hoover's biggest concern was getting the protestors to leave Washington once Congress had rejected their demands for their bonus. When the military forces that he ordered to remove the remaining protestors clashed violently with them, it left a negative impression on millions of Americans.

True

Nativism in the 1920s was a response to the increasing number of immigrants to the United States.

True

One of the legacies of the Civil War during the Gilded Age was a close division between the parties' electoral strength.

True

Roosevelt used the power of the federal government to end the coal strike, despite questions surrounding the constitutionality of such action.

True

Stock market investments did not slow until the crash of 1929, but the soaring stock market masked underlying signs that the U.S. economy was weakening in the late 1920s.

True

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was one of the most successful jobs programs of the early New Deal.

True

The German decision on January 31, 1917, to sink all non-German ships in the Atlantic ultimately resulted in the United States joining World War I.

True

The Granger movement subsided and was largely replaced by the Farmers' Alliances as the latter focused more on political action and increasing the power of farmers nationally, in addition to the social and educational functions of the Granger movement.

True

The Ku Klux Klan found nationwide success by targeting regional prejudices and exerted a deep influence on politics in states across the country.

True

The modernist movement was an artistic response to the technological and scientific breakthroughs of the 1920s.

True

The transition of the U.S. economy from a peacetime economy to a wartime economy was such a significant change that production in entire industries was put on hold to divert resources to the war effort.

True

Woodrow Wilson campaigned under the idea of New Freedom, a program that held that all trusts should be broken up, while Roosevelt supported law-abiding trusts.

True

Identify the effect that Roosevelt's Second New Deal programs had on unions.

Unions gained membership and became more widely recognized by employers.

What did President Herbert Hoover mean when he warned about the "orgy of mad speculation"? This passage regards the status of the stock market and investment practices on the eve of the Great Depression.

While the U.S. stock market had grown steadily since 1924, RECKLESS SPECULATION that began in 1927 contributed to a surge in the stock value of American companies. A specific investment practice that allowed stocks to be purchased "ON MARGIN" with a modest down payment enabled investors to borrow the rest of the money from a stockbroker. When stock values began to plummet, stockbrokers called in these "margin" loans, but investors, who had expected STOCK PROFITS to cover these loans, weren't able to repay what they had borrowed.

Securities and Exchange Commission

a federal regulatory agency established to monitor the purchase and sale of stocks and bonds under the new enforcement laws

Revenue Act of 1932

a major tax increase that was poorly timed and further contributed to the economic crisis

referendum

allowed voters to vote on proposals created by citizens

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

attempted to restore confidence in American banks by insuring customer bank accounts up to $2,500

National Consumers League

educated Americans about child labor and poor working conditions in factories and mills

Federal Highways Act

financed new highways so farmers could transport their goods more easily

Mugwumps

fought for "honest government" and sought to combat the patronage system

Margaret Sanger

founded an organization that distributed birth control information to women

Smith-Hughes Act

funded education for farmers

Sixteenth Amendment

helped offset lost revenue due to the reduction of the tariff

flappers

helped revolutionize the dress and style of young women, which became strikingly different from those of previous generations

Skyscrapers

increased population density

James A. Garfield

opposed labor unions, supported the Half-Breeds over the Stalwarts, spoke against women's rights, and openly defended civil rights in his inaugural address

religious leaders

opposed the idea of social Darwinism and instead sought to minister to the poor

Farmers' Alliance

organized local farmers and tenant farmers, pooling their economic and political power

Agricultural Adjustment Act

paid farmers to limit their livestock and crop production in order to increase crop prices

Civilian Conservation Corps

provided jobs for mostly young men such as planting trees; clearing brush; building roads, bridges, trails, campgrounds, and parks; and teaching rural communities about soil erosion

William McKinley

strongly supported "sound money" policies and opposed silver coinage

Grover Cleveland

was a Democrat who, as president, vetoed more than twice the number of acts of Congress than all previous presidents combined, yet urged federal regulation of the rates charged by interstate railroads

Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)

was a compromise presidential nominee of the Half-Breeds and Stalwarts but, as president, appointed a Democrat as postmaster general primarily to reform the nepotism of trading cabinet jobs for political favors

Glass-Steagall Act

was aimed at reforming the banking sector, including through a new insurance program for depositors and stipulations to prevent banks from investing the savings of depositors in risky stocks

Sixteenth Amendment

was an income tax created to redistribute wealth and prevent the richest Americans from controlling the entire nation's wealth

Interstate Commerce Commission

was created to regulate railroads but often saw corrupt hiring practices

The cultural and technological changes—such as electricity of the 1920s—meant that most women no longer worked primarily in the home.

False -While technology made some household work easier, most women remained housewives.

Prior to 1918, President Wilson supported the women's suffrage movement and helped suffragists achieve considerable success, particularly in western states.

False -Wilson angered suffragists prior to 1918 by not supporting the movement.

Which of the following was part of Marcus Garvey's message to African Americans?

African Americans should separate themselves from white mainstream culture in order to promote their own ideals.

the state of Europe's economy toward the end of the 1920s.

As European countries began to recover from the financial ruin caused by the First World War, they REDUCED their purchases of U.S. goods. Additionally, debts owed by European countries to America prompted U.S. banks to LEND such nations huge amounts of money, which only INCREASED their overall debt. When the banks could no longer support European countries, and government policies made it more difficult to sell European goods in America, both the European and American economies spiraled into a depression.

What criticism of the New Deal did supporters of the Townsend Plan and the Share-the-Wealth Society have in common?

Both programs called for far greater income redistribution from the wealthy to the poor than New Deal programs.

Freud

promoted psychoanalysis and developed theories that many young people took as justification to rebel against norms and indulge in sex

Federal Farm Loan Act

provided long-term farm loans

socialists

supported better working conditions and tended to include farmers and German/Irish immigrants

Drop in the gross domestic product

American factories were manufacturing fewer and fewer goods.

President Cleveland's tariff reform policies

In his greatest challenge to BIG BUSINESS, President Cleveland concentrated on tariff reform. The latter half of the nineteenth century had witnessed VERY HIGH tariff policies to the benefit of large DOMESTIC corporations able to increase their prices. As part of his reelection campaign, Cleveland sought to change this.

supported a "sound money" monetary policy that focused on restricting the money supply

Moneylenders & bankers

How were Wilson's Fourteen Points received by heads of state of European nations at the Paris Peace Conference?

They rebuked Wilson's idealism as unrealistic and resented his efforts to model the peace settlement on American values

William McKinley

advocated for reinvigorating the industrial economy

William Jennings Bryan

advocated for unlimited coinage of silver

William Jennings Bryan

advocated on behalf of the poor, the laboring classes, farmers, and small-business owners against large corporations

McKinley

bankers, corporations and the wealthy, urban workers, northeastern farmers, catholics

The Grapes of Wrath

best-selling novel about the victims of the Depression

Sanitary Reform Regulation

better living conditions in tenements and new water and sewage systems

temperance movement

campaigned against the supposed evils of alcohol, seeking to reduce domestic violence and crime

Emergency Banking Relief Act

closed banks across the nation for a four-day "bank holiday" to allow the public panic over failing banks to subside and to give the federal government time to assess the situation

Wagner Act

created an organization to oversee unions

Social Security Act

created several social-welfare programs to protect Americans who were not working

Flaming Youth

depicted young people engaging in sexual activities and inspired promotional posters with phrases such as "How Far Can a Girl Go?"

the Ys and the Salvation Army

developed charities to provide services to the community and those in need

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was part of which of the following larger conflicts that led to the outbreak of World War I?

the conflict between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Serbia

In the election of 1912, what factors contributed to Woodrow Wilson winning states that had traditionally voted Republican?

the republican party wasn't unified

Decline in consumer purchasing power and spending

Business owners did not share their large profits by raising workers' wages, making workers less and less able to buy goods.

Identify how the end of World War I contributed to the creation of a consumer culture.

-Factories that once dedicated themselves to war production needed something else to make. -Americans no longer needed to conserve important resources to support the war effort.

Which of the following statements accurately describe the contributing factors behind the entry of the United States in World War I?

-Germany used a new technology not yet addressed by international military law to violate America's neutral rights. -The United States continued to trade with both sides during the war, despite its neutrality. -Over time, Germany grew more desperate to limit the supplies the United States was sending to the British.

Which descriptions best characterize President Harding's administration and legacy?

-Harding rejected progressivism in terms of the economy. -Harding's administration was marred by scandals.

How did President Harding shape federal regulations passed during the Progressive era?

-He appointed business-friendly commissioners to enforce federal regulations. -He appointed conservative Supreme Court judges who struck down many progressive regulations.

Financial Panic

Falling stock prices led investors to sell their stocks frantically at enormous losses.

Einstein's discoveries, including his general theory of relativity, had little impact on the world outside the scientific community because the average person could not understand his science.

False

Adamson Act

shortened the workday for railroad workers

"Hard Times Ain't Gone Nowhere"

song that spoke to the continued grievances faced by African Americans

National Recovery Administration

sought to promote economic growth by allowing large corporations to establish prices among themselves for certain products

While voter participation was high during the Gilded Age, the two parties often had few substantive differences on the issues. Instead, ethnic, religious, and geographic divisions were often the key factors that determined party loyalty. Identify some of the types of people who consistently voted for the Democratic party.

southern whites new immigrants northern Catholics

Bryan

states with large silver mines, farmers in the wheat and cotton belt

Poorhouses

initially housed those made homeless by the economic downturn

President Harding's "return to normalcy" campaign promise reflected what kind of politics?

-isolationism -conservatism

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

lessened the potential of future panics by guaranteeing that savings accounts up to a certain amount would be reimbursed with government funds in the event of bank failure

Soup kitchens

distribution points where the hungry could receive the bare necessities of food and water

Identify the basic characteristic of jazz music that made it unique from other popular music genres in the 1920s.

it involved spontaneous improvisation

Trolleys and commuter railways

middle-class movement from crowded downtowns to "streetcar suburbs"

recall

allowed voters to remove corrupt officials from office

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

an attempt by Congress, supported by Hoover, to aid banks and other struggling entities by providing them with emergency loans

Lillian Symes

engaged in activism but felt disconnected from the style of many women in the younger generation

Identify the statements that describe the actions of farmers during the economic booms and busts of the nineteenth century.

-They set up their own farming cooperatives. -They overproduced their commodities.

the "Lost Generation"

Affected by the experiences of the Great War, this group embraced cynicism and reject the idealism that had led the country into a conflict to "make the world safe for democracy."

the economic and social status of women during the Great Depression.

Although women had a LOWER rate of joblessness compared to men during the Great Depression, they were also tasked with providing emotional support to their families if their husbands were laid off. Due to their disproportionately low-paying jobs, women were often able to CONTINUE WORKING while men with higher wages lost their jobs. As the economy worsened, however, some people claimed that women were "stealing" jobs from men. States consequently began passing laws BARRING married women from the workforce.

describe how the automotive industry influenced economic growth in the 1920s.

As more Americans purchased cars, there arose a greater need for infrastructure to support them. In the 1920s, the construction industry thrived as new automotive plants were built, along with roads and bridges. The demand for automobiles also sparked new innovations such as the assembly-line process, which made cars and other mass-produced items more affordable.

describing factors that influenced the American standard of living in the 1920s.

Consumer goods improved the American quality of life. During the 1920s, the number of Americans with access to electricity nearly doubled. Americans had greater access to modern consumer goods, thanks to the creation of national retailers. The national consumer culture also led to a mass culture in which Americans began to consume the same radio programs, movies, magazines, and advertisements.

supported the expansion of the money supply

Debtors, farmers, and ranchers

the innovations that allowed for greater city access.

Developments in TRANSPORTATION allowed people to live farther from work and provided easier access to downtown workplaces. An expanding MIDDLE CLASS took advantage of these commuter trains and trolleys and lived in quieter, tree-lined neighborhoods.

What effect did World War I have on the arts during the 1920s?

Disillusioned artists and writers created cynical art and novels to reflect the death of idealism.

the "new women"

Emboldened by gaining the right to vote, this group sought additional freedoms through fashion and carefree rebelliousness.

The majority of the American troops who died during World War I died in combat.

False

Poland

Germany's invasion of this nation resulted in declarations of war by Britain and France.

Emergency Relief Act

Hoover's response to calls for federal aid for struggling Americans to finance construction projects at the state level

describe the rise of the progressive movement and Populist party in relation to one another.

In the 1890s the United States experienced a depression that caused massive unemployment and widespread poverty. The Populist party differed from the progressive movement in that the Populists were popular in the South and West while the progressive movement was nationwide and more urban.The Populists were interested in political reform like the direct election of senators. Progressives adopted many of these reforms in the twentieth century.

High Tariffs

Increasing the cost of imports led to higher prices for raw materials and manufactured goods.

Bland-Allison Act

Passed in 1878, it expanded the nation's money supply through an increase of silver coins.

describe what motivated progressive reformers

Progressives used a(n) "scientific" approach to identifying problems and solutions in society. Progressives sought to educate the public. Then, they would try to get legislation passed to, first and foremost, get the government involved in solving the problem.

After the stock market crash of 1929, the Federal Reserve reduced the nation's money supply in an attempt to prevent inflation in consumer prices and restore confidence in the economy. This policy shrank the nation's money supply by one-third between 1929 and 1932. What impact did this action have on the economy?

The Federal Reserve withdrew money from the economy, slowing economic growth rather than stimulating it

describing an act of Congress that helped transform the role of the federal government.

The Securities Act of 1933 created greater transparency in the sale of stocks and bonds by demanding that all corporations selling their stock publicly divulge pertinent information about their company to better inform buyers.

How did the Republican isolationist foreign policy turn back the Progressives' foreign policy legacy?

The United States increased tariff rates on European goods, which decreased economic competition and made it difficult for Europe to pay its debts

automobile

The federal government built thousands of miles of national highways and roads.

oil

The increasing popularity of automobiles provided a market for this growing American industry.

Great Britain

This major European power and key ally of France attempted to avoid war by appeasing Hitler.

When the Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington to demand that Congress assist economically strapped World War I veterans, how did President Hoover respond?

When congress did not act on the veterans' demands, Hoover's primary concern was to remove the homeless veterans who remained camped out near the Capitol building. He made no effort to address their demands for a bonus on their pensions

Klu Klux Klan

White Protestant Americans used this to intimidate and discriminate against immigrants and other people who were not "natives."

How did President Wilson respond to the request from African American civil rights leaders for the inclusion of a fifteenth point in Wilson's Fourteen Points that promised an end to racial discrimination?

Wilson did not respond to their request, he had long refused to take on the role of a strong advocate of racial justice

Which of the following describes Wilson's reason for creating the Federal Reserve System?

Wilson wanted to prevent banks from failing during panics.

Shortly after the United States declared war on Germany, millions of young working-age men were removed from the labor force as a result of the draft. How did this change impact women's roles in the job market?

Women increasingly took industrial jobs as the men who would traditionally fill those positions were away fighting the war.

initiative

allowed voters to create petitions to add proposals to the ballot

Works Progress Administration

allowed the government to employ millions of Americans to work on public works projects

Seventeenth Amendment

allowed the people to elect senators directly

Wilson and civil rights

despite being considered a progressive, Wilson had adopted 'regressive' policies in response to inequalities experienced by african americans

journalists

educated the public by exposing corruption

Old

mainly from northern and western Europe

New

mainly from southern and eastern Europe

Chester Arthur (Republican)

was originally a Stalwart Republican but distanced himself from the Stalwarts after taking office, allowing for the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act during his presidency